bear oe SS NOY LEARNING OBJECTIVES = = * Introduction, Difference between analog and digifal circuits, Digital number system, Decimal number system, Octal number system, Hexadecimal number system, Decimal to binary conversion, Conversion of decimal fraction to binary, Binary to Decimal conversion, Decimal to Octal conversion, Conversion of decimal fraction to octal, Octal to decimal conversion, Octal to binary conversion, Binary to octal conversion, Decimal-to-Hex conversion, Conversion of decimal fraction to hex, Hex to decimal conversion, Hex-to-binary conversion, Binary to hex conversion, Hex to Octal conversion, Octal to hex conversion, Binary Coded Decimal system (BCD), Logic gates, AND gate, OR gate, NOT gate, NAND gate, NOR gate, NAND gate as universal gate, NOR gate as universal gate, X-OR gate, X-NOR gate, Parity Checker (eto 2.13. 2.0 INTRODUCTION : : i es & we Of 4 : Digital circuits operate using'binary digital signals. They use a binary scheme for digital signaling. In this scheme there are two different voltages for two different logic states — a high voltage (usually SV, 3.3V, or 1.8V) for logic one (1) state and a low voltage (usually 0V) for logic zero (0) state. they arenot expensive than an equally 8 signals) These circuits are usually made of a combination of transistors and logic gates and, at higher levels, microcontrollers or other Gomputing chips. Most processors, whether they’ are big processors. in computer, or litle microcontrollers, are digital ICs, 7/10" F040 oy 0 ST Digital circuits make use of components like logic gates, or more complicated digital ICs, These are usually represented by rectangles with labeled pins extending from them, Although digital circuits are generally easier to design, tasked analog circuit. 24. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS 1. Analog circuits operate on continuous valued signals (commonly referred to as analo but digital circuits operate on binary signals that exist only at two levels ie. O's ant is 2. Analog circuits are difficult to{design|because all the components have to be : i i i 7 Placed by hand as automation techniques can not be applied for designing these circuits on digital circuits are easy to design because automation techniques can be applied other hand these circuits. plied for— Digital Systems 9 APblicay 10 Si ersion of input signals are required before processing ; * soca crane a arminia analog output bat in digital con . the input signals are ae Som analog toda gs F ssing ie, the digital circuit is capable of processi gia! signals oy 28 output which is again converted back from di ital noe log signals, ' halo cients, thee i no loss of information that is available for POCSsing ben, re No conversions involved at the input or at the output side but in digital circuit yo ne loss of information due tothe conversion process atthe input side (analog tp diigh and at the output side (digital to analog). 5. The man power available to design analog circuits is small but the man Power available, design digital circuits is large. Analog circuits lack flexibility but digital circuits have high degree of flexibility 22 DIGITAL NUMBER SYSTEM Digital number systems are of various types. The most common number systems are decima binary, octal and hexadecimal systems, 2.2.1 Decimal number system The decimal number system consists of 10 digits, These 10 digits are 0, 1, 2,3, 4,5, 6,7,8,9, The decimal number system is known as base-10 system because it has 10 digits. The decimal Examples : @ 3521.7894,, =3 x 10°+5 x 10242. 1014 1X 10°47 10148 x 10249 1994 4% 104, (@) 43529.214= 4x 10°43 x 10945 x 192 +2 10! 2.2.2 Binary number system The binary number system consists of onk number system is known value system in wl *9x10°+2x 10444 x 102, () 1011-10001, = 1 x 2940 % 2241 x94 [x24 x240x 204 +1 x25, ‘ ~8+04241405+0+0+0+0.03125 11,53125,,. * @) 100,101, = 1 «2941x2240 2140 904 IX2140x 2249 =844404+0405+0+0.062 12.5625,,,Digital Circuits 41 1x 22 40x 2'+ 1x 2°40 2440x2241 % 23, +0F1404+040.125 = 5:125,5. 2.2.3 Octal Number system The octal number system consists of eight digits. These eight digits are 0, 1, 2,3, 4,5, 6 and 7. The octal system is known as base-8 system because it has eight digits. The octal number system is a place value system in which each octal digit has its own value expressed as a power of 8. The places to the left of octal point are positive powers of 8 and places to the right are negative powers of 8. The left most octal digit is known as the most significant digit (MSD) and the right most octal digit is known as the least significant digit (LSD) Examples (i) 4037.6041, = 4 x 8° +0 x 843 x 8147 x 8946 X81 40K 8244x8941 xR =4x 5124043x8+7* 146 x 0.125+0+ 4x 0.001953 + 1 x 0.000244 048 +24 +7 +0.75 + 0.007812 + 0.000244 = 2079.75806,.. 1x 8'+3 x 8°+1 x 81+2x 87 =1x8+3% 141% 0.125 +2 x 0.015625 =8+3+0.125 +0.03125 = 11,15625,.. (ii) 41.007 = 4 x 81+ 1 x 89+ 0x B1F0X8247% 8, =4x84+1%1+0+0+7 x 0.001953 =33.013671 5. 2.2.4 Hexadecimal number system _ The hexadecimal number system consist of 16 digit symbols. The hexadecimal system is known as base — 16 system because it has 16 digit symbols. It uses 10 digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) and 6 letters (A, B, C, D, E, F). The letters A to F are used to represent the number 10 to 15 respectively. The hexadecimal system is also a place value system in which each hexadecimal digit has its own value expressed as a power of 16. The left most hexadecimal digit in known as the most significant digit (MSD) and the right most hexadecimal digit in known as the least significant digit (LSD). The places to the left of hexadecimal point are positive powers of 16 and places to the right are negative powers of 16. Examples (i) BF2.ABC,,= 11 « 162+ 15 x 161 +2 169+ 10 161+ 11 x 167+ 12 x 16% = 11 x 256 +15 x 16 +2 1 +10 x 0.0625 + 11 x 0.003906 + 12 x 0.000244 = 2816 +240 +2 + 0.625 + 0.042966 + 0.002928 = 3058.6709,,. (ii) TA1.0A,, = 7 * 168 + 10 * 161 + 1 x 16°+0 x 16! + 10% 167 x 256+ 10 16 +1 +0 + 10 x 0.003906 792 + 160 + 1 + 0.03906 = 1953.03906,,. (ii) 101.001.2 Digital Systems & Abia, es -2.5 Decimal to binary conversion / * ae binary convers jon can be done by repeated-devision method. In this Meth decimal number is progressively divided by 2 and the remainders are aoe after a division, t Process is continued till 0 quiotient and 1 remainder are obtained. The binary number is obiainey taking the remainders from bottom to top. Example 1 : Convert 38,, to binary number. Solution. 2438 Remainders 2119 O4rsB 2] 1 2| 4 7 272 9 oo. 0 1 | MSB +. 38,)= 100110,, _ Example 1 : Convert 100,, to binary by repeated division method. Solution, 21100 Remainders 21507 on rsp 2[ 25 0 272 |} 216 0 en) Zin 0” 11 MsB ~- 100,, = 1100100, 2.2.6 Conversion of decimal fraction to binary Decimal fraction can be converted to binary by progressive! by. Allthe numbers to left of decimal point are noted after each is obtained by taking integer parts from top to bottom. Example 1 : Convert 0.573,, to binary. Solution. ly multiplying the decimal fraction multiplication. The binary fraction > Integer Part 0.573 x 2= 1,146 0.146 x 2=0.292 0 0.292 x 2=0,584 0 0.584 x 2= 1.168 1 \ 0.168 x 2=0.336 0 0.336 x2 672 0 0.672 x 2 = 1,344 1 0.344 x 2 = 0,688 0 0.688 x 2 = 1.376 1 0.376 x 2=0.752 0 *- 0.573,,=0.100100101,.Digital Circuits Example 2 : Convert 0.78,, to binary fraction. Solution. Integer Part 0.75 x 1 0.50 x 1 + 0.75,,= 0.11. Example 3 : Convert 0.135,, to binary. Solution. Integer Part 0.135 * 2= 0.270 0 0.270 x 2=0.540 0 0.540 x 2 = 1.080 1 0.080 x 2 = 0.160 0 0.160 x 2 = 0.320 0 0.320 x 2 = 0.640 0. 0.640 = 2 = 1.280 1 0.280 x 560 0 0.560 x -120 1 0.120 x 2= 0.240 0 ©. 0.135, =0.001000101,. Example 4 : Convert 20.275,, to binary. Solution. Conversion of integer part 20 to binary. 2_20 Remainders 210 0* LSB 2.5 0 2.2 1 2 J 0 o 11 MsB 20,, = 10100, Conversion of fractional part 0.275 to binary Integer Part 0.275 x 2 0.550 x 2 0.100 x 2= 0.200 0.200 = 2 0.400 = 2 0.800 « 2 0.600 x 2 0.200 « 2 0.400 * 2 0.800 * 2= 1. 0.275,,= 0.0100011001, *. 20.275, = 10100.0100011001,, -co--ocoH-o44 Digital Systems & Applications 2.2.7 Binary to Decimal conversion Binary number can be converted t binary digit in the binary number. Example 1: Convert 101, to decimal, Solution. 101, = 1 ¥ 2?+0 x 2!+1 * 2° 44041 = 5, mple 2 : Convert 10011, to decimal. : a cane 10011, =1 40x D2 Ox 241 x2h+1%* 2! 6+0+04+2+1 So Example 3 : Convert 101.11, into decimal : Solution. 101.11, = 1% 2?+0x2'+1%29+1%21+1 «27 “=44+04+140.5+0.25 5.3 2.2.8 Decimal to Octal conversion Decimal number can be converted to octal number by repeated division method. In this ‘ethod the decimal number is progressively divided by 8 and the remainders are noted after each division. This process is continued till 0 quiotient is obtained. The octal number is obtained by taking the remainders from bottom to top. Example 1 : Convert 92,, to octal 0 decimal number by adding all the decimal values Of each, Solution. _8{ 92 Remainders 3c 4* LSD 3P 1 3 0 1 | Msp 9% 34, “onvert 268,, to octal Solution. Example Remainders LSD ! by progressively multiplying the deci orn! point are noted after each rp to bottom, arts from top 0.375 . Integer pa 8 Ber part 0378 3.000 03, 3Digital Circuits 15 Example 2 : Convert 0.25,, to octal. Solution. 0.25 «8 0.25,,= 0.2,. Example 3 : Convert 0.1525, to octal Integer part 00 2 Solution. Integer Part 0.1525 *8=1.2200 1 0.2200 x 8= 1.7600 1 0.7600 x 8= 6.0800 6 0.0800 x 8= 0.6400 0 0.6400 x 8= 5.1200 5 0.1200 x 8= 0.9600 0 0.9600 x 8= 7.6800 7 0.6800 x 8=5.4400 5 ©. 0.1525,, = 0.11605075,. 2.2.10 Octal to decimal conversion Octal number can be converted to decimal number by adding all the decimal values of each octal digit in the octal number. Example 1 : Convert 347, to decimal Solution. 347, = 3 x 8° +4 x 8'+7 x 8° 3x644+4x847x1 = 1924+32+7 Example 2 : Convert 125.01, to decimal. Solution. 125.01, = 1 x 8°+2 x 8145 x 8940x8141 x87 =1x644+2%8+5x140+1 x 0.015625 = 64+ 16 +5 +0.015625 = 85.015625,,. 2.2.11 Oetal to binary conversion Octal number can be converted to binary number by converting each octal digit to its 3-bit binary equivalent. Example 1 : Convert 71, to binary. Solution. 7 1 ©. 71,=111001,.16 Digital Systems & Applications Example 2 : Convert 65, to binary. Solution. 6 5 + t 10101 wa ©. 65,= 110101, 2.2.12 Binary to octal conversion Binary number can be converted to octal number by the reverse of the above process, The bits of binary number are grouped into groups of three bits starting from the LSB. Then each Broup is converted to its octal equivalent. Example 1 : Convert 1011, to octal. Solution. 001 011 + + 1 3 + 101, = 13,. Example 2 : Convert 110011, to octal. Solution. 110 O11 + + 6 3 ++ 110011, =63,. Example 3: Convert 178,, to its binary equivalent by Ist converting to octal. Solution: 181/178. Remaindee Sf 22 2 LSB St 2 6 9 21MsB + 178, = 262, 2 6 2 010 110 o10 262, 10110010, = 178,,= 010110010, Example 4 : Convert 110011011, to octal Solution. 19 oll oll L L L 6 3 3 * Hoo11011, =633,.Digital Circuits Av 2.2.13 Decimal-to-Hex conversion Decimal number can be converted to hex mumber by repeated division method. In this method the decimal number is progressively divided by base-16 and the remainders are noted after each division. This process is continued till 0 quiotient in obtained. The hex number is obtained by taking the remainders from bottom to top. Example 1: Convert 424, to hex Solution. 16 424 16 424 Remainders 1626 8 4 LSB 161 a] 0 1 | MsB 2. 424, = 1A8,,. Example 2 : Convert 100,, to hex. Solution. 16 100 Remainders 166 4 1 LSB 0 6 | MSB *. 100), = 64,,. 2.2.14 Conversion of decimal fraction to hex. Decimal fraction can be converted to hex by prograssively multiplying the decimal fraction by the base-16, All the numbers to the left of decimal point are noted after each multiplication. The hex fraction is obtained by taking the integer parts from top to bottom. Example 1 : Convert 0.3765, to hex. Solution. Integer Part 0.375 x 16 = 6.000 6 +. 0.375, = 0.6,,. Example 2 : Convert 0.135,, to hex. Solution. Integer Part 0.135 x 16= 2.160 2 0.160 x 1 2.560 2 0.560 x 16= 8.960 8 0.960 x 16 = 15.360 FE 0.360 x 16= 5.760 5 0.760 = 16 = 12.160 Cc 0.160 x 16= 2.560 2 0,560 x 16= 8.960 8 20.135, = 0.228F5C28,,. 2.2.15 Hex to decimal conversion Hex number can be converted to decimal number by adding all the decimal values of each hex digit in the hex number.a Digital Systems & Applicatin, 18 1. Example 1 : Convert SCF,, to decima ste x ice Solution, SCF,, = 5 x 16? + 12 x 16! +15 * 16 x 256 +12 x16 +151 280 +192 +15 487, ‘ F "A.2AB,, to decimal. ery are ae ee eee eee to 0 $2 164+ 10% 167 +11 x 163 . 3CA.2AB,, 2,10, Il = 3x256+12%16+10%x1 +75 56 7096 768 + 192 + 10 + 0.125 + 0.03906 + 0.00268 970.16674,,. 7 ‘-to-binary conversion . fs 43 7 “aes “number ean be converted to binary number by converting each hex digit to its 4-2 binary equivalent, / Example 1 : Convert 3AF,, to binary. Solution. 3 A iE L Y L 0011 = 1010 ML *. 3AF,,= 00110101111. Example 2 : Convert 2 ABC,, to binary Solution. 2 A B c J + Y L 0010 1010 1011 1100 *. 2ABC,,= 10101010111 100,. Example 3: Convert 123,, to binary Solution, 2 3 J J J 0001 oo10 oon “. 123,,= 000100100011 2.2.17 Binary to hex conversion op eee munber can be converted to hex number by the reverse of the above process, The 1D number are grouped into groups of four bits starting fro: " Example 1: Convert 1101100011, to hex. a. Solution. 0011 gy 10 0011 4 ‘ t 3 6 3 NON00011, = 363Digital Circuits 19 Example 2 : Convert 1111100101111, to hex Solution. 0011 WL 0010 Wl + + + + 3 F 2 F ©. MM00101111, = 3F2F,,. 2.2.18 Hex to Octal conversion Hex number can be converted to octal number by first converting to binary number and then to octal number. Example 1 : Convert 3A2B,, to octal. Solution. : 3 A 2 B + v + + 0011 =1010—S 00101011 4 oul 101 000 101. ON + + + + v 3 5 0 5 3 2. 3A2B,, = 35053,. Example 2 : Convert 3A2,, to octal. A Solution. 3 2 Y L + ool 1010 0010 + 001 10 100 010 Y + + Y 1 6 4 2 2 3A2,, = 1642,. 2.2.19 Octal to hex conversion Octal number can be converted to hex number by first converting to binary number and then to hex number. Example 1 : Convert 407, to hex Solution, 4 0 7 + + + 100 000 Mt a 1 0001 0000 ould ——__ + + 0 7 1 £407, = 107,