Power System I

20EEE109
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
 Power System I
UNIT V CABLES
Types of Cables, Construction, Types of Insulating materials, Calculations of Insulation
resistance and stress in insulation, Numerical Problems. Capacitance of Single and 3-Core
belted cables, Numerical Problems. Grading of Cables - Capacitance grading, Numerical
Problems, Description of Inter-sheath grading.
 Introduction
• Cables are used for underground transmission and distribution of electrical energy in
densely populated areas of towns and cities.
• A cable is basically an insulated conductor.
• External protection against mechanical injury, moisture entry and chemical reaction is
provided on the cable.
• The conductor is usually aluminum or annealed copper while the insulation is mostly PVC.
• Cable is more expensive than overhead lines, particularly at high voltages. Also,
Temperature rise is high in cables.
• There is limitation of raising the operating voltage.
• In low and medium voltage distribution in urban areas, cables are more widespread.
 Construction of Cables
The underground cable employed for transmission of power at high voltage consists of the
following:
(i) Cores or Conductors
(ii) Metallic sheath
(iii) Bedding
(iv) Armouring serving

Figure: Construction of a cable

 Construction of Cables
(i) Cores or Conductors
One central core or number of cores ( two, three or four) of
tinned stranded copper conductors (use of alumininum conductor is
also made) insulated from each other by paper or vanished cambric or
vulcanized bitumen or impregnated paper.

(ii) Metallic sheath:

A “metallic sheath” of lead or alloy or aluminium is provided
around the insulation to protect it against ingress of moisture.
 Construction of Cables
(iii) Bedding
For protection of sheath against corrosion and from mechanical
injury from the armouring a layer of “bedding” consisting of paper
tape compounded with fibrous material is provided over the metallic
sheath.
Also sometimes jute strands or hessian tape is also used for
bedding.
(iv) Armouring, serving: over the layer of bedding “armouring”
consisting of one or two layers of galvanized steel wire is provided to
save the cable from mechanical injury and over the armouring a layer
of fibrous material similar to that of bedding known as “serving” is
provided in order to protect the armouring.
 Insulating materials for cables
The insulating materials should possess the following properties:
1. High resistivity.
2. High dielectric strength.
3. Low thermal coefficient.
4. Low water absorption.
5. Low permittivity.
6. Non-flammable.
7. Chemical stability.
8. High mechanical strength
9. High viscosity at impregnation temperature.
10.Capability to withstand high rupturing voltages.
11.High tensile strength.
 Construction of Cables
The various insulating materials used in manufacture of cables are:
1. Rubber
2. Vulcanised India Rubber (V.I.R)
3. Impregnated paper
4. Varnised cambric
5. Polyvinyl chloride

Rubber:
• Natural rubber is obtained from the milky sap of tropical trees. Synthetic rubber is
produced from alcohol or oil products.
• Its relative permittivity is between 2 and 3.
• Its dielectric strength is 30kV/mm.
• Through it possesses high insulating qualities but it absorbs moisture readily.
• It softens when heated to a temperature of 60 or 70℃.
Uses: it finds little use as an insulating material (due to some major drawbacks mentione
above)
 Construction of Cables
Vulcanised India Rubber (V.I.R)
• It is prepared by mixing pure rubber with mineral matter such as zinc oxide, red lead etc.,
and 3 to 5% of sulphur.
• The compound so formed is rolled into thin sheets and cut into strips.
• The rubber compound is then applied to the conductor and is heated to a temperature of
about 150℃.
• The whole process is called vulcanization and the product obtained is known as “vulcanized
india rubber.”
• It has greater mechanical strength, durability property than pure rubber.
• It dielectric strength is 15kV/mm.
• It has low melting point, low chemical resistance capability and short span of life.
• Its main drawback is that sulphur reacts very quickly with copper and for this reason, cable
using V.I.R insulation have tinned copper conductors

Uses: Generally used for low and moderate voltage cables.

 Construction of Cables
Impregnated paper:
Depending upon the operating voltage, a suitable layer of the paper is lapped on the
conductor.
It is then dried by combined application of heat and vacuum.
This is carried out in a hermetically sealed stream heated chamber.
The temperature is 120-130℃ before vacuum is created.
After the cable is dried an insulating compound having the same temperature as that of the
chamber is forced into the chamber.
Advantages: low cost, low capacitance high dielectric strength and higher insulation
resistance.
Disadvantages: it absorbs moisture.

Uses: Since the paper insulated cables have a tendency to absorb moisture, they are used
where the cable route has a few joints.
 Construction of Cables
Varnished cambric
This is cotton cloth impregnated and heated with varnish.
The cambric is lapped on to the conductor in the form of a tape and its surfaces are coated with
petroleum jelly compound to allow for the sliding of one turn over another as the cable is bent.
Its dielectric strength is about 4kV/mm
Its permittivity is 2.5 to 3.8.
Such cables do not required sealing.
Polyvinyl chloride (P.V.C): it is synthetic material and is obtained as white odourless,
tasteless, chemically inert, non inflammable and insulate powder.
It is chemically combined with a plastic compound and the gel is used over the
conductor to form the insulation cover.
It has dielectric strength of 17kV/mm
It has dielectric constant of 5.
Maximum continuous temperature rating is 75℃.
Uses: P.V.C. insulated cables are usually employed for low and medium domestic and
industrial lights and power installations.
 Types of Cables
Cables for underground services may be classified as follows:
(i) According to voltage for which they are manufactured.
(ii) According to the types of insulating material used their manufacture.
Cables are according to voltage are classified as follows:
1. low voltage (L.T) cables…… for operating voltage upto 1kV.
2. High voltage (H.T) cables….. For operating voltage upto 11kV
3. Super tension (S.T) cables….. For operating voltage upto 33kV
4. Extra high tension (E.H.T) cables for operating voltage upto 66kV
5. Extra super voltage Cables for operating voltage upto 132kV
 Types of Cables
Low tension (L.T.) cables
These used for voltage below 1 KV.
The insulation may consist of paper impreganated with oil. Fig: Single core L.T cable

Resin is sometimes used for used to increases the viscosity and thus to provide the
drainage. Where varnished combric is used for insulation a coating of petroleum jelly is
provided between the layers.
This allows for the bending of cables without causing any damage. Lead covered
cabled are extensively used in house wiring, service mains etc.
It consist of one circular core of tinned standard copper insulated by the layer of
impregnated paper. The insulation is surrounded by a lead sheath which prevent the entry of
moisture into the inner part.
 Types of Cables
The main advantages of single core cable:
(i) Simple in construction.
(ii)Availability of large copper section

High voltage (H.T) cables upto 11kV

These are multi core cables and of belt type.
The belt type cable consists of either circular shaped or
oval or sectors shaped to cores of standard copper or aluminium
conductors wrapped around by the impregnated paper.
Another layer of impregnated paper tape, called paper belt
is wound round the grouped insulated cores. Fig: Three core belted cable
The gap between the insulated cores is filled with fibrous
insulating material so as to give circular cross section to the cable.
The belt is covered with lead sheath to protect the cable against
ingress of moisture and mechanical injury.
 Types of Cables
Super Tension / Screened cabled
The major disadvantages of the belted type construction is that the electric stress not
purely radial.
The existence of tangential stresses forces a leakage current to flow along the layers of
papers and loss of power set of local heating.
It is to be noted that the resistance and dielectric strength of laminated paper is much
less along the layers as compared to that across the layer.
The local heating of dielectric may result in breakdown of the material.
In order to overcome this difficulty, screened cables are used where leakage currents are
conducted to earth through metallic screens.

Fig: H-Type cable

 Types of Cables
In this type of cable no belt insulation is used, but each of the conductor is insulated with
paper performed to facilitate the process of impregnation.
The insulation on each core is covered with a metallic screen which usually consists of a
perforted aluminium foil.
The cores are laid in such a way that metallic screens makes contact with one another. An
additional conducting belt is wrapped round three cores.
The cable has no insulating belt but lead sheath, bedding and serving follow as usual..
It is easy to see that each cores screen is in electrical contact with the conducting belt and
lead sheath.
In this cable as all the four screens and lead sheath are at earth potential, therefore
electrical stress are purely radial and consequently dielectric losses are reduced.
The H-type cables claim the following advantages:
The perforations in the metallic screens assist in the complete impregnation of the cable
with the compound and thus possibility of air pockets or voids in the dielectric is eliminated.
The metallic foil increases the heat dissipating power and there are no sheath losses.
 Types of Cables
The S.L type cable is basically H-Type cable but the screen round each core insulation is
covered by its own lead sheath. There is no overall lead sheath but only armouring and serving
are provided.

The S.L cables are claims the following advantages over H-type cables:
The separate sheaths minimize the possibility of core to core breakdown.
The bending of cables becomes easy due to the elimination of overall lead sheath.

However, the disadvantages of this type of cable is that because of thinner lead sheaths ites
manufacturing is difficult.

Fig: S.L Type cable

 Types of Cables
Advantages of screened type cabled over belted types:
• Reduced core faults
• In all sections of the dielectric stress are uniformly radial.
• No possibility of formation of voids within the electric field.
• The current carrying capacity of the cable is increased.
 Insulation Resistance
In a cable useful current flows along the axis of the core but there is always present some
leakage of current. This leakage is radial at right angles to the flow of the useful current.
The resistance offered to the radial leakage of current is called “Insulation resistance” of the
cable.
If the length of the cable is greater, the leakage area is also greater meaning thereby that more
current will leak. In other words insulation resistance is decreased. Hence the insulation
resistance is inversely proportional to the length of the cable.
Fig shows a single core cable of inner and outer radii 𝑟1 and 𝑟2 respectively and length l
metres. Consider annular ring of radius ‘r’ and radial thickness ‘dr’. If the volume respectively
of the material is 𝜌, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 resistance of this narrow ring will be,
 Insulation Resistance
𝜌𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑅 =
2𝜋𝑟𝑙
Insulation resistance (R) of the cable is
𝑟2
𝜌𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑅 =
𝑟1 2𝜋𝑟𝑙
𝜌
= [ln(𝑟2 − 𝑟1 )]
2𝜋𝑙
𝜌 𝑟
𝑅= ln ( 2 )Ω
2𝜋𝑙 𝑟1
 Insulation Resistance
Determine the insulation resistance of a single core cable of inside diameter 0.03 metre,
outside diameter 0.075m and length 2km; the resistivity of the insulating material being
6 × 1012 𝑜ℎ𝑚 metre.

Solution:
0.03
𝑟1 = = 0.015
2
0.075
𝑟2 = = 0.0375
2
l=2km=2000m
𝜌 = 6 × 1012 Ω m
Now insulation resistance ,
𝜌 𝑟
𝑅= ln ( 2 )Ω
2𝜋𝑙 𝑟1
6×1012 0.0375
= ln( )=4.37× 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝜴
2𝜋×2000 0.015
 Capacitance of a single core cable
The cable can be considered to be co-axial cylinders of internal radius r and external
radius R. In actual cable r represents the radius of the core and R represents inner radius of the
lead sheath which is at earth potential.

Fig. shows a single - core cable consisting of two co-axial cylinders of radii r and R metres.

Fig: Single core cable

 Capacitance of a single core cable
𝜀𝑟 = 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ,
V=Potential difference between the cylinders
Q=Charge in coulombs per metre axial length of the cylinders.
The area on which the flux will be received at a distance x will be (2𝜋𝑥 × 1)𝑚2

Now, electric flux density at a distance x metres from the axis,

𝑄 𝑄
𝐷= 𝑜𝑟 𝐶/𝑚2
2𝜋𝑥 × 1 2𝜋𝑥

The value of electric intensity,

𝑄
𝐸=
2𝜋𝑥𝜀0 𝜀𝑟
dV=E.dx
𝑅 𝑅 𝑄
V= 𝑟 𝐸. 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑟 2𝜋𝑥𝜀0 𝜀𝑟
. 𝑑𝑥
 Capacitance of a single core cable
𝑄 𝑅 𝑑𝑥 𝑄 𝑄 𝑅
= = [ln 𝑅 − ln(𝑟)] = ln ( )
2𝜋𝜀0 𝜀𝑟 𝑟 𝑥 2𝜋𝜀0 𝜀𝑟 2𝜋𝜀0 𝜀𝑟 𝑟

Capacitance:
𝑄 𝑄
𝐶= =
𝑉 𝑄 𝑅
ln ( )
2𝜋𝜀0 𝜀𝑟 𝑟
2𝜋𝜀0 𝜀𝑟
𝐶=
𝑅
ln ( )
𝑟

Dielectric stress/ Potential gradient: The potential gradient at a radial distance of x metres,
𝑄
𝑔= 𝑉/𝑚 (i)
2𝜋𝜀0 𝜀𝑟 𝑥
g=E
Also,
𝑄 𝑅
𝑉= ln( )
2𝜋𝜀0 𝜀𝑟 𝑟
 Capacitance of a single core cable
2𝜋𝜀0 𝜀𝑟 𝑉
𝑄=
𝑅
ln
𝑟
Substituting this values of Q in (i), we get
2𝜋𝜀0 𝜀𝑟 𝑉
𝑔=
𝑅
ln × 2𝜋𝜀0 𝜀𝑟 𝑥
𝑟
𝑉
𝑔=
𝑅
𝑥 ln( )
𝑟
Potential gradient varies inversely as x
Minimum value of x =r, hence maximum value of potential gradient (𝑔𝑚𝑎𝑥 )
𝑉
𝑔𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑅
𝑟 ln( )
𝑟
Similarly,
𝑉
𝑔𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝑅
𝑅 ln( )
𝑟
 Capacitance of a single core cable
A single core cable used on 33kV, 50Hz has conductor diameter 10mm and inner diameter of
sheath 25mm. The relative permittivity of insulating material used is 3.5. Find:
(i) Capacitance of the cable per km.
(ii) Maximum electrostatic stress in the cable,
(iii) Minimum electrostatic stress in the cable,
(iv) Charging current per km.
Solution:
Dia of the conductor= 10mm
10
𝑟= = 5𝑚𝑚 = 0.005𝑚
2
Diameter (inner) of sheath= 25mm
25
𝑅= = 12.5𝑚𝑚 = 0.0125𝑚
2
The relative permittivity of insulating material, 𝜀𝑟 = 3.5
Applied voltage, V=33kV=33000V.
 Capacitance of a single core cable
(i) Capacitance of the cable per km:
Using the relation,
2𝜋𝜀0 𝜀𝑟 2𝜋𝜀0 𝜀𝑟 2𝜋×8.854×10−12 ×3.5
C= 𝑅 𝐹/𝑚= 𝑅 × 1000 𝐹/𝑘𝑚= 0.0125 × 1000
𝑙𝑛 𝑟 𝑙𝑛 𝑟 𝑙𝑛 0.005
=212.5× 10−9 𝐹 𝑜𝑟 0.2125𝜇𝐹.

(ii) Maximum electrostatic stress, 𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 :

𝑉
𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 (=𝑔𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) = 𝑅 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑔𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑟𝑙𝑛 𝑟
33000
= 0.0125 = 72 × 105 𝑉/𝑚
0.005×ln 0.005

(iii) Minimum electrostatic stress, 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 :

𝑉
𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 (=𝑔𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) = 𝑅
𝑅𝑙𝑛 𝑟
33000
= 0.0125 = 28.8 × 105 𝑉/𝑚
0.0125×ln 0.005
 Capacitance of a single core cable
(iv) Charging current 𝐼𝐶 :
𝑉 𝑉
𝐼𝑐 = = = 2𝜋𝑓𝐶𝑉
𝑋𝑐 1/2𝜋𝑓𝐶
𝐼𝑐 =2𝜋 × 50 × 0.2125 × 10−6 × 33000 = 2.2𝐴.
 Most Economical Conductor Size
Find the most economical size of a single core cable working on a 132kV, 3-phase system,
if dielectric stress of 5kV/mm can be allowed.

Solution:
Given: 𝑉𝐿 = 132𝑘𝑉; 𝑔𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 5𝑘𝑉/𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝐿 132
𝑉𝑝ℎ = = = 76.21𝑘𝑉
3 3
Peak value of phase voltage = 2 × 76.21 = 107.78𝑘𝑉
Most economical conductor diameter,
2𝑉 2×107.78
d= = = 43.1𝑚𝑚
𝑔𝑚𝑎𝑥 5

Internal diameter of the sheath, D=2.718d

=2.718× 43.1 = 117.1𝑚𝑚
 Grading of cables
The process of achieving uniformity in dielectric stress in dielectric of cables is known as
grading of cables.
In a cable with a single homogeneous layer of insulation, much of dielectric is being operated
at a very much less than the maximum allowable stress.
The grading of cables means the subdivision of a cable in such a way the (𝑔𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≈ 𝑔𝑚𝑖𝑛 ) is
minimized, with the result that less dielectric is required and overall diameter (2R) is reduced.
The following are the two methods of grading
(i) Capacitance grading
(ii) Intersheath grading
Capacitance grading:
In capacitance grading, the uniformity in dielectric stress is achieved by using various layers
of different dielectrics in such a manner that the permittivity 𝜀𝑟 of any layer is inversely
proportional to its radius or distance from the centre,
1
𝜀𝑟 = 𝑜𝑟 𝜀𝑟 𝑥 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑥
𝑄
𝑔= 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
2𝜋𝜀0
 Capacitance grading
Thus, if such condition is satisfied the value of dielectric stress at any point is constant
and is independent of distance from the centre and the grading will be ideal one..
However, it is not possible to use infinite number of dielectric for a single cable and
practice, two or three dielectric are used in the decreasing order of permittivity; the dielectric
of highest permittivity being used near the core.

Fig: Capacitance grading

 Capacitance grading
There are three layers of dielectric of outer radii 𝑟1 , 𝑟2 and R and relative permittivities
𝜀𝑟1 , 𝜀𝑟2 , 𝜀𝑟3 .
If such permittivities are such that 𝜀𝑟1 > 𝜀𝑟2 > 𝜀𝑟3 and if the maximum stress to which each
dielectric is subjected is constant then
𝜀𝑟1 𝑟 = 𝜀𝑟2 𝑟1 = 𝜀𝑟3 𝑟2
Potential difference across the inner layer
𝑟1 𝑟1
𝑄
𝑉1 = 𝑔𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑟 𝑟 2𝜋𝜀0 𝜀𝑟1 𝑥
𝑄 𝑟1 𝑟1
= 𝑙𝑛( ) = 𝑔𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑟 ln ( ) 𝑄
2𝜋𝜀0 𝜀𝑟1 𝑟 𝑟
= 𝑔𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑟
Similarly, potential difference across second layer (𝑉2 ) and third layer (𝑉3 ) 2𝜋𝜀0 𝜀𝑟1
𝑟 𝑅
𝑉2 = 𝑔𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑟1 ln ( 2 ); 𝑉3 = 𝑔𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑟2 ln ( )
𝑟1 𝑟2
Total potential difference between core and earthed sheath,
𝑉 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3
𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑅
𝑉 = 𝑔𝑚𝑎𝑥 [𝑟𝑙𝑛 + 𝑟1 ln ( ) + 𝑟2 ln ( )]
𝑟 𝑟1 𝑟2
 Capacitance grading
For the same permissible safe potential, the size of the graded cable will be smaller than that
of the non-graded cable.
 Intersheath grading
In intersheath grading a homogeneous dielectric is used, but it is divided into various layers by
placing metallic intersheath between the core and lead sheath.
The intersheaths are held at suitable potential which are in between the core potential and
earth potential.

Fig: Intersheath grading

 Intersheath grading
This arrangement improves voltage distribution in the dielectric of the cable and consequently
more uniform potential grading is obtained.
As there is a definite potential difference between the inner and outer layers of each
intersheath, therefore, each sheath can be treated like a homogeneous single core cable and we
have
𝑉1
𝑔1 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑟1
𝑟 ln( )
𝑟
𝑉2
Similarly 𝑔2 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑟2
𝑟1 ln(𝑟 )
1
𝑉3
𝑔3 𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑅
𝑟2 ln( )
𝑟2
But for homogeneous dielectric we have
𝑔1 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑔2 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑔3 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑉1 𝑉2 𝑉3
𝑟1 = 𝑟2 = 𝑅
𝑟 ln( 𝑟 ) 𝑟1 ln(𝑟 ) 𝑟2 ln( )
1 𝑟2
 Intersheath grading
Since the cable is, in effect, a series of capacitors in series, therefore all these potential
differences are in phase and we have
𝑉 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3

With “capacitance grading” there is the practical difficulty of obtained materials having the
required values permittivities. A second difficulty is the possibility of chang of permitivitty
with time.
Such a change could completely alter the distribution of dielectric stress and might even lead a
breakdown at the normal working voltage.
With the “intersheath method” there is possibility of damage to intersheath during laying of the
cable since the intersheath has to be thin.
The intersheath also has to carry a charging current which in a very long may be sufficient to
cause overheating.
In view of the above reasons the present day tendency is to avoid grading in favour of oil filled
and gas filled cables.
 Intersheath grading
In a 66kV lead sheathed paper insulated cable with one inter-sheath, the insulating
material has permissible potential gradient of 40kV/cm. Calculate the maximum overall
diameter of the cable and the voltage at which the intersheath must be maintained. What
is the economic conductor diameter and overall diameter of a similar cable with no
intersheath?
𝐸
𝑟 = 𝑒𝑔 ; 𝐸1 = 𝐸/𝑒
𝑚

𝑟2 = 𝑟1 𝑒 𝐸2/𝐸

𝑔𝑚 = 40𝑘𝑉 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘

𝐸 = 66 2 𝑘𝑉 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘
𝐸 66 2
𝑟 = 𝑒𝑔 ; 40=2.718𝑟 ; 𝑟 = 0.86𝑐𝑚
𝑚

𝑟1 = 𝑟 × 𝑒 = 0.86 × 2.718 = 2.34𝑐𝑚

𝑟2 = 2.34 × 2.718𝐸2/𝐸
𝐸2 = 𝐸 − 𝐸1
 Intersheath grading
66
𝐸2 = 66 − 𝑘𝑉 𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 41.7𝑘𝑉
2.718
𝑟2 = 2.34 × 2.71841.7/66 = 4.39𝑐𝑚
Minimum overall diameter of the intersheath cable is 8.78cm

For most economical conductor

𝑅
= 𝑒 = 2.718
𝑟

E=𝑔𝑚 𝑟 𝑙𝑛 R/r= 𝑔𝑚 𝑟

𝐸 66 2
r=𝑔 = = 2.33𝑐𝑚
𝑚 40

Conductor dia=4.66cm
R=2.33× 2.718 = 6.33𝑐𝑚
Overall dia=12.66cm