ECOLOGY AND EARTH

CHAPTER #1: WORLD POPULATION - Birthrates = dropping, but stabilized

The World Population – refers to the human
population or the total number of humans currently
living on the world
MORTALITY – Number of deaths per population
 8.1 Billion People (2024) per period. Deaths per 1,000 people/

Human Population – refers to the total number of - Declined death rates = medical and public
humans living on Earth at a given time health advances (quality and access)

- It is constantly changing Global life expectancy – increased from 46.5 years

- Has several important characteristics in 1950s to over 73 years old.
- Child mortality (<5yo) = declined due to
improved nutrition and HC.
Population Density – measures the number of - HIV/AIDS increased (peaked in African
people per given area of land unit countries, early 2000s)
 High Density – indicates many people
concentrated in small area
 Low Density – indicates more spread out LIFE EXPECTANCY – in the PH, it rose from
population 54yo in 1960 to 71yo in 2019

Density varies around the world based on factors like: - Infant mortality declined from 120 to 23
deaths per 1000 births over the past 60 years
- Fertile Land Availability as healthcare access improved
- Climate
- Access to Resourcess
Notes: POPULATION GROWTH – change in population
 (It can vary immensely) size over time (annually or intervals). Accounts both
 Singapore = 20,000 people per square mile natality and mortality.
 Australia = density of less than 10 people - In realworld, population began to grow but
per square mile the growth rates were actually declining due
 High Density is a double edge sword to declining fertility rates.
(Infectious disease vs economic - Pero tataas pa raw ang population hanggang
opportunities) 10B by 2050
Philippines = has high population density that varies - Growth is centered on developing countries
over its 7,000 islands. (Africa)

- Metro Manila has the highest urban density Philippines GR = 1% annually

globally at over 110,000 people per sqm - Population is expected to grow from 109M
- Mountainous islands have lower density to 142M by 2045
but the population is rapidly growing in
cities as rural citizens migrate seeking
economic opportunity.
AGE DISTRIBUTION – proportions of people in
Bayambang Pop. Density different age groups, often divided into 5- or 10-year
- PD: 490 ppsk (2020) increments.
- Population: 51,757 - Can help predict birth/death rates and
important policy/planning needs based on
variations in needs and contribution of
NATALITY – refers to the birth rate or the number different age groups.
of live births per population per period - Developed = much older
Global natality rates – have declined due to factors - Developing = younger + High BR
like more access to contraception - 60 countries = declining working age
- Current rates vary significantly based on populations (+economic challenges)
region and socioeconomic factors. In the PH – Median range = 25.4
- Crude birth rate globally has fallend by
over 50% since 1950: from 37.2 births per In Japan – Median range = 48.4
1,000 to 17.8 per 1,000 in 2020
- Birth rates dropped most significantly in 30% of the population is aged 0-14
EAST ASIA = due to access to
12% over 60 years old
contraceptives and family planning
education
Philippines = generally higher fertility rates POPULATION FLUCTUATIONS
compared to global averages (2.6 births per woman,
2020)

NERVANZ CHRISTIAN D. DE GUZMAN | MATERNAL REVIEWER

 ECOLOGY AND EARTH
Factors that can cause short-term fluctuations in a growth stems primarily from natural increase with
population: consistently higher births than deaths.
- Epidemics Earth’s Carrying Capacity
- Natural Disaster
- Food Shortage - Earth can support 10-12B people through
technological innovations and responsible
+ they temporarily spike mortality rates consumption.
- Exceeding the carrying capacity may risk on
Other major events:
resource depletion, environmental destruction,
- Plagues famine, disease, and lower standards of living
- Expansions of empires
- Medical advances
- Globalization Slowing Population Growth
Epidemics = caused temporary population impacts, - Family planning education and
like black death – eliminating 30-50% of Europe’s contraception access
population in 14th century - Female education and economic
Wars = significantly reduce populations of working empowerment programs
age while raising infant mortality - Policy and incentives toward smaller family
size ideals
> In the Philippines, policy approaches culturally
CHAPTER 2: BIRTH, DEATH, & CHANGE sensitive to local norms around religion and family
show promise in responsibly slowing growth [13].
Population – changes over time due to births, deaths,
TYPES OF POPULATION GROWTH CURVE
and migration.
A. S-curve population growth
- Examining growth on a global and local
- Starts with slower initial growth phase
scale also provides insight into issues around
- Then, rapid exponential growth
sustainability and strategies to responsibly
- Finally, gradual leveling off as the
slow growth.
population reaches the region’s capacity
The major components that increase or decrease  It resembles an “S” shape
population size are:  This curve fits a model where there may be
• Births - new members joining a population ample resources to fuel early population
• Deaths - existing members leaving a population expansion, but limitations on food, land,
• Immigration - people moving into an area water etc. prevent limitless expansion long
• Emigration - people moving out of an area term.

FACTORS that affects Birthrates:

1. Access to contraception and family planning
resources
2. Cultural norms around ideal family size
3. Education level and economic opportunities
for women
4. Infant and childhood mortality rates
5. Availability of healthcare
> Since 1960s, Philippines has declining infant
mortality and birth rates due to increasing access to B. J-curve population growth
family planning - Constant, unimpeded exponential growth of
population
Major Causes of Human Population Change
- Steeply rising with no tapering off
Population change occurs when:
- Means: diseases or limitations that might
control growth are absent
1. Birth rate exceeds death rate = population
growth
2. Death rate exceeds birthrate = population
decline
3. Immigration exceeds emigration =
population growth
4. Emigration exceeds immigration =
population decline
The interplay of fertility, mortality, and migration
shape overall change. In the Philippines, population

NERVANZ CHRISTIAN D. DE GUZMAN | MATERNAL REVIEWER

 ECOLOGY AND EARTH
 Environmental factors
 Government policies
 Wars and conflicts
 Natural disasters
 Technological advancements
 Social and cultural factors
5. How Many People Can the Earth Support?
 Estimates vary widely
 Depends on resource availability
 Depends on technological advancements
 Depends on consumption patterns
 Environmental degradation
 Distribution of wealth
 Sustainable living practices
 Carrying capacity is finite
6. How Can We Slow Human Population Growth?
 Access to family planning services
 Access to contraceptives
 Improving education, especially for women
 Empowering women and promoting gender
equality
 Reducing poverty
 Improving economic opportunities
1. Factors that cause population change:
 Promoting sustainable consumption and
 Birth rates
production patterns
 Death rates
 Addressing environmental degradation
 Migration patterns
 Implementing policies supporting smaller
 Changes in fertility rates
family sizes
 Socioeconomic factors
 Addressing social and economic inequalities
 Wars
 Promoting human rights
 Diseases
 Ensuring access to healthcare and education
 Natural disasters
 Encouraging voluntary population control
 Government policies
 Supporting international cooperation on
 Environmental changes
population issues
 Cultural shifts
 Technological advancements
2. Factors that affect a population's birth rate:
 Access to healthcare
 Education levels (especially for women)
 Cultural and religious beliefs
 Economic conditions
 Availability of contraceptives
 Government policies (e.g., family planning
programs)
 Social norms regarding family size
 Infant mortality rates
 Maternal mortality rates
 Age at marriage
 Employment opportunities for women
 Urbanization
3. Human population growth:
 Declining mortality rates
 Increased life expectancy
 High fertility rates in certain regions
 Immigration
 Improved sanitation and hygiene
 Technological advancements in healthcare
 Agricultural advancements
 Industrialization
 Urbanization
 Globalization
4. Major Causes of Human Population Change:
 Birth rates
 Death rates
 Migration patterns
 Advances in healthcare
 Improvements in sanitation and hygiene
 Economic conditions

NERVANZ CHRISTIAN D. DE GUZMAN | MATERNAL REVIEWER