Here are the answers to your questions, tailored for a 2-mark response:

1.​ List the characteristics of IoT. The key characteristics of IoT include connectivity
(interconnecting devices), heterogeneity (diverse devices and platforms), dynamic
changes (devices' states change), massive scale (billions of devices), sensing/actuation
(gathering data and controlling physical objects), and security (protecting data and
systems).
2.​ How debugging works in Arduino. Debugging in Arduino primarily involves using the
Serial Monitor to print values of variables or status messages at different points in the
code. This allows developers to observe the program's flow and identify unexpected
behavior or incorrect calculations. More advanced techniques might involve LED
indicators for simple status checks.
3.​ List the various libraries in Arduino. Arduino boasts a vast collection of libraries. Some
common and essential ones include Serial (for communication), Wire (for I2C), SPI (for
SPI communication), Ethernet (for network connectivity), WiFi (for Wi-Fi connectivity),
LiquidCrystal (for LCD displays), and SD (for SD card interaction).
4.​ What is sketch in Arduino? A "sketch" in Arduino refers to the program written by the
user in the Arduino IDE. It's essentially a piece of code, written in a simplified C++ syntax,
that gets compiled and uploaded to the Arduino board to control its behavior and
functionality.
5.​ What is the requirement of IoT protocol standardization? IoT protocol standardization
is crucial for enabling interoperability and seamless communication between diverse
devices and platforms from different manufacturers. Without it, devices wouldn't be able to
"understand" each other, hindering the growth and effectiveness of interconnected IoT
ecosystems and making development more complex.
6.​ Name the types of Shields in Arduino. Arduino shields are add-on boards that plug
directly into Arduino boards to extend their functionality. Common types include Ethernet
shields (for network access), Wi-Fi shields (for wireless connectivity), Motor shields (for
controlling motors), Sensor shields (providing easy sensor connections), and Proto
shields (for prototyping custom circuits).
7.​ State where ZigBee makes its mark with regard to IoT application when compared
to Bluetooth and Wi-Fi. ZigBee excels in IoT applications requiring low power
consumption, mesh networking capabilities, and support for a large number of nodes over
a relatively short range. It's ideal for smart home automation (lighting, thermostats),
industrial monitoring, and sensor networks where battery life and network scalability are
paramount, unlike Bluetooth (point-to-point) or Wi-Fi (higher power, fewer nodes).
8.​ List the states of Bluetooth device. Bluetooth devices typically cycle through several
states: Standby (inactive), Inquiry (discovering other devices), Paging (connecting to a
known device), Connected (active communication), and Sniff/Hold/Park (low-power
modes to maintain connection while conserving energy).
9.​ Name the types of Wi-Fi. Wi-Fi refers to a family of wireless networking protocols.
Common types (or standards) include 802.11b, 802.11a, 802.11g, 802.11n, 802.11ac, and
802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6). These differ primarily in their speed, frequency bands, and efficiency.
10.​What are the components used as the core of embedded system. The core
components of an embedded system typically include a Microcontroller or Microprocessor
(the "brain"), Memory (RAM for volatile data, ROM/Flash for program storage), I/O Ports
(for connecting to peripherals), and a Power Supply. Often, specialized peripherals like
timers, ADCs, and communication interfaces are also integrated.
11.​Write the steps how to integrate the Raspberry Pi cloud integration. Integrating
 Raspberry Pi with the cloud generally involves: 1. Setting up internet connectivity on the
Pi. 2. Installing necessary SDKs or libraries for the chosen cloud platform (e.g., AWS IoT,
Google Cloud IoT Core, Azure IoT Hub). 3. Writing code on the Pi to send sensor data or
receive commands from the cloud. 4. Configuring cloud services to manage devices and
data.
12.​Define smart irrigation system. A smart irrigation system is an automated watering
system that optimizes water usage based on real-time data from sensors (soil moisture,
weather), forecasts, and plant needs. It leverages IoT technology to intelligently control
irrigation schedules, minimizing waste and ensuring optimal plant health.
13.​List the components of wearable devices. Wearable devices typically comprise a
sensor module (for data collection like heart rate, movement), a processing unit
(microcontroller/processor), memory, a communication module (Bluetooth, Wi-Fi), a power
source (battery), and an output display or haptic feedback mechanism.
14.​Structure of embedded system. The basic structure of an embedded system consists of
hardware (microcontroller/processor, memory, I/O ports, peripherals) and software
(firmware, operating system if present, and application code). The software is specifically
designed to run on the dedicated hardware to perform a specific set of functions.
15.​Components of Home automation. Home automation systems typically consist of a
central controller or hub, various smart devices (lights, thermostats, locks, cameras,
appliances), sensors (motion, door/window, temperature), actuators (switches, dimmers),
and a user interface (smartphone app, voice assistant, touch panel).