1. What is Microprocessor?

2. Explain Microprocessor based system with neat diagram

3. How physical address is calculated?
4. Describe the function of Pins ALE, M/ (IO) ̅ of 8086 microprocessor
5. What is pipeline concept in 8086.
6. Give important features of Microprocessor
7. Explain the function of control flags and direction flags
8. What is address bus and data bus ?State its functions
9. What is function of AX & BX CX DX register
10. Draw flag resistor and explain any four flags
11. Explain the flag register/PSW of 8086? Explain the use of direction flag with one
example
12. Explain memory segmentation in 8086 microprocessor? State its advantages
13. How physical address is calculated? Calculate the physical address for instruction MOV
AH,[BX+SI] if DS= 2000H,SI=3000H,BX=0100H
14. Explain the functions of HOLD, HLDA,RST7.5,ALE and AD0-AD7 of 8085
15. Explain the flag register of 8086 with neat diagram
16. Draw the architecture of 8086 microprocessor and explain the function of Bus Interface
unit
17. Explain the hardware architecture of 8086 with neat diagram
18. Explain Minimum Mode of 8086 Microprocessor with neat diagram? Draw write cycle
19. Explain Maximum Mode of 8086 Microprocessor with neat diagram ? Draw read cycle
20. Explain the Pin function of. (i) ALE (ii) WR bar iii) RD bar v)LOCK
BAR Vi)NMI VII)READY viii)S0,S1,S2 ix)BHE BAR X)HOLD & HLDA……SO ON
(prepare all pinfunctions)
21. Draw Minimum Mode and Maximum Mode of 8086 micropressor with neat diagram and
compare both the modes
22. Explain is DAA Instruction with suitable example
23. State the addressing mode of following instructions? 1) All instructions
24. The contents of different registers are given below. Form Physical addresses for
following instruction. for different addressing modes are as follow:[BX]- 2000H, [SI]-
3000H, [DI]- 4000H, [BP]- 5000H, [SP]- 6000H, [CS]- 0000H, [DS]- 1000H, [SS]-
2000H, [IP]- 7000H. MOV AX, [5000H]
25. What is function REP Instructions prefix in string instruction with any one example
26. State the addressing mode of following instructions? Justify Answer 1) MOVE
[bx],AX 2) MUL BX
27. Explain the following Instructions with example.1)All instructions
28. Explain Classification Addressing Modes of 8086 microprocessor with example.
29. Write an assembly language program to find the largest number among the series stored
at memory, Store the result immediately after the series.
30. Write an assembly language program to multiply 2 8 bit numbers stored at memory and
Store the result at memory RESULT
31. Write an assembly language program to Divide 2 8 bit numbers stored at memory NUM1
NUM 2and Store the result at memory
32. WAP to find “Lowest” in a given series of 10 numbers beginning from location 20,000H.
Store the result immediately after the series.
33. Write an ALP to convert packed BCD TO unpacked BCD.Draw flowchart/Algirithm
34. Write ALP to arrange 10 the numbers in ascending/decsending order.Draw
flowchart/Algirithm
35. Write an ALP to Multiply 2 16 bit numbers and whose result may be 16 bit or 32 bit and
store result in ANSWER.Draw flowchart/Algirithm
36. Write an ALP to add two 16bit BCD numbers and store it in RESULT.Draw
flowchart/Algirithm
37. Write an ALP to find the SUM of 10 numbers stored in in an array.Draw
flowchart/Algirithm
38. Write an assembly language program in 8086 microprocessor to find average of n eight
bit numbers.Draw flowchart/Algirithm

ANSWERS

1. What is a Microprocessor?
A microprocessor is an integrated circuit that functions as the
central processing unit (CPU) of a computer, executing
instructions to perform arithmetic, logic, control, and input/output
operations.
2. Microprocessor-based System with Diagram
 A microprocessor-based system is an electronic system that uses a
microprocessor as its central processing unit (CPU) to execute instructions
and control operations. It consists of the following components:
 Microprocessor (CPU) – Executes instructions and processes data.
 Memory (RAM, ROM) – Stores data and program instructions.
 Input Devices – Provide data to the system (e.g., keyboard, sensors).
 Output Devices – Display or transmit processed data (e.g., monitor, LEDs).
 System Bus – Facilitates data, address, and control signal transfer between
components.
 I/O Interfaces – Enable communication with external peripherals.
  These systems are widely used in embedded applications, computers, and
automation.

Physical Address Calculation

Physical Address = (16-bit Segment Register * 10H) + Offset Register.
3. Functions of ALE, M/ (IO) ̅ Pins in 8086
o ALE (Address Latch Enable): Used to demultiplex the
address/data bus.
o M/ (IO) ̅: Distinguishes between memory (1) and I/O
operations (0).
5. Pipeline Concept in 8086
a. Uses a 6-stage instruction queue to overlap fetching and
execution.
b. Enhances speed and efficiency by allowing multiple
instructions to be processed simultaneously.

6. Important Features of Microprocessor

7. Control and Direction Flags
a. Control Flags: The control flags are used to control certain
operations and are changed by the programmer.
Interrupt Flag (IF) - It is used to mask or unmask the INTR
interrupt
Trap Flag (TF) - Here the microprocessor is interrupted after
every instruction so that, the program can be debugged.
b. Direction Flag (DF): Used for string operations; 0 = auto-
increment, 1 = auto-decrement. If this flag is set, SI and DI
are in auto-decrementing mode in String operations.
8. Address Bus & Data Bus
a. Address Bus- The address is an identification number used
by the microprocessor to identify or access a memory
location or I / O device. It is an output signal from the
processor. Hence the address bus is unidirectional.
b. Data Bus: The microprocessor has to fetch (read) the data
from memory or input device for processing and after
processing, it has to store (write) the data to memory or
output device. Hence the data bus is bi-directional.
9. Functions of AX, BX, CX, DX Registers
a. AX (Accumulator): Primary register for arithmetic/logic
operations.
b. BX (Base Register): Holds base address for memory access.
c. CX (Counter Register): Used in loops and string operations.
d. DX (Data Register): Used in multiplication/division
operations.
10. Flag Register and Explanation of Four Flags
"Cats Play And Zebras Sleep Through Intense Dark Oceans."
a. Diagram: (Show 16-bit flag register).
b. Carry Flag (CF): Indicates carry after an arithmetic operation.
c. Zero Flag (ZF): Set if result is zero.
d. Sign Flag (SF): Indicates sign of the result.
e. Overflow Flag (OF): Detects signed arithmetic overflow.
11. 8086 Flag Register/PSW & Direction Flag Example
a. The flag register holds status/control flags.
b. Direction Flag Example:
c. CLD ; Clear DF (Auto-increment in string operations)
d. STD ; Set DF (Auto-decrement in string operations)
12. Memory Segmentation in 8086 & Advantages
a. Divides memory into Code, Data, Stack, and Extra segments.
b. Advantages:
i. Efficient memory utilization
ii. Supports multitasking
iii. Enhances program modularity
13. Physical Address Calculation Example
Given: DS = 2000H, SI = 3000H, BX = 0100H
 Formula: PA = (DS * 10H) + (BX + SI)
Solution: (2000H * 10H) + (0100H + 3000H) = 23100H
14. Functions of HOLD, HLDA, RST7.5, ALE, AD0-AD7 in
8085
a. HOLD: Request for bus control.
b. HLDA: Acknowledgment for HOLD.
c. RST7.5: Interrupt request.
d. ALE: Latch enable for address/data.
e. AD0-AD7: Multiplexed address/data bus.
15. 8086 Flag Register with Diagram
a. Diagram: (Show 16-bit register).
b. Flags: CF, PF, AF, ZF, SF, TF, IF, DF, OF.
16. 8086 Architecture & Bus Interface Unit (BIU)
a. Diagram: (Show architecture).
b. BIU Functions: Instruction fetching, address generation,
memory interfacing.
17. Hardware Architecture of 8086
a. Diagram: (Detailed block diagram).
b. Divided into: BIU, EU (Execution Unit).
18. Minimum Mode of 8086 with Write Cycle
a. Used in single processor mode.
b. Write Cycle Diagram: Shows control signals for memory
write operation.
19. Maximum Mode of 8086 with Read Cycle
a. Used in multiprocessor mode.
b. Read Cycle Diagram: Illustrates memory read operation.
20. Pin Functions of ALE, WR̅ , RD̅ , LOCK̅ , NMI, READY, S0-
S2, BHE̅ , HOLD & HLDA
a. ALE: Latch enable.
 b. WR̅ : Write control.
c. RD̅ : Read control.
d. LOCK̅ : Prevents bus access.
e. NMI: Non-maskable interrupt.
f. READY: Wait-state control.
g. S0-S2: Status signals.
h. BHE̅ : Upper-byte enable.
i. HOLD & HLDA: Bus control.
21. Minimum Mode vs. Maximum Mode of 8086
a. Minimum Mode: Single processor, simpler control.
b. Maximum Mode: Multiprocessor, uses control bus signals.
22. DAA Instruction with Example
a. DAA (Decimal Adjust after Addition): Adjusts result for
BCD arithmetic.
b. Example:
c. MOV AL, 25H
d. ADD AL, 34H
e. DAA
23-38. Addressing Modes, Instruction Execution, and ALPs\
 Classification of Addressing Modes with examples.
 Various assembly language programs for data handling, arithmetic,
and logic operations.
 Flowcharts & Algorithms for programs like finding
largest/smallest numbers, multiplication, division, and sorting a
series.
 Example: Sorting a series:
 MOV CX, 0AH ; Loop counter
 LEA SI, ARRAY
 SORT_LOOP:
 MOV AL, [SI]
 CMP AL, [SI+1]
 JBE NEXT
 XCHG AL, [SI+1]
 NEXT:
 INC SI
 LOOP SORT_LOOP
 Flowcharts for ALPs (Assembly Language Programs) included
where necessary.
ANSWER 30).
.MODEL SMALL
.STACK 100H
.DATA
NUM1 DB 05H ; First 8-bit number
NUM2 DB 03H ; Second 8-bit number
RESULT DW ? ; 16-bit result storage

.CODE
START:
MOV AX, @DATA ; Initialize data segment
MOV DS, AX

MOV AL, NUM1 ; Load first number into AL

MOV BL, NUM2 ; Load second number into BL

MUL BL ; Multiply AL with BL, result in AX (AH:AL)

MOV RESULT, AX ; Store 16-bit result in memory

MOV AX, 4C00H ; Terminate program

INT 21H
END START
ANSWER 31).
.MODEL SMALL
.STACK 100H
.DATA
NUM1 DB 10H ; Dividend (16 in decimal)
NUM2 DB 03H ; Divisor (3 in decimal)
QUOTIENT DB ? ; To store quotient
REMAINDER DB ? ; To store remainder

.CODE
START:
MOV AX, @DATA ; Initialize data segment
MOV DS, AX

MOV AL, NUM1 ; Load dividend into AL

MOV BL, NUM2 ; Load divisor into BL

DIV BL ; AL / BL → Quotient in AL, Remainder in AH

MOV QUOTIENT, AL ; Store quotient

MOV REMAINDER, AH ; Store remainder

MOV AX, 4C00H ; Terminate program

INT 21H
END START
ANS 29).

.MODEL SMALL
.STACK 100H
.DATA
SERIES DB 05H, 12H, 3AH, 25H, 4FH, 18H ; Example series
COUNT DB 06H ; Number of elements in SERIES
RESULT DB ? ; Storage for the largest number

.CODE
START:
MOV AX, @DATA ; Initialize data segment
MOV DS, AX

LEA SI, SERIES ; Load base address of series

MOV CL, COUNT ; Load count of numbers
MOV AL, [SI] ; Load first number as max
INC SI ; Point to next element
DEC CL ; Reduce count since first element is already in AL

FIND_MAX:
CMP AL, [SI] ; Compare AL with current number
JAE SKIP ; If AL >= [SI], skip update
MOV AL, [SI] ; Else, update AL with the larger value

SKIP:
INC SI ; Move to next element
LOOP FIND_MAX ; Repeat until CX = 0
 MOV RESULT, AL ; Store largest number in RESULT

MOV AX, 4C00H ; Exit program

INT 21H
END START

ANSWER 32).
.MODEL SMALL
.STACK 100H
.DATA
ADDR DW 20000H ; Memory location where the series starts
COUNT DB 0AH ; Number of elements (10)
RESULT DB ? ; To store the lowest number

.CODE
START:
MOV AX, @DATA
MOV DS, AX ; Initialize data segment

MOV BX, ADDR ; Load base address of series

MOV CL, COUNT ; Load count of numbers
MOV SI, BX ; SI points to the first element

MOV AL, [SI] ; Load first number as minimum

INC SI ; Move to next element
 DEC CL ; Reduce count as first element is already in AL

FIND_MIN:
CMP AL, [SI] ; Compare AL with current number
JBE SKIP ; If AL <= [SI], skip update
MOV AL, [SI] ; Else, update AL with the smaller value

SKIP:
INC SI ; Move to next element
LOOP FIND_MIN ; Repeat until CX = 0

MOV [SI], AL ; Store lowest number immediately after the series

MOV AX, 4C00H ; Exit program

INT 21H
END START
ANS 33).
.MODEL SMALL
.STACK 100H
.DATA
PACKED_BCD DB 37H ; Example packed BCD number
HIGH_NIBBLE DB ? ; High nibble (tens place)
LOW_NIBBLE DB ? ; Low nibble (units place)

.CODE
START:
MOV AX, @DATA
MOV DS, AX ; Initialize data segment

MOV AL, PACKED_BCD ; Load packed BCD into AL

MOV AH, AL ; Copy AL to AH

AND AL, 0FH ; Extract lower nibble (units place)

MOV LOW_NIBBLE, AL ; Store lower nibble

SHR AH, 4 ; Shift right to get higher nibble

MOV HIGH_NIBBLE, AH ; Store higher nibble

MOV AX, 4C00H ; Terminate program

INT 21H
END START