trigonometry [315 marks]

1. SPM.1.SL.TZ0.1

The following diagram shows triangle ABC, with AB = 6 and AC = 8.

5
(a) Given that cos 𝐴̂ = 6 find the value of sin 𝐴̂.

[3]

Markscheme

valid approach using Pythagorean identity (M1)

5 2
sin2 𝐴 + (6) = 1 (or equivalent) (A1)
√11
sin 𝐴 = 6 A1
[3 marks]

(b) Find the area of triangle ABC.

[2]

Markscheme

1 √11
×8×6× (or equivalent) (A1)
2 6
area = 4√11 A1
[2 marks]

2. SPM.2.SL.TZ0.2

The following diagram shows part of a circle with centre O and radius 4 cm.
 Chord AB has a length of 5 cm and AÔB = θ.

(a) Find the value of θ, giving your answer in radians.

[3]

Markscheme

METHOD 1 attempt to use the cosine rule (M1)

42 +42 −52
cos θ = (or equivalent) A1
2×4×4
θ = 1.35 A1 METHOD 2 attempt to split triangle AOB into two congruent right
triangles (M1)
𝜃 2.5
sin( ) = A1
2 4
θ = 1.35 A1 [3 marks]

(b) Find the area of the shaded region.

[3]

Markscheme

attempt to find the area of the shaded region (M1)

1
× 4 × 4 × (2𝜋 − 1.35 … ) A1
2
= 39.5 (cm2) A1 [3 marks]

3. SPM.2.SL.TZ0.7

Adam sets out for a hike from his camp at point A. He hikes at an average speed of 4.2 km/h for
45 minutes, on a bearing of 035° from the camp, until he stops for a break at point B.
Adam leaves point B on a bearing of 114° and continues to hike for a distance of 4.6 km until he
reaches point C.

Adam’s friend Jacob wants to hike directly from the camp to meet Adam at point C .

(a) Find the distance from point A to point B.

[2]

Markscheme
4.2
×
45 A1
60
AB = 3.15 (km) A1 [2 marks]
 ∧
(b) Show that ABC is 101°.

[2]

Markscheme

66° or (180 − 114) A1 35 + 66 A1

∧
ABC = 101° AG
[2 marks]

(c) Find the distance from the camp to point C.

[3]

Markscheme

attempt to use cosine rule (M1) AC2 = 3.152 + 4.62 − 2 × 3.15 × 4.6 cos 101°
(or equivalent) A1 AC = 6.05 (km) A1 [3 marks]

∧
(d) Find BCA.

[3]

Markscheme

valid approach to find angle BCA (M1) eg sine rule correct substitution into
sine rule A1
∧
sin(BCA) sin 101
eg = 6.0507…
3.15
∧
BCA = 30.7° A1
[3 marks]

(e) Find the bearing that Jacob must take to point C.

[3]

Markscheme
∧
BAC = 48.267 (seen anywhere) A1
valid approach to find correct bearing (M1) eg 48.267 + 35 bearing = 83.3°
(accept 083°) A1 [3 marks]

(f) Jacob hikes at an average speed of 3.9 km/h.

 Find, to the nearest minute, the time it takes for Jacob to reach point C.

[3]

Markscheme

distance
attempt to use time = M1
speed
6.0507
or 0.065768 km/min (A1)
3.9
t = 93 (minutes) A1 [3 marks]

4. SPM.2.AHL.TZ0.12
1−tan2 𝜃
(a) Show that cot 2𝜃 = .
2 tan 𝜃

[1]

Markscheme

stating the relationship between cot and tan and stating the identity for tan 2𝜃
M1
1 2 tan 𝜃
cot 2𝜃 = tan 2𝜃 and tan 2𝜃 = 1−tan2 𝜃
1−tan2 𝜃
⇒ cot 2𝜃 = AG
2 tan 𝜃
[1 mark]

(b) Verify that 𝑥 = tan 𝜃 and 𝑥 = − cot 𝜃 satisfy the equation 𝑥 2 + (2 cot 2𝜃)𝑥 − 1 = 0.

[7]

Markscheme

METHOD 1
attempting to substitute tan 𝜃 for 𝑥 and using the result from (a) M1
1−tan2 𝜃
LHS = tan2 𝜃 + 2 tan 𝜃 ( 2 tan 𝜃 ) − 1 A1
tan2 𝜃 + 1 − tan2 𝜃 − 1 = 0(= RHS) A1
so 𝑥 = tan 𝜃 satisfies the equation AG
attempting to substitute − cot 𝜃 for 𝑥 and using the result from (a) M1
2 1−tan2 𝜃
LHS = cot 𝜃 − 2 cot 𝜃 ( 2 tan 𝜃 ) − 1 A1
1 1−tan2 𝜃
= tan2 𝜃 − ( tan2 𝜃 ) − 1 A1
1 1
tan2 𝜃
− tan2 𝜃 + 1 − 1 = 0(= RHS) A1
so 𝑥 = − cot 𝜃 satisfies the equation AG
METHOD 2
let 𝛼 = tan 𝜃 and 𝛽 = − cot 𝜃
attempting to find the sum of roots M1
1
𝛼 + 𝛽 = tan 𝜃 −
tan 𝜃
 tan2 𝜃−1
= tan 𝜃 A1
= −2 cot 2𝜃 (from part (a)) A1
attempting to find the product of roots M1
𝛼𝛽 = tan 𝜃 × (− cot 𝜃) A1
= −1 A1
the coefficient of 𝑥 and the constant term in the quadratic are 2 cot 2𝜃 and
−1 respectively R1
hence the two roots are 𝛼 = tan 𝜃 and 𝛽 = − cot 𝜃 AG
[7 marks]

𝜋
(c) Hence, or otherwise, show that the exact value of tan 12 = 2 − √3.

[5]

Markscheme

METHOD 1
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑥 = tan 12 and 𝑥 = −cot 12 are roots of 𝑥 2 + (2 cot 6 ) 𝑥 − 1 = 0 R1
𝜋 𝜋
Note: Award R1 if only 𝑥 = tan 12 is stated as a root of 𝑥 2 + (2 cot 6 ) 𝑥 − 1 = 0.
𝑥 2 + 2√3𝑥 − 1 = 0 A1
attempting to solve their quadratic equation M1
𝑥 = −√3 ± 2 A1
𝜋 𝜋
tan 12 > 0 (−cot 12 < 0) R1
𝜋
so tan 12 = 2 − √3 AG
METHOD 2
𝜋
attempting to substitute 𝜃 = 12 into the identity for tan 2𝜃 M1
𝜋
𝜋 2 tan
tan = 12
6 1 − tan2 𝜋
12
𝜋 𝜋
tan2 12 + 2√3 tan 12 − 1 = 0 A1
attempting to solve their quadratic equation M1
𝜋
tan = −√3 ± 2 A1
12
𝜋
tan 12 > 0 R1
𝜋
so tan 12
= 2 − √3 AG
[5 marks]

𝜋 𝜋
(d) Using the results from parts (b) and (c) find the exact value of tan 24 − cot 24.

Give your answer in the form 𝑎 + 𝑏√3 where 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℤ.

[6]

Markscheme
 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
tan 24 − cot 24 is the sum of the roots of 𝑥 2 + (2 cot 12) 𝑥 − 1 = 0 R1
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
tan 24 − cot 24 = −2 cot 12 A1
−2
= 2− 3 A1
√
attempting to rationalise their denominator (M1)
= −4 − 2√3 A1A1
[6 marks]

5. EXM.3.AHL.TZ0.5

This question investigates the sum of sine and cosine functions

The expression 3 sin 𝑥 + 4 cos 𝑥 can be written in the form 𝐴 cos(𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶) + 𝐷, where 𝐴, 𝐵 ∈ ℝ+
and 𝐶, 𝐷 ∈ ℝ and −𝜋 < 𝐶 ≤ 𝜋.

The expression 5 sin 𝑥 + 12 cos 𝑥 can be written in the form 𝐴 cos(𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶) + 𝐷, where 𝐴, 𝐵 ∈ ℝ+
and 𝐶, 𝐷 ∈ ℝ and −𝜋 < 𝐶 ≤ 𝜋.

In general, the expression 𝑎 sin 𝑥 + 𝑏 cos 𝑥 can be written in the form 𝐴 cos(𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶) + 𝐷,
where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝐴, 𝐵 ∈ ℝ+ and 𝐶, 𝐷 ∈ ℝ and −𝜋 < 𝐶 ≤ 𝜋.

Conjecture an expression, in terms of 𝑎 and 𝑏, for

𝑎
The expression 𝑎 sin 𝑥 + 𝑏 cos 𝑥 can also be written in the form √𝑎2 + 𝑏2 ( sin 𝑥 +
√𝑎2 +𝑏2
𝑏
cos 𝑥).
√𝑎2 +𝑏2

𝑎
Let = sin 𝜃
√𝑎2 +𝑏2

(a) Sketch the graph 𝑦 = 3 sin 𝑥 + 4 cos 𝑥, for −2𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋

[1]

Markscheme
 A1
[1 mark]

(b) Write down the amplitude of this graph

[1]

Markscheme

5 A1 [1 mark]

(c) Write down the period of this graph

[1]

Markscheme

2𝜋 A1
[1 mark]

(d) Use your answers from part (a) to write down the value of 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐷.

[1]

Markscheme

𝐴 = 5, 𝐵 = 1, 𝐷 = 0 A1
[1 mark]
(e) Find the value of 𝐶.

[2]

Markscheme

maximum at 𝑥 = 0.644 M1
So 𝐶 = −0.644 A1
[2 marks]

3
(f) Find arctan 4, giving the answer to 3 significant figures.

[1]

Markscheme

0.644 A1 [1 mark]

(g) Comment on your answer to part (c)(i).

[1]

Markscheme
3
it appears that 𝐶 = −arctan 4 A1
[1 mark]

(h) By considering the graph of 𝑦 = 5 sin 𝑥 + 12 cos 𝑥, find the value of 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 and 𝐷.

[5]

Markscheme
 M1
𝐴 = 13 A1
𝐵 = 1 and 𝐷 = 0 A1
maximum at 𝑥 = 0.395 M1
5
So C = −0.395 (= −arctan 12) A1
[5 marks]

(i) 𝐴.

[1]

Markscheme

𝐴 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏2 A1
[1 mark]

(j) 𝐵.

[1]

Markscheme

𝐵=1 A1
[1 mark]

(k) 𝐶.

[1]
 Markscheme
𝑎
𝐶 = −arctan 𝑏 A1
[1 mark]

(l) 𝐷.

[1]

Markscheme

𝐷=0 A1
[1 mark]

𝑏
(m) Show that = cos 𝜃.
√𝑎2 +𝑏2

[2]

Markscheme

EITHER
use of a right triangle and Pythgoras’ to show the missing side length is 𝑏
M1A1
OR
Use of sin2 𝜃 + cos2 𝜃 = 1, leading to the required result M1A1
[2 marks]

𝑎
(n) Show that 𝑏 = tan 𝜃.

[1]

Markscheme

EITHER use of a right triangle, leading to the required result. M1 OR

sin 𝜃
Use of tan 𝜃 = cos 𝜃, leading to the required result. M1
[1 mark]

(o) Hence prove your conjectures in part (e).

[6]

Markscheme

𝑎 sin 𝑥 + 𝑏 cos 𝑥 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏2 (sin 𝜃 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝜃 cos 𝑥) M1

𝑎 sin 𝑥 + 𝑏 cos 𝑥 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏2 (cos(𝑥 − 𝜃)) M1A1
 So 𝐴 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏2 , 𝐵 = 1 and 𝐷 = 0 A1
And 𝐶 = −𝜃 M1
𝑎
So 𝐶 = −arctan 𝑏 A1
[6 marks]

6. 20N.1.SL.TZ0.S_2

The following diagram shows a triangle ABC.

̂ C = 𝜃.
AC = 15 cm, BC = 10 cm, and AB

̂ B = √3.
Let sin CA 3

̂ C is acute, find sin 𝜃.

(a) Given that AB

[3]

Markscheme

* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain minor
differences in marking or structure.
METHOD 1 – (sine rule)
sin 𝐴̂ sin 𝐵̂
evidence of choosing sine rule (M1) eg = correct substitution
𝑎 𝑏
√3
sin 𝜃 √3 sin 𝜃 √3 sin B √3
(A1) eg 3
= , = , = sin 𝜃 = A1 N2 METHOD 2 –
10 15 30 15 30 15 2
(perpendicular from vertex C) valid approach to find perpendicular length (may
 ℎ √3
be seen on diagram) (M1) eg , 15 = 3
15√3 √3
correct perpendicular length (A1) eg , 5√3 sin 𝜃 = A1 N2
3 2
𝜋
Note: Do not award the final A mark if candidate goes on to state sin 𝜃 = 3 , as
this demonstrates a lack of understanding. [3 marks]

̂ B).
(b) Find cos (2 × CA

[3]

Markscheme

attempt to substitute into double-angle formula for cosine (M1) 1 −

2 2 2 2 2
√3 √6 √6 √3 √3 √3
2( 3 ) , 2( 3 ) − 1, (3) − (3) , cos (2𝜃) = 1 − 2 ( 2 ) , 1 − 2 sin2 ( 3 )
3 6 6 3 ̂ B) = 3 (= 1)
correct working (A1) eg 1 − 2 × 9 , 2 × 9 − 1, 9 − 9 cos(2 × CA 9 3
A1 N2 [3 marks]

7. 20N.2.SL.TZ0.S_7

The following diagram shows a circle with centre O and radius 1 cm. Points A and B lie on the
̂ B = 2𝜃, where 0 < 𝜃 < 𝜋.
circumference of the circle and AO 2

The tangents to the circle at A and B intersect at point C.

(a) Show that AC = tan 𝜃.

[1]

Markscheme

* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain minor
differences in marking or structure.
correct working for AC (seen anywhere) A1
AC AC
eg tan 𝜃 = OA , tan 𝜃 = 1 AC = tan 𝜃 AG N0 [1 mark]

(b) Find the value of 𝜃 when the area of the shaded region is equal to the area of sector OADB.

[6]

Markscheme

METHOD 1 (working with half the areas) area of triangle OAC or triangle OBC
1 1 1
(A1) eg × 1 × tan 𝜃 correct sector area (A1) eg × 𝜃 × (12 ) , 𝜃
2 2 2
correct approach using their areas to find the shaded area (seen anywhere)
1 1
(A1) eg Atheir triangle − Atheir sector , 𝜃 − tan 𝜃 correct equation A1 eg
2 2
1 1 1
tan 𝜃 − 2 𝜃 = 2 𝜃 , tan 𝜃 = 2𝜃 1.16556 1.17 A2 N4 METHOD 2 (working
2
1
with entire kite and entire sector) area of kite OACB (A1) eg 2×2×1×
1 1 1
tan 𝜃 , × cos 𝜃 × 2 sin 𝜃 correct sector area (A1) eg × 2𝜃 × (12 ) , 𝜃 correct
2 2
 approach using their areas to find the shaded area (seen anywhere) (A1) eg
Akite OACB − Asector OADB , 𝜃 − tan 𝜃 correct equation A1 eg tan 𝜃 − 𝜃 =
𝜃 , tan 𝜃 = 2𝜃 1.16556 1.17 A2 N4 [6 marks]

8. 20N.2.SL.TZ0.T_3

Using geometry software, Pedro draws a quadrilateral ABCD. AB = 8 cm and CD = 9 cm. Angle
BAD = 51.5∘ and angle ADB = 52.5∘ . This information is shown in the diagram.

CE = 7 cm, where point E is the midpoint of BD.

(a) Calculate the length of BD.

[3]

Markscheme

* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain minor
differences in marking or structure.
BD 8
sin 51.5∘
= sin 52.5∘ (M1)(A1)

Note: Award (M1) for substituted sine rule, (A1) for correct substitution.
(BD =) 7.89 (cm) (7.89164 … ) (A1)(G2)
Note: If radians are used the answer is 9.58723 … award at most (M1)(A1)(A0).
[3 marks]

(b) Show that angle EDC = 48.0∘ , correct to three significant figures.

[4]
 Markscheme

92 +3.94582…2 −72
cos EDC = (A1)(ft)(M1)(A1)(ft)
2×9×3.94582…
7.89164…
Note: Award (A1) for 3.94582 … or seen, (M1) for substituted cosine rule,
2
(A1)(ft) for correct substitutions.
(EDC =) 47.9515 … ∘ (A1) 48.0∘ (3 sig figures) (AG)
Note: Both an unrounded answer that rounds to the given answer and the
rounded value must be seen for the final (M1) to be awarded.
Award at most (A1)(ft)(M1)(A1)(ft)(A0) if the known angle 48.0∘ is used to
validate the result. Follow through from their BD in part (a).
[4 marks]

(c) Calculate the area of triangle BDC.

[3]

Markscheme

Units are required in this question.

1
(area =) × 7.89164 … × 9 × sin 48.0∘ (M1)(A1)(ft)
2
Note: Award (M1) for substituted area formula. Award (A1) for correct
substitution.
(area =) 26.4 cm2 (26.3908 … ) (A1)(ft)(G3)
Note: Follow through from part (a).
[3 marks]

(d) Pedro draws a circle, with centre at point E, passing through point C. Part of the circle is
shown in the diagram.
 Show that point A lies outside this circle. Justify your reasoning.

[5]

Markscheme

AE2 = 82 + (3.94582 … )2 − 2 × 8 × 3.94582 … cos (76∘ ) (A1)(M1)(A1)(ft)

Note: Award (A1) for 76∘ seen. Award (M1) for substituted cosine rule to find AE,
(A1)(ft) for correct substitutions.
(AE =) 8.02 (cm) (8.01849 … ) (A1)(ft)(G3)
Note: Follow through from part (a).
OR
AE2 = 9.78424 …2 + (3.94582 … )2 − 2 × 9.78424 … × 3.94582 … cos (52.5∘ )
(A1)(M1)(A1)(ft)
Note: Award (A1) for AD (9.78424 … ) or 76∘ seen. Award (M1) for substituted
cosine rule to find AE (do not award (M1) for cosine or sine rule to find AD),
(A1)(ft) for correct substitutions. (AE =) 8.02 (cm) (8.01849 … ) (A1)(ft)(G3)
Note: Follow through from part (a).
8.02 > 7. (A1)(ft) point A is outside the circle. (AG)
Note: Award (A1) for a numerical comparison of AE and CE. Follow through for
the final (A1)(ft) within the part for their 8.02. The final (A1)(ft) is contingent on a
valid method to find the value of AE.
Do not award the final (A1)(ft) if the (AG) line is not stated.
Do not award the final (A1)(ft) if their point A is inside the circle.
[5 marks]

9. 19N.1.SL.TZ0.S_6
 𝑥
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 4 cos (2) + 1, for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 6𝜋. Find the values of 𝑥 for which 𝑓(𝑥) > 2√2 + 1.

[8]

Markscheme

𝑥
METHOD 1 – FINDING INTERVALS FOR x 4 cos (2) + 1 > 2√2 + 1 correct
𝑥 𝑥 √2 √2 𝜋
working (A1) eg 4 cos (2) = 2√2, cos (2) > recognizing cos−1 =
2 2 4
𝑥
(A1) one additional correct value for 2 (ignoring domain and
𝜋 7𝜋 9𝜋 15𝜋
equation/inequalities) (A1) eg −4, , 315∘ , , − 45∘ , three correct
4 4 4
𝜋 7𝜋 9𝜋
values for 𝑥 A1A1 eg , 2 , 2 valid approach to find intervals (M1)
2

eg correct intervals (must be in

𝜋 7𝜋 9𝜋
radians) A1A1 N2 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 2 , 2 < 𝑥 < 2 Note: If working shown, award
A1A0 if inclusion/exclusion of endpoints is incorrect. If no working shown award
N1.
If working shown, award A1A0 if both correct intervals are given, and additional
intervals are given. If no working shown award N1.
Award A0A0 if inclusion/exclusion of endpoints are incorrect and additional
𝑥 𝑥
intervals are given. METHOD 2 – FINDING INTERVALS FOR 2 4 cos (2) + 1 >
𝑥 √2 𝑥
2√2 + 1 correct working (A1) eg 4 cos (2) = 2√2, cos (2) > 2
√2 𝜋 𝑥
recognizing cos−1 = (A1) one additional correct value for 2 (ignoring
2 4
𝜋 7𝜋 9𝜋 15𝜋
domain and equation/inequalities) (A1) eg − 4 , 4 , 315∘ , 4 , − 45∘ , 4
𝑥 𝜋 7𝜋 9𝜋
three correct values for 2 A1 eg , 4 , 4 valid approach to find intervals
4

(M1) eg one correct

 𝑥 𝑥 𝜋 7𝜋 𝑥 9𝜋
interval for 2 A1 eg 0 ≤ 2 < 4, <2< correct intervals (must be in
4 4
𝜋 7𝜋 9𝜋
radians) A1A1 N2 0 ≤ 𝑥 < <𝑥 , < Note: If working shown,
2 2 2
award A1A0 if inclusion/exclusion of endpoints is incorrect. If no working shown
award N1.
If working shown, award A1A0 if both correct intervals are given, and additional
intervals are given. If no working shown award N1.
Award A0A0 if inclusion/exclusion of endpoints are incorrect and additional
intervals are given. [8 marks]

10. 19N.1.AHL.TZ0.H_4
2 1
𝐴 and 𝐵 are acute angles such that cos 𝐴 = 3 and sin 𝐵 = 3.

2√2 4√5
Show that cos(2𝐴 + 𝐵) = − − 27 .
27

[7]

Markscheme

attempt to use cos(2𝐴 + 𝐵) = cos 2𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 2𝐴 sin 𝐵 (may be seen later)
M1 attempt to use any double angle formulae (seen anywhere) M1 attempt to
2 4
find either sin 𝐴 or cos 𝐵 (seen anywhere) M1 cos 𝐴 = 3 ⇒ sin 𝐴 (= √1 − 9) =

√5 1 1 √8 2√2
(A1) sin 𝐵 = 3 ⇒ cos 𝐵 (= √1 − 9 = ) = A1 cos 2𝐴(= 2 cos2 𝐴 −
3 3 3
1 4√5
1) = − 9 A1 sin 2𝐴(= 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴) = A1 So cos(2𝐴 + 𝐵) =
9
1 2√2 4√5 1 2√2 4√5
(− 9) ( 3 ) − ( 9 ) (3 ) = − 27 − 27 AG [7 marks]

11. 19N.1.AHL.TZ0.H_9

In the following diagram, the points A, B, C and D are on the circumference of a circle with
∧ ∧
centre O and radius 𝑟. [AC] is a diameter of the circle. BC = 𝑟, AD = CD and ABC = ADC =
90∘ .
(a) Given that cos 75∘ = 𝑞, show that cos 105∘ = −𝑞.

[1]

Markscheme

cos 105∘ = cos(180∘ − 75∘ ) = −cos 75∘ R1 = −𝑞 AG Note: Accept

arguments using the unit circle or graphical/diagrammatical considerations. [1
mark]

∧
(b) Show that BAD = 75∘ .

[3]

Markscheme
∧ ∧
AD = CD ⇒ CAD = 45∘ A1 valid method to find BAC (M1) for
∧ ∧ ∧
example: BC = 𝑟 ⇒ BCA = 60∘ ⇒ BAC = 30∘ A1 hence BAD = 45∘ + 30∘ =
75∘ AG [3 marks]

(c) By considering triangle ABD, show that BD2 = 5𝑟 2 − 2𝑟 2 𝑞√6.

[4]
 Markscheme

AB = 𝑟√3, AD = (CD) = 𝑟√2 A1A1 applying cosine rule (M1) BD2 =

2 2
(𝑟√3) + (𝑟√2) − 2(𝑟√3)(𝑟√2)cos 75∘ A1 = 3𝑟 2 + 2𝑟 2 − 2𝑟 2 √6 cos 75∘ =
5𝑟 2 − 2𝑟 2 𝑞√6 AG [4 marks]

(d) By considering triangle CBD, find another expression for BD2 in terms of 𝑟 and 𝑞.

[3]

Markscheme
∧
BCD = 105∘ (A1) attempt to use cosine rule on 𝛥BCD (M1) BD2 = 𝑟 2 +
2
(𝑟√2) − 2𝑟(𝑟√2)cos 105∘ = 3𝑟 2 + 2𝑟 2 𝑞√2 A1 [3 marks]

1
(e) Use your answers to part (c) to show that cos 75∘ = .
√6+√2

[3]

Markscheme

5𝑟 2 − 2𝑟 2 𝑞√6 = 3𝑟 2 + 2𝑟 2 𝑞√2 (M1)(A1) 2𝑟 2 = 2𝑟 2 𝑞(√6 + √2) A1 Note:

1
Award A1 for any correct intermediate step seen using only two terms. 𝑞 = 6+√2
√
AG Note: Do not award the final A1 if follow through is being applied. [3
marks]

12. 19N.2.SL.TZ0.S_4

The following diagram shows a right-angled triangle, ABC, with AC = 10 cm, AB = 6 cm

and BC = 8 cm.

The points D and F lie on [AC].

[BD] is perpendicular to [AC].
BEF is the arc of a circle, centred at A.
The region 𝑅 is bounded by [BD], [DF] and arc BEF.
 ̂ C.
(a) Find BA

[2]

Markscheme

8 6 2 2 2
correct working (A1) eg ̂ C = 6 +10 −8
sin 𝛼 = 10, cos 𝜃 = 10, cos BA 2×6×10
0.927295 BÂ C = 0.927 (= 53.1∘ ) (A1) N2 [2 marks]

(b) Find the area of 𝑅.

[5]

Markscheme

Note: There may be slight differences in the final answer, depending on the
approach the candidate uses in part (b). Accept a final answer that is consistent
with their working. correct area of sector ABF (seen anywhere) (A1) eg
1 53.1301∘

2
× 62 × 0.927, 360∘ × 𝜋 × 62 , 16.6913 correct expression (or value) for either
[AD] or [BD] (seen anywhere) (A1) eg AD = 6 cos(BA ̂ C) (= 3.6)
∘ ) (=
BD = 6 sin(53.1 4.8) correct area of triangle ABD (seen anywhere) (A1)
1 ̂ D × 6 sin BA
̂ D, 9 sin(2 BA ̂ C), 8.64 (exact) appropriate
eg 2
× 6 cos BA
approach (seen anywhere) (M1) eg Atriangle ABD − Asector , their sector −
their triangle ABD 8.05131 area of shaded region = 8.05 (cm2) A1 N2 [5
marks]

13. 19N.2.SL.TZ0.S_6
 The diagram below shows a triangular-based pyramid with base ADC.
Edge BD is perpendicular to the edges AD and CD.

̂ C = 0.667, BA
AC = 28.4 cm, AB = 𝑥 cm, BC = 𝑥 + 2 cm, AB ̂ D = 0.611

Calculate AD

[6]

Markscheme

evidence of choosing cosine rule (M1) eg 𝑎2 = 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑏𝑐 cos 𝐴 correct

substitution to find AB (A1) eg 28.4 = 𝑥 + (𝑥 + 2)2 − 2𝑥(𝑥 +
2 2

2)cos(0.667) 𝑥 = 42.2822 A2 appropriate approach to find AD (M1) eg

AD
AD = 𝑥 cos(0.611), cos(0.611) = 42.2822 34.6322 AD = 34.6 A1 N3 [6
marks]

14. 19N.2.AHL.TZ0.H_4

The following shape consists of three arcs of a circle, each with centre at the opposite vertex of
an equilateral triangle as shown in the diagram.
 For this shape, calculate

(a) the perimeter.

[2]

Markscheme
𝜋
each arc has length 𝑟𝜃 = 6 × 3 = 2𝜋 (= 6.283 … ) (M1) perimeter is
therefore 6𝜋 (= 18.8) (cm) A1 [2 marks]

(b) the area.

[5]

Markscheme
1 𝜋
area of sector, 𝑠, is 2 𝑟 2 𝜃 = 18 × 3 = 6𝜋 (= 18.84 … ) (A1) area of triangle, 𝑡,
1
is × 6 × 3√3 = 9√3 (= 15.58 … )
2
(M1)(A1) Note: area of segment, 𝑘, is
3.261… implies area of triangle finding 3𝑠 − 2𝑡 or 3𝑘 + 𝑡 or similar area = 3𝑠 −
2𝑡 = 18𝜋 − 18√3 (= 25.4) (cm2) (M1)A1 [5 marks]

15. 19M.1.SL.TZ1.S_3

The following diagram shows a right triangle ABC. Point D lies on AB such that CD bisects AĈB.
 AĈD = θ and AC = 14 cm

Hence or otherwise, find BC.

[2]

Markscheme
7 14 14×25
correct working (A1) eg = BC, BC = BC = 50 (cm)
25 7
A1 N2 [2 marks]

16. 19M.1.SL.TZ1.T_10

Three airport runways intersect to form a triangle, ABC. The length of AB is 3.1 km, AC is 2.6 km,
and BC is 2.4 km.

A company is hired to cut the grass that grows in triangle ABC, but they need to know the area.
 (a) Find the size, in degrees, of angle BÂC.

[3]

Markscheme

* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain minor
differences in marking or structure.
2.62 +3.12 −2.42
(cos 𝐴 =) (M1)(A1)
2(2.6)(3.1)
Note: Award (M1) for substituted cosine rule formula, (A1) for correct
substitutions. 48.8° (48.8381…°) (A1) (C3) [3 marks]

(b) Find the area, in km2, of triangle ABC.

[3]

Markscheme
1
× 2.6 × 3.1 × sin(48.8381 …∘ ) (M1)(A1)(ft)
2
Note: Award (M1) for substituted area of a triangle formula, (A1) for correct
substitution. 3.03 (km2) (3.033997…(km2)) (A1)(ft) (C3) Note: Follow through
from part (a). [3 marks]

17. 19M.1.SL.TZ1.T_8

A buoy is floating in the sea and can be seen from the top of a vertical cliff. A boat is travelling
from the base of the cliff directly towards the buoy.

The top of the cliff is 142 m above sea level. Currently the boat is 100 metres from the buoy and
the angle of depression from the top of the cliff to the boat is 64°.
 Draw and label the angle of depression on the diagram.

[1]

Markscheme

* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain minor
differences in marking or structure.

(A1) (C1) Note: The horizontal line must be shown and the angle of
depression must be labelled. Accept a numerical or descriptive label. [1 mark]

18. 19M.1.SL.TZ2.S_7

Consider the graph of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 sin 𝑥, 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 2𝜋 . The graph of 𝑓 intersects the line
𝑦 = −1 exactly twice, at point A and point B. This is shown in the following diagram.
 Consider the graph of 𝑔(𝑥) = 2 sin 𝑝𝑥, 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 2𝜋, where 𝑝 > 0.

Find the greatest value of 𝑝 such that the graph of 𝑔 does not intersect the line 𝑦 = −1.

[3]

Markscheme

recognizing period of 𝑔 is larger than the period of 𝑓 (M1) eg sketch of 𝑔

with larger period (may be seen on diagram), A at 𝑥 = 2𝜋, image of A
7𝜋 7𝜋
when 𝑥 > 2𝜋, 6 → 2𝜋, 2 sin (2𝜋𝑝) = −1, 6 × 𝑘 = 2𝜋 correct working (A1)
7𝜋 1 7𝜋 12 7 7 7
eg ⋅ 𝑝 = 2𝜋, 2𝜋𝑝 = , 7 𝑝 = 12 (accept 𝑝 < 12 or 𝑝 ≤ 12) A1 N2 [3
6 6
marks]

19. 19M.1.SL.TZ2.T_9

A ladder on a fire truck has its base at point B which is 4 metres above the ground. The ladder is
extended and its other end rests on a vertical wall at point C, 16 metres above the ground. The
horizontal distance between B and C is 9 metres.
(a) Find the angle of elevation from B to C.

[3]

Markscheme

* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain minor
differences in marking or structure.
12
tan 𝐵 = 9 (A1)(M1) Note: Award (A1) for 12 seen, (M1) for correct substitution
into tan (or equivalent). Accept equivalent methods, such as Pythagoras, to find
16
BC and correct substitution into other trig ratios. If tan−1 ( 9 ) seen award
(A0)(M1)(A0). 53.1° (53.1301…°) (A1) (C3) Note: If radians are used the
answer is 0.927295…; award at most (A1)(M1)(A0). [3 marks]

(b) A second truck arrives whose ladder, when fully extended, is 30 metres long. The base of this
ladder is also 4 metres above the ground. For safety reasons, the maximum angle of
elevation that the ladder can make is 70º.

Find the maximum height on the wall that can be reached by the ladder on the second truck.

[3]

Markscheme

30 sin 70∘ + 4 (M1)(M1)

𝑥
Note: Award (M1) for sin 70∘ = 30 (or equivalent) and (M1) for adding 4.
 32.2 (32.1907…) (m) (A1) (C3) Note: If radians are used the answer is
27.2167…; award at most (M1)(M1)(A0). [3 marks]

20. 19M.1.AHL.TZ1.H_3

A sector of a circle with radius 𝑟 cm , where 𝑟 > 0, is shown on the following diagram.
The sector has an angle of 1 radian at the centre.

Let the area of the sector be 𝐴 cm2 and the perimeter be 𝑃 cm. Given that 𝐴 = 𝑃, find the value
of 𝑟.

[4]

Markscheme

* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain minor
differences in marking or structure.
𝐴=𝑃
use of the correct formula for area and arc length (M1)
perimeter is 𝑟𝜃 + 2𝑟 (A1)
Note: A1 independent of previous M1.
1 2
𝑟 (1) = 𝑟(1) + 2𝑟 A1
2
2
𝑟 − 6𝑟 = 0
𝑟 = 6 (as 𝑟 > 0) A1
Note: Do not award final A1 if 𝑟 = 0 is included.
[4 marks]

21. 19M.1.AHL.TZ1.H_4

The lengths of two of the sides in a triangle are 4 cm and 5 cm. Let θ be the angle between the
5√15
two given sides. The triangle has an area of cm2.
2
 √15
(a) Show that sin 𝜃 = .
4

[1]

Markscheme

* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain minor
differences in marking or structure.
EITHER
5√15 1
= 2 × 4 × 5 sin 𝜃 A1
2
OR
5√15
height of triangle is if using 4 as the base or √15 if using 5 as the base A1
4
THEN
√15
sin 𝜃 = 4 AG
[1 mark]

(b) Find the two possible values for the length of the third side.

[6]

Markscheme

let the third side be 𝑥

𝑥 2 = 42 + 52 − 2 × 4 × 5 × cos 𝜃 M1
valid attempt to find cos 𝜃 (M1)
√15
Note: Do not accept writing cos (arcsin ( )) as a valid method.
4

15
cos 𝜃 = ±√1 −
16
1 1
= 4, − 4 A1A1
1
𝑥 2 = 16 + 25 − 2 × 4 × 5 × ±
4
𝑥 = √31 or √51 A1A1
[6 marks]

22. 19M.1.AHL.TZ1.H_9

(a) Show that (sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)2 = 1 + sin 2𝑥.

[2]

Markscheme

* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain minor
differences in marking or structure.
 (sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)2 = sin2 𝑥 + 2sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + cos2 𝑥 M1A1 Note: Do not award the
M1 for just sin2 𝑥 + cos2 𝑥. Note: Do not award A1 if correct expression is
followed by incorrect working. = 1 + sin 2𝑥 AG [2 marks]

cos 𝑥+sin 𝑥
(b) Show that sec 2𝑥 + tan 2𝑥 = cos 𝑥−sin 𝑥.

[4]

Markscheme

1 sin 2𝑥
sec 2𝑥 + tan 2𝑥 = cos 2𝑥 + cos 2𝑥 M1 Note: M1 is for an attempt to change both
terms into sine and cosine forms (with the same argument) or both terms into
1+sin 2𝑥 (sin 𝑥+cos 𝑥)2
functions of tan 𝑥. = = A1A1 Note: Award A1 for
cos 2𝑥cos2 𝑥−sin2 𝑥
(sin 𝑥+cos 𝑥)2 cos 𝑥+sin 𝑥
numerator, A1 for denominator. = (cos 𝑥−sin 𝑥)(cos 𝑥+sin 𝑥) M1 = cos 𝑥−sin 𝑥 AG
Note: Apply MS in reverse if candidates have worked from RHS to LHS. Note:
Alternative method using tan 2𝑥 and sec 2𝑥 in terms of tan 𝑥. [4 marks]

𝜋
(c) Hence or otherwise find ∫06 (sec 2𝑥 + tan 2𝑥) d𝑥 in the form ln(𝑎 + √𝑏) where 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℤ.

[9]

Markscheme
𝜋
cos 𝑥+sin 𝑥
METHOD 1 ∫06 (cos 𝑥−sin 𝑥) d𝑥 A1 Note: Award A1 for correct expression with
𝜋
or without limits. EITHER = [−ln(cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥)]0 or [ln(cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥)]0𝜋
6

6
(M1)A1A1 Note: Award M1 for integration by inspection or substitution, A1
for ln(cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥), A1 for completely correct expression including limits. =
𝜋 𝜋
−ln (cos 6 − sin 6 ) + ln(cos 0 − sin 0) M1 Note: Award M1 for substitution of
√3 1
limits into their integral and subtraction. = −ln ( 2 − 2) (A1) OR let 𝑢 = cos 𝑥 −
√3 1
d𝑢 − 1
sin 𝑥 M1 d𝑥 = −sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 = −(sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥) − ∫1 2 2 (𝑢) d𝑢 A1A1 Note:
√3 1
−2
Award A1 for correct limits even if seen later, A1 for integral. = [−ln 𝑢]12
√3 1 2
or [ln 𝑢]1√31 A1 = −ln ( 2 − 2) ( + ln 1) M1 THEN = ln ( ) Note: Award
− √3−1
2 2
M1 for both putting the expression over a common denominator and for correct
1
use of law of logarithms. = ln(1 + √3) (M1)A1 METHOD 2 [2 ln(tan 2𝑥 +
𝜋
1 6 1 1 1
sec 2𝑥) − 2 ln(cos 2𝑥)] A1A1 = 2 ln(√3 + 2) − 2 ln (2) − 0 A1A1(A1) =
0
1 1 2
ln(4
+ 2√3) M1 = 2 ln ((1 + √3) ) M1A1 = ln(1 + √3) A1 [9
2
marks]
23. 19M.2.SL.TZ1.S_8

Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 sin(3𝑥) + 4 for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ.

Let 𝑔(𝑥) = 5𝑓(2𝑥).

The function 𝑔 can be written in the form 𝑔(𝑥) = 10 sin(𝑏𝑥) + 𝑐.

(a) The range of 𝑓 is 𝑘 ≤ 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 𝑚. Find 𝑘 and 𝑚.

[3]

Markscheme

* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain minor
differences in marking or structure.
valid attempt to find range (M1)

eg , max = 6 min = 2,
𝜋 𝜋
2 sin (3 × 6 ) + 4 and 2 sin (3 × 2 ) + 4 , 2(1) + 4 and 2(−1) + 4,
𝑘 = 2, 𝑚 = 6 A1A1 N3
[3 marks]

(b) Find the range of 𝑔.

[2]

Markscheme

10 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 30 A2 N2
[2 marks]

(c) Find the value of 𝑏 and of 𝑐.

[3]

Markscheme

evidence of substitution (may be seen in part (b)) (M1)

eg 5(2 sin(3(2𝑥)) + 4) , 3(2𝑥)
𝑏 = 6, 𝑐 = 20 (accept 10 sin(6𝑥) + 20 ) A1A1 N3
 Note: If no working shown, award N2 for one correct value. [3 marks]

(d) Find the period of 𝑔.

[2]

Markscheme

correct working (A1)

2𝜋
eg 𝑏
1.04719
2𝜋 𝜋
6
(= 3 ), 1.05 A1 N2
[2 marks]

4𝜋
(e) The equation 𝑔(𝑥) = 12 has two solutions where 𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ . Find both solutions.
3

[3]

Markscheme

valid approach (M1)

8
eg , sin−1 (− 10) , 6𝑥 = −0.927, −
0.154549, 𝑥 = 0.678147
Note: Award M1 for any correct value for 𝑥 or 6𝑥 which lies outside the domain of
𝑓.
3.81974, 4.03424
𝑥 = 3.82, 𝑥 = 4.03 (do not accept answers in degrees) A1A1 N3
[3 marks]

24. 19M.2.SL.TZ2.S_3

The following diagram shows the quadrilateral ABCD.

AB = 6.73 cm, BC = 4.83 cm, BĈD = 78.2° and CD = 3.80 cm.

(a) Find BD.

[3]

Markscheme

* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain minor
differences in marking or structure.
choosing cosine rule (M1)
eg 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 − 2𝑎𝑏 cos 𝐶
correct substitution into RHS (A1)
2 2
eg 4.83 + 3.80 − 2 × 4.83 × 3.80 × cos 78.2 , 30.2622,
4.832 + 3.802 − 2(4.83)(3.80) × cos 1.36
5.50111 5.50 (cm) A1 N2 [3 marks]

(b) The area of triangle ABD is 18.5 cm2. Find the possible values of θ.

[4]

Markscheme

correct substitution for area of triangle ABD (A1)

1
eg 2 × 6.73 × 5.50111 sin 𝜃
correct equation A1
1
eg 2 × 6.73 × 5.50111 sin 𝜃 = 18.5 , sin 𝜃 = 0.999393
88.0023, 91.9976, 1.53593, 1.60566 θ = 88.0 (degrees) or 1.54 (radians)
θ = 92.0 (degrees) or 1.61 (radians) A1A1 N2 [4 marks]
25. 19M.2.SL.TZ2.S_4

OAB is a sector of the circle with centre O and radius 𝑟, as shown in the following diagram.

𝜋
The angle AOB is 𝜃 radians, where 0 < 𝜃 < 2 .

The point C lies on OA and OA is perpendicular to BC.

(a) Show that OC = 𝑟 cos 𝜃.

[1]

Markscheme

* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain minor
differences in marking or structure.
OC
cos 𝜃 = 𝑟 A1 OC = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 AG N0 [1 mark]

(b) Find the area of triangle OBC in terms of 𝑟 and θ.

[2]

Markscheme
1 1
valid approach (M1) eg OC × OB sin 𝜃 , BC = 𝑟 sin 𝜃, 𝑟 cos 𝜃 × BC
2 2
1 1 1
, 𝑟 sin 𝜃 × OC area = 2 𝑟 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 (= 4 𝑟 2 sin(2𝜃)) (must be in terms of 𝑟
2
and θ) A1 N2 [2 marks]
 3
(c) Given that the area of triangle OBC is of the area of sector OAB, find θ.
5

[4]

Markscheme

valid attempt to express the relationship between the areas (seen anywhere)
3 1 3 1 1 3
(M1) eg OCB = 5OBA , 2 𝑟 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 = 5 × 2 𝑟 2 𝜃 , 4 𝑟 2 sin 2𝜃 = 10 𝑟 2 𝜃 correct
3 1 3
equation in terms of θ only A1 eg sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 = 5 𝜃 , 4 sin 2𝜃 = 10 𝜃 valid
attempt to solve their equation (M1) eg sketch, −0.830017, 0 0.830017 θ
= 0.830 A1 N2 Note: Do not award final A1 if additional answers given. [4
marks]

26. 19M.2.SL.TZ2.T_2

An archaeological site is to be made accessible for viewing by the public. To do this,

archaeologists built two straight paths from point A to point B and from point B to point C as
shown in the following diagram. The length of path AB is 185 m, the length of path BC is 250 m,
∧
and angle ABC is 125°.

The archaeologists plan to build two more straight paths, AD and DC. For the paths to go around
∧ ∧
the site, angle BAD is to be made equal to 85° and angle BCD is to be made equal to 70° as
shown in the following diagram.
(a) Find the distance from A to C.

[3]

Markscheme

* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain minor
differences in marking or structure.
AC2 = 1852 + 2502 − 2 × 185 × 250 × cos(125°) (M1)(A1)
Note: Award (M1) for substitution in the cosine formula; (A1) for correct
substitution. 387 (387.015…) (m) (A1)(G2) Note: If radians are used the
answer is 154 (154.471…), award at most (M1)(A1)(A0). [3 marks]

∧
(b) Find the size of angle BAC.

[3]

Markscheme

250 387.015…
∧ = sin (125∘) (M1)(A1)(ft)
sin BAC
OR
1852 +387.015…2 −2502
cos−1 ( 2×185×387.015… ) (M1)(A1)(ft)
Note: Award (M1) for substitution in the sine or cosine formulas; (A1)(ft) for
correct substitution.
∧
BAC = 31.9∘ (31.9478…°) (A1)(ft)(G2)
Note: Follow through from part (a). [3 marks]
 ∧
(c) Find the size of angle CAD.

[1]

Markscheme

(CAD =) 53.1° (53.0521…°) (A1)(ft) Note: Follow through from their part (b)(i)
only if working seen. [1 mark]

∧
(d) Find the size of angle ACD.

[2]

Markscheme

(ACD = ) 70° − (180° − 125° − 31.9478°…) (M1)

∧
Note: Award (M1) for subtracting their angle ACB from 70°.
OR (ADC =) 360 − (85 + 70 + 125) = 80 (ACD =) 180 − 80 − 53.0521... (M1)
46.9° (46.9478…°) (A1)(ft)(G2) Note: Follow through from part (b)(i). [2
marks]

(e) The length of path AD is 287 m.

Find the area of the region ABCD.

[4]

Markscheme

185×250×sin (125∘ ) 287×387.015…×sin (53.0521…∘ )

+ (M1)(M1)(M1)
2 2
Note: Award (M1) for substitution in the area formula for either triangle; (M1) for
correct substitution for both areas; (M1) for adding their two areas; 18942.8… +
44383.9… 63300 (m2) (63326.8… (m2)) (A1)(ft)(G3) Note: Follow through
from parts (a) and (b)(ii). OR
287 × sin (53.0521 … )
DC = = 313.884 …
sin (46.9478 … )
0.5 × 287 × 185 × sin 85∘ + 0.5 × 250 × 313.884 … × sin 70∘ M1M1M1
Note: Award (M1) for substitution in the area formula for either triangle; (M1) for
correct substitution for both areas; (M1) for adding their two areas; 26446.4… +
36869.3… 63300 (63315.8…) (m2) (A1)(ft)(G3) [4 marks]

27. 19M.2.AHL.TZ2.H_1

In triangle ABC, AB = 5, BC = 14 and AC = 11.

Find all the interior angles of the triangle. Give your answers in degrees to one decimal place.
 [5]

Markscheme

* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain minor
differences in marking or structure.
52 +112 −142
attempt to apply cosine rule M1 cos A = 2×5×11 = −0.4545 … ⇒ A =
∘ ∘
117.03569 … ⇒ A = 117.0 A1 attempt to apply sine rule or cosine rule:
sin 117.03569…∘ sin B
M1 = 11 ⇒ B = 44.4153 …∘ ⇒ B = 44.4∘ A1 C = 180∘ − A − B
14
C = 18.5∘ A1 Note: Candidates may attempt to find angles in any order of
their choosing. [5 marks]

28. 18N.1.SL.TZ0.S_7
1 𝜋
Given that sin 𝑥 = , where 0 < 𝑥 < , find the value of cos 4𝑥.
3 2

[6]

Markscheme

* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain minor
differences in marking or structure.
METHOD 1
correct substitution into formula for cos (2𝑥) or sin (2𝑥) (A1)
2 2
1 2 √8 1 √8 √8 1 2
eg 1 − 2 (3) , 2 ( 3 ) − 1, 2 (3) ( 3 ), ( 3 ) − (3)
7 √ 2 8
√ 32 4√2
cos (2𝑥) = 9 or sin (2𝑥) = 9 (= 9 = 9 ) (may be seen in substitution) A2
recognizing 4𝑥 is double angle of 2𝑥 (seen anywhere) (M1)
eg cos (2(2𝑥)), 2 cos2 (2𝜃) − 1, 1 − 2 sin2 (2𝜃), cos2 (2𝜃) − sin2 (2𝜃)
correct substitution of their value of cos (2𝑥) and/or sin (2𝑥) into formula for
cos (4𝑥) (A1)
2 2
7 2 98 2 √8 64 7 2 2√8 49 32
eg 2 (9) − 1, − 1, 1 − 2 ( ) , 1 − 81, (9) − ( ) , − 81
81 9 9 81
17
cos (4𝑥) = 81 A1 N2
METHOD 2
recognizing 4𝑥 is double angle of 2𝑥 (seen anywhere) (M1)
eg cos (2(2𝑥))
double angle identity for 2𝑥 (M1)
eg 2 cos2 (2𝜃) − 1, 1 − 2 sin2 (2𝑥), cos2 (2𝜃) − sin2 (2𝜃)
correct expression for cos (4𝑥) in terms of sin 𝑥 and/or cos 𝑥 (A1)
eg 2(1 − 2 sin2 𝜃)2 − 1, 1 − 2(2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥)2 , (1 − 2 sin2 𝜃)2 − (2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃)2
correct substitution for sin 𝑥 and/or cos 𝑥 A1
2 2
1 2 1 2 1 4 1 √8
eg 2 (1 − 2 (3) ) − 1, 2 (1 − 4 (3) + 4 (3) ) − 1, 1 − 2 (2 × 3 × )
3
correct working (A1)
49 32 49 32
eg 2 (81) − 1, 1 − 2 (81), − 81
81
17
cos (4𝑥) = 81 A1 N2
 [6 marks]

29. 18N.1.AHL.TZ0.H_3
𝜋 𝜋
Consider the function 𝑔(𝑥) = 4 cos 𝑥 + 1, 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ where 𝑎 < 2 .
2

𝜋
(a) For 𝑎 = − 2 , sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥). Indicate clearly the maximum and minimum
values of the function.

[3]

Markscheme

* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain minor
differences in marking or structure.

concave down and

symmetrical over correct domain A1 indication of maximum and minimum
values of the function (correct range) A1A1 [3 marks]

(b) Write down the least value of 𝑎 such that 𝑔 has an inverse.

[1]

Markscheme

𝑎=0 A1 Note: Award A1 for 𝑎 = 0 only if consistent with their graph. [1

mark]
 (c) For the value of 𝑎 found in part (b), write down the domain of 𝑔−1 .

[1]

Markscheme

1≤𝑥≤5 A1 Note: Allow FT from their graph. [1 mark]

(d) For the value of 𝑎 found in part (b), find an expression for 𝑔−1 (𝑥).

[2]

Markscheme

𝑥−1 𝑥−1
𝑦 = 4 cos 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 = 4 cos 𝑦 + 1 = cos 𝑦 (M1) ⇒ 𝑦 = arccos ( ) ⇒
4 4
𝑥−1
𝑔−1 (𝑥) = arccos ( 4 ) A1 [2 marks]

30. 18N.2.SL.TZ0.S_7

A communication tower, T, produces a signal that can reach cellular phones within a radius of
32 km. A straight road passes through the area covered by the tower’s signal.

The following diagram shows a line representing the road and a circle representing the area
covered by the tower’s signal. Point R is on the circumference of the circle and points S and R
are on the road. Point S is 38 km from the tower and RŜT = 43˚.
 (a) Let SR = 𝑥. Use the cosine rule to show that 𝑥 2 − (76 cos 43∘ )𝑥 + 420 = 0.

[2]

Markscheme

* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain minor
differences in marking or structure.
recognizing TR =32 (seen anywhere, including diagram) A1
correct working A1
eg 322 = 𝑥 2 + 382 − 2(𝑥)(38)cos 43∘ , 1024 = 1444 + 𝑥 2 − 76 (𝑥)cos 43∘
𝑥 2 − (76 cos 43∘ )𝑥 + 420 = 0 AG N0
[2 marks]

(b) Hence or otherwise, find the total distance along the road where the signal from the tower
can reach cellular phones.

[4]

Markscheme

Note: There are many approaches to this question, depending on which triangle
the candidate has used, and whether they used the cosine rule and/or the sine
rule. Please check working carefully and award marks in line with the
markscheme. METHOD 1
correct values for 𝑥 (seen anywhere) A1A1
𝑥 = 9.02007, 46.5628
recognizing the need to find difference in values of 𝑥 (M1)
eg 46.5 − 9.02, 𝑥1 − 𝑥2
37.5427 37.5 (km) A1 N2 METHOD 2 correct use of sine rule in ΔSRT
∧
∧
sin SRT sin 43∘
eg = , SRT = 54.0835° (A1)
38 32
recognizing isosceles triangle (seen anywhere) (M1)
̂ ∘ ∘
eg 𝑇 = 180 − 2 ⋅ 54.0835 , two sides of 32
correct working to find distance A1
eg √32 + 32 − 2 ⋅ 32 ⋅ 32 cos (180∘ − 2 ⋅ 54.0835∘ ),
2 2
sin 71.8329∘ sin 54.0835∘
= , 322 = 322 + 𝑥 2 − 2 ⋅ 32𝑥 cos(0.944)
𝑑 32
37.5427 37.5 (km) A1 N2 [4 marks]

31. 18N.2.SL.TZ0.T_5

A flat horizontal area, ABC, is such that AB = 100 m , BC = 50 m and angle AĈB = 43.7° as
shown in the diagram.
(a) Show that the size of angle BÂC is 20.2°, correct to 3 significant figures.

[3]

Markscheme

* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain minor
differences in marking or structure.
sin 43.7∘ sin BAC
= 50 (M1)(A1) Note: Award (M1) for substitution into sine rule
100
formula, (A1) for correct substitution. BAC = 20.2087… = 20.2° (A1)(AG)
Note: Award (A1) only if both the correct unrounded and rounded answers are
seen. [3 marks]

(b) Calculate the area of triangle ABC.

[4]

Markscheme
1
units are required in part (b) 2 (100)(50)sin (116.1) (A1)(M1)(A1) Note:
Award (A1) for 116.1 or unrounded value or 116 seen, (M1) for substitution into
area of triangle formula, (A1) for correct substitution. = 2250 m2
(2245.06… m2) (A1)(G3) Note: The answer is 2250 m2; the units are required.
Use of 20.2087… gives 2245.23…. [4 marks]

(c) Find the length of AC.

[3]

Markscheme

100 AC
= sin (116.1) (M1)(A1)(ft) Note: Award (M1) for substitution into sine rule
sin 43.7
formula, (A1)(ft) for their correct substitution. Follow through from their 116.1. AC
= 130 (m) (129.982… (m)) (A1)(ft)(G2) Note: Use of 20.2087… gives
129.992…. OR AC2 = 1002 + 502 −2(100)(50) cos (116.1) (M1)(A1)(ft)
 Note: Award (M1) for substitution into cosine rule formula, (A1)(ft) for their correct
substitution. Follow through from their 116.1. AC = 130 (m) (129.997… (m))
(A1)(ft)(G2) Note: Award (M1) for substitution into cosine rule
formula, (A1)(ft) for their correct substitution. [3 marks]

(d) A vertical pole, TB, is constructed at point B and has height 25 m.

Calculate the angle of elevation of T from, M, the midpoint of the side AC.

[5]

Markscheme

BM2 = 1002 + 652 − 2(100)(65) cos (20.2°) (M1)(A1)(ft) OR BM2 = 502 + 652 −
2(50)(65) cos (43.7°) (M1)(A1)(ft) Note: Award (M1) for substitution into cosine
rule formula, (A1)(ft) for correct substitution, including half their AC. BM = 45.0
(44.9954… OR 45.0079…) (A1)(ft) Note: Use of 20.2052… gives 45. Award
25
(G2) for 45.0 seen without working. tan (TMB) = their BM (M1) Note: Award
∧
(M1) for correct substitution into tangent formula. TMB = 29.1° (29.0546…°)
(A1)(ft)(G4) Note: Follow through within part (d) provided their BM is seen. Use
of 44.9954 gives 29.0570… and use of 45.0079… gives 29.0503…. Follow
through from their AC in part (c). [5 marks]

32. 18N.2.AHL.TZ0.H_11

Consider the rectangle OABC such that AB = OC = 10 and BC = OA = 1 , with the points P , Q
and R placed on the line OC such that OP = 𝑝, OQ = 𝑞 and OR = 𝑟, such that 0 < 𝑝 < 𝑞 < 𝑟 < 10.

Let 𝜃𝑝 be the angle APO, 𝜃𝑞 be the angle AQO and 𝜃𝑟 be the angle ARO.

Consider the case when 𝜃𝑝 = 𝜃𝑞 + 𝜃𝑟 and QR = 1.

(a) Find an expression for 𝜃𝑝 in terms of 𝑝.

[3]
 Markscheme

* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain minor
differences in marking or structure.
1 1
METHOD 1 use of tan (M1) tan 𝜃𝑝 = 𝑝 (A1) 𝜃𝑝 = arctan (𝑝) A1
METHOD 2 AP = √𝑝2 + 1 (A1) use of sin, cos, sine rule or cosine rule using
1 𝑝
the correct length of AP (M1) 𝜃𝑝 = arcsin ( ) or 𝜃𝑝 = arccos ( )
√𝑝2 +1 √𝑝2 +1
A1 [3 marks]

𝑞2 +𝑞−1
(b) Show that 𝑝 = .
2𝑞+1

[6]

Markscheme

QR = 1 ⇒ 𝑟 = 𝑞 + 1 (A1) Note: This may be seen anywhere. tan 𝜃𝑝 =

tan(𝜃𝑞 + 𝜃𝑟 ) attempt to use compound angle formula for tan M1 tan 𝜃𝑝 =
1 1 1 1 1 1
tan 𝜃𝑞 +tan 𝜃𝑟 1 + 1 + 1−(𝑞)(𝑞+1) 1
𝑞 𝑟 𝑞 𝑞+1
(A1) 𝑝 = 1 1 (M1) 𝑝 = 1 1 or 𝑝 = 1 1 A1 𝑝 =
1−tan 𝜃𝑞 tan 𝜃𝑟 1−(𝑞)(𝑟) 1−(𝑞)(𝑞+1) (𝑞)+(𝑞+1)
𝑞+𝑞+1
M1 Note: Award M1 for multiplying top and bottom by 𝑞(𝑞 + 1). 𝑝 =
𝑞(𝑞+1)−1
𝑞2 +𝑞−1
AG [6 marks]
2𝑞+1

(c) By sketching the graph of 𝑝 as a function of 𝑞, determine the range of values of 𝑝 for which
there are possible values of 𝑞.

[4]

Markscheme
 increasing function with positive 𝑞-intercept A1 Note: Accept curves which
extend beyond the domain shown above. (0.618 <) 𝑞 < 9 (A1) ⇒ range is (0
<) 𝑝 < 4.68 (A1) 0 < 𝑝 < 4.68 A1 [4 marks]

33. 18N.2.AHL.TZ0.H_7

Boat A is situated 10km away from boat B, and each boat has a marine radio transmitter on
board. The range of the transmitter on boat A is 7km, and the range of the transmitter on boat B
is 5km. The region in which both transmitters can be detected is represented by the shaded
region in the following diagram. Find the area of this region.
 [6]

Markscheme

* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain minor
differences in marking or structure.

use of cosine rule (M1)

49+100−25
CÂB = arccos ( 2×7×10 ) = 0.48276 … (= 27.660 …∘ ) (A1)
 ∧
25+100−49
CBA = arccos ( 2×5×10 ) = 0.70748 … (= 40.535 …∘ ) (A1)
attempt to subtract triangle area from sector area (M1)
∧ ∧ ∧ ∧
1 1
area = 2 × 49 (2CAB − sin 2CAB) + 2 × 25 (2CBA − sin 2CBA)
= 3.5079… + 5.3385… (A1)
Note: Award this A1 for either of these two values.
= 8.85 (km2) A1
Note: Accept all answers that round to 8.8 or 8.9.

[6 marks]

34. 18M.1.SL.TZ1.T_8

Two fixed points, A and B, are 40 m apart on horizontal ground. Two straight ropes, AP and BP,
are attached to the same point, P, on the base of a hot air balloon which is vertically above the
line AB. The length of BP is 30 m and angle BAP is 48°.

Angle APB is acute.

(a) On the diagram, draw and label with an x the angle of depression of B from P.

[1]

Markscheme

* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain minor
differences in marking or structure.
 (A1) (C1) [1 mark]

(b) Find the size of angle APB.

[3]

Markscheme
40 30
= (M1)(A1)
sin APB sin 48∘
Note: Award (M1) for substitution into sine rule, (A1) for correct substitution.
(angle APB =) 82.2° (82.2473…°) (A1) (C3) [3 marks]

(c) Find the size of the angle of depression of B from P.

[2]

Markscheme
 180 − 48 − 82.2473… (M1) 49.8° (49.7526…°) (A1)(ft) (C2) Note: Follow
through from parts (a) and (b). [2 marks]

35. 18M.1.SL.TZ2.S_4

The following diagram shows a circle with centre O and radius r cm.

∧
The points A and B lie on the circumference of the circle, and AOB = θ. The area of the shaded
sector AOB is 12 cm2 and the length of arc AB is 6 cm.

Find the value of r.

[7]

Markscheme

* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain minor
differences in marking or structure.
evidence of correctly substituting into circle formula (may be seen later) A1A1
1 2
eg 𝜃𝑟 = 12, 𝑟𝜃 = 6
2
attempt to eliminate one variable (M1)
1
6 1 𝜃𝑟 2 12
eg 𝑟 = 𝜃 , 𝜃 = 𝑟 , 2 𝑟𝜃 = 6
correct elimination (A1)
1 6 1 6 2 1 𝑙 𝑟2
eg 2 × 𝑟 × 𝑟 2 = 12, 2 𝜃 × (𝜃) = 12, 𝐴 = 2 × 𝑟 2 × 𝑟 , =2
2𝑟
correct equation (A1)
1 1 36 1 6
eg 2 × 6𝑟 = 12, 2 × 𝜃 = 12, 12 = 2 × 𝑟 2 × 𝑟
 correct working (A1)
18 𝑟
eg 3𝑟 = 12, = 12, = 2, 24 = 6𝑟
𝜃 2
r = 4 (cm) A1 N2 [7 marks]

36. 18M.1.SL.TZ2.T_8

A park in the form of a triangle, ABC, is shown in the following diagram. AB is 79 km and BC is
∧
62 km. Angle ABC is 52°.

(a) Calculate the length of side AC in km.

[3]

Markscheme

* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain minor
differences in marking or structure.
(AC2 =) 622 + 792 − 2 × 62 × 79 × cos(52°) (M1)(A1)
Note: Award (M1) for substituting in the cosine rule formula, (A1) for correct
substitution. 63.7 (63.6708…) (km) (A1) (C3) [3 marks]

(b) Calculate the area of the park.

[3]

Markscheme
 1
× 62 × 79 × sin(52°) (M1)(A1)
2
Note: Award (M1) for substituting in the area of triangle formula, (A1) for correct
substitution. 1930 km2 (1929.83…km2) (A1) (C3) [3 marks]

37. 18M.1.AHL.TZ1.H_8
𝜋
Let 𝑎 = sin 𝑏, 0 < 𝑏 < 2 .

Find, in terms of b, the solutions of sin 2𝑥 = −𝑎, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋.

[5]

Markscheme

* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain minor
differences in marking or structure.
sin 2𝑥 = −sin 𝑏
EITHER
sin 2𝑥 = sin(−𝑏) or sin 2𝑥 = sin(𝜋 + 𝑏) or sin 2𝑥 = sin(2𝜋 − 𝑏) … (M1)(A1)
Note: Award M1 for any one of the above, A1 for having final two. OR

(M1)(A1) Note: Award M1 for one of the

angles shown with b clearly labelled, A1 for both angles shown. Do not award A1
if an angle is shown in the second quadrant and subsequent A1 marks not
awarded. THEN
2𝑥 = 𝜋 + 𝑏 or 2𝑥 = 2𝜋 − 𝑏 (A1)(A1)
𝜋 𝑏 𝑏
𝑥 = 2 + 2 , 𝑥 = 𝜋 − 2 A1
[5 marks]

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