1)Explain dynamic memory allocation with an example program.

The Dynamic memory allocation enables the C programmers to allocate memory at runtime.

The different functions that we used to allocate memory dynamically at run time are −

• malloc () − allocates a block of memory in bytes at runtime.

• calloc () − allocating continuous blocks of memory at run time.
• realloc () − used for reduce (or) extend the allocated memory.
• free () − deallocates previously allocated memory space.

Following C program is to display the elements and calculate sum of n numbers.

Using dynamic memory allocation functions, we are trying to reduce the wastage of memory.

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

int main() {

int *dynamicArray;

int size;

// Get the size of the array from the user

printf("Enter the size of the array: ");

scanf("%d", &size);

// Allocate memory for the array dynamically

dynamicArray = (int *)malloc(size * sizeof(int));

// Check if memory allocation was successful

if (dynamicArray == NULL) {

printf("Memory allocation failed.\n");

return 1; // Exit the program with an error code

 }

// Input values into the dynamically allocated array

printf("Enter %d integers:\n", size);

for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {

scanf("%d", &dynamicArray[i]);

// Display the values in the dynamically allocated array

printf("You entered the following integers:\n");

for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {

printf("%d ", dynamicArray[i]);

// Free the dynamically allocated memory

free(dynamicArray);

return 0;

2)Compare and contrast structures and unions.

3)Explain nested structures with suitable examples.

A nested structure in C is a structure within structure. One structure can be declared inside another
structure in the same way structure members are declared inside a structure.

Syntax:

struct name_1
{
member1;
member2;
.
.
membern;

struct name_2
{
member_1;
member_2;
.
.
member_n;
}, var1
} var2;

program-
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

struct Organisation
{
char organisation_name[20];
char org_number[20];

struct Employee
{
int employee_id;
char name[20];
int salary;
} emp;
};

int main()
{
struct Organisation org;

printf("The size of structure organisation : %ld\n",

sizeof(org));

org.emp.employee_id = 101;
strcpy(org.emp.name, "Robert");
org.emp.salary = 400000;
strcpy(org.organisation_name,
"GeeksforGeeks");
 strcpy(org.org_number, "GFG123768");

// Printing the details

printf("Organisation Name : %s\n",
org.organisation_name);
printf("Organisation Number : %s\n",
org.org_number);
printf("Employee id : %d\n",
org.emp.employee_id);
printf("Employee name : %s\n",
org.emp.name);
printf("Employee Salary : %d\n",
org.emp.salary);
}

Output:

The size of structure organisation : 68

Organisation Name : GeeksforGeeks
Organisation Number : GFG123768
Employee id : 101
Employee name : Robert
Employee Salary : 400000

4)Define pointer and explain how the pointer variable is declared and initialized in C.

A pointer is defined as a derived data type that can store the address of other C variables or a
memory location. We can access and manipulate the data stored in that memory location using
pointers.

Syntax of C Pointers

The syntax of pointers is similar to the variable declaration in C, but we use the ( * )
dereferencing operator in the pointer declaration.

datatype * ptr;

where

• ptr is the name of the pointer.

• datatype is the type of data it is pointing to.

The use of pointers in C can be divided into three steps:

1. Pointer Declaration

2. Pointer Initialization

3. Pointer Dereferencing
1. Pointer Declaration

In pointer declaration, we only declare the pointer but do not initialize it. To declare a
pointer, we use the

( * ) dereference operator before its name.

int *ptr;
2. Pointer Initialization

Pointer initialization is the process where we assign some initial value to the pointer variable.
We generally use the ( & ) addressof operator to get the memory address of a variable and
then store it in the pointer variable.

Example

int var = 10;

int * ptr;
ptr = &var;

program-

// C program to illustrate Pointers

#include <stdio.h>

void geeks()
{
int var = 10;

// declare pointer variable

int* ptr;

// note that data type of ptr and var must be same

ptr = &var;

// assign the address of a variable to a pointer

printf("Value at ptr = %p \n", ptr);
printf("Value at var = %d \n", var);
printf("Value at *ptr = %d \n", *ptr);
}

// Driver program
int main()
{
geeks();
return 0;
}

5)Explain pointers with arrays with an example program.

Syntax:

pointer_type *array_name [array_size];

// C program to demonstrate the use of array of pointers
#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
// declaring some temp variables
int var1 = 10;
int var2 = 20;
int var3 = 30;

// array of pointers to integers

int* ptr_arr[3] = { &var1, &var2, &var3 };

// traversing using loop

for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
printf("Value of var%d: %d\tAddress: %p\n", i + 1, *ptr_arr[i],
ptr_arr[i]);
}

return 0;
}

6)Explain array of structures with an example program.

struct tagname{
datatype member1;
datatype member2;
datatype member n;
};

#include<stdio.h>

struct student

char name[20];

int id;

float marks;

};

void main()

struct student s1,s2,s3;

int dummy;

printf("Enter the name, id, and marks of student 1 ");

 scanf("%s %d %f",s1.name,&s1.id,&s1.marks);

scanf("%c",&dummy);

printf("Enter the name, id, and marks of student 2 ");

scanf("%s %d %f",s2.name,&s2.id,&s2.marks);

scanf("%c",&dummy);

printf("Enter the name, id, and marks of student 3 ");

scanf("%s %d %f",s3.name,&s3.id,&s3.marks);

scanf("%c",&dummy);

printf("Printing the details....\n");

printf("%s %d %f\n",s1.name,s1.id,s1.marks);

printf("%s %d %f\n",s2.name,s2.id,s2.marks);

printf("%s %d %f\n",s3.name,s3.id,s3.marks);

Output

Enter the name, id, and marks of student 1 James 90 90

Enter the name, id, and marks of student 2 Adoms 90 90
Enter the name, id, and marks of student 3 Nick 90 90
Printing the details....
James 90 90.000000
Adoms 90 90.000000
Nick 90 90.000000

7) Write a C program to illustatre union.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

union student
{
int id;
char name[20];
};

int main(int argc, char **argv)

{
union student st[10];
int n, i;
printf("Enter a number between 1 to 10: ");
 scanf("%d", &n);
for(i = 1; i <= n; i++)
{
printf("\nEnter details of student %d:", i);
printf("\nId of student %d: ", i);
scanf("%d", &st[i].id);
printf("\nStudent %d Id: %d", i, st[i].id);
printf("\nName of student %d: ", i);
fflush(stdin);
gets(st[i].name);
printf("\nStudent %d Name: ", i);
puts(st[i].name);
}
getch();
return 0;
}
Output:
Enter a number between 1 to 10: 2

Enter details of student 1:

Id of student 1: 101

Student 1 Id: 101

Name of student 1: teja

Student 1 Name: teja

Enter details of student 2:

Id of student 2: 102

Student 2 Id: 102

Name of student 2: sruthi

Student 2 Name: Sruthi

8)C program to print city names using array of pointers.

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
// Array of pointers to strings (city names)
const char *cities[] = {
"New York",
"London",
"Tokyo",
"Paris",
"Sydney"
};

// Calculate the number of cities

int numCities = sizeof(cities) / sizeof(cities[0]);

// Display the city names using a loop

printf("List of Cities:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < numCities; i++) {
printf("%d. %s\n", i + 1, cities[i]);
}

return 0;
}
Output –
List of Cities:
1. New York
2. London
3. Tokyo
4. Paris
5. Sydney

9)C program to illustrate pointer to structure.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

// Define a structure to represent a person

struct Person {
char name[50];
int age;
float height;
};

int main() {
// Declare a structure variable
struct Person person1;

// Initialize the structure using dot notation

strcpy(person1.name, "John Doe");
person1.age = 25;
person1.height = 5.9;

// Declare a pointer to the structure

struct Person *ptrPerson;

// Assign the address of the structure variable to the pointer

ptrPerson = &person1;

// Access structure members using arrow notation through the pointer

printf("Person Information:\n");
printf("Name: %s\n", ptrPerson->name);
printf("Age: %d\n", ptrPerson->age);
printf("Height: %.2f feet\n", ptrPerson->height);

return 0;
}

Output-
Person Information:
Name: John Doe
Age: 25
Height: 5.90 feet

10)what are the different ways to pass a structure to functions?

Pass by Value: In this method, a copy of the entire structure is passed to the function.

c
• #include <stdio.h>
struct Point {
int x;
int y;
};

void displayPoint(struct Point p) {

printf("Point: (%d, %d)\n", p.x, p.y);
}

int main() {
struct Point myPoint = {5, 10};
displayPoint(myPoint);

return 0;
}

The downside of passing by value is that it involves copying the entire structure, which can
be inefficient for large structures.

• Pass by Address (Using Pointers): In this method, a pointer to the structure is passed to
the function. This allows the function to directly modify the original structure.

c
• #include <stdio.h>

struct Point {
int x;
int y;
};

void displayPoint(struct Point *p) {

printf("Point: (%d, %d)\n", p->x, p->y);
}

int main() {
struct Point myPoint = {5, 10};
displayPoint(&myPoint);

return 0;
}

Passing by address is more efficient than passing by value for large structures, and it allows
the function to modify the original structure.

• Pass by Reference (Using Pointers): Although C does not have true pass by reference,
you can simulate it by passing a pointer to the structure. This way, modifications made inside
the function affect the original structure.

c
#include <stdio.h>

struct Point {
int x;
int y;
};

void displayPoint(struct Point *p) {

 printf("Point: (%d, %d)\n", p->x, p->y);
// Modify the structure
p->x = 20;
p->y = 30;
}

int main() {
struct Point myPoint = {5, 10};
displayPoint(&myPoint);

// After the function call, myPoint's values are modified

printf("Modified Point: (%d, %d)\n", myPoint.x, myPoint.y);

return 0;
}

11)Write a C program to calculate the student total marks, subject’s total marks and total marks
using array of structures.

#include <stdio.h>

// Define the structure for a subject

struct Subject {

char name[50];

int marks;

};

// Define the structure for a student

struct Student {

char name[50];

struct Subject subjects[3]; // Assuming there are 3 subjects

int totalMarks; // Total marks for the student

};

int main() {

const int numStudents = 3; // Number of students

const int numSubjects = 3; // Number of subjects

// Declare an array of structures for students

struct Student students[numStudents];

// Input data for each student and subject

for (int i = 0; i < numStudents; i++) {

printf("Enter details for student %d:\n", i + 1);

printf("Name: ");

scanf("%s", students[i].name);

for (int j = 0; j < numSubjects; j++) {

printf("Enter marks for subject %d: ", j + 1);

scanf("%d", &students[i].subjects[j].marks);

// Calculate total marks for each student and each subject

for (int i = 0; i < numStudents; i++) {

students[i].totalMarks = 0;

for (int j = 0; j < numSubjects; j++) {

students[i].totalMarks += students[i].subjects[j].marks;

// Calculate total marks for each subject

int subjectTotal[numSubjects] = {0};

for (int i = 0; i < numStudents; i++) {

for (int j = 0; j < numSubjects; j++) {

subjectTotal[j] += students[i].subjects[j].marks;

// Calculate overall total marks

 int overallTotal = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < numStudents; i++) {

overallTotal += students[i].totalMarks;

// Display the results

printf("\nStudent-wise Total Marks:\n");

for (int i = 0; i < numStudents; i++) {

printf("%s: %d\n", students[i].name, students[i].totalMarks);

printf("\nSubject-wise Total Marks:\n");

for (int j = 0; j < numSubjects; j++) {

printf("Subject %d: %d\n", j + 1, subjectTotal[j]);

printf("\nOverall Total Marks: %d\n", overallTotal);

return 0;

12) Write a C program to pass a student structure to function and display structure members in the
function.

#include <stdio.h>

// Define the structure for a student

struct Student {

char name[50];

int rollNumber;

float marks;

};
// Function to display student information

void displayStudent(struct Student student) {

printf("Student Information:\n");

printf("Name: %s\n", student.name);

printf("Roll Number: %d\n", student.rollNumber);

printf("Marks: %.2f\n", student.marks);

int main() {

// Declare and initialize a student structure

struct Student myStudent = {"John Doe", 101, 85.5};

// Call the function to display student information

displayStudent(myStudent);

return 0;

Output-

Student Information:

Name: John Doe

Roll Number: 101

Marks: 85.50