TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACRONYMS ......................................................................................................... 4

TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS ................................................................... 5

A. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.............................................................................. 10

B. MAIN REPORT ............................................................................................ 14

1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 14

2 SCOPE OF WORK ...................................................................................... 14

3 SYSTEM DATA AND MODELLING [1] ....................................................... 16

3.1 MODELS EMPLOYED ............................................................................................................ 16

3.2 SYSTEM DATA ........................................................................................................................ 20

3.3 Network Model Validation ......................................................................................................... 27

4 STEADY STATE POWER FLOW ANALYSIS ............................................. 28

4.1 TRANSMISSION NETWORK MODEL................................................................................... 28

4.2 POWER FLOW SCENARIOS ................................................................................................. 29

4.3 TECHNICAL JUSTIFICATION FOR PROPOSED BUS REACTORS ................................ 37

4.4 Line Reactor Requirement .................................................................................................... 39

4.5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..................................................................... 41

5 NGR DESIGN STUDY ................................................................................. 41

5.1 STEADY STATE ANALYSIS USING PSCAD/EMTDC PROGRAM ................................... 41

5.2 TRANSIENT ANALYSIS USING PSCAD/EMTDC ............................................................... 42

5.3 400 KV DOUBLE CIRCUIT LINE FROM ADANI TO RAHANPUR SUBSTATIONS ......... 43
5.3.1 SINGLE POLE RECLOSURE STUDIES - STEADY STATE ANALYSIS .................................................... 43
5.3.2 INDUCED VOLTAGES DURING STUCK BREAKER CONDITIONS ...................................................... 47
5.3.3 INDUCED VOLTAGES ON DE-ENERGIZED CIRCUIT ........................................................................ 51
5.3.4 SUMMARY OF NGR STUDIES ........................................................................................................ 52
5.3.5 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF NGR ........................................................................................... 53
5.3.6 SUCCESSFUL SINGLE POLE AUTO RECLOSURE FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR ALL 400 KV LINES .......... 54

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6 REACTOR SWITCHING AND BREAKER TRV STUDY ............................. 56

6.1 REACTOR ENERGIZATION STUDY ..................................................................................... 59

6.2 REACTOR DE-ENERGIZATION STUDY .............................................................................. 60

7 LINE AND TRANSFORMER BREAKER TRV STUDY ................................ 64

7.1 Breaker Operation under Normal Operating Conditions ................................................ 65

7.2 Breaker Operation under Fault conditions ........................................................................ 66

7.3 Observations and Conclusions ........................................................................................... 69

8 SWITCHING SURGE ANALYSIS ................................................................ 69

8.1 400 KV RAHANPUR SWICTHING SURGE ANALYSIS ...................................................... 70

8.1.1 LINE ENERGIZATION ..................................................................................................................... 70
8.1.2 Line Re-energization .................................................................................................................... 71
8.1.3 Line Energization with Switch on to fault (SOTF) ......................................................................... 72
8.1.4 Transformer Energization ............................................................................................................ 73
8.1.5 Observations and Conclusions ..................................................................................................... 75

8.2 400 KV BOGURA WEST SWITCHING SURGE ANALYSIS ............................................... 76

8.2.1 Line Energization .......................................................................................................................... 76
8.2.2 Line Re-energization .................................................................................................................... 77
8.2.3 Transformer Energization ............................................................................................................ 78
8.2.4 Observations and Conclusions ..................................................................................................... 82

8.3 Switching surge analysis for by passing Rahanapur 400 kV substation ....................................... 83
8.3.1 LINE ENERGIZATION ..................................................................................................................... 83
8.3.2 Line Re-energization .................................................................................................................... 84

9 EARTH SWITCH RATINGS ......................................................................... 85

9.1 400 KV ADANI TO RAHANPUR LINE................................................................................... 85

9.2 400 KV BOGURA (WEST) TO KALIAKOIR LINE ................................................................ 86

10 INSULATION CO-ORDINATION STUDY .................................................... 87

10.1 Steady state overvoltages .................................................................................................... 88

10.2 Temporary overvoltages: ...................................................................................................... 89

10.3 SLOW-FRONT OVER VOLTAGES: ...................................................................................... 89

10.4 Fast Transient in Power Systems: ............................................................................................... 90

10.5 VERY FAST TRANSIENTS IN POWER SYSTEMS ............................................................. 91

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10.6 400 kV Rahanpur Substation................................................................................................ 91
10.6.1 Temporary overvoltages .......................................................................................................... 91
10.6.2 Ferro resonance study of power transformer ......................................................................... 92
10.6.3 Switching Overvoltages ........................................................................................................... 94
10.6.4 Lightning overvoltages ............................................................................................................. 94
10.6.5 Very fast transients .................................................................................................................. 99

10.7 400 kV Bogura-west Substation ........................................................................................ 101

10.7.1 Temporary overvoltages ........................................................................................................ 101
10.7.2 Ferro resonance study of power transformer ....................................................................... 102
10.7.3 Switching Overvoltages ......................................................................................................... 104
10.7.4 Lightning overvoltages ........................................................................................................... 104
10.7.5 Very fast transients ................................................................................................................ 109

11 TRANSMISSION LINE FLASHOVER RATE ............................................. 111

12 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................... 112

13 REFERENCES ........................................................................................... 115

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ACRONYMS

EMTP Electro Magnetic Transient Program

FTA Fast Transient Analysis

Kcd Deterministic co-ordination factor

K cs Statistical co-ordination factor

PIR Pre Insertion Resistor

p.u Per unit

SA Surge Arrester

SIL Switching Impulse level

UHV Ultra High Voltage

UCW Co-ordination withstand voltage for equipment

Ups Switching protective level

UW Rated lightning/switching impulse withstand voltage for equipment

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 TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS

• Neutral Grounding Reactor (NGR): A reactor used in combination with the

three line connected shunt reactors to create high impedance against the
flow of the secondary arc current.
• Percentage neutral reactance: Percentage of main reactance considered
for the analysis, which is mentioned as Xn/Xs in the report. Xn in the neutral
reactance and Xs is the shunt reactor (main rector). Eg: Xn/Xs=30%, means
Xn (neutral reactance) is 30% of the Xs (main reactor value).
• Extra-High Voltage (EHV): A maximum system voltage that is greater than
245 kV but less than 1000 kV.
• Shunt reactor compensation: Shunt reactor compensation is used to
support voltage at a certain point on the line as opposed to the entire line.
Shunt reactors with their compensating effect on the capacitive generation
of the line offer an economical and technically sound means of controlling
the undesirable over voltages.
• Series compensation: Series compensation is the use of capacitance in
series on a transmission line. The addition of capacitance serves multiple
purposes, the most important being the improvement in stability along the
entire line. Series compensation is frequently found on long transmission
lines used to improve voltage regulation. Due to the long transmission lines,
voltage begins to decay as the line moves further from the source. Series
compensation devices placed strategically on the line increase the voltage
profile of the line to levels near 1.0 p.u.
• Overvoltage: Any voltage between one phase conductor and earth or
between phase conductors having a peak value exceeding the
corresponding peak of the highest voltage for the equipment.
• Resonance: Resonance is the tendency of a system to oscillate at
maximum amplitude at a certain frequency. This frequency is known as the
system's resonance frequency. When damping is small, the resonance
frequency is approximately equal to the natural frequency of the system,
which is the frequency of free vibrations.
• Series resonance: Condition that occurs in a series LC circuit at the
frequency where inductive reactance equals capacitive reactance.

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 Impedance is minimum, current is maximum limited only by resistance in
the circuit.
• Parallel resonance: One of the ways to define resonance for a parallel
RLC circuit is the frequency at which the impedance is maximum. Another
definition: the parallel resonant frequency is the frequency at which the
voltage and current are in phase.
• Single-phase tripping: The opening of the faulted phase during single
phase to ground fault.
• Single-phase auto-reclosure: The reclosing of the faulted phase following
a single-phase trip.
• Primary arc current: The current in the phase to ground arcing fault prior
to single phase tripping.
• Secondary arc current (Residual Current): The current, which flows in
the arc after single phase tripping is completed. This is the resultant of
currents derived from the electrostatic and electromagnetic coupling from
the two energized phases and adjacent lines after the primary arc current
is cleared via the line circuit breaker.
• Recovery voltage: The voltage, which appears across the secondary arc
path as soon as the arc is extinguished.
• Dead time (of Single Pole Switching): Dead time is the time from the
initial pulse until another pulse can be produced.
• Shaft torsional oscillation of thermal units: The series compensated
transmission lines have line inductance, resistance and series capacitance,
which result in electrical resonant frequencies (fe) below the fundamental
power frequency. Turbine-generators have rotating shaft systems
comprised of large inertial masses that are interconnected with shafts that
act as springs. These large masses and shafts create torsional resonant
frequencies, fm, some of which are also sub synchronous. If the
transmission line resonant frequency, (fe), is close to the complementary
mechanical system frequency (50-fm) of the generating machine, then the
two oscillatory systems can interact with each other. In some operating
conditions, the interaction can result in damaging shaft torques on a turbine
generator shaft. This interaction is called Sub synchronous Resonance
(SSR), and it occurs because of the interchange of energy between the

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 series capacitors on the transmission lines and the mass-spring system of
the turbine-generator shaft. This interchange occurs at the sub
synchronous resonance frequency by modulating the 50 Hz waveform.
• Sensitivity Analysis: Transient analysis for examining the sensitivity of
various parameters on secondary arc current and recovery voltage in
function of neutral reactor and the fault location along the line.
• Surge arrester: A device designed to protect electrical apparatus from high
transient voltage and to limit the duration and frequently the amplitude of
follow-current. The term "surge arrester" includes any external series gap
which is essential for the proper functioning of the device as installed for
service, regardless of whether or not it is supplied as an integral part of the
device.
• Rated voltage of an arrester: the designated maximum permissible r.m.s
value of power-frequency voltage between its terminals at which it is
designated to operate correctly. This voltage may be applied to the arrester
continuously without changing its operating characteristics.
• Duty-cycle voltage rating: The designated maximum permissible voltage
between its terminals at which an arrester is designed to perform its duty
cycle.
• Impulse: a unidirectional wave of voltage or current, which, without
appreciable oscillations, rises rapidly to a maximum value and falls, usually
less rapidly, to zero with small, if any, loops of opposite polarity.
• Maximum continuous operating voltage (MCOV): The maximum
designated root mean square (rms) value of power frequency voltage that
may be applied continuously between the terminals of the arrester.
• Residual voltage (discharge voltage) of an arrester: The voltage that
appears between the terminals of an arrester during the passage of
discharge current.
• Standard lightning voltage impulse: An impulse voltage having a wave
shape designation of 1.2/50 μs.
• Switching voltage impulse: An impulse having a virtual front time greater
than 30 ms.
• Front of an impulse: that part of an impulse, which occurs prior to the peak.
• Tail of an impulse: that part of an impulse, which occurs after the peak.

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• Continuous (power frequency) voltage: Power frequency voltage,
considered having constant r.m.s value, continuously applied to any pair of
terminals of an insulation configuration.
• Temporary overvoltage: An oscillatory phase-to-ground or phase-to-
phase overvoltage that is at a given location of relatively long duration
(seconds, even minutes) and that is undamped or only weakly damped.
Temporary overvoltage usually originates from switching operations or
faults (e.g., load rejection, single-phase fault, fault on a high-resistance
grounded or ungrounded system) or from nonlinearities (ferro resonance
effects, harmonics), or both. They are characterized by the amplitude, the
oscillation frequencies, the total duration, or the decrement.
• Transient overvoltage: short duration overvoltage of few milliseconds or
less, oscillatory or non-oscillatory, usually highly damped. Transient over
voltages may be immediately followed by temporary over voltages.
• Slow-front over voltages: They can originate from faults, switching
operations or direct lightning strokes to the conductors of overhead lines.
• Fast-front over voltages: They can originate from switching operations,
lightning strikes or faults.
• Resonance and Ferro resonance overvoltage: Temporary over voltages
in this category arise from the interaction of capacitive elements (lines,
cables, series capacitors) and inductive elements having nonlinear
magnetizing characteristics (transformers, shunt reactors). The resonant
overvoltage is initiated by a sudden change in the system configuration,
such as a load rejection, single phase switching of a transformer terminated
line, or isolation of a bus potential transformer (PT) through breaker
capacitance. Resonant and ferro-resonant over voltages can have
magnitudes greater than 3.0 p.u and last until the condition is cleared. They
should be limited by detuning the system from the resonant frequency, by
changing the system configuration, or by damping resistors.
• Switching Over voltages: A phase to ground or a phase-to-phase
overvoltage at a given location on a system due to one specific switching
operation, fault, or other cause, the shape of which can be regarded, for the
purpose of insulation coordination, as similar to that of the standard

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 switching impulse. Such over voltages are usually highly damped and of
short duration.
Switching over voltages may have times-to-crest from 20–5000 μs, and time
to half value of less than 20000 μs. They are generally a result of the
following:

❖ Line energization, Faults and fault clearing, Load rejections, or switching

of capacitive or inductive currents.
• Protective margin (PM): The value of the protective ratio (PR), minus one,
expressed in percent. PM = (PR–1) *100.
• Protective ratio (PR): The ratio of the insulation strength of the protected
equipment to the over voltages appearing across the insulation.
• Fault current: The current from the connected power system that flows in
a short circuit.
• Lightning: An electric discharge that occurs in the atmosphere between
clouds or between clouds and ground.
• Lightning surge: A transient electric disturbance in an electric circuit
caused by lightning.

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 A. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Substation RAHANPUR and BOGURA West 400 kV Substations

Summary: This report presents the results of reactor sizing studies, neutral reactor
design studies, switching surge analysis, reactor switching studies and earthing switch
design studies performed according to scope of work to establish adequacy of reactor
sizing, neutral reactor sizing, circuit breaker adequacy with pre-insertion resistors and
control switching device and earth switch design in 400 kV Rahanpur and Bogura west
substations.

Detailed Studies for the above phenomenon have been conducted and Calculation’s basis,
methods, detailed results and conclusions are attached in subsequent pages of this report.

The simulations are performed using PSCAD/ EMTDC V.4.5 program.

According to the computation results and conclusions at Clause 9.0, following are
summarized result of study:

Reactor Sizing Studies:

• 1x125 MVAr, 420 kV bus reactor is proposed at 400 kV Rahanpur, Bogura (west)
and Rooppur substations.
• 1x25 MVAR, 420 kV line reactor is proposed for 400 kV line from Rooppur to
Kaliakoir at Rooppur end.

Circuit Breakers:

• Bus and line reactors should be equipped with CSD 400 kV SF6 circuit breaker.
• HV side of ICT transformers should be equipped with CSD control.
• For all line circuit breakers, no PIR and CSD is required.

NGR Specification:

400 kV line from ADANI to Rahanpur Substations.

Neutral Grounding Reactor Rating

Rated Impedance 840 ohms

100 Arms, for 10 seconds

Rated Current
5 Arms, Continuous

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Rated Voltage 84 kVrms, for 10 seconds

4.2 kVrms, for continuous

Rated peak current 370 Apeak

Rated Power 8400 kVAr for 10 seconds

21 kVAr Continuous

Rated Frequency 50 Hz

Rated Insulation Class at neutral point 69 kVrms

Minimum BIL value at neutral point of LI 350 kVpeak

reactor

Minimum BIL value at neutral bushing of LI 380 kVpeak

reactor

No. of Phases 1

Connection Single Phase/Neutral

Insulation class at earthing side 15 kVrms

BIL Earthing Side LI 110 kVpeak

Temperature Rise To be specified by Vendor

Surge Arrester, class 4 66 kVrms rated voltage

Earth Switch Ratings:

Earthing Switch ratings

Rated Electromagnetic Coupling Electrostatic Coupling
Voltage Induced Induced Induced Induced
(kV) Current Voltage (kV Current Voltage (kV
(Arms) rms) (Arms) rms)

420 160 10 18 20

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Resonance Studies

• Shunt compensated 400 kV double circuit line between Adani to Rahanpur for a
selected NGR value during stuck pole operations no parallel resonance
phenomena is observed.
• Overhead line terminated with ICT transformer at receiving end and stuck pole
operation at source end causes Ferro resonance. Hence, it is recommended that
the system configuration leading to an energisation of overhead line terminated by
unloaded ICT transformer should be avoided.

Insulation coordination study 400 kV Rahanpur Substation:

• Based on the TOV studies conducted, it is recommended to use 360 kV rms surge
arrester for 400 kV system rather than 396 kV rms system. It is also noted that
proposed surge arrester ratings 120 kV rms and 30 kV rms for 132 kV and 33 kV
system respectively are in order.
• Based on the switching overvoltage studies conducted, it is recommended to use
class-IV surge arresters to control switching over voltages.
• Based on the lightning overvoltage studies conducted, proposed surge arresters
rating (360 kV rms) and their locations namely one SA at gantry, one SA at GIS
Busbar and one SA at ICT Transformer HV terminal are adequate to achieve
proper protection margins in Rahanpur -400 kV substation.

Insulation coordination study 400 kV Bogura Substation:

• Based on the TOV studies conducted, it is recommended to use 360 kV rms surge
arrester for 400 kV system rather than 396 kV rms system. It is also noted that
proposed surge arrester ratings 216 kV rms and 30 kV rms for 230 kV and 33 kV
system respectively are in order.
• Based on the switching overvoltage studies conducted, it is recommended to use
class-IV surge arresters to control switching over voltages.
• Based on the lightning overvoltage studies conducted, proposed surge arresters
rating (360 kV rms) and their locations namely one SA at gantry, one SA at GIS
Busbar and one SA at ICT Transformer HV terminal are adequate to achieve
proper protection margins in Bogura -400 kV substation.

Transient Enclosure Voltage (TEV) can be minimized in GIS substation by the

following:

• By a proper design and arrangement of substation mats.

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 • By keeping ground leads as short and straight as possible in order to minimize the
inductance.
• By increasing the number of connections to ground.
• By introducing shielding to prevent internally generated VFT from reaching the
outside of the enclosure.

Transmission line flashover rate:

• Transmission line flashover rate is 0.978 failures per 100 km-year.

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B. MAIN REPORT

1 INTRODUCTION
The utility electricity sector in Bangladesh has one national grid with an installed
capacity of 21,419 MW as of September 2019. Recently Bangladesh started
construction of the 2.4-gigawatt (GW) Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant expected to
go into operation in 2023. In Bangladesh electricity is generated at 50 Hertz
frequency and at a nominal voltage of 11 kV (kilo Volts) or 15 kV to be stepped up
through transformers to 132 kV to 400 kV for feeding to the grid. Bangladesh power
grid has given the project of expansion of their 400 kV network by 2025 and to
conduct the EMTP studies for Bogura and Rahanpur Substation.

This report covers the

• Methodology for carrying out the EMTP studies in line with the scope of
work,
• Data collected so far and its validation
• Reactor sizing studies, neutral reactor design studies, switching surge
analysis, reactor switching studies, earthing switch design studies &
insulation coordination studies performed according to scope of work to
establish adequacy of reactor sizing, neutral reactor sizing, circuit breaker
adequacy with pre-insertion resistors and control switching device and earth
switch design in 400 kV Rahanpur and Bogura west substations.
• Incorporation of comments issued by PGCB vide their letter dated
01.03.2021.
• Incorporation of comments issued by PGCB vide email dated 12.05.2021.
• Incorporation of comments issued by PGCB vide email dated 31.05.2021
• Incorporation of comments issued by PGCB vide email dated 02.06.2021.
• Incorporation of comments issued by PGCB vide email dated 21.06.2021.
• Incorporation of comments issued by PGCB vide email dated 16.08.2021.
• Incorporation of points discussed in meeting with PGCB on 18.08.2021.

2 SCOPE OF WORK
The scope of work related to EMTP studies as per TOR is given below

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 Reactor

• To determine the required and the size of the Bus reactor at each 400kV
Bus (400kV Bogura & Rahanpur Substation) and Rating of LA for Reactor

• To determine the requirement, rating (kV, kJ, kA etc.), location and number
of lighting arrester at each 400kV switchyard (400kV Bogura & Rahanpur
Substation).

• To determine the requirements for Point-on-Wave device and Pre-Insertion

Resistor (PIR) for every 400kV Circuit breaker and the value of PIR.

• Resonance phenomena for each 400kV Substation (400kV Bogura &

Rahanpur Substation)

• Switching and lighting Over voltage study of each 400kV substation (400kV
Bogura & Rahanpur) and determine the Flash-over rate.

• Switching surge analysis for 400 kV Bogura (W) Substation

-Re-closing time determination

- Closing/Re-closing Over Voltage study

- TRV analysis for circuit breaker

• Insulation co-ordination study.

• To assess the requirement Bus Reactor or Shunt/ Line Reactor for each
400kV Bus (400kV Bogura & Rahanpur Substation) and selection of Bus or
Shunt/ Line Reactor with Technical & Economic aspects.

NGR Neutral Grounding Reactor for Shunt/ Bus Reactor

• To determine the requirement and the size of NGR for Line/Bus Reactor at
each 400kV Bus to reduce the secondary arc Current at acceptable limit so
as to facilitate the Single-Phase-auto-reclosing (SPAR) of line Circuit
Breaker

• To determine the requirement and the size of LA for NGR

ES for Shunt/ Bus Reactor

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REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
 • to determine the rating ES for Bus/Line Reactor & NCR at each 400kV
Substation

Training

• The Employer owns license of PSCAD software. Hence, The EMTP study
shall have to be performed using PSCAD software and shall include training
of six (08) Design Engineers of the Employer for two (2) weeks regarding
the use of PSCAD software for typical EMTP study including/having
example of the said EMTP study under this project.

Aforementioned scope covers the two (2) numbers of 400 kV substations

namely 400 kV Rahanpur and 400 kV Bogura-West.

3 System Data and Modelling [1]

3.1 MODELS EMPLOYED

❖ Equivalent source:

Source model for equivalent network is modelled by simulating each source by a

synchronous machine with values of positive and zero sequence impedances
calculated from fault contributions obtained from short circuit results.

❖ Transmission line:

Transmission line are represented by 8 or 5 conductors (6 or 3 phase conductors

based on double circuit or single circuit line and 2 ground wires) based on the tower
configuration and relevant conductor & ground wire data. For the transmission
lines, the frequency dependent phase model is used. For fast transient (lightning)
study, one of the incoming transmission lines is represented up to 5 towers from
the plant (excluding gantry tower) as per the standard [1] and the rest of towers are
modeled as matching resistance matrix to prevent the reflection of traveling wave.

❖ Power Transformers

Transformers are modeled for the studies of temporary and switching overvoltage
studies by considering leakage impedances as per the standard [1]. In addition, for
the fast transient study, the effect of stray capacitances between terminal to ground
of transformer is considered.
❖ Tower Model

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REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
The tower model directly affects the wave shapes of lightning surges, which appear
on the arcing horn gap. Hence, multi-section tower model with distributed line
parameters is used for high accuracy transmission tower model as per standard
[1].
❖ Tower footing resistance

The earth resistance is represented as a concentrated pure resistance considering

the most severe condition, because the transient voltage time characteristics of the
tower footing resistance are not yet specified. The representative value of the tower
footing resistance for gantry tower is considered as 0.5 ohm and other main towers
the tower footing resistance is varied from 5 Ω to 20 Ω in steps of 5 Ω in order to
perform sensitivity analysis.

❖ Air gap, Line Insulator

The lightning surges would travel to the substation if the backflashover occurs in
the tower depending on the length of the insulator air gap distance. Arcing horn
gap of insulator of 4500 mm is considered based on the input data provided.

Leader-progression model

For strokes to shield wire, first stroke conditions are assumed because the
amplitudes are usually the highest [2]. The steepness of the voltage surge on the
phase conductor after backflashing of the respective insulator is determined by the
speed of the leader discharge short circuiting the insulator. The leader velocity and
its propagation are described by [2]:

dl  u (t ) 
= v1 = k u (t )  − E0 
dt  (d g − ll ) 

Where:

k = constant = 1.0 [m2/ (kV2 s)]

E0 = leader inception gradient= 670 [kV/m]
U (t) = instantaneous voltage across the gap [kV]
dg = gap length [m] and
ll = length of leader channel [m]

❖ Surge arrester

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REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
Surge arrester dynamic characteristics are significant for studies involving lightning
and other fast transients’ surges. The time to crest for surges used in lightning
studies can range from 0.5 µs to several µs. For a given current magnitude in an
arrester, the voltage developed across the arrester can increase by approximately
6% as time to crest of current is decreased from 8 µs to 1.3 µs. One approach for
an arrester model for lightning studies would be to use a simple non-linear V-I
characteristics based on 0.5 µs discharge voltage. This would give conservative
results (higher voltages) for surges with slower time to crest. The frequency
dependent model will give good results for current surges with times to crest from
0.5 µs to 40 µs [3].

The model proposed by Pinceti [4] derives from IEEE model is used to performing
fast transient studies and presented in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Frequency dependent surge arrester model proposed by Pinceti

This model is composed by two sections of non-linear resistance usually
designated by A0 and A1 which are separated by inductance L1 and L0. The
resistance R (about 1 MΩ) was added to avoid the numerical problems. The most
important characteristics of this model are that the parameters are calculated from
electrical data [4].

The details of surge arrester frequency dependent model parameters have been
presented in following sections.

Calculation of L0 and L1 parameters:

The procedure for calculation [5] of L0 and L1 parameters is shown Figure 2.

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REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
 Figure 2: Flow chart for calculations of L0 and L1

Where

V1/T2 is residual voltage at 10 kA fast front current surge (kV)

V8/20 is the residual voltage at 10 kA current surge with a 8/20 µs shape (kV)

Vn is arrester rated voltage (kV)

L1 and LO in µH

V-I characteristics of A0 and A1:

The nonlinear resistors A0 and A1 can be modeled as a piecewise linear V-I curve
with characteristics defined point by point. V-I characteristics of A1 arrester have
been selected from manufacturer data sheet and V-I characteristics of A0 is
selected based on curves proposed by IEEE W.G.3.4.11 which are shown in Figure
3.

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 .

Figure 3: Characteristics of nonlinear elements A0 and A1 proposed by IEEE W.G.

3.4.11

Adjustment of V-I characteristics of A0 to match switching surge Voltages:

The V-I characteristics of A0 are adjusted in surge arrester model to get a good
match between model and manufacturer’s switching surge voltages and currents.

Adjustment of L1 to match V8/20 voltages:

The value of L1 in model is adjusted with correct nonlinear V-I characteristics of A0

and A1 to obtain a good match between the manufacturer data and model
discharge voltages for an 8/20 µs current.

3.2 SYSTEM DATA

The data considered for various simulation studies are extracted from input data
supplied and presented in following Tables 1 to 16 for ready reference.

Table 1: 400 kV Transmission Line Data

Parameters Value
Quad ACCC Dhaka (Double circuit)
R1 (ohm/km) 0.011524
X1 (ohm/km) 0.26849
B1/2 (mho/km) 0.213392E-5
R0(ohm/km) 0.15398
X0(ohm/km) 0.71081

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REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
B0/2(mho/km) 0.149682E-5
Quad ACCC Dhaka (Single Circuit)
R1(ohm/km) 0.0109
X1(ohm/km) 0.22345
B1/2 (mho/km) 0.25546E-5
R0(ohm/km) 0.166645
X0(ohm/km) 0.71764
B0/2(mho/km) 0.125485E-5

Twin ACCC Dhaka (Double Circuit)

R1(ohm/km) 0.022125
X1(ohm/km) 0.332663
B1/2(mho/km) 0.174261E-5
R0(ohm/km) 0.16455
X0(ohm/km) 0.775064
B0/2(mho/km) 0.12654E-5

Table 2: 230 kV Transmission Line Data

Parameters Value
Twin ACSR Mallard (Double circuit)

R1(ohm/km) 0.036406
X1(ohm/km) 0.313697
B1/2(mho/km) 0.182814E-5
R0(ohm/km) 0.183886
X0(ohm/km) 0.915977
B0/2(mho/km) 0.13202E-5
Twin ACSR Mallard (Quad circuit)

R1(ohm/km) 0.03726
X1(ohm/km) 0.35064
B1/2(mho/km) 0.164499E-5
R0(ohm/km) 0.15315
X0(ohm/km) 0.78264
B0/2(mho/km) 0.137112E-5

Table 3: 132 kV Transmission Line Data

Parameters Value
ACCC Grosbeak (Double circuit)

R1(ohm/km) 0.06959
X1(ohm/km) 0.41448
B1/2(mho/km) 0.144493E-5
R0(ohm/km) 0.22064
X0(ohm/km) 1.04067
B0/2(mho/km) 0.091265E-5
ACSR Grosbeak (Double circuit)

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R1(ohm/km) 0.091575
X1(ohm/km) 0.41476
B1/2(mho/km) 0.1412E-5
R0(ohm/km) 0.242652
X0(ohm/km) 1.04095
B0/2(mho/km) 0.09128E-5
ACSR Grosbeak (Single circuit)
R1(ohm/km) 0.091633
X1(ohm/km) 0.42531
B1/2(mho/km) 0.137502E-5
R0(ohm/km) 0.242536
X0(ohm/km) 1.01985
B0/2(mho/km) 0.06555E-5
AAAC (Double circuit)
R1(ohm/km) 0.069831
X1(ohm/km) 0.40502
B1/2(mho/km) 0.144709E-5
R0(ohm/km) 0.220908
X0(ohm/km) 1.03121
B0/2(mho/km) 0.093172E-5

Table 4: Conductor & Ground wire data

Conductor Data (400kV Quad/Twin ACCC Dhaka)

No of sub-conductors/phase 4 or 2
Overall Diameter (m) 0.016435
DC Resistance (ohm/km) 0.0387
Strand radius (m) 0.00253
Spacing between bundled conductors (m) 0.4572
Ground Wire Data (ACSR Dorking)
Overall Diameter (m) 0.008m
DC Resistance (ohm/km) 0.2992
Conductor Data (230kV Twin ACSR Mallard)
No of sub-conductors/phase 2
Overall Diameter (m) 0.01448
DC Resistance (ohm/km) 0.0713
Strand radius (m) 0.00207
Spacing between bundled conductors (m) 0.3
Ground Wire Data (7/36mm)

Overall Diameter (m) 0.012825

DC Resistance (ohm/km) 0.2216
Conductor Data (132kV ACCC Grosbeak)
No of sub-conductors/phase 1
Overall Diameter (m) 0.012575
DC Resistance (ohm/km) 0.0672
Strand radius (m) 0.002575

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REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
 Spacing between bundled conductors (m) 0.3
Ground Wire Data (7/36mm)
Overall Diameter (m) 0.012825
DC Resistance (ohm/km) 0.2216
Conductor Data (132kV ACSR Grosbeak)
No of sub-conductors/phase 1
Overall Diameter (m) 0.01258
DC Resistance (ohm/km) 0.08959
Strand radius (m) 0.0019865
Spacing between bundled conductors (m) 0.3
Ground Wire Data (7/36mm)
Overall Diameter (m) 0.012825
DC Resistance (ohm/km) 0.2216
Conductor Data (132kV AAAC)
No of sub-conductors/phase 1
Overall Diameter (m) 0.014615
DC Resistance (ohm/km) 0.0671
Strand radius (m) 0.002088
Spacing between bundled conductors (m) 0.3
Ground Wire Data (7/36mm)
Overall Diameter (m) 0.012825
DC Resistance (ohm/km) 0.2216

Table 5: Adani_India 400 kV Substation Reactor data

From End To End No of Line Reactor value
circuits Length
Adani_India Rahanpur 2 133.7 420 kV, 63 MVAr per
circuit
Adani_India Bus 420 kV, 63 MVAr
reactor

Table 6: 400 kV Double Circuit Tower Configuration

Conductor Coordinates (width in m, height in m)
C1 (-7.55,25.3)
C2 (-8.34,33.45)
C3 (-7.14,42.1)
C4 (7.55,25.3)
C5 (8.34,33.45)
C6 (7.14,42.1)
Ground Wire Coordinates (width in m, height in m)
G1 (-8.54,50.3)
G2 (8.54,50.3)

Table 7: 400 kV Single Circuit Tower Configuration

Conductor Coordinates (width in m, height in m)
C1 (-5.5,21.8)

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REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
C2 (0,21.8)
C3 (5.5,21.8)
Ground Wire Coordinates (width in m, height in m)
G1 (-4,31)
G2 (4,31)

Table 8: 230 kV Double Circuit Tower Configuration

Conductor Coordinates (width in m, height in m)
C1 (-4.6,14.8)
C2 (-4.6,19.8)
C3 (-4.6,24.8)
C4 (4.6,14.8)
C5 (4.6,19.8)
C6 (4.6,24.8)
Ground Wire Coordinates (width in m, height in m)
G1 (0,32.8)

Table 9: 230 kV Quad Circuit Tower Configuration

Conductor Coordinates (width in m, height in m)
C1 (-7.75,17.3)
C2 (-7.55,23.3)
C3 (-7.35,27.3)
C4 (-7.1,36.8)
C5 (-6.9,42.8)
C6 (-6.7,48.8)
C7 (7.75,17.3)
C8 (7.55,23.3)
C9 (7.35,27.3)
C10 (7.1,36.8)
C11 (6.9,42.8)
C12 (6.7,48.8)
Ground Wire Coordinates (width in m, height in m)
G1 (-6.225,54.4)
G2 (6.225,54.4)

Table 10: 132 kV Double Circuit Tower Configuration

Conductor Coordinates (width in m, height in m)
C1 (-2.925,104.625)
C2 (-2.925,108.625)
C3 (-2.925,112.625)
C4 (2.925,104.625)
C5 (2.925,108.625)
C6 (2.925,112.625)
Ground Wire Coordinates (width in m, height in m)
G1 (0,118)

Page 24 of 115
REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
 Table 11: 132 kV Single Circuit Tower Configuration
Conductor Coordinates (width in m, height in m)
C1 (-2.925,104.625)
C2 (2.925,108.625)
C3 (-2.925,112.625)
Ground Wire Coordinates (width in m, height in m)
G1 (0,118)

Table 12: Generator Data

Parameters Adani ST Chapai_100 Amnura_50
MVA Rating 941 150 75
MW Rating 800 122.35 58.82
Voltage Rating 24 11 11
Positive sequence 0.182 0.182 0.182
reactance in pu
Negative sequence 0.181 0.181 0.181
reactance in pu
Zero sequence reactance in 0.076 0.076 0.076
pu
No. of units 2 1 1

Table 13:Auto Transformer Data

Voltage Rating 400/230/33 kV 400/132/33 kV 230/132/33 kV
(kV)
Power Rating 750 520 225
(MVA)
No. of 3 2 6
transformers
Impedance Z H-L=13 % Z H-L=13 % Z H-L=13.5 %
Z H-T=39.9% Z H-T=37.6% Z H-T=37.6%
Z L-T=24.1% Z L-T=21.9% Z L-T=21.9%
Configuration Yna0d1 Yna0d1 Yna0d1
No load losses 0.000156 0.0002884 0.0002884
(pu)
Magnetizing 0.2% 0.2% 0.2%
current
Knee point 1.15 1.15 1.15
voltage (pu)

Table 14: Two Winding Transformer Data

Parameters Adani_India Chapai_100 Amnura_50

Voltage Rating (kV) 420/24 kV 132/11 kV 132/11 kV

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REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
 Power Rating 990 150 75
(MVA)

No. of transformers 2 1 1

Leakage Impedance (%) 16 12 12

X/R ratio 50 50 50

Configuration YNd11 YNd11 YNd11

Table 15: Equivalent Source Data

BUS VOLT Three Phase Single Phase Z1(Ohm) Z0 (Ohm)
AGE Fault Level Fault Level
(kV) (MVA) (MVA)

KALIAKOIR 400 27646.99∠-86.9 22117.6<-86.9 5.787247∠8 10.1277∠86

6.9 .9
ROOPPUR 400 17174.32∠-88.4 13739.46∠-88.4 9.316233∠8 16.303∠88.
8.39 39
BARAPUKUR 230 1148.904∠-82.4 919.1232∠-82.4 46.04388∠8 80.576∠82.
NEW 2.4 4
BARAPUKURIA 230 2866.683∠-87.7 2293.346∠-87.7 18.45339∠8 32.291∠87.
7.7 7
PALASHBARI 230 1378.764∠-80.5 1103.012∠-80.5 38.36769∠8 67.143∠80.
0.5 5
SIRAJGANJ 230 12919.59∠-85 10335.67∠-85 4.094557∠8 7.165∠85
5
BOGURA NEW 132 4960.372∠-80.5 3968.297∠-80.5 3.51264∠80. 6.1472∠80.
5 5
NAOGAON 132 2323.117∠-82.1 1858.493∠82.1 7.500269∠8 13.1255∠82
2.1 .1
RAJSHAHI NEW 132 3200.601∠-83 2560.481∠-83 5.443977∠8 9.5271∠83
3

Table 16: Transmission Line Details

Line From Bus To Bus No of Voltage Length (km)
Number Circuits Level
(kV)
1 AMNURA CHAPAI NAWAB 1 132 15

2 AMNURA RAJSHAHI NEW 1 132 48

3 BARAPUKUR NEW BARAPUKURIA 2 230 9

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REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
4 BARAPUKUR NEW BOGURA WEST 2 230 120

5 BARAPUKUR NEW PALASHBARI 2 230 69.5

6 BOGURA SOUTH BOGURA 2 230 13.5

WEST(CKT 1,2)
7 BOGURA SOUTH BOGURA 2 230 13.5
WEST(CKT 3,4)
8 BOGURA SOUTH NAOGAON 2 230 42

9 BOGURA WEST PALASHBARI 2 230 78

10 BOGURA WEST KALIAKOIR 2 400 140

11 BOGURA WEST RAHANPUR 2 400 104

12 BOGURA WEST ROOPPUR 1 400 102

13 CHAPAI NAWAB RAHANPUR 2 132 27

14 CHAPAI NAWAB RAJSHAHI NEW 1 132 35

15 CHOWDALA RAHANPUR 2 132 10

16 KALIAKOIR ROOPPUR 1 400 177
17 NAOGAON NIYAMATPUR 2 132 46
18 NIYAMATPUR PATNITOLA 2 132 32.5
19 NIYAMATPUR RAHANPUR 2 132 36
20 ADANI_INDIA RAHANPUR 2 400 133.7
21 BOGURA SIRAJGANJ 2 230 70.2
22 JOYPURHAT PATNITOLA 2 132 35
23 JOYPURHAT NAOGAON 2 132 44.4

3.3 NETWORK MODEL VALIDATION

2025 peak-hour network scenario is considered for model validation. 3-phase short
circuit currents at various buses are validated. Simulation results are presented in Table
17 and Annexure-1.

Table 17: Simulated 3-phase fault currents for network model validation
Sl No Faulted Bus Bus kV 3-phase fault 3-phase fault
current (kA) current (kA)
Data PSCAD
provided Simulation
1 ADANI_INDIA 400 14.8 14.85
2 BOGURA WEST 400 28.7 28.9
3 KALIAKOIR 400 50.4 46.3

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REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
 4 RAHANPUR 400 16.8 16.4
5 ROPPUR 400 34.7 34.6
6 BARAPUKUR NW 230 20.3 20.8
7 BARAPUKIRIA 230 19.1 18.9
8 BOGURA 230 36.3 35.9
9 BOGURA WEST 230 39.6 41.0
10 NAOGAON 230 21.2 18.0
11 PALASHBARI 230 17.8 17.3
12 SIRAJGANJ 230 40.6 39.0
13 AMNURA 132 12.3 15.5
14 BOGURA NEW 132 36.5 36.8
15 CHAPAI NAWAB 132 16.3 16.9
16 JOYPURHAT 132 10.3 8.6
17 NAOGAON 132 29.0 25.1
18 NIYAMATPUR 132 15.5 14.2
19 PATNITOLA 132 10.1 8.84
20 RAHANPUR 132 25.7 27.4
21 RAJSHAHI NEW 132 19.4 19.2

It is observed from Table 17, simulated 3-phase fault current magnitudes are
closely matching with the data provided. Hence, the network configuration and
parameters considered are to be in order.

4 STEADY STATE POWER FLOW ANALYSIS

Power flow analysis has been carried out for network configuration of proposed
2025 scenario as presented in Figure 4. Based on the system data presented
section 3, the power flow model has been prepared in PSCAD/EMTDC software.

4.1 TRANSMISSION NETWORK MODEL

In addition to network configuration shown in Figure 4, Kaliakoir 400 kV substation
is represented in detail with two (2) number 400 kV transmission lines to 400 kV
BIBIYANA substation along with 25 MVAr line reactors, two (2) numbers 520 MVA,
400/230/33 kV auto transformers and two (2) number 325 MVA, 400/132/33 kV
auto transformers. Equivalent source represented at 400 kV BIBIYANA substation.

Page 28 of 115
REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
 The following reactors are considered in the network configuration:

• 1x63 MVAr, 420 kV bus reactor at 400 kV ADANI substation.

• 2x63 MVAr, 420 kV line reactors on ADANI to Rahanpur 400 kV double
circuit line at 400 kV Adani substation end.
• 2x25 MVAr, 420 kV line reactor on Kaliakoir to BIBIYANA 400 kV double
circuit line at 400 kV Kaliakoir end.
• 1x25 MVAr, 420 kV line reactor on Kaliakoir to Rooppur 400 kV line at 400
kV Rooppur end (proposed irrespective of study since the length is 177 km).

Full generation of 150 MW at CHAPAI (100 MW) and AMNURA (50 MW)
substations is considered and distributed this generation to 132 kV load centres,
maintained constant for all possible study scenarios.

Figure 4: Planning network configuration for 2025 scenario

4.2 POWER FLOW SCENARIOS

In the absence of planning off-peak load data, in this study it is considered various
operating conditions to reflect the light load condition of 400 kV transmission
network. Various operating conditions considered for the simulation are presented
in Table 18 and power flow results for each case are presented in Annexure 2.

Table 18: Power flow Scenarios

Case Subcase Description SLD reference Inference
1 A 50% loading on Kaliakoir Case-1-A All 400 kV buses except
Transformers and Auxiliary BIBIYANA violate the allowable
Load equivalent to 8% of one maximum voltage limit of 1.05
generation unit at ADANI 400 p.u.
kV Bus

Page 29 of 115
REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
 B 50% loading on Kaliakoir Case-1-B All 400 kV buses except
Transformers and Auxiliary BIBIYANA violate the allowable
Load equivalent to 8% of one maximum voltage limit of 1.05
generation unit at Rooppur p.u.
400 kV Bus
C 50% loading on Kaliakoir Case-1-C All 400 kV buses except
Transformers, Auxiliary Load BIBIYANA violate the allowable
equivalent to 8% of one maximum voltage limit of 1.05
generation unit each at Adani p.u.
and Rooppur 400 kV Bus
respectively.
2 A 20% loading on Kaliakoir Case-2-A All 400 kV buses except
Transformers, Auxiliary Load BIBIYANA violate the allowable
equivalent to 8% of one maximum voltage limit of 1.05
generation unit at Adani 400 p.u.
kV Bus
B 20% loading on Kaliakoir Case-2-B All 400 kV buses except
Transformers, Auxiliary Load BIBIYANA violate the allowable
equivalent to 8% of one maximum voltage limit of 1.05
generation unit at Rooppur p.u.
400 kV Bus
C 20% loading on Kaliakoir Case-2-C All 400 kV buses except
Transformers, Auxiliary Load BIBIYANA violate the allowable
equivalent to 8% of one maximum voltage limit of 1.05
generation unit at Adani and p.u.
Rooppur 400 kV Bus
respectively.
3 A One unit at Adani with Case-3-A All 400 kV buses except
technical minimum 50% BIBIYANA violate the allowable
generation, 95% of generation maximum voltage limit of 1.05
feeding at Rahanpur 132 kV p.u.
side (5% of generation flow on
400 kV lines), 20% loading on
Kaliakoir transformers are
considered.
B One unit at Adani with Case-3-B All 400 kV buses except
technical minimum 50% BIBIYANA violate the allowable

Page 30 of 115
REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
 generation, 90% of generation maximum voltage limit of 1.05
feeding at Rahanpur 132 kV p.u.
side (10% of generation flow
on 400 kV lines), 20% loading
on Kaliakoir transformers are
considered.
C One unit at Adani with Case-3-C All 400 kV buses except
technical minimum BIBIYANA violate the allowable
50%generation, 85% of maximum voltage limit of 1.05
generation feeding at p.u.
Rahanpur 132 kV side (15% of
generation flow on 400 kV
lines), 20% loading on
Kaliakoir transformers are
considered.
D One unit at Adani with Case-3-D All 400 kV buses except
technical minimum BIBIYANA violate the allowable
50%generation, 75% of maximum voltage limit of 1.05
generation feeding at p.u.
Rahanpur 132 kV side (25% of
generation flow on 400 kV
lines), 20% loading on
Kaliakoir transformers are
considered.
E One unit at Adani with Case-3-E All 400 kV buses except
technical minimum BIBIYANA violate the allowable
50%generation, 60% of maximum voltage limit of 1.05
generation feeding at p.u.
Rahanpur 132 kV side (40% of
generation flow on 400 kV
lines), 20% loading on
Kaliakoir transformers are
considered.
4 A One unit at Rooppur with Case-4-A All 400 kV bus voltage are
technical minimum within limits
50%generation, 95% of
generation feeding at Bogura

Page 31 of 115
REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
 230 kV side (5% of generation
flow on 400 kV lines), 20%
loading on Kaliakoir
transformers are considered.
B One unit at Rooppur with Case-4-B All 400 kV bus voltage are
technical minimum within limits
50%generation, 90% of
generation feeding at Bogura
230 kV side (10% of
generation flow on 400 kV
lines), 20% loading on
Kaliakoir transformers are
considered.
C One unit at Rooppur with Case-4-C Rahanpur and Bogura 400 kV
technical minimum 50% buses violate the allowable
generation, 85% of generation maximum voltage of 1.05 p.u.
feeding at Bogura 230 kV side
(15% of generation flow on
400 kV lines),20% loading on
Kaliakoir transformers are
considered.
D One unit at Rooppur with Case-4-D Rahanpur and Bogura 400 kV
technical minimum 50% buses violate the allowable
generation, 75% of generation maximum voltage of 1.05 p.u.
feeding at Bogura 230 kV side
(25% of generation flow on
400 kV lines),20% loading on
Kaliakoir transformers are
considered.
E One unit at Rooppur with Case-4-E Rahanpur and Bogura 400 kV
technical minimum 50% buses violate the allowable
generation, 60% of generation maximum voltage of 1.05 p.u.
feeding at Bogura 230 kV side
(40% of generation flow on
400 kV lines),20% loading on
Kaliakoir transformers are
considered.

Page 32 of 115
REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
5 A One unit at Rooppur and Case-5-A All 400 kV bus voltage are
Adani with technical minimum within limits
50%generation, 95% of
generation feeding at Bogura
230 kV side and Rahanpur
132 kV side (5% of generation
flow on 400 kV lines),20%
loading on Kaliakoir
transformers are considered.
B One unit at Rooppur and Case-5-B All 400 kV bus voltage are
Adani with technical minimum within limits
50%generation, 90% of
generation feeding at Bogura
230 kV side and Rahanpur
132 kV side (10% of
generation flow on 400 kV
lines),20% loading on
Kaliakoir transformers are
considered.
C One unit at Rooppur and Case-5-C All 400 kV bus voltage are
Adani with technical minimum within limits
50%generation, 85% of
generation feeding at Bogura
230 kV side and Rahanpur
132 kV side (15% of
generation flow on 400 kV
lines),20% loading on
Kaliakoir transformers are
considered.
D One unit at Rooppur and Case-5-D All 400 kV bus voltage are
Adani with technical minimum within limits
50%generation, 75% of
generation feeding at Bogura
230 kV side and Rahanpur
132 kV side (25% of
generation flow on 400 kV
lines), 20% loading on

Page 33 of 115
REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
 Kaliakoir transformers are
considered.

E One unit at Rooppur and Case-5-E All 400 kV bus voltage are
Adani with technical minimum within limits
50%generation, 60% of
generation feeding at Bogura
230 kV side and Rahanpur
132 kV side (40% of
generation flow on 400 kV
lines), 20% loading on
Kaliakoir transformers are
considered.

The power flow results of 400 kV bus voltages are presented in Table 19. It is
observed from the power flow results, under various light load conditions for
majority of power flow scenarios 400 kV bus voltages are more than the maximum
allowable limit i.e. 1.05 p.u. For few power flow scenarios 400 kV bus voltages are
within limit provided that generation sources can absorb any amount of reactive
power, however this may not be feasible in practical operating scenarios as thermal
power plant operators will not allow reactive power absorption.

Table 19: Power Flow results for 400 kV system bus voltages
400 kV substation voltages in per unit Voltage
Case ID Rahanpur Rooppur Adani Bogura West Kaliakoir Bibiyana Violation
CASE-1-
A 1.10 1.10 1.09 1.11 1.07 1.00 Yes
CASE-1-
B 1.10 1.10 1.09 1.11 1.07 1.00 Yes
CASE-1-
C 1.10 1.10 1.09 1.10 1.06 1.00 Yes
CASE-2-
A 1.13 1.12 1.12 1.13 1.09 1.00 Yes
CASE-2-
B 1.13 1.12 1.12 1.13 1.09 1.00 Yes
CASE-2-
C 1.12 1.12 1.11 1.13 1.09 1.00 Yes
CASE-3-
A 1.05 1.08 1.03 1.08 1.06 1.00 Yes
CASE-3-
B 1.05 1.08 1.03 1.08 1.06 1.00 Yes
CASE-3-
C 1.05 1.08 1.03 1.08 1.06 1.00 Yes

Page 34 of 115
REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
 CASE-3-
D 1.06 1.08 1.03 1.08 1.06 1.00 Yes
CASE-3-
E 1.06 1.08 1.03 1.08 1.06 1.00 Yes
CASE-4-
A 1.05 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.03 1.00 No
CASE-4-
B 1.05 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.03 1.00 No
CASE-4-
C 1.05 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.04 1.00 No
CASE-4-
D 1.05 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.04 1.00 No
CASE-4-
E 1.06 1.03 1.05 1.06 1.04 1.00 Yes
CASE-5-
A 1.02 1.02 1.01 1.03 1.02 1.00 No
CASE-5-
B 1.02 1.02 1.01 1.03 1.03 1.00 No
CASE-5-
C 1.02 1.02 1.01 1.03 1.03 1.00 No
CASE-5-
D 1.03 1.02 1.01 1.04 1.03 1.00 No
CASE-5-
E 1.03 1.03 1.01 1.04 1.03 1.00 No

Various power flow scenarios are simulated to size the bus reactor, one of the light
load situations Case-2A is considered to show that various bus reactor sizes are
considered for simulation. Simulation results are presented in Table 1820.

Table 18:Power Flow results with various reactor sizes

Reactors considered at 420 kV level 400 kV Substation Voltages (p.u) Voltage
Sl. Violatio
No Rahanpur Bogura Rooppur Adani Rahanpur Rooppur Bogura Kaliakoir n
1 1x80MVAr 1x80MVAr 1x80MVAr 1.061 1.071 1.073 1.079 1.057 Yes
2 1x80MVAr 1x100MVAr 1x80MVAr 1.057 1.067 1.069 1.075 1.055 Yes
3 1x80MVAr 1x125MVAr 1x80MVAr 1.052 1.062 1.065 1.069 1.051 Yes
1x100MVa
4 1x80MVAr 1x80MVAr r 1.058 1.068 1.068 1.075 1.055 Yes
1x100MVa
5 1x80MVAr 1x100MVAr r 1.054 1.064 1.064 1.071 1.052 Yes
1x100MVa
6 1x80MVAr 1x125MVAr r 1.049 1.059 1.06 1.066 1.049 Yes
1x125MVa
7 1x80MVAr 1x80MVAr r 1.054 1.063 1.062 1.071 1.051 Yes
1x125MVa
8 1x80MVAr 1x100MVAr r 1.05 1.059 1.058 1.067 1.049 Yes
1x125MVa
9 1x80MVAr 1x125MVAr r 1.045 1.054 1.053 1.061 1.046 Yes
10 1x100MVAr 1x80MVAr 1x80MVAr 1.056 1.065 1.07 1.075 1.055 Yes
11 1x100MVAr 1x100MVAr 1x80MVAr 1.052 1.062 1.066 1.071 1.052 Yes
12 1x100MVAr 1x125MVAr 1x80MVAr 1.047 1.057 1.061 1.066 1.049 Yes

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 1x100MVa
13 1x100MVAr 1x80MVAr r 1.052 1.062 1.064 1.071 1.052 Yes
1x100MVa
14 1x100MVAr 1x100MVAr r 1.048 1.058 1.061 1.067 1.05 Yes
1x100MVa
15 1x100MVAr 1x125MVAr r 1.044 1.053 1.056 1.062 1.046 Yes
1x125MVa
16 1x100MVAr 1x80MVAr r 1.048 1.058 1.058 1.067 1.049 Yes
1x125MVa
17 1x100MVAr 1x100MVAr r 1.044 1.054 1.055 1.063 1.046 Yes
1x125MVa
18 1x100MVAr 1x125MVAr r 1.039 1.049 1.05 1.058 1.043 Yes
19 1x125MVAr 1x80MVAr 1x80MVAr 1.049 1.059 1.065 1.07 1.052 Yes
20 1x125MVAr 1x100MVAr 1x80MVAr 1.045 1.055 1.062 1.066 1.049 Yes
21 1x125MVAr 1x125MVAr 1x80MVAr 1.04 1.05 1.057 1.061 1.046 Yes
1x100MVa
22 1x125MVAr 1x80MVAr r 1.046 1.055 1.06 1.066 1.049 Yes
1x100MVa
23 1x125MVAr 1x100MVAr r 1.042 1.051 1.057 1.062 1.047 Yes
1x100MVa
24 1x125MVAr 1x125MVAr r 1.037 1.046 1.052 1.057 1.043 Yes
1x125MVa
25 1x125MVAr 1x80MVAr r 1.041 1.051 1.054 1.062 1.046 Yes
1x125MVa
26 1x125MVAr 1x100MVAr r 1.038 1.047 1.051 1.058 1.043 Yes
1x125MVa
27 1x125MVAr 1x125MVAr r 1.033 1.042 1.046 1.05 1.04 No

In addition to the exiting or proposed bus and/or line reactors (as given section
4.1), the following bus reactors are proposed.

• 1x125 MVAr, 420 kV bus reactor at Bogura West 400 kV substation.

• 1x125 MVAr, 420 kV bus reactor at Rahanpur 400 kV substation.
• 1x125 MVAr, 420 kV bus reactor at Rooppur 400 kV substation.

Power flow results with these reactors are presented in Annexure-3. The power
flow results of 400 kV system bus voltages with shunt reactor compensation are
presented in Table 21. It is observed from power flow results that for all the case
scenarios 400 kV bus voltages are within limits and reactive power absorption by
generating sources is minimum.

Table 191: 400 kV system bus voltages with shunt reactor compensation

400 kV substation voltages in per unit Voltage

Case ID Rahanpur Rooppur Adani Bogura West Kaliakoir Bibiyana Violation
CASE-1-
A-R 1.02 1.02 1.01 1.03 1.02 1.00 No
CASE-1-
B-R 1.02 1.02 1.01 1.03 1.02 1.00 No
CASE-1-
C-R 1.02 1.02 1.01 1.03 1.01 1.00 No

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CASE-2-
A-R 1.04 1.05 1.03 1.05 1.04 1.00 No
CASE-2-
B-R 1.04 1.05 1.03 1.05 1.04 1.00 No
CASE-2-
C-R 1.04 1.04 1.03 1.05 1.04 1.00 No
CASE-3-
A-R 1.01 1.03 1.00 1.03 1.03 1.00 No
CASE-3-
B-R 1.01 1.03 1.00 1.03 1.03 1.00 No
CASE-3-
C-R 1.01 1.03 1.00 1.03 1.03 1.00 No
CASE-3-
D-R 1.02 1.03 1.00 1.03 1.03 1.00 No
CASE-3-
E-R 1.02 1.03 1.00 1.04 1.03 1.00 No
CASE-4-
A-R 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.01 1.01 1.00 No
CASE-4-
B-R 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.01 1.01 1.00 No
CASE-4-
C-R 1.00 1.01 0.99 1.01 1.01 1.00 No
CASE-4-
D-R 1.01 1.01 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.00 No
CASE-4-
E-R 1.01 1.01 1.00 1.02 1.02 1.00 No
CASE-5-
A-R 0.99 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.01 1.00 No
CASE-5-
B-R 0.99 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.01 1.00 No
CASE-5-
C-R 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.01 1.01 1.00 No
CASE-5-
D-R 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.01 1.01 1.00 No
CASE-5-
E-R 1.00 1.01 1.00 1.01 1.01 1.00 No

4.3 TECHNICAL JUSTIFICATION FOR PROPOSED BUS REACTORS

It is seen from the network configuration considered for simulation; there exist a
1,380 km 400 kV circuit length, which generate charging MVAr around 1085 MVAr.
The existing bus and line rectors at 400 kV system compensate the charging MVAr
around 250 MVAr (3x63 MAVr + 3x25 MVAr) and net line charging MVAr around
818 MVAr. Considering 70% of surge impedance loading on each 400 kV circuit
(Surge impedance loading of 400 kV quad AAAC circuit is around 520 MW 𝑆𝐼𝐿 =
𝑘𝑉 2 4002
𝑍𝑠
=
310
, simulated and net charging MVAr available after compensating line I2X
loss around 470 MVAr. Simulation results are presented in Table 22. PSCAD
simulation diagrams are presented in Anexure-4A.

Table 22: Results of Ferranti effect and line loading condition

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 Open end voltage
Open end voltages with existing reactors 70% SIL Loading
and line charging and line charging condition, Load end
MVAr under no load MVAr under no load voltage/ source end
condition (Ferranti condition (Ferranti reactive power
Circuit ID Effect) effect) absorption
Voltage Charging Voltage Charging Voltage Charging
(pu) MVAr (pu) MVAr (pu) MVAr
1 1.054 211.4 1.02 24.29 0.999 -32.97
2 1.033 128.1 1.033 128.1 1.0 64.93
3 1.058 222.4 1.058 222.4 1.026 145.6
4 1.074 273.1 1.064 218.8 1.028 128.1
5 1.05 159 1.039 133.5 1.017 95.81
6 1.024 90.7 1.024 90.7 1.016 69.3
1084.7 817.79 470.77
Circuit ID -1: 400 kV, 133.7 km double circuit line between ADANI INDIA to RAHANPUR
Substations
Circuit ID -2: 400 kV, 104 km double circuit line between RAHANPUR to BOGURA WEST
Substations

Circuit ID -3: 400 kV, 140 km double circuit line between BOGURA WEST to KALILOIR
Substations
Circuit ID -4: 400 kV, 168.4 km double circuit line between BIBIYANA to KALILOIR
Substations
Circuit ID -5: 400 kV, 177 km single circuit line between ROOPPUR to KALILOIR
Substations
Circuit ID -6: 400 kV, 104 km single circuit line between ROOPPUR to BOGURA WEST
Substations

Hence, one need to compensate at least 50% of the charging MVAr around 470
MVAr. Therefore, it is recommended to use 3x125 MVAr, 420 kV bus reactors.

In order to evaluate the economic feasibility of these reactors, can be made up of

either bus reactors or line reactors. Suppose 6x63 MVAr distributed line reactors
can also be used to limit the steady state over voltages. Real power losses for both
options are presented in Table 23.

Table 23: Active power loss for bus and line reactors

X/R Current Resistance 𝑰𝟐 𝑹 Loss 3x125 MVAr

ratio (kA) (ohm) (MW)/phase 3-Phase Loss (MW)
50 0.172 28.22 0.835 2.505 7.514
60 0.172 23.52 0.696 2.087 6.262
75 0.172 18.82 0.557 1.670 5.011
100 0.172 14.11 0.417 1.252 3.757

X/R Current Resistance 𝑰𝟐 𝑹 Loss 3-Phase loss 6x63 MVAr Loss

ratio (kA) (ohm) (MW)/phase (MW) (MW)
50 0.0866 55.99 0.420 1.260 7.558

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 60 0.0866 46.66 0.350 1.050 6.299
75 0.0866 37.33 0.280 0.840 5.039
100 0.0866 27.99 0.210 0.630 3.778

It is seen from the Table 23 that overall active power losses for both bus and line
reactors are similar; however, the following are the drawbacks for line reactors

• Cost of 2x63 MVAr reactors is more than 1x125 MVAr reactor

• With line reactors one need 3 additional circuit breakers and it will add the
extra cost to the system.

• Line reactors will limit the power transfer capability of the line when
compared to uncompensated line.

• Controlling of line reactors will be difficult when compared to control of bus

reactors. Since bus reactor control depends only bus voltage magnitude but
line reactor depends on line loading and bus voltage magnitude.

Considering all these factors in account, it is recommended to use 3x125 MVAr

reactors to control steady state over voltages.

4.4 LINE REACTOR REQUIREMENT

In order to study the line reactor requirement, the following lines are considered.

• 140 km,400 kV double circuit line between Bogura west and Kolikoir
substations
• 237.7 km, 400 kV double circuit line between Bogura west to Adani
substations (bypassing 400 kV Rahanpur substation) with 1x63 MVAr
existing reactor at the ADANI station is considered.

Based on the short circuit data, maximum fault levels at Bogura end and Kolikor
end with network configuration are computed. 50% of maximum 3-phase fault MVA
is considered for minimum fault level conditions. Further, source voltage is varied
from 1.0 pu to 1.05 insteps 0.005 pu to find open end voltages. Simulation results
are presented in Table 20 and PSCAD simulation waveforms are presented in
Annexure-4B.

Table 20: Line requirement study results for different fault MVA levels

400 kV Bogura-Kolikoir line; Charge from Bogura end ;3-phase Fault level 13000 MVA

Source
voltage 1.0 1.005 1.01 1.015 1.02 1.025 1.03 1.035 1.04 1.045 1.05
(pu)

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Open end
voltage 1.021 1.026 1.031 1.036 1.041 1.047 1.052 1.057 1.062 1.067 1.072
(pu)

400 kV Bogura-Kolikoir line; Charge from Bogura end ;3-phase Fault level 6500 MVA

source
voltage 1.0 1.005 1.01 1.015 1.02 1.025 1.03 1.035 1.04 1.045 1.05
(pu)
Open end
1.081
voltage 1.029 1.034 1.04 1.045 1.05 1.055 1.06 1.065 1.07 1.076
(1.056)
(pu)

400 kV Bogura-Kolikoir line; Charge from Kolikoir end; 3-phase Fault level 30000 MVA

source
voltage 1.0 1.005 1.01 1.015 1.02 1.025 1.03 1.035 1.04 1.045 1.05
(pu)
Open end
voltage 1.016 1.021 1.027 1.032 1.037 1.042 1.047 1.052 1.057 1.062 1.067
(pu)

400 kV Bogura-Kolikoir line; Charge from Kolikor end; 3-phase Fault level 15000 MVA

source
voltage 1.0 1.005 1.01 1.015 1.02 1.025 1.03 1.035 1.04 1.045 1.05
(pu)
Open end
1.071
voltage 1.02 1.025 1.03 1.035 1.04 1.045 1.05 1.056 1.061 1.066
(1.052)
(pu)

400 kV Bogura-Adani bypassing rahanpur s/s; Charge from Bogura end; 3-phase Fault level 17000 MVA (1x63 MVAr
line reactor is considered

source
voltage 1.0 1.005 1.01 1.015 1.02 1.025 1.03 1.035 1.04 1.045 1.05
(pu)
Open end
voltage 1.021 1.027 1.032 1.037 1.042 1.047 1.052 1.057 1.062 1.067 1.073
(pu)

400 kV Bogura-Adani bypassing rahanpur s/s; Charge from Bogura end; 3-phase Fault level 8500 MVA (1x63 MVAr
line reactor is considered

source
voltage 1.0 1.005 1.01 1.015 1.02 1.025 1.03 1.035 1.04 1.045 1.05
(pu)
Open end 1.079
voltage 1.028 1.033 1.038 1.043 1.048 1.053 1.059 1.064 1.069 1.074 (1.045/
(pu) 1.072)

It is observed from Table 20 that, the open-end voltages are more than 1.05 pu
for different source voltage and fault levels. Also, a note from Table 20 the values
presented in parenthesis are simulated using a 1x63 MVAr line reactor. However,
even with the line reactor, open-end voltages are more than 1.05 pu. Based on the
practice, the operating conditions resulting in higher open-end voltages are very
remote in practice. The proposed 3x125 MVAr bus reactors will maintain the bus
voltages very close to 1.0 per unit, hence open-end voltages will be maintained
within 1.05 pu. Hence, no additional line reactors are recommended for these lines.

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4.5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The following conclusions are from power flow studies:

• It is seen that under light load condition 400 kV bus voltages violate the
maximum allowable voltage limit of 1.05 p.u.
• To reduce the steady-state over voltages, it is recommended to use 3x125
MVAr, 420 kV switchable bus reactors. (Rahanapur, Bogura west and
Rooppur 400 kV substations).
• With the proposed bus reactors, all 400 kV bus voltages are within the limits
under light load conditions.
• No line reactors recommended for Bogura-Kolkoir line.

5 NGR DESIGN STUDY

The purpose of this study is to find out extent of overvoltage that could occur in the
transmission line under consideration during line energization, energization of a
line with the other circuit already energized etc. and to design a neutral grounding
reactor (NGR) to minimize this overvoltage caused by resonance in the circuit. The
recovery voltage and the residual fault current (secondary arc current) during a
single line to ground fault followed by a single pole switching of 400 kV line are
also to be calculated.

A properly designed NGR in the system will reduce the over voltages caused by
resonance as mentioned above and the secondary arc current due to single pole
switching.

The studies conducted for the design of NGR are:

1. Single pole reclosing- Steady state analysis

2. Induced voltages during stuck breaker condition
3. Induced voltages on a de-energized circuit
4. Single pole reclosing- Transient analysis

5.1 STEADY STATE ANALYSIS USING PSCAD/EMTDC PROGRAM

This program is a systematic generalized three-phase simulation program. With
the aid of this program, it is possible to make an extensive sensitivity analysis of
the effects of fault location and neutral reactor values on the secondary arc current
and recovery voltage. Sending end and receiving end systems are represented by
using positive and zero sequence impedance values corresponding to the
expected fault levels at both ends. The double circuit transmission line is modeled
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by 6x6 impedance matrix (self and mutual impedances) and a 6x6 admittance
matrix (self and mutual capacitance). The investigation of the neutral reactor
application is performed for both uniform transposition (perfect transposition) and
actual transposition.

The shunt reactor is a four-legged reactor. The sensitivity analysis of the effect of
fault location and neutral reactor values on the secondary arc current and recovery
voltage are studied by considering the various system parameters like:
➢ Sending end and receiving end fault levels.
➢ Shunt reactor compensation levels.

For each of the cases, the fault location is varied and for each fault location the
percentage neutral reactance (Xn/Xs) is varied from 0% to 35%. The computations
are carried out for determining the following:

• Single line to ground fault (primary arc) current for different fault buses and
the corresponding neutral current and neutral voltage at the reactor buses.
• Secondary arc current by effecting single phase tripping.
• Recovery voltage that appears across the secondary arc path.
• Induced voltage on a de-energized circuit.

Based on these studies initial value of the neutral reactor shall be selected and
final value of neutral reactor shall be decided based on the transient analysis
described in section 5.2.

5.2 TRANSIENT ANALYSIS USING PSCAD/EMTDC

Based on the steady state analysis as described in section 5.1, the initial value of
the neutral reactor shall be selected. A detailed transient analysis shall be then
performed for examining the sensitivity of various parameters on secondary arc
current. The following events in a sequence in time domain are simulated:
a) Pre-fault condition of the system.
b) Initiation of single line to ground fault at any location along the line (the
point on voltage wave at which instant the fault occurs can also be
simulated).
c) Single pole opening either sequential or simultaneous on both ends of the
line with fault still existing.
d) Fault extinction.

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REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
 e) Reclosure of the line.
f) Line energization voltages.

In addition to this, studies also shall also be carried out to simulate three poles
opening of the breaker at both ends of one circuit while the other circuit remains in
the energized condition to examine the probability of any resonating over voltage.
A load throws off condition at the receiving end also shall also be carried out.
Based on these studies the final size of the neutral reactor shall be decided.

5.3 400 KV DOUBLE CIRCUIT LINE FROM ADANI TO RAHANPUR

SUBSTATIONS
Assuming uniform transposition the approximate size of the neutral reactor value
for realizing minimum secondary arc, current is obtained using following equation.

B1 = w.C1
B0 = w.C0
1
F=
X r .B1
B1 − B0
X n= .....................(1)
3F .B1.[ B0 − (1 − F ).B1]

where

B1 positive sequence line susceptance (Mho);

B0 zero sequence line susceptance (Mho);

F shunt compensation degree;

Xr equivalent reactance of line shunt reactor;

Xn equivalent reactance of neutral reactor.

For Adani_India to Rahanpur 400 kV double circuit, neutral reactor value is

computed as 851 ohm (i.e. 30 % of phase reactor value). Further, actual
transposition is considered and finalize the NGR sizing by conducting detailed
studies.

5.3.1 SINGLE POLE RECLOSURE STUDIES - STEADY STATE ANALYSIS

A single phase to ground fault is created for the analysis. Single pole switching
(SPS) viz, opening of the single phase of the breakers at both the ends of one

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circuit, is carried out. Single line to ground fault is applied at different locations on
one circuit of the double circuit line with the NGR values varying from 0% to 60%
(i.e., Xn/Xs) of the phase reactor value. Primary arc current is calculated at fault
location by applying a single line to ground fault. Primary arc current values at fault
locations and neutral current/voltage at reactor neutral points are presented Table
25 & Table 26 respectively.

Table 25: Primary Arc Current (Fault Current)

Fault Type: SLG (no SPS)
For Adani_India to Rahanpur 133.7 km line (with actual transposition)
Xn/Xs Fault current (RMS) in kA rms
Adani_India Midpoint Rahanpur
0% 27.552 15.106 23.565
5% 27.546 15.102 23.567
10% 57.540 15.099 23.567
15% 27.536 15.097 23.566
20% 27.533 15.096 23.566
30% 27.528 15.093 23.565
35% 27.526 15.092 23.565

Table 26: Neutral Current & Neutral Voltage of Reactors (in RMS)
Fault Type: SLG (no SPS)
For Adani_India to Rahanpur 133.7 km line (with actual transposition)
Xn/Xs Fault Bus (Adani_India) Xn/Xs Fault Bus (Adani_India)
Line Reactor-1 Line Reactor-2
V-n(kV) I-n(A) V-n(kV) I-n(A)

0% - 147 0% - 146
5% 17.083 128 5% 17.084 127
10% 30.254 113 10% 30.254 113
15% 40.713 102 15% 40.715 101
20% 49.223 92 20% 49.226 92
30% 62.232 78 30% 62.236 77

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 35% 67.319 72 35% 67.319 72
Xn/Xs Fault Bus (Midpoint) Xn/Xs Fault Bus (Midpoint)

V-n(kV) I-n(A) V-n(kV) I-n(A)

0% - 62 0% - 63
5% 6.92 54 5% 6.924 54
10% 12.260 47 10% 12.266 48
15% 16.506 43 15% 16.514 43
20% 19.962 39 20% 19.972 39

30% 25.249 33 30% 25.262 33

35% 27.316 30 35% 27.330 31
Xn/Xs Fault Bus (Rahanpur) Xn/Xs Fault Bus (Rahanpur)
V-n(kV) I-n(A) V-n(kV) I-n(A)
0% - 27 0% - 29
5% 3.165 25 5% 3.166 25

10% 5.609 21 10% 5.61 22

15% 7.552 19 15% 7.554 20
20% 9.134 16 20% 9.134 17
30% 11.556 14 30% 11.556 14
35% 12.503 13 35% 12.503 13

The steady state analysis is conducted to find out the secondary arc current
(residual current) at fault bus and to determine the neutral current through the
neutral reactor and neutral voltage across the neutral reactor for Xn/Xs (ratio of
neutral to shunt reactance) values varying from 0% to 35%, when fault is applied
at different locations in one circuit of the system. Neutral current and neutral
voltages are measured for all the reactors. The secondary arc currents (residual
current) at the fault locations are presented in Table 27 & Table 28 respectively.

Table 27: Secondary Arc Current (Residual Current)

Fault Type: SLG (with SPS)
For Adani_India to Rahanpur 133.7 km line (with actual transposition)

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Xn/Xs Bus Name
Adani_India Midpoint Rahanpur
0% 32 33 32
5% 27 28 26
10% I res(A) 23 24 22
15% 19 20 19
20% 17 18 16
30% 13 13.5 12

Table 28: Neutral Current & Neutral Voltage of Reactors (in RMS)
Fault Type: SLG (with SPS)
For Adani_India to Rahanpur 133.7 km line (with actual transposition)
Xn/Xs Fault Bus (Adani_India) Xn/Xs Fault Bus (Adani_India)
Line Reactor-1 Line Reactor-2
V-n(kV) I-n(A) V-n(kV) I-n(A)
0% - 84 0% - 113
5% 17.198 74 5% 14.182 98
10% 30.454 65 10% 25.103 87
15% 40.985 58 15% 33.772 78
20% 49.553 53 20% 40.82 71
30% 62.65 45 30% 51.586 60
35% 67.767 41 55.789 55
Xn/Xs Fault Bus (Midpoint) Xn/Xs Fault Bus (Midpoint)
V-n(kV) I-n(A) V-n(kV) I-n(A)
0% - 46 0% - 114
5% 7.09 40 5% 14.167 100
10% 12.567 35 10% 25.088 88
15% 16.919 32 15% 33.762 79
20% 20.462 29 20% 40.82 72
30% 25.882 24 30% 51.606 60

35% 28.001 22 35% 55.821 56

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 Xn/Xs Fault Bus (Rahanpur) Xn/Xs Fault Bus (Rahanpur)
V-n(kV) I-n(A) V-n(kV) I-n(A)
0% - 26 0% - 119
5% 3.278 22 5% 14.244 103
10% 5.809 20 10% 25.234 92
15% 7.821 18 15% 33.972 82
20% 9.461 16 20% 41.085 75

30% 15.969 14 30% 51.964 63

35% 12.95 13 35% 56.218 58

5.3.2 INDUCED VOLTAGES DURING STUCK BREAKER CONDITIONS

High over voltages could occur on the de-energized conductor(s) of a three-phase

circuit due to series resonance on shunt compensated lines. One and two de-
energized conductors result due to stuck breakers while energizing and de-
energizing the circuit respectively. EHV breakers are usually designed to operate
with single pole mechanisms. It is possible that due to mechanical differences or
defects that all three poles may not operate simultaneously or one of them could
get stuck.

One phase could be left open with the other two phases energized during stuck
breaker condition while energizing the line or a single pole open condition arises
while performing single pole reclosing. Similarly, two phases could be left open
with the other phase energized during line de-energization. Shunt reactors
increase the open-phase voltage considerably because of unequal compensation
of the positive and zero-sequence line capacitance. As reactors are in parallel with
the line conductor capacitance to ground, the equivalent phase-to-ground
reactance at power frequency is inductive and very high when the shunt
compensation is large (above about 65%). In such cases, parallel combination of
the shunt reactor and the line shunt capacitance in series with the inter-phase
capacitance forms a series resonant circuit. These conditions could result in series
resonance on shunt compensated lines with attendant over voltages and their
detrimental effects on the connected equipment.

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The systems considered for the analysis is presented in Fig. B3 (8 figures for the
cases as listed below).

Different cases considered for the studies under this section are;

• Case 1: Single pole stuck breaker condition with remote end fully open
and parallel line de-energized.
• Case 2: Single pole stuck breaker condition with remote end fully closed
and parallel line de-energized
• Case 3: Two pole stuck breaker condition with remote end fully open and
parallel line de-energized.
• Case 4: Two pole stuck breaker condition with remote end fully closed
and parallel line de-energized.
• Case 5: Single pole stuck breaker condition on either end of the line and
parallel line energized.
• Case 6: Single pole stuck breaker condition on either end of the line and
parallel line de-energized.
• Case 7: Two pole stuck breaker condition on either end of the line and
parallel line energized.
• Case 8: Two pole stuck breaker condition on either end of the line and
parallel line de-energized.

The voltage induced on the de-energized phase(s) during one and two pole stuck
breaker conditions for the above-mentioned cases (case 1 to case 8) are presented
in Tables 29 to 36 respectively.

Table 29: Stuck Breaker Condition: phase voltage in open phase and
reactor neutral voltage of circuit 1: Case 1
Xn/Xs Adani Bus Midpoint Rahanpur Neutral Neutral current
Value (R phase Bus Bus voltage at Adani (in
voltage in (R phase (R phase at Adani Arms)
kV rms) voltage in voltage in end
kV rms) kV rms) (In kV
rms)
0% 98.40 101.273 102.983 0 62.225
15% 129.131 130.92 131.627 36.604 86.974
30% 71.020 71.656 71.918 47.407 56.568

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 Table 30: Stuck Breaker Condition: phase voltage in open phase and
reactor neutral voltage of circuit 1: Case 2
Xn/Xs Adani Bus Midpoint Rahanpur Neutral Neutral current
value (R phase Bus Bus voltage At Adani (in
voltage in (R phase (R phase at Adani Arms)
kV rms) voltage in voltage in end
kV rms) kV rms) (In
kVrms)
0% 232.632 234.717 235.675 0 0
15% 232.633 234.718 235.677 0.084 0.2
30% 232.633 234.719 235.677 0.1286 0.1533

Table 31: Stuck Breaker Condition: phase voltage in open phase and
reactor neutral voltage of circuit 1: Case 3
Xn/Xs Adani Adani Midpoint Midpoint Rahanpur Rahanpur Neutral Neutral
value Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus voltage current
(R (Y (R phase (Y phase (R phase (Y phase at at Adani
phase phase voltage voltage voltage in voltage in Adani (in
voltage voltage in in kV rms) kV rms) end A rms)
in in kV rms) kV rms) (in kV
kV rms) kV rms) rms)

0% 74.077 71.197 76.384 73.428 77.402 75.568 0 46.66

15% 291.723 295.684 295.944 299.693 297.484 301.291 95.216 226.981
30% 102.631 101.230 102.427 106.063 102.631 106.190 69.894 82.731

Table 32: Stuck Breaker Condition: phase voltage in open phase and
reactor neutral voltage of circuit 1: Case 4
Xn/Xs Adani Adani Midpoint Midpoint Rahanpur Rahanpur Neutral Neutral
value Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus voltage current
(R (Y (R phase (Y phase (R phase (Y phase at at
phase phase voltage voltage voltage in voltage in Adani Adani
voltage voltage in in kV rms) kV rms) end (in
in in kV rms) kV rms) (in kV A rms)
kV rms) kV rms) rms)

0% 232.611 232.578 234.467 234.733 235.176 235.712 0 0.707

15% 232.608 232.581 234.467 234.735 235.178 235.714 0.114 0.2723
30% 232.608 232.581 234.467 234.735 235.178 235.714 0.1753 0.2085

Table 33: Stuck Breaker Condition: phase voltage in open phase and
reactor neutral voltage of circuit 1: Case 5
Xn/Xs Adani Bus Midpoint Rahanpur Bus Neutral voltage Neutral current
value (R phase Bus (R phase at Adani end at Adani (in
voltage in (R phase voltage in (in kV rms) Arms)

Page 49 of 115
REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
 kV rms) voltage in kV rms)
kV rms)
0% 95.115 96.359 96.599 0 115.955
15% 38.418 38.873 38.913 27.855 66.468
30% 15.962 16.239 16.170 39.026 46.669

Table 34: Stuck Breaker Condition: phase voltage in open phase and
reactor neutral voltage of circuit 1: Case 6
Xn/Xs Adani Bus Midpoint Rahanpur neutral voltage neutral current
value (R phase Bus Bus at Adani end at Adani (in
voltage in (R phase (R phase (in kV rms) Arms)
kV rms) voltage in voltage in
kV rms) kV rms)
0% 93.475 96.126 96.602 0 88.388
15% 132.405 133.812 134.041 37.369 89.095
30% 71.531 72.225 72.295 47.658 57.275

Table 35: Stuck Breaker Condition: phase voltage in open phase and
reactor neutral voltage of circuit 1: Case 7
Xn/Xs Adani Adani Midpoint Midpoint Rahanpur Rahanpur Neutral Neutral
value Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus voltage current
(R (Y (R phase (Y phase (R phase (Y phase at at
phase phase voltage voltage voltage in voltage in Adani Adani
voltage voltage in in kV rms) kV rms) end (in
in in kV rms) kV rms) (in kV A rms)
kV rms) kV rms) rms)

0% 237.116 243.97 239.990 246.9 240.767 247.593 0 253.14

4
15% 69.954 74.437 70.760 74.963 70.925 75.023 38.432 91.216
30% 35.237 38.566 35.68 38.724 35.703 38.728 46.925 55.861

Table 36: Stuck Breaker Condition: phase voltage in open phase and
reactor neutral voltage of circuit 1: Case 8
Xn/Xs Adani Adani Midpoint Midpoint Rahanpur Rahanpur Neutral Neutral
value Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus voltage current
(R (Y (R phase (Y phase (R phase (Y phase at at
phase phase voltage in voltage voltage in voltage in Adani Adani
voltage voltage kV rms) in kV rms) kV rms) end (in
in in kV rms) (in kV Arms)
kV rms) kV rms) rms)
0% 72.943 69.61 74.455 71.326 75.205 72.173 0 46.669
15% 299.84 303.39 303.416 306.874 304.401 307.797 85.429 202.93
4 7 9
30% 101.49 105.16 102.826 106.412 102.946 106.444 69.046 82.024
1 7

Page 50 of 115
REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
 5.3.3 INDUCED VOLTAGES ON DE-ENERGIZED CIRCUIT

A shunt compensated de-energized circuit running on the same right of way with
an energized circuit is subjected to high-induced voltages due to parallel
resonance. The phenomenon of induced voltages, due to electrostatic and
electromagnetic coupling, on a shunt compensated de-energized circuit from a
parallel-energized circuit is presented in this section. The de-energized circuit may
be subjected to over voltages due to parallel resonance between the reactor and
the line capacitance. The occurrence of parallel resonance is defined by the de-
energized circuit parameters and the value of induced voltages is determined by
the mutual coupling with the energized circuit.

As the NGR is connected at the neutral point of the phase reactor, this may lead
to a sustained oscillation in the ring down voltage on the de-energized circuit in a
double circuit line. In the extreme case, depending upon the line length and degree
of shunt reactive compensation on the line, it may result into resonating over
voltages. Hence suitability of NGR value needs to be examined, considering
opening of the all three phases on both ends of the one circuit while other circuit
remains in energized condition.

The system considered for the analysis of induced voltages on the de-energized
circuit with other circuit is de-energized. Both electrostatic and electromagnetic
coupling between the two circuits have been duly considered for the analysis and
results are presented in Table 37.

Table 37: Induced voltages on de-energized circuit with varying neutral

grounding reactor
Case Maximum 0% 15% 30%
Induced
Voltage (kVp)
Induced voltage on de-energized Phase to earth 27.815 27.645 27.619
circuit by energizing the other At line Reactor 0.0019 30.053 V 31.167 V
circuit neutral to earth V
Induced voltage on Adani Phase to earth 1162 207.958 135.636
the de-energized At line Reactor 0 61.647 58.160
circuit by energizing neutral to earth
the other circuit and Midpoint Phase to earth 219.739 97.766 85.554
SLG fault on At line Reactor 0 10.531 10.134
energized circuit neutral to earth
Rahanpur Phase to earth 150.520 62.205 64.142
At line Reactor 0 6.46 6.266

Page 51 of 115
REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
 neutral to earth

5.3.4 SUMMARY OF NGR STUDIES

The summary of NGR system studies presented in Table 218 and specifications
are chosen accordingly.

Table 218: Summary of NGR system studies

Parameter Selection Criteria

Rated Impedance From steady state analysis with SPS, stuck breaker studies
and induced voltages on de-energized studies, NGR value
30% of Xs is selected. To achieve dead time of 1.0s, it is noted
that secondary arc fault current should be less than 40 A, The
NGR rated impedance of 840 ohm is selected.

Rated For 10 sec From steady state analysis with SPS and stuck breaker the
current maximum neutral current observed is 82.5Arms (From struck
and breaker studies). Hence short time current and voltage rating
voltage for 10 sec is selected as 100Arms and 70.0kVrms respectively.

Continuous From IEEE Std 32-1972, 3% of the thermal rating current is

current 3.0Arms. Considering safety factor, continuous current and
voltage rating is selected as 5Arms and 4.2 kVrms respectively.

Rated peak current From IEEE Std 32-1972, page no.3&4, table3, NGRs should
be able to withstand, without mechanical failure, forces
associated with the crest of the offset current wave, assuming
sub transient reactance fault conditions. This current shall be
determined from the following equation:

I C = K IT

where I C = Crest of the initial offset current, K= Multiplier from

table 3, IEEE std-32-1972, and IT = Thermal current rating (10
sec current rating) in r.m.s= 100 A.

The calculated K value [table 3, IEEE 32-1972] for present

system is around 3.31. Therefore, the crest of the initial offset
current = 3.3*100 = 330 A.

Hence 370 Apeak is selected for rated peak current.

1
The X/R ratio at point A (thevenins equivalent X/R at neutral point of the reactor) for the system
shown in Fig B2 [Annexure-B] is around 50. The calculated K value is, [From IEEE 32-1972]
K = 1.2*1 + e[ − ( R / X )]  * 2  3.3

Page 52 of 115
REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
Neutral voltage during From steady state analysis with SPS, transient analysis with
abnormal conditions SPS, and stuck breaker, it is seen that the maximum neutral
voltage is 70 kVrms. From the IEEE Std 32-1972, insulation
class is selected as 69 kVrms and BIL of the neutral reactor is
selected as 350 kVpeak.

Selection of surge Surge arrester for protection of neutral reactor is selected

arrester based on the temporary overvoltage requirement of the neutral
reactor (70 kVrms for 10 seconds). 66 kVrms duty cycle rated
arrester is chosen, as its temporary overvoltage capability for
10 seconds (74.2 kVrms) is greater than the temporary
overvoltage requirement of the neutral reactor.

5.3.5 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF NGR

The technical specifications of neutral grounding reactor are presented in Table 39

for ready reference.

Table 39: Neutral Grounding Reactor Rating

Rated Impedance 840 ohms

100 Arms, for 10 seconds

Rated Current
5 Arms, Continuous

Rated Voltage 84 kVrms, for 10 seconds

4.2 kVrms, for continuous

Rated peak current 370 Apeak

Rated Power 8400 kVAr for 10 seconds

21 kVAr Continuous

Rated Frequency 50 Hz

Rated Insulation Class at neutral point 69 kVrms

Minimum BIL value at neutral point of LI 350 kVpeak

reactor

Page 53 of 115
REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
 Minimum BIL value at neutral bushing LI 380 kVpeak
of reactor

No. of Phases 1

Connection Single Phase/Neutral

Insulation class at earthing side 15 kVrms

BIL Earthing Side LI 110 kVpeak

Temperature Rise To be specified by Vendor

Surge Arrester, class 4 66 kVrms rated voltage

5.3.6 SUCCESSFUL SINGLE POLE AUTO RECLOSURE FEASIBILITY

STUDY FOR ALL 400 KV LINES

In an EHV system, rapid single-phase auto-reclosing is generally employed to

improve power supply reliability. When one phase of the system is switched off due
to a single phase to ground fault, under the effects of coupling of the interphase
capacitance and the interphase inductance, there is a current flowing through the
fault point of the switched-off faulty phase, known as the secondary arc current.

Usually, the capacitive component is dominant for most uncompensated lines.

After the secondary arc (current) extinguishes, the capacitance and inductance will
produce a recovery voltage across the arc path. The secondary arc current and the
recovery voltage increase the difficulty of auto-extinction and may cause a failure
of auto-reclosing, and thus affect the power supply security and system stability.

Based on secondary arc current magnitude, arc extinguishing time to be computed

as 𝑡 = 0.25 ∗ (0.1 ∗ 𝐼𝑠𝑎𝑟𝑐 + 1). For all 400 kV lines without and with bus reactors
single pole switching studies have been conducted and corresponding results are
presented in Table 40 and Table 41 respectively.

Table 40: Recovery voltage and secondary arc current without 125 MVAr bus
reactors

Circui
t ID Sending End Mid-Point Receiving Point

Page 54 of 115
REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
 Recover Secondar
y Secondar Arc Recover Secondar Arc Recovery y Arc Arc
Voltage y Current Extinguis y Voltage y Current Extinguis Voltage Current Extinguis
(kV rms) (Arms) h time (s) (kV rms) (Arms) h time (s) (kV rms) (Arms) h time (s)
144.1
1 142.4 24.75 0.87 6 24.75 0.87 145.04 24.75 0.87
2 40.44 13.4 0.585 41 14.14 0.604 41.44 14.14 0.604
3 48.8 26.87 0.92 48.8 26.87 0.92 50.2 27.6 0.94
4 62.1 32.5 1.06 62.72 32.53 1.06 62.8 33.23 1.08
5 74.9 45.96 1.4 74.81 45.25 1.38 72.76 43.84 1.35
6 60.8 26.8 0.92 60.1 26.16 0.9 59.18 25.45 0.89
Circuit ID -1: 400 kV, 133.7 km double circuit line between ADANI INDIA to RAHANPUR
Substations
Circuit ID -2: 400 kV, 104 km double circuit line between RAHANPUR to BOGURA WEST
Substations
Circuit ID -3: 400 kV, 140 km double circuit line between BOGURA WEST to KALILOIR
Substations
Circuit ID -4: 400 kV, 168.4 km double circuit line between BIBIYANA to KALILOIR Substations
Circuit ID -5: 400 kV, 177 km single circuit line between ROOPPUR to KALILOIR Substations
Circuit ID -6: 400 kV, 104 km single circuit line between ROOPPUR to BOGURA WEST
Substations

Table 41: Recovery voltage and secondary arc current with 125 MVAr bus
reactors
Circui
t ID Sending End Mid-Point Receiving Point

Recover Recover
y Secondar Arc y Secondar Arc Recovery Secondar Arc
Voltage y Current Extinguis Voltage y Current Extinguis Voltage y Current Extinguish
(kV rms) (Arms) h time (s) (kV rms) (Arms) h time (s) (kV rms) (Arms) time (s)
144.7
1 4 24.75 0.87 146.5 24.75 0.87 147.43 24.75 0.87
14.141
2 41.51 14.14 0.604 42 4 0.604 42.42 14.14 0.604
3 48.79 27.6 0.94 48.79 27.6 0.94 49.07 27.6 0.94
4 62.08 32.53 1.06 62.72 32.53 1.06 62.8 33.23 1.08
5 76.15 46.66 1.42 75.73 45.96 1.4 74.45 45.25 1.38
6 61.51 26.87 0.92 60.81 26.87 0.92 60.6 26.16 0.904
Circuit ID -1: 400 kV, 133.7 km double circuit line between ADANI INDIA to RAHANPUR
Substations
Circuit ID -2: 400 kV, 104 km double circuit line between RAHANPUR to BOGURA WEST
Substations
Circuit ID -3: 400 kV, 140 km double circuit line between BOGURA WEST to KALILOIR
Substations
Circuit ID -4: 400 kV, 168.4 km double circuit line between BIBIYANA to KALILOIR Substations
Circuit ID -5: 400 kV, 177 km single circuit line between ROOPPUR to KALILOIR Substations
Circuit ID -6: 400 kV, 104 km single circuit line between ROOPPUR to BOGURA WEST
Substations

Page 55 of 115
REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
 It is seen from the results, Circuit ID 4 and 5 are not satisfying dead time of 1.0 s for
successful single pole auto reclosure. In order to achieve successful SPAR for these
circuits High Speed Ground Switch (HSGS) technique is applied and simulation results
are presented in Table 42. The operation procedure for HSGS technique is shown in
Figure 5.

Table 42: Recovery voltage and secondary arc current with HSGS technique

Circuit
Sending End Mid-Point Receiving Point
ID

Recovery Secondar Arc Recovery Secondar Arc Recovery Secondar Arc

Voltage y Current Extinguish Voltage y Current Extinguish Voltage y Current Extinguish
(kV rms) (Arms) time (s) (kV rms) (Arms) time (s) (kV rms) (Arms) time (s)

4 62.08 7.8 0.45 62.7 15.55 0.64 62.79 7.8 0.45

5 74.86 14.85 0.62 74.74 17.67 0.69 73.8 16.97 0.67
Circuit ID -4: 400 kV, 168.4 km double circuit line between BIBIYANA to KALILOIR Substations
Circuit ID -5: 400 kV, 177 km single circuit line between ROOPPUR to KALILOIR Substations

Figure 5: Operation sequence of circuit breaker and HSGS

6 Reactor Switching and Breaker TRV Study

At EHV level shunt reactors are used to regulate the reactive power balance of
a system by means of compensating for the surplus reactive power generation

Page 56 of 115
REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
 of transmission lines. Reactors are normally disconnected at heavy load and
are connected to the bus bars/lines at periods of lightly load. Consequently,
frequent switching is a significant characteristic of reactors. The reactors absorb
the reactive power and reduce the over voltages during light load conditions,
and also reduce transient over voltages due to switching and lightning surges.
However, shunt reactors can reduce line load ability if they are not disconnected
under full load conditions and during the energisation, a high unsymmetrical
current can occur. The unsymmetrical phase inrush currents during a shunt
reactor energization will cause saturation of the reactor, hence overheating.

At de-energization, transient recovery voltage with considerable magnitude

occurs across the breaker contacts. The main insulation of reactors can be
overstressed if the breaker has high current chopping character. The switching
over voltage can be dangerous for equipment if their peak value exceeds the
rated switching impulse withstand voltage of the equipment. It is very important
to know the level of dielectrics stress that occurs during operation of the system
in order to avoid the insulation failures of the system. Each interruption involves
a complex interaction between the circuit breaker, source, line/feeder
connection and the reactor circuits. This interaction results in over voltages.
Successful synchronous switching can reduce the mechanical and
electromagnetic stress endured during normal switching operations.

The operating principle of controlled switching systems is described using Figure

. In controlled closing, the timing of mechanical contact touch (closing) for
establishing electrical connection (making) between the contacts of the circuit
breaker is controlled in a particular phase of system voltage. The function
consists of the following steps:

1. The target-closing phase is determined taking into consideration the

electrical characteristics and scattering in mechanical operation of the
circuit breaker and the load-side conditions.
2. The next closing time (time between input instant of the controlled
closing command and the instant of closing) is predicted based on
environmental conditions and previous operating times.

Page 57 of 115
REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
 Tperiod
3. The delay time ( Td = (2n + 1)  − Tpc , where Tperiod is the time period
4
of power frequency and Tpc is predicted closing time of circuit breaker,
n is an integer) is calculated and set in the timer. The delay time refers
to the difference in time between the target-closing phase minus the
predicted closing time and the latest zero-crossing point.
4. With the closing command input, the zero-crossing point is detected to
start the timer. After the elapse of the delay time, the controlled closing
command is output to start the closing operation of the circuit breaker.
After the elapse of the closing time, the circuit breaker is closed. The actual
closing time is measured from the main circuit current or travel sensor, which is
then reflected in the prediction of the next closing time.

Figure 6: Block diagram of controlled switching system.

Generally, Controlled Switching Device (CSD) is used during de-energization as

well as energization operations of shunt reactors. However, for substations
configured with One-and-Half Breaker (OHB) or line connected to non-switchable
reactor scheme, the Pre-Insertion Resistor Circuit Breaker (PIR-CB) might be used
during switching of shunt reactor. Optimized controlled switching strategy to
minimize the level of asymmetric dc component of charging current during
energization of a shunt reactor using CSD with PIR-CB.
From the steady state power flow analysis, it is noted that 1x125 MVAr reactors
proposed at Rahanpur 400 kV, Bogura West 400 kV and Rooppur 400 kV

Page 58 of 115
REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
substations. For these reactors energization and de-energization studies are
conducted. Also, 1x63 MVAr line along with NGR is considered for reactor
switching study.

6.1 REACTOR ENERGIZATION STUDY

In this case study reactor energization conducted with following options.

• Random switching without control

• Switching with 400 Ohm PIR for 10 ms insertion time.
• Controlled switching (closing at Voltage peak)

Energization study results are presented in Table 43 and PSCAD simulation

waveforms are presented in Annexure-5.

Table 43: Shunt reactor energization study results

Zero
Inrush sequence
current current
Sl No Substation Reactor Reactor Size Control (kA) (kA)
1 Rahanpur BUS 1x125 MVAr 0.455 0.08
2 Bogura west BUS 1x125 MVAr 0.457 0.08
3 Rooppur BUS 1x125 MVAr 0.449 0.08
4 Adani Line 1x63 MVAr No control 0.232 0.028
5 Rahanpur BUS 1x125 MVAr 0.36 0.08
PIR -400
6 Bogura west BUS 1x125 MVAr 0.362 0.08
ohms and
7 Rooppur BUS 1x125 MVAr insertion 0.357 0.08
8 Adani Line 1x63 MVAr 10 ms 0.232 0.028
0.07
(spike for
9 Rahanpur BUS 1x125 MVAr 0.24 5 ms)
0.07
(spike for
10 Bogura west BUS 1x125 MVAr 0.241 5 ms)
0.07
(spike for
11 Rooppur BUS 1x125 MVAr 0.237 5 ms)
0.025
(spike for
12 Adani Line 1x63 MVAr CSD 0.139 5 ms)

It is noted from the Table 43 simulation results, with controlled switching dc offset
current is almost eliminated while energizing reactor. With PIR switching dc offset
current is minimized or reduced when compared to without any control.

Page 59 of 115
REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
It is recommended to use control switching device for reactor breakers while
energizing reactors for both bus and line reactors. [

6.2 REACTOR DE-ENERGIZATION STUDY

When a circuit breaker interrupts small inductive current several transient

phenomena is observed. However not all of them occur necessarily during each
interruption with small inductive currents, the medium used for arc extinguishing
will develop fast residual column resistance, and abrupt current interruption before
its natural zero crossing may occurs. Release of energy stored in the reactor
inductance will cause the electromagnetic transients that may result in switching
over voltages. These transients and their oscillation modes are dependent on the
load and the system configuration where the reactor is installed.
Basically, circuit breakers are designed for interrupting shunt reactor currents. In
fact the current may be forced pre-maturely to zero due to arc instability, a
phenomenon referred to as current chopping. For SF6 circuit breaker the values
of chopping currents are typically in the range of 2-14A. The value of the chopped
current depends on the capacitance Ct seen from the circuit breaker terminals, the
number N of interrupters in series per pole and the chopping number  for a single
interrupter, which is a characteristic value of the circuit breaker. The chopping
current level is given by the following equation.

ich =  NCt A

Since  is dependent of arcing time ( Ta ), all circuit breakers exhibit a high

probability of re-ignition for arcing times shorter than T a min (maximal arcing time at
which re-ignition is still probable). Provided the arcing time can be controlled such
that it exceeds T a min, the probability of re-ignition is practically negligible. For the
system considered the values of  for chopping currents in the range of 5 to 10 A,

lie between 6.623 104 and 13.245 104 A / F . According to IEC 61223 the
chopping number  is a function of arcing time and can be approximated by the
following equation

mean = (0.22Ta + 9) 104 A/ F

Within the range of arcing time 5ms < Ta < 14ms with standard deviation
s = 0.8 104

Page 60 of 115
REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
The arcing time can be computed by principle of synchronous trip operation, which
is shown in Figure .

Figure 7: Synchronous trip operation

Synchronous trip operation in the circuit breaker by properly selecting

synchronizing time delay Ty is given by following equation

Ty = M  Tzero − Tarc − Topen

where,

M is an integer number of half cycles

Tzero is half cycle duration of power frequency

Tarc is an arcing time

Topen is a mechanical opening time

The energy trapped in the load side inductance and capacitance at the instant of
current chopping will oscillate between the inductance and the parallel
capacitance. The first peak of the oscillation has the same polarity as the system
voltage at the time of interruption, leading to the chopping over voltage. The
chopping over voltage factor ka can be calculated by observing the energy balance.

Vam 3N2
ka = = 1+
V0 2Q

where,

Vam is the Suppression peak over voltage at the instant of chopping

Page 61 of 115
REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
 V0 is the power frequency crest voltage across the shunt reactor at the
instant of current interruption and is usually practically the peak voltage
of the power frequency system voltage to ground

Q is the three-phase reactor rating (VA)

 A 
 is the chopping number   for a single interrupter
 F

 is the angular rated power frequency

N is the number of interrupting units in series per pole (usually it is 2).

In accordance with the circuit breaker experimental record 2 the longest

arcing time at which re-ignition still occurred was Ta min  7.5ms

For avoiding the re-ignition of circuit breaker, we assume Ta = 8m s and

chopping number  = 12.36 104 A / F

3𝑁𝜆2
Then Chopping overvoltage factor 𝑘𝑎 = √1 + = 1.472𝑝𝑢 = 480 𝑘𝑉
2𝜔𝑄

And the magnitude of recovery voltage across the circuit breaker contacts is

𝑘𝑟 = 1 + 𝑘𝑎 = 2.472𝑝𝑢 = 806 𝑘𝑉

Since small inductive current interruption is similar to that of no load and may be
approximated by the cold gas dielectric recovery characteristic. The increase of
power frequency (50 Hz) withstand voltage as a function of time and contact gap
for cold SF6 gas can be, based upon experiments on a 400 kV circuit breaker,
approximated by equation;

U d = (10  10−3 d 2 + 20.7d + 7.1)kV

With d = v  t , where Ud is the circuit breaker contact gap withstand voltage, d is

the contact gap at a time instant t (ms) and v is the contact velocity (m/s) at
opening.

Dielectric recovery characteristic for the cold gas is shown in Figure .

2
Switching of shunt reactors – Theoretical and practical determination of High voltage Circuit Breaker
Behavior proceedings of the CIGRE SC 13 Colloquium pp 13-95, September 1995

Page 62 of 115
REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
 Figure 8: Dielectric recovery characteristics for the SF6 cold gas

Re-ignition over Voltage:

Re-ignition overvoltage is generated by the re-ignition following the initial

interruption and arc extinction. Re-ignitions are provoked when the recovery
voltage across the circuit breaker contact gap exceeds the dielectric withstand of
the residual column. With damping considered, the maximum magnitude of the re-
ignition overvoltage given by the following equation.

𝑘𝑝 = 1 + 𝛽(1 + 𝑘𝑎 ) = 2.236 𝑝𝑢 = 730 𝑘𝑉

Where  is damping factor and is associated with the oscillation normally is

assume to be 0.5. Shunt reactor de-energization case study simulation results are
presented in Table 44 and PSACD simulation waveforms are presented in
Annexure-6.

Table 44: Shunt reactor switching off simulation results

Chopping
Current TRV RRRV
Sl No Substation Reactor Reactor Size (A) (kV) (kV/µs)
1 Rahanpur BUS 1x125 MVAr 883 5.7
2 Bogura west BUS 1x125 MVAr 885 5.8
3 Rooppur BUS 1x125 MVAr 877 5.7
Line with
4 Adani NGR 1x63 MVAr 1207 6.9
Line with
NGR
5 Adani bypass 1x63 MVAr 10 1079 8

Page 63 of 115
REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
 6 Rahanpur BUS 1x125 MVAr 722 4.1
7 Bogura west BUS 1x125 MVAr 725 4.1
8 Rooppur BUS 1x125 MVAr 722 4.1
Line with
9 Adani NGR 1x63 MVAr 908 4.3
Line with
NGR
10 Adani bypass 1x63 MVAr 5 799 4.2
11 Rahanpur BUS 1x125 MVAr 662 3.45
12 Bogura west BUS 1x125 MVAr 664 3.47
13 Rooppur BUS 1x125 MVAr 656 3.42
Line with
14 Adani NGR 1x63 MVAr 781 3.25
Line with
NGR
15 Adani bypass 1x63 MVAr 2 669 3.1

It is noted from the results that the maximum transient recovery voltage for circuit
breaker is around 890 kV peak and 1207 kV peak for bus and line reactor
respectively.

From the theoretical calculations and simulation results presented in Annexure-6,

it can be observed that the transient recovery voltage is 890 kV and 1207 kV, which
is within the acceptable limit when compared with dielectric recovery
characteristics for the SF6 cold gas for an arcing time greater 8 ms even without
consideration of surge arrester. Hence the probability for the occurrence of re-
ignition is minimal.

It is recommended use synchronous switching controller (CSD) along with 400 kV

SF6 circuit breaker to avoid re-ignition and voltage escalation at bus reactor
terminals.

7 Line and Transformer Breaker TRV Study

The recovery voltage is the voltage that appears across the terminals of a pole of
a circuit breaker after interruption. This voltage may be considered in two
successive time intervals: one during which a transient recovery voltage (TRV)
exists, followed by a second during which a power frequency voltage alone exists.

During the interruption process, the arc rapidly loses conductivity as the
instantaneous current approaches zero. Within a few microseconds after current
zero, current stops flowing in the circuit. The power system response to current
interruption generates the TRV. TRV is the difference in the power system

Page 64 of 115
REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
 response voltages on the source side and on the load side of the circuit breaker.
The nature of the TRV depends on the circuit being interrupted: primarily resistive,
capacitive, or inductive (or some combination). Additionally, distributed and lumped
circuit elements will produce different TRV wave shapes.

In principle, the response of the load side and source side of the circuit breaker
can be analyzed separately, and the results can be subtracted point by point on a
time line. The driving voltage is the instantaneous voltage across the circuit
elements at the instant of current interruption.

7.1 BREAKER OPERATION UNDER NORMAL OPERATING CONDITIONS

No load de-energization for 400 kV transmission lines, 520 MVA, 400/132/33 kV

transformer and 750 MVA, 400/230 /33 kV transformer breaker TRV studies are
conducted and corresponding results are presented in Table 22. PSCAD
simulation resultant waveforms are presented in Annexure-7.

Table 22: TRV study results for 400 kV transmission lines and Inter
Connecting Transformers
No load /
Charging
S. Current TRV RRRV
No. Line/ Transormer (Arms) (kV) (kV/µs)
400 kV circuit between Adani to
Rahahpur substations without line
1 Reactors 160 744 0.2
400 kV circuit between Adani to
2 Rahahpur substations with line Reactors 72 737 0.2
400 kV circuit between Rahanpur to
3 Bogura west substations 97 723 0.15
400 kV circuit between kaliakoir to
4 Bogura west substations 168 748 0.21
400 kV circuit between kaliakoirto
Bibiyana substations without line
5 reactors 205 767 0.17
400 kV circuit between kaliakoir to
6 Bibiyana substations with line reactors 169 762 0.2
400 kV circuit between Rooppur to
kaliakoir substations without line
7 reactors 244 796 0.51
400 kV circuit between Rooppur to
8 kaliakoir substations with line reactors 208 765 0.55
400 kV circuit between Rooppur to
9 Bogura west substations 140 746 0.62

Page 65 of 115
REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
 520 MVA, 400/132/33 kV Transformer
10 switching under no load condition 9.0 701 0.82
750 MVA, 400/230/33 kV Transformer
11 switching under no load condition 5.0 788 0.86

It is observed from Table 22 that, TRV and RRRV for line and transformer breaker
is within limits. However, it is recommended to use the CSD for transformer circuit
breaker on 400 kV side and line breakers should have the capability of capacitive
current breaking for 400 A.

7.2 BREAKER OPERATION UNDER FAULT CONDITIONS

Based on Rahanpur and Bogura west substation configurations the following faults
are considered for breaker TRV study.
• 3-phase to ground fault at the breaker terminals
• Transformer limited 3-phase to ground fault
• Short line 1-phase to ground fault
Standard values of transient recovery voltages are considered from IEC 62271-
100 standard and presented in Table 23 for ready reference. SF6 circuit breaker
ratings for Rahanpur and Bogura west substations are presented in Table 24.
Typical stray capacitance values considered for various equipment are considered
from IEEE C37.011-2019 standard and presented in Table 25.
Table 23 : Standard values of transient recovery voltages for solidly earthed
systems representation by four parameters
first
pole Frist TRV
Voltage to Amplitud reference Time peak Time Time Voltag RRRV
Test Time
Class clear e factor voltage t1 value t2 delay e u' u1/t1
duty t' (µs)
(kV) facto kaf (p.u) u1 (µs) uc (us) td (µs) (kV) (kV/µs)
r kpp (kV) (kV)
(p.u)
Termin
1.3 1.4 334 167 624 668 2 167 86 2
al fault
420
Short
line 1 1.4 257 129 480 516 2 129 66 2
fault
Termin
1.3 1.4 195 98 364 392 2 98 51 2
al fault
245
Short
line 1 1.4 150 75 280 300 2 75 40 2
fault
Termin
145 1.5 1.4 133 67 249 268 2 67 35 2
al fault

Page 66 of 115
REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
 Short
line 1 1.4 89 44 166 176 2 44 24 2
fault

Table 24: Circuit breaker ratings for Rahanpur and Bogura west substations
Breaker Ratings
Voltage Voltage Continuous Short time
Substation level (kV) rating rating
400 420 4000 A 50 kA/3s
Rahanpur 132 145 3150 A 40 kA/3s
Bogura 400 420 4000 A 63 kA/3s
west 230 245 3150 A 50 kA/3s

Table 25 : Typical capacitance values for various equipment considered for

breaker TRV study
Sl. No. Equipment Value
1 Steam Generator Capacitance 250 nF
2 Air-to-SF6 bushing capacitance 150 pF
3 Voltage Transformer Capacitance -AIS 450 pF
4 Voltage Transformer Capacitance-GIS 150 pF
5 Capacitive Voltage Transformer Capacitance 1500 pF
6 Current Transformer Capacitance (outdoor) 450 pF
7 SF6 Circuit Breaker Capacitance -close 200 pF
8 Outdoor Disconnector switch-close 200 pF
9 Supporting Insulators 12 pF
10 Lightening Arresters 120 pF
11 Generating Transformer Capacitance 2440 pF
12 Auto transformer Capacitance 3200 pF
13 GIS busbar capacitance per meter 56 pF

Line and transformer breaker TRV study under various fault conditions for
Rahanpur 400 kV substation has been conducted and results are presented in
Table 26. PSCAD simulation waveforms are presented in Annexure-8.

Page 67 of 115
REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
 Table 26: Breaker TRV study for 400 kV Rahanpur substation under fault
conditions
Breaking
Sl. TRV RRRV
Substation Test Duty Element Current Adequacy
No. (kV) (kV/µs)
(kA rms)
Rahanpur
1 -Adani- 13.2 440 0.67 yes
Circuit1
Terminal
Rahanpur
Fault
-Bogura
2 11.5 498 0.8 yes
west-
Circuit1
LV side
fault and
3 HV 3.2 400 6.3 yes
breaker
Transform
operation
Rahanpur er limited
HV side
fault
fault and
4 LV 3.5 53 1.9 yes
breaker
operation
Rahanpur
5 -Adani- 10.6 379 1.72 yes
Circuit1
Short line
Rahanpur
fault
-Bogura
6 9.7 400 1.75 yes
west-
Circuit1

Line and transformer breaker TRV study under various fault conditions for Bogura
west 400 kV substation has been conducted and results are presented in Table 27.
PSCAD simulation waveforms are presented in Annexure-9.

Table 27: Breaker TRV study for 400 kV Rahanpur substation under fault
conditions
Breaking
Sl. Test TRV RRRV
Substation Element Current Adequacy
No. Duty (kV) (kV/µs)
(kA rms)
Bogura
west-
1 25.6 449 0.88 yes
Bogura Terminal Rahanpur
West Fault -Circuit1
Boguraw
2 23.6 463 0.79 yes
est-

Page 68 of 115
REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
 kaliakoir-
Circuit1
Bogura
west-
3 21.4 471 0.8 yes
Rooppur
circuit
LV side
fault and
4 HV 3.6 312 6.2 yes
Transfor breaker
mer operation
limited HV side
fault fault and
5 LV 5.0 138 3.9 yes
breaker
operation
Bogura
west-
6 19.7 373 3.5 yes
Rahanpur
-Circuit1
Bogura
Short line west-
7 18.9 383 2.9 yes
fault kaliakoir-
Circuit1
Bogura
west-
8 17.5 397 2.8 yes
Rooppur
circuit

7.3 OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS

Based on the simulation studies conducted with normal and fault conditions for
Rahanpur and Bogura west 400 kV substations, it is observed that breaker TRV
for line and transformers breakers are well within the limits of ratings of the circuit
breaker.

8 Switching Surge Analysis

When a circuit is energized, re-energized or opened, transient over voltages

termed as switching surges are generated due to associated traveling wave
phenomena. Such over voltages can be designated by a peak magnitude and rise
time. The switching surges on HV system are most severe when an open-ended
line is re-energized rapidly. The presence of trapped charges on the line and the
application of step potential during rapid reclosing of the line can cause switching
over voltages to rise to very high values.

Page 69 of 115
REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
 8.1 400 KV RAHANPUR SWITCHING SURGE ANALYSIS

8.1.1 LINE ENERGIZATION

Line energization study for Rahanpur substation is carried out with the following
control options:

No Control

400 Ohm Pre-Insertion resistor

360 kV Surge arrester control

The resultant switching over voltages are presented in Table 51. PSCAD
simulation waveforms are presented in Annexure-10A.

Table 51: 133.7 km double circuit line energization results

Switch Open Zero

ing end missing
end Volta pheno
Voltag ge mena
400 kV ADANI to RAHANPUR 133.7 km double circuit line e (p.u) (p.u)
Case- With line No
A1 reactor 1.74 2.30
Case- Without line No
A2 1ckt reactor 1.70 2.25
Case- With line No
A3 reactor 1.30 1.72
Case- Without No
A4 Line Closing No Control 2ckt reactor 1.33 1.82
Case- With line No
A5 reactor 1.08 1.12
Case- Without line No
A6 1ckt reactor 1.15 1.24
Case- With line No
A7 reactor 1.11 1.20
Case- Without line No
A8 Line Closing PIR-8ms 2ckt reactor 1.10 1.26
Case- With line No
A9 reactor 1.07 1.08
Case- Without line No
A10 1ckt reactor 1.09 1.16
Case- With line No
A11 reactor 1.07 1.08
Case- Without line No
A12 Line Closing PIR-10ms 2ckt reactor 1.13 1.20
Case- With line No
A13 reactor 1.06 1.06
Case- Without line No
A14 Line Closing PIR-12ms 1ckt reactor 1.13 1.18

Page 70 of 115
REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
 Case- With line No
A15 reactor 1.07 1.08
Case- Without line No
A16 2ckt reactor 1.13 1.26
Case- With line No
A17 reactor 1.68 1.95
Case- Without line No
A18 1ckt reactor 1.67 1.94
Case- With line No
A19 Surge reactor 1.33 1.69
Case- Arrester Without line No
A20 Line Closing Control 2ckt reactor 1.35 1.71

It is observed from Table 51 that switching over voltages are within limits (840 kV
i.e. 80% of 1050 kV). Hence 360 kV surge arresters with class-4 are recommended
to limit the switching over voltages.

8.1.2 LINE RE-ENERGIZATION

Line re-energization study for Rahanpur substation is carried out with the following
control options:

• No Control

• 400 Ohm Pre-Insertion resistor

• 360 kV Surge arrester control

The resultant switching over voltages are presented in Table 52. PSCAD
simulation waveforms are presented in Annexure-10B.

Table 52: 133.7 km double circuit line re-energization results

Open Zero
Switchi end missing
ng end Volta phenome
Voltage ge na
400 kV ADANI to RAHANPUR 133.7 km double circuit line (p.u) (p.u)
Case- With line No
B1 reactor 2.01 2.76
Case- Without line No
B2 1ckt reactor 1.81 2.22
Case- With line No
B3 reactor 1.35 1.96
Case- Re- Without No
B4 Line Closing No Control 2ckt reactor 1.31 2.07
Case- With line No
B5 reactor 1.15 1.15
Case- Without line No
B6 1ckt reactor 1.18 1.29
Case- Re- With line No
B7 Line Closing PIR-8ms 2ckt reactor 1.13 1.20

Page 71 of 115
REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
Case- Without line No
B8 reactor 1.16 1.29
Case- With line No
B9 reactor 1.14 1.14
Case- Without line No
B10 1ckt reactor 1.18 1.26
Case- With line No
B11 reactor 1.11 1.15
Case- Re- Without line No
B12 Line Closing PIR-10ms 2ckt reactor 1.17 1.23
Case- With line No
B13 reactor 1.14 1.15
Case- Without line No
B14 1ckt reactor 1.13 1.16
Case- With line No
B15 reactor 1.11 1.15
Case- Re- Without line No
B16 Line Closing PIR-12ms 2ckt reactor 1.17 1.28
Case- With line No
B17 reactor 1.85 2.08
Case- Without line No
B18 1ckt reactor 1.74 2.04
Case- With line No
B19 reactor 1.38 1.77
Case- Re- Without line No
B20 Line Closing SA Control 2ckt reactor 1.31 1.86

It is observed from Table 52 that, switching over voltages are within limits (840 kV
i.e., 80% of 1050 kV) for PIR and SA control. Hence 360 kV surge arresters with
class-4 are recommended to limit the switching over voltages.

8.1.3 LINE ENERGIZATION WITH SWITCH ON TO FAULT (SOTF)

Line energization with SOTF study for Rahanpur substation is carried out with the
following control options:

• No Control

• 400 Ohm Pre-Insertion resistor

• 360 kV Surge arrester control

The resultant switching overvoltage’s are presented in Table 53. PSCAD

simulation waveforms are presented in Annexure-10C.

Table 53: Results for 133.7 km double circuit line energization with SOTF
Zero
missi
Switching Open ng
end end phen
400 kV ADANI to RAHANPUR 133.7 km double circuit line Voltage Voltage omen
switch to on to fault (p.u) (p.u) on

Page 72 of 115
REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
Case-D1 With line reactor 1.86 2.35 NO
1ck Without line
Case-D2 t reactor 1.88 2.38 NO
Case-D3 Lin No 2ck With line reactor 1.48 1.85 NO
Case-D4 e Closing Control t Without reactor 1.53 1.97 NO
Case-D5 With line reactor 1.26 1.26 NO
1ck Without line
Case-D6 t reactor 1.28 2.28 NO
Case-D7 With line reactor 1.26 1.28 NO
Lin 2ck Without line
Case-D8 e Closing PIR-8ms t reactor 1.35 1.51 NO
Case-D9 With line reactor 1.26 1.25 NO
1ck Without line
Case-D10 t reactor 1.27 1.31 NO
Case-D11 With line reactor 1.27 1.28 NO
Lin 2ck Without line
Case-D12 e Closing PIR-10ms t reactor 1.34 1.44 NO
Case-D13 With line reactor 1.26 1.25 NO
1ck Without line
Case-D14 t reactor 1.28 1.31 NO
Case-D15 With line reactor 1.27 1.28 NO
Lin 2ck Without line
Case-D16 e Closing PIR-12ms t reactor 1.35 1.49 NO
Case-D17 With line reactor 1.78 1.99 NO
1ck Without line
Case-D18 t reactor 1.78 2.00 NO
Case-D19 With line reactor 1.50 1.81 NO
Lin SA 2ck Without line
Case-D20 e Closing Control t reactor 1.52 1.84 NO

It is observed from Table 53 that, switching over voltages are within limits (840 kV
i.e., 80% of 1050 kV) for PIR and SA control. Hence 360 kV surge arresters with
class-4 are recommended to limit the switching over voltages.

8.1.4 TRANSFORMER ENERGIZATION

Transformer energization study for Rahanpur substation is carried out with the following
control options:

• No Control
• CSD no delay (only considered on HV side breaker because independent pole
operation)
• CSD with +/- 2ms (only considered on HV side breaker because independent
pole operation)
• CSD with +/- 3ms (only considered on HV side breaker because independent
pole operation)

The results for transformer energization study without remnant flux are presented in Table
28. PSCAD simulation waveforms are presented in Annexure-11A.

Page 73 of 115
REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
Table 28: 520 MVA Transformer energization study results without remnant
flux

time to reach
Switching 0.95/0.9 pu Inrush
520 MVA 400/132/33 kV Auto end Voltage from voltage Current
transformer energization in pu dip (s) (kA)
CASE- HV
C1 end 0.916 0.4 6.31
CASE- MV
C2 Transformer No Control end 0.936 0.2 4
CASE- HV
C3 end 0.914 0.6 6.34
CASE- MV
C4 Sympathetic No control end 0.944 0.2 4.91
CASE-
C5 Transformer 0.99 1.52
CASE- CSD -no HV
C6 Sympathetic delay end 0.99 1.5
CASE-
C7 Transformer 0.98 2.53
CASE- CSD with HV
C8 Sympathetic 2ms delay end 0.98 2.5
CASE-
C9 Transformer CSD with 0.94 0.2 5.24
CASE- 2ms HV
C10 Sympathetic advance end 0.935 0.3 5.27
CASE-
C11 Transformer 0.95 3.76
CASE- CSD with HV
C12 Sympathetic 3ms delay end 0.95 3.75
CASE-
C13 Transformer CSD with 0.916 0.4 6.28
CASE- 3ms HV
C14 Sympathetic advance end 0.914 0.7 6.314

The results for transformer energization study with remnant flux are presented in Table 29.
PSCAD simulation waveforms are presented in Annexure-11B.

Table 29: 520 MVA Transformer energization study results with remnant
flux
520 MVA 400/132/33 kV Auto time to
transformer energization reach 0.95

Page 74 of 115
REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
 pu from
Switching voltage dip Inrush
end Voltage (s) Current
in pu (kA)

CASE- HV
0.87 0.8 9.14
E1 end
Transformer No Control
CASE- MV
0.876 0.4 6.6
E2 end
CASE- HV
0.866 1.5 9.3
E3 end
Sympathetic No control
CASE- MV
0.9 1.5 8.1
E4 end
CASE-
Transformer 1 - 0.44
E5 CSD -no HV
CASE- delay end
Sympathetic 1 - 0.38
E6
CASE-
Transformer 0.944 0.1 4.5
E7 CSD with HV
CASE- 2ms delay end
Sympathetic 0.941 0.2 4.52
E8
CASE-
Transformer CSD with 0.982 - 2.45
E9 HV
2ms
CASE- end
Sympathetic advance 0.979 - 2.464
E10
CASE-
Transformer 0.915 0.5 6.63
E11 CSD with HV
CASE- 3ms delay end
Sympathetic 0.912 0.6 6.67
E12
CASE-
Transformer CSD with 0.963 - 3.44
E13 HV
3ms
CASE- end
Sympathetic advance 0.96 - 3.46
E14

It is observed from Table 28 and Table 29 that the voltage dip and inrush currents are
minimal for CSD, hence it is recommended to use transformer HV breaker with CSD
control.

8.1.5 OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS

Based on the simulation studies the following observations are made:

• Switching over voltages are under control for both PIR and 360 kV line class
surge arresters.

• DC off set current and zero missing phenomena is not observed.

• Voltage dip at switching end and inrush currents are minimal for transformer
energization with CSD.

Page 75 of 115
REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
 The following recommendations are suggested:

• Switching over voltages during line energization are under control with 360
kV, class-4 surge arrester. Hence no PIR and CSD suggested for line circuit
breakers.

• In order to mitigate voltage dip and inrush currents during transformer

energization it is recommended to use CSD for 400 kV side transformer
breakers.

8.2 400 KV BOGURA WEST SWITCHING SURGE ANALYSIS

8.2.1 LINE ENERGIZATION

Line energization study for Bogura west substation is carried out with the
following control options:

• No Control

• 400 Ohm Pre-Insertion resistor

• 360 kV Surge arrester control

The resultant switching over voltages are presented in Table 56. PSCAD
simulation waveforms are presented in Annexure-12A.

Table 56: Line energization study results for 400 kV Bogura west
substations

Switching
Line-1 :400 kV 140 km double circuit line from Bogura west to end Open end
kaliakoir;Line-2: kaliakoir to Rooppur 177 km 400 kV single Voltage Voltage
circuit (p.u) (p.u)
Case-A1 1ckt 1.72 2.33
Case-A2 Line-1 Closing No control 2ckt 1.37 1.85
Case-A3 1ckt 1.18 1.31
Case-A4 Line-1 Closing PIR-8ms 2ckt 1.16 1.33
Case-A5 1ckt 1.19 1.30
Case-A6 Line-1 Closing PIR-10ms 2ckt 1.16 1.31
Case-A7 1ckt 1.17 1.29
Case-A8 Line-1 Closing PIR-12ms 2ckt 1.17 1.31
Case-A9 1ckt 1.67 1.95
case-A10 Line-1 Closing SA Control 2ckt 1.33 1.70
Case-A11 With Line Reactor 1.61 2.22
Without Line
Case-A12 Line-2 Closing No control Reactor 1.61 2.25
Case-A13 With Line Reactor 1.28 1.46
Without Line
Case-A14 Line-2 Closing PIR-8ms Reactor 1.31 1.55
Case-A15 Line-2 Closing PIR-10ms With Line Reactor 1.23 1.39

Page 76 of 115
REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
 Without Line
Case-A16 Reactor 1.29 1.52
Case-A17 With Line Reactor 1.21 1.37
Without Line
Case-A18 Line-2 Closing PIR-12ms Reactor 1.29 1.51
Case-A19 With Line Reactor 1.6 1.91
Without Line
Case-A20 Line-2 Closing SA Control Reactor 1.59 1.92

It is observed from Table 56 that switching over voltages are within limits (840 kV
i.e., 80% of 1050 kV). Hence 360 kV surge arresters with class-4 are recommended
to limit the switching over voltages.

8.2.2 LINE RE-ENERGIZATION

Line re-energization study for Bogura west substation is carried out with the
following control options:

• No Control

• 400 Ohm Pre-Insertion resistor

• 360 kV Surge arrester control

The resultant switching over voltages are presented in Table 57. PSCAD
simulation waveforms are presented in Annexure-12B.

Table 57: Line Re-energization study results for 400 kV Bogura west
substations

Switching
Line-1 :400 kV 140 km double circuit line from Bogura west to end Open end
kaliakoir;Line-2: kaliakoir to Rooppur 177 km 400 kV single Voltage Voltage
circuit (p.u) (p.u)
Case-B1 1ckt 1.90 2.65
Case-B2 Line-1 Re-Closing No control 2ckt 1.50 2.36
Case-B3 1ckt 1.23 1.33
Case-B4 Line-1 Re-Closing PIR-8ms 2ckt 1.36 1.43
Case-B5 1ckt 1.23 1.33
Case-B6 Line-1 Re-Closing PIR-10ms 2ckt 1.36 1.43
Case-B7 1ckt 1.23 1.33
Case-B8 Line-1 Re-Closing PIR-12ms 2ckt 1.36 1.43

Case-B9 1ckt 1.78 2.07

Case-B10 Line-1 Re-Closing SA Control 2ckt 1.34 1.88

Case-B11 Line-2 Re-Closing No control with line reactor 1.83 2.6

Page 77 of 115
REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
 without line
Case-B12 reactor 1.91 2.72

Case-B13 with line reactor 1.33 1.55

without line
Case-B14 Line-2 Re-Closing PIR-8ms reactor 1.32 1.56

Case-B15 with line reactor 1.16 1.29

without line
Case-B16 Line-2 Re-Closing PIR-10ms reactor 1.32 1.55

Case-B17 with line reactor 1.17 1.26

without line
Case-B18 Line-2 Re-Closing PIR-12ms reactor 1.3 1.53

Case-B19 with line reactor 1.77 2.07

without line
Case-B20 Line-2 Re-Closing SA Control reactor 1.79 2.08

It is observed from Table 57 that, switching over voltages are within limits (840 kV
i.e., 80% of 1050 kV) for PIR and SA control. Hence 360 kV surge arresters with
class-4 are recommended to limit the switching over voltages.

8.2.3 TRANSFORMER ENERGIZATION

Transformer energization study for Bogura west substation is carried out with the
following control options:

• No Control
• CSD no delay
• CSD with +/- 2ms
• CSD with +/- 3ms

The results for transformer energization study from 400 kV side without remnant
flux are presented in Table 30. PSCAD simulation waveforms are presented in
Annexure-13A.

Table 30: 750 MVA Transformer energization study results from 400 kV side
without remnant flux
Time
to
Switchin recove
Inrush
750 MVA 400/230/33 kV Auto transformer g end r the
Curren
energization voltage voltag
t (kA)
(pu) e to
0.95
pu

Page 78 of 115
REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
 from
voltag
e dip
(s)

Transform
CASE-C1 0.915 0.4 9.1
er Charg
Sympatheti No e from
CASE-C2 0.919 0.6 9.4
c Control HV
Sympatheti end
CASE-C3 0.923 0.7 9.6
c
Transform
CASE-C4 0.99 - 2.2
er Charg
Sympatheti CSD-No e from
CASE-C5 0.988 - 2.24
c delay HV
Sympatheti end
CASE-C6 0.985 - 2.3
c
Transform
CASE-C7 0.98 - 3.63
er Charg
Sympatheti CSD-2 e from
CASE-C8 0.98 - 3.67
c ms delay HV
Sympatheti end
CASE-C9 0.978 - 3.74
c
Transform
CASE-C10 0.936 0.2 7.54
er Charg
CSD-2
Sympatheti e from
CASE-C11 ms 0.938 0.2 7.79
c HV
advance
Sympatheti end
CASE-C12 0.94 0.2 8
c
Transform
CASE-C13 0.95 - 5.42
er Charg
CSD-
Sympatheti e from
CASE-C14 3ms 0.952 - 5.53
c HV
delay
Sympatheti end
CASE-C15 0.952 - 5.66
c
Transform
CASE-C16 0.915 0.4 9.04
er Charg
CSD- 3
Sympatheti e from
CASE-C17 ms 0.919 0.6 9.34
c HV
advance
Sympatheti end
CASE-C18 0.922 0.6 9.6
c
The results for transformer energization study from 400 kV side with remnant flux
are presented in Table 31. PSCAD simulation waveforms are presented in
Annexure-13B.

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REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
 Table 31: 750 MVA Transformer energization study results from 400 kV side
with remnant flux
Time to
recover
Switching the
Inrush
750 MVA 400/230/33 kV Auto transformer end voltage
Current
energization voltage to 0.95
(kA)
(pu) pu from
voltage
dip (s)
CASE-D1 Transformer Charge 0.866 0.8 13.23
CASE-D2 Sympathetic from 0.873 2 13.67
No Control
HV
CASE-D3 Sympathetic end 0.88 2 14.03
CASE-D4 Transformer Charge 1 - 1.12
CASE-D5 Sympathetic CSD-No from 1 - 1.06
delay HV
CASE-D6 Sympathetic end 1 - 1.05
CASE-D7 Transformer Charge 0.939 0.2 6.74
CASE-D8 Sympathetic CSD-2 ms from 0.94 0.2 6.95
delay HV
CASE-D9 Sympathetic end 0.942 0.2 7.1
CASE-D10 Transformer Charge 0.986 - 3.26
CASE-D11 Sympathetic CSD-2 ms from 0.984 - 3.37
advance HV
CASE-D12 Sympathetic end 0.982 - 3.46
CASE-D13 Transformer Charge 0.911 0.6 9.8
CASE-D14 Sympathetic CSD- 3ms from 0.914 0.6 10.1
delay HV
CASE-D15 Sympathetic end 0.917 0.8 10.33
CASE-D16 Transformer Charge 0.967 - 4.69
CASE-D17 Sympathetic CSD- 3 ms from 0.966 - 4.85
advance HV
CASE-D18 Sympathetic end 0.966 - 4.97

The results for transformer energization study from 230 kV side without remnant
flux are presented in Table 32. PSCAD simulation waveforms are presented in
Annexure-13C.

Table 32: 750 MVA Transformer energization study results from 230 kV side
without remnant flux

Time to
Switching recover
Inrush
750 MVA 400/230/33 kV Auto transformer end the
Current
energization voltage voltage
(kA)
(pu) to 0.95
pu from

Page 80 of 115
REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
 voltage
dip (s)

CASE-E1 Transformer Charge 0.941 0.2 5.7

CASE-E2 Sympathetic No Control from MV 0.95 - 6.1
CASE-E3 Sympathetic end 0.953 - 6.36
CASE-E4 Transformer Charge 0.992 - 1.4
CSD-No
CASE-E5 Sympathetic from MV 0.988 - 1.54
delay
CASE-E6 Sympathetic end 0.986 - 1.55
CASE-E7 Transformer Charge 0.985 - 2.28
CSD-2 ms
CASE-E8 Sympathetic from MV 0.985 - 2.38
delay
CASE-E9 Sympathetic end 0.983 - 2.44
CASE-E10 Transformer Charge 0.955 - 4.7
CSD-2 ms
CASE-E11 Sympathetic from MV 0.966 - 5.12
advance
CASE-E12 Sympathetic end 0.962 - 5.32
CASE-E13 Transformer Charge 0.965 - 3.42
CSD- 3ms
CASE-E14 Sympathetic from MV 0.97 - 3.6
delay
CASE-E15 Sympathetic end 0.97 - 3.71
CASE-E16 Transformer Charge 0.941 0.2 5.62
CSD- 3 ms
CASE-E17 Sympathetic from MV 0.95 - 6.1
advance
CASE-E18 Sympathetic end 0.954 - 6.37
The results for transformer energization study from 230 kV side with remnant flux
are presented in Table 33. PSCAD simulation waveforms are presented in
Annexure-13D.

Table 33: 750 MVA Transformer energization study results from 230 kV side
with remnant flux
time to
recover
Switching the
Inrush
750 MVA 400/230/33 kV Auto transformer end voltage
Current
energization voltage to 0.95
(kA)
(pu) pu from
voltage
dip (s)
CASE-F1 Transformer Charge 0.908 0.7 8.26
CASE-F2 Sympathetic from 0.923 1.2 8.87
No Control
MV
CASE-F3 Sympathetic end 0.932 1.2 9.26
CASE-F4 Transformer Charge 1 - 0.68
CASE-F5 Sympathetic CSD-No from 0.995 - 0.65
delay MV
CASE-F6 Sympathetic end 0.991 - 0.63

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REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
CASE-F7 Transformer Charge 0.957 - 4.2
CASE-F8 Sympathetic CSD-2 ms from 0.962 - 4.4
delay MV
CASE-F9 Sympathetic end 0.964 - 4.6
CASE-F10 Transformer Charge 0.989 - 2.1
CASE-F11 Sympathetic CSD-2 ms from 0.986 - 2.28
advance MV
CASE-F12 Sympathetic end 0.985 - 2.36
CASE-F13 Transformer Charge 0.937 0.3 6.15
CASE-F14 Sympathetic CSD- 3ms from 0.946 0.2 6.49
delay MV
CASE-F15 Sympathetic end 0.95 - 6.76
CASE-F16 Transformer Charge 0.976 - 2.95
CASE-F17 Sympathetic CSD- 3 ms from 0.976 - 3.22
advance MV
CASE-F18 Sympathetic end 0.976 - 3.36

It is observed from Table 30 to Table 33 that, voltage dip and inrush currents are
minimal for CSD, hence it is recommended to use transformer HV and MV breaker
with CSD control.

8.2.4 OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS

Based on the simulation studies the following observations are made:

• Switching over voltages are under control for both PIR and 360 kV line class
surge arresters.

• Voltage dip at switching end and inrush currents are minimal for transformer
energization with CSD.

The following recommendations are suggested:

• Switching over voltages during line energization are under control with 360
kV, class-4 surge arrester. Hence no PIR and CSD suggested for line circuit
breakers.

• In order to mitigate voltage dip and inrush currents during transformer

energization it is recommended to use CSD for 400 kV side transformer
breakers.

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REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
 8.3 SWITCHING SURGE ANALYSIS FOR BY PASSING RAHANPUR 400 KV
SUBSTATION

8.3.1 LINE ENERGIZATION

Line energization study for 400 kV line from Bogura west to Adani 400 kV
substations with bypassing 400kV rahanpur substation and switching from Bogura
end is carried out with the following control options:

• No Control

• 400 Ohm Pre-Insertion resistor

• 360 kV Surge arrester control

The resultant switching over voltages are presented in Table 62. PSCAD
simulation waveforms are presented in Annexure-14A.

Table 62: Line energization results for bypassing 400 kV Rahanpur

substation
Switchin Open Zero
g end end missing
400 kV ADANI to Bogura west 237.7 km double circuit Voltage Voltage phenomena
line from Bogura end (p.u) (p.u)
Case-A1 With Reactor 1.43 2.05 No
Without No
Case-A2 1ckt Reactor 1.42 2.06
Case-A3 With Reactor 1.26 1.94 No
No Without No
Case-A4 Line Closing Control 2ckt Reactor 1.28 1.93
Case-A5 With Reactor 1.14 1.36 No
Without No
Case-A6 1ckt Reactor 1.24 1.57
Case-A7 With Reactor 1.17 1.31 No
PIR- Without No
Case-A8 Line Closing 8ms 2ckt Reactor 1.17 1.39
Case-A9 With Reactor 1.10 1.18 No
Without No
Case-A10 1ckt Reactor 1.27 1.61
Case-A11 With Reactor 1.17 1.29 No
PIR- Without No
Case-A12 Line Closing 10ms 2ckt Reactor 1.25 1.43
Case-A13 With Reactor 1.10 1.20 No
Without No
Case-A14 1ckt Reactor 1.21 1.54
Case-A15 With Reactor 1.17 1.34 No
PIR- Without No
Case-A16 Line Closing 12ms 2ckt Reactor 1.27 1.49
SA 1.48 (10 1.88 No
Case-A17 Line Closing Control 1ckt With Reactor kJ) (113 kJ)

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REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
 Without 1.47 (10 1.88 No
Case-A18 Reactor kJ) (125 kJ)
1.81 (73 No
Case-A19 With Reactor 1.25 kJ)
Without 1.81 No
Case-A20 2ckt Reactor 1.24 (108 kJ)

It is observed from Table 62 that switching over voltages are within limits (840 kV
i.e. 80% of 1050 kV). Hence 360 kV surge arresters with class-4 are recommended
to limit the switching over voltages.

8.3.2 LINE RE-ENERGIZATION

Line re-energization study for 400 kV line from Bogura west to Adani 400 kV
substations with bypassing 400kV Rahanpur substation and switching from Bogura
west end is carried out with the following control options:

• No Control

• 400 Ohm Pre-Insertion resistor

• 360 kV Surge arrester control

The resultant switching over voltages are presented in Table 63. PSCAD
simulation waveforms are presented in Annexure-14B.

Table 63: Line re-energization results for bypassing 400 kV Rahanpur

substation
Zero
Switching missing
end Open end phenomena
400 kV ADANI to Bogura west 237.7 km double Voltage Voltage
circuit line from Bogura end (p.u) (p.u)
No With No
Case-B1 Control Reactor 1.50 2.34
Without No
Case-B2 1ckt Reactor 1.74 2.82
With No
Case-B3 Reactor 1.26 2.05
Re- Without No
Case-B4 Line Closing 2ckt Reactor 1.35 2.58
PIR With No
Case-B5 8ms Reactor 1.19 1.31
Without No
Case-B6 1ckt Reactor 1.31 1.71
With No
Case-B7 Reactor 1.15 1.27
Re- Without No
Case-B8 Line Closing 2ckt Reactor 1.31 1.46
Re- PIR With No
Case-B9 Line Closing 1ckt Reactor 1.11 1.21

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REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
Case- 10m Without No
B10 s Reactor 1.31 1.60
Case- With No
B11 Reactor 1.14 1.22
Case- Without No
B12 2ckt Reactor 1.30 1.47
Case- PIR With No
B13 12m Reactor 1.13 1.22
Case- s Without No
B14 1ckt Reactor 1.15 1.31
Case- With No
B15 Reactor 1.18 1.23
Case- Re- Without No
B16 Line Closing 2ckt Reactor 1.31 1.56
Case- Contro With 1.66 (19 2.08 (290 No
B17 l Surge Reactor kJ) kJ)
Case- Arrest without 1.62 (17 No
B18 er 1ckt Reactor kJ) (435 kJ)
Case- With 1.93 (166 No
B19 Reactor 1.25 kJ)
Case- Re- Without 2.05 (247 No
B20 Line Closing 2ckt Reactor 1.29 kJ)

It is observed from Table 63 that, switching over voltages are within limits (840 kV
i.e., 80% of 1050 kV) for PIR and SA control. Hence 360 kV surge arresters with
class-4 are recommended to limit the switching over voltages.

9 Earth Switch Ratings

In the case of multiple configurations of overhead transmission lines, current may
circulate in de-energized and earthed lines as a result of capacitive and inductive
coupling with adjacent energized lines. Earthing switches applied to earth these
lines shall therefore be capable of assuring the following service conditions:
• making and breaking of a capacitive current when the earth connection
is open at one termination and earthing switching is performed at the
other termination;
• making and breaking of an inductive current when the line is earthed at
one termination and earthing switching is performed at the other
termination;
• carrying continuously the capacitive and inductive currents.

9.1 400 KV ADANI TO RAHANPUR LINE

For this substation, longest double circuit is considered to compute induced current
and voltage capability of earth switch, further considering 63 MVAr and 840 ohm
NGR value. The following scenarios were simulated and the simulation results are
presented in Annexure-15 and Table 34.

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REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
 Case-A: Un-transposed line with line reactors including NGR

Case-B: Un-transposed line without line reactors

Case-C: Transposed line with line reactors including NGR

Case-D: Transposed line without line reactors

Line is transposed at two locations from power plant at 43 and 86.7 km

respectively.

Table 34: Induced currents and voltages for earthing switches

133.7 km, Scenario Electromagnetic Electrostatic Coupling
400 kV line Coupling
between Induced Induced Induced Induced
Adani and Current Voltage Current Voltage
Rahanpur (Arms) (kV rms) (Arms) (kV rms)
Substations Case-A 28 1.4 11 46
Case-B 28 1.4 11 18
Case-C 18 0.7 6 20
Case-D 18 0.7 6 9

From results it seen that, from IEC 62271-102, 420 kV, Class B earth switch is
selected. Hence, it is confirmed that the earth switch rated values proposed by M/s.
Adani is in order.

9.2 400 KV BOGURA (WEST) TO KALIAKOIR LINE

For this substation, longest double circuit is considered to compute induced current
and voltage capability of earth switch. The simulation results are presented in
Annexure-16 and Table 3565.

Table 35: Induced currents and voltages for Earthing switches

140 km, 400 kV line Electromagnetic Coupling Electrostatic Coupling
between Bogura Induced Induced Induced Induced
west and Kaliakoir Current Voltage Current (Arms) Voltage
Substations (Arms) (kVrms) (kVrms)
28 1.4 11 18

From results it seen that, from IEC 62271-102, 420 kV, Class B earth switch is
selected.

Page 86 of 115
REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
10 Insulation co-ordination study

One of the most important and primary requirements in the design of the extra high
voltage (EHV) / Ultra high voltage (UHV) system is the determination of expected
over voltages on the various lines / cables and buses constituting the system. In
the initial system design, the geographical arrangement of the system,
transmission capabilities and number of EHV/UHV lines, transformer sizes and
locations as well as shunt reactor compensation to maintain acceptable bus
voltages and generator reactive loadings for peak and light loads are determined
on the basis of load flow and stability analysis for various power scenarios.
The over voltages that occur on this initially designed network under various
switching conditions will then be carefully studied and refinements made, as
necessary to arrive at a final design of the network and its electrical parameters.
In point of fact, the main risks are malfunctions, destruction of the equipment and,
consequently, lack of continuity of service. These disturbances may occur on the
installations of both energy distributors and users. They may occur:
• Between different phases or circuits. They are said to be differential
mode;
• Between live conductors and the frame or earth. They are said to be
common mode.
Disturbances may result in:
• Short disconnections (automatic reclosing on MV public distribution
networks by overhead lines);
• Long disconnections (intervention for changing damaged insulators or
even replacement of equipment).
Their varied and random nature makes them hard to characterize, allowing only a
statistical approach to their duration, amplitudes and effects. Table 66 presents the
main characteristics of these disturbances.
Table 66: Characteristics of the various overvoltage types

Steepness of
Overvoltage type Term Damping
frequency front

Power frequency Long, >1 s Power frequency Low

Switching Short, 1 ms Medium, 1 to 200 kHz Medium

Atmospheric Very short, 1

Very high, 1000 kV/s High
to 10 s

Page 87 of 115
REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
Protective devices limit these risks. Their use calls for careful drawing up of
consistent insulation and protection levels.
Over voltages in EHV/UHV system are usually classified as:
• Steady state over voltages
• Temporary over voltages
• Switching over voltages
• Fast-front voltages
• Very Fast Front over voltages

10.1 STEADY STATE OVER VOLTAGES

Equipment on the transmission system typically can withstand voltages of about

5% over nominal voltages for long periods of time (several minutes or longer). The
standard defines maximum system voltage as “The highest r.m.s phase-to-phase
voltage that occurs on the system under normal operating conditions, and the
highest r.m.s phase-to-phase voltage for which equipment and other system
components are designed for satisfactory continuous operation without derating of
any kind. When defining maximum system voltage, voltage transients and
temporary over voltages caused by abnormal system conditions such as faults,
load rejection, etc., are excluded. However, voltage transients and temporary over
voltages may affect equipment operating performance and are considered in
equipment application.”

The steady state over voltages is normally preceded by those of transient and
dynamic periods, but these are generally first to be investigated. This investigation
must be done in advance so that, if necessary, modification in basic system could
be done so that these over voltages remain within the capabilities/ratings of
equipment.

The steady state over voltages arises generally when a transmission line is
connected to the system only at one end i.e., the sending end, and the receiving
end being disconnected. Such situation arises during normal operation and can
persist for many minutes.

The control of such over voltages can be achieved through several methods. The
magnitude of steady state over voltages is a function of no. of system variables.
Some of the important parameters are as under:
• Transformer tap (leakage reactance and air core reactance)
Page 88 of 115
REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
 • Shunt reactor
• Equivalent reactance of the system at the source
• Line length
• Operating conditions and procedures
• Effect of generator voltage regulator

10.2 TEMPORARY OVER VOLTAGES:

IEEE Standard 1313.1-1996 defines temporary over voltages as an “oscillatory
phase-to-ground or phase-to-phase overvoltage of relatively long duration
(seconds, even minutes) at a given location and that is undamped or only weakly
damped. Temporary over voltages usually originate from switching or fault clearing
operations (e.g., load rejection, single-phase fault, fault on a high-resistance
grounded or ungrounded system) or from nonlinearities (ferro resonance effects,
harmonics), or both. The amplitude, the oscillation frequencies, the total duration,
and the decrement characterize them.

Overvoltage conditions can cause problems on a utility’s system such as insulation

failures, overheating or mis-operation. Since virtually all system equipment is
insulated, over voltages that would cause insulation failure would be problematic
for all the equipment. Over voltages increases the magnetic flux in the magnetic
cores of equipment such as transformers and shunt reactors, which produce heat
in the transformer cores, thereby causing the equipment to fail. Overvoltage can
also cause mis-operation of equipment. For instance, it can cause surge arresters
to fail, causing short circuits.

10.3 SLOW-FRONT OVER VOLTAGES:

When a circuit is energized, re-energized or opened, transient over voltages
termed as switching surges are generated due to associated traveling wave
phenomena. Such over voltages can be designated by a peak magnitude and rise
time. The switching surges on HV system are most severe when an open-ended
line is re-energized rapidly. The presence of trapped charges on the line and the
application of step potential during rapid reclosing of the line can cause switching
over voltages to rise to very high values.

Page 89 of 115
REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
The energisation of a line from the low side of the transformer can some time lead
to very high over voltage which may be of the same order as obtained on re-
energisation of line with trapped charges. In case of 400 kV system the circuit
breakers may be equipped with the closing resistance for control of switching over
voltage, whereas the breakers of 115 kV system (or) lower voltages are generally
not provided with such resistors and therefore low side switching of the transformer
and the line are in most cases will be examined, specially where the reactance of
low side system is quite high. In 400 kV system the predominant switching
transient over voltages are those due to energisation and re-energisation.

The control of switching over voltages is possible through several means, which
may include even the modification of the basic design of the system. However more
feasible and practical are the four principal methods for control of switching surge
over voltages which are as follows:

• Resistor Insertion

• Switching angle control

• Draining of trapped charge energy

• Surge Arresters

10.4 FAST TRANSIENT IN POWER SYSTEMS:

The fast transients in power systems cover a frequency range from 10 kHz up to 1
MHz. One of the primary causes of such transients is the lightning stroke to the
transmission lines or on tower top and associated back flashovers. The lightning
over voltages is caused by either shielding failures or back flashovers of the tower
insulation on the transmission lines. Direct strokes to the phase conductors may
also become a concern if the transmission line and/or substation are not shielded
due to relatively low lightning activity in the area. This study is usually carried out
for insulation coordination purposes.

For insulation coordination studies, lightning is assumed to strike a nearby tower

or the shield wire of the incoming line causing a back flashover. The resultant
lightning surge enters the sub-station and propagates inside depending upon the
sub-station layout. The discontinuity points inside the sub-station, status of circuit
breakers/switches (open/close), and location of lightning arresters are especially

Page 90 of 115
REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
important for the overvoltage characterization at the sub-station. These over
voltages will provide the data required for detailed arrester specifications. Based
on this, the insulation levels (i.e., BIL) of the sub-station equipment can be
coordinated with the protective level of the arresters.

10.5 VERY FAST TRANSIENTS IN POWER SYSTEMS

The very fast transients (VFT) in power systems cover a frequency range from 100
kHz to 50 MHz. VFT arises within a gas-insulated substation due to various
operations, any time causing an instantaneous change in voltage. Most often this
change occurs as the result of opening or closing of disconnector switch, but other
events such as operation of a circuit breaker, the closing of a grounding switch or
the occurrence of a fault can also cause VFT. These transients generally have a
very short rise time in the range of 4 to 100 ns, and are normally followed by
oscillations having the frequencies in the range of 1 to 50 MHz. Their magnitude is
in the range of 1.5 to 2.0 pu of the line-to-earth voltage crest, but they can also
reach values as high as 2.7 pu with considering maximum trapped charge ± 1.0
pu. These values are generally below the BIL of the GIS and connected equipment
of lower voltage classes. VFT in GIS are of greater concern at the highest voltages,
for which the ratio of the BIL to the system voltage is lower.

10.6 400 KV RAHANPUR SUBSTATION

10.6.1 TEMPORARY OVER VOLTAGES

Temporary Overvoltage studies were performed on 400 kV overhead lines

connected to RAHANPUR-400 kV substation. The observations made during load
rejection and fault clearing studies are presented in Table 67. Simulation resultant
waveforms are presented in Annexure-17.

Table 67: Results of Temporary Over voltages conducted for RAHANPUR

400 kV substation

Transmission line considered Case No Events Simulated Voltage (p.u)

(Phase to
earth)

1 Load Rejection 1.001

Page 91 of 115
REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
133.7 km, 400 kV double circuit line 3 SLG Fault 1.19
between Adani to Rahanpur 400 kV
5 SLG Fault accompanying 1.24
stations
with Load rejection

104 km, 400 kV double circuit line 2 Load Rejection 1.008

between Bogura to Rahanpur 400
4 SLG Fault 1.19
kV stations

6 SLG Fault accompanying 1.1

with Load rejection

520 MVA, 400/132/33 kV Auto 7 Load Rejection 1.0

transformers, events conducted on
8 SLG fault 1.09
132 kV side

9 SLG Fault accompanying 1.07

with Load rejection

Based on the various cases studied, it is seen that the steady state temporary
overvoltage is 1.24 per unit. Considering the maximum system operating voltage
as 420 kV for 400 kV systems, the maximum temporary voltage is 300 kVrms. It is
recommended to have surge arrester rated voltage greater than maximum
temporary overvoltage, hence 360 kVrms surge arrester is recommended for 400
kV system. It is also noted that the maximum steady state temporary overvoltage
for 132 kV system is 1.09 per unit, considering maximum system operating voltage
for 132 kV system is 145 kV, the maximum TOV is 92 kVrms. It is recommended
to have surge arrester rating for 132 kV system is 120 kVrms and 30 kVrms surge
arrester for 33 kV system (as per single line diagram 33 kV system zig-zag earthed
system) respectively.

10.6.2 FERRO RESONANCE STUDY OF POWER TRANSFORMER

Ferro resonance may occur in power system due to transformer accidentally

energized in two phases (SPO) or only in one phase (TPO). These configurations
can occur while the transformer is unloaded as a result of conductor rupture or of
live works. The capacitances are in the form of capacitance of overhead line
supplying a transformer whose primary windings are star connected with earthed
neutral. The series ferro resonant circuit is made up of the connection in series of
Page 92 of 115
REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
 the phase to earth capacitance (between circuit breaker and transformer) of the
open phase and the magnetizing impedance of the transformer. The modes are
fundamental, sub harmonic or chaotic. The transient current and the voltages occur
for several system periods after the switching event.

In case of possible occurrence of ferro resonance under system configurations, the

minimum loading required on each ICT transformer at Rahanpur 400 kV switching
substation will be determined to damp such ferro resonance oscillations.

The simulation study results are presented in Table 68 and PSCAD simulation
waveforms are presented in Annexure-18.

Table 68: 520 MVA,400/132/33 kV ICT Ferro resonance study results

No load on 132 kV 25 MW load on 132 kV
side side
Sl. Stuck Voltage Voltage
No Line considered pole (kVpeak) Resonance (kVpeak) Resonance
400 kV circuit
between Adani to
Rahanpur
substations without Yes, and weakly
1 line reactors 438 persisting 422 damped
400 kV circuit
between Adani to
Rahanpur
substations with line Yes, and weakly
2 reactors 651 persisting 383 damped
400 kV circuit
between Bogura Single
west to Rahanapur pole Yes, and weakly
3 Substations open 431 persisting 399 damped
400 kV circuit
between Adani to
Rahanpur
substations without Yes, and
4 line reactors 810 persisting 491 Damped
400 kV circuit
between Adani to
Rahanpur
substations with line Yes, and
5 reactors 624 persisting 411 Damped
400 kV circuit
between Bogura Two
west to Rahanapur Pole Yes, and
6 Substations open 845 persisting 422 Damped

It is observed from Table 68 for single pole or two-pole opening of overhead lines
terminated by unloaded transformer at receiving end results in ferro-resonance, a
minimum 25 MW loading on each power transformer assist in damping out these

Page 93 of 115
REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
Ferro resonance oscillations, so it is recommended that system configuration
leading to an energisation of overhead line terminated by unloaded power
transformer should be avoided.

10.6.3 SWITCHING OVER VOLTAGES

Switching Overvoltage studies were performed on 400 kV overhead lines

connected to RAHANPUR-400 kV substation. The observations made during
switching over voltages studies are presented in Table . Simulation resultant
waveforms are presented in Annexure-19.

Table 69: Results of Switching Over voltages conducted for RAHANPUR

400 kV substation

Voltage Surge
(kVpeak) arrester
Transmission line Case (Phase to Energy
considered No Events Simulated earth) (kJ)

133.7 km, 400 kV double 1 Energization 570 58

circuit line between Adani
to Rahanpur 400 kV
stations 2 Re-energization 593 120

104 km, 400 kV double 3 Energization 584 52

circuit line between
Bogura to Rahanpur 400
kV stations 4 Re-energization 636 150

Based on the various cases studied, it is seen that the maximum switching
overvoltage is 636 kVpeak which is well within the limits of switching coordination
withstand voltage (80% of 1050 kVpeak SIL, i.e 840 kVpeak). Hence, proposed
switching impulse level of 1050 kVpeak is adequate. It is also noted from the Table
69, the maximum energy absorbed by surge arrester is 150 kJ and its specific
energy is 0.42 kJ/kV. Hence it is proposed that the energy class of surge arrester
is minimum of class-4 i.e., its specific energy is 4kJ/kV.

10.6.4 LIGHTNING OVER VOLTAGES

Substation Layout and Operating Conditions:

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REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
 The GIS substation model considers only one transmission line and one ICT
Transformer with all other lines and ICT Transformers disconnected to create a
worst-case scenario. The following capacitance values have been selected for the
various components for 400 kV substation.

▪ At incoming to GIS Bus bar a capacitance of 630 pF is considered (including

2 closed disconnectors = 2x200 pF and a closed circuit breaker = 150 pF
and VT = 80 pF).
▪ At the GIS busbar, a capacitance of 651 pF (5 open disconnectors = 5x4.2
pF and one VTs = 1x80 pF and 1 bus coupler 2x200 pF , 1x150pF) is
considered for substation configuration.
▪ At outgoing of GIS busbar a capacitance of 630 pF is considered (including
2 closed disconnectors = 2x200 pF, a closed circuit breaker = 150 pF and
VT = 80 pF).
▪ Emanating out of GIS at ICT Transformer HV side the following
capacitances are considered.

CHG=5854.1 pF (Capacitance between HV winding to ground)

CHL=3023.8 pF (Capacitance between HV winding to LV winding)
CLG=8057.6 pF (Capacitance between LV winding to ground)

All the input data considered for the fast transient analysis have been compiled in
Table 70 for ready reference.
Table 70: Data considered for FTA study
Applied Parameters Base Model

20 kA at 1st tower for direct stroke analysis [2].

Magnitude 259 kA for back flashover at 1st tower is
Lightning Condition considered.

Wave shape CIGRE concave wave shape [2]

T/L Model Frequency dependent phase model

Conductor Phase ACSR conductor
Ground OPGW conductor
Type
Tower Model 4 section tower model [1]

Transmission Line Gantry Tower Model Reference [1]

Gantry to 1st tower: 55 m
Tower Span
1st tower to 2nd tower: 400 m

2nd tower to 3rd tower: 400 m

Tower Footing Resistance 5rd -20 
3 tower to 4th tower: 400 m

4th tower to 5th tower: 400 m

Page 95 of 115
REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
 Applied Parameters Base Model
Length =60 m
GIS busbar
Zs=57.9  ,

v=2.9e+8 m/sec
Bus duct between gantry Length = 109 m; Zs=57.9  ,
and GIS v=2.9e+8 m/s

Bus duct between GIS length = 65 m; Zs = 57.9 

outgoing point and ICT
Transformer HV side v=2.9e+8 m/s

SA Characteristics 360 kV
Substation
Disconnector open 4.2 pF [6]
Disconnector Close 200 pF [6]
VT 80 pF [6]
Circuit Breaker close 150 pF [6]

CHG=5854.1 pF;
CLG=8057.6 pF;
CTG=14424.6 pF;
ICT Transformer CHL=3023.8 pF;
CHT=1889 pF;
CLT=5033.8 pF

Lightning overvoltages in substation and their rates of occurrence depend on

▪ Lightning performance of over head line connected to it.

▪ The substation layout, size and in particular the number of lines connected to
it.
▪ Instantaneous value of operating voltage at moment of stroke.
In order to find the adequacy of proposed rating and location of surge arresters,
namely one at Gantry , one at GIS bus bar and one at ICT Transformer HV terminal.

Further, the study focuses on four locations for analyzing the overvoltages viz.:
• At Gantry (Point A).
• At entry to GIS (Point B).
• At outgoing point of GIS (Point C).
• At ICT Transformer HV side (Point D).

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REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
 • At ICT Tranformer LV side (Point E)
• At ICT Transformer TV side (Point F)

Direct stroke case:

For direct stroke at first tower from gantry, 20 kA (peak) 0.46/77 µs lightning current
is considered. The maximum voltages and energy absorbed by surge arresters
measured at the selected locations and are presented in Table 71. Simulated
waveforms are shown in Annexure-20 for ready refrence.

Table 71: FTA Results for Direct Stroke with Lightning Current of 20 kA at 1st
tower from gantry for 400 kV Rahanpur substation.
Specific
Voltage in kVPEAK Energy
Location at % BIL Energy
(Phase-earth)
(kJ) (kJ/kV)

Gantry 911.6 63.97 180 0.5

Incoming point of GIS 906.8 63.63 192 0.53

Outgoing point of GIS 905.9 63.57 - -

ICT Transformer HV side 896.7 62.92 80 0.22

ICT Transformer LV side 205 37.27 1.6 0.01

ICT Transformer TV side 120.3 70.76 0.3 0.01

Back flashover case:

For a backflashover at first tower from gantry, a lightning current of 259 kA (peak),
8.42/77 µs is computed using semi static and determinstic method[2]. One failure
for 400 years considered as design failure rate. Tower footing resistance of 5  to
20  in steps of 5 is considered for frist five towers from substation.

The arcing horn air gap of insulator for 400 kV system is considered as 3050 mm.

Simulation studies have been carried out for the above parameters with tower
footing resistance of 5 ohm and it is seen that no backflashover occurs. Simulation
studies are also performed with tower footing resistance of 20 ohm, it is seent that
there is a back flashover for air gap length of 3050 mm. Simulation results are
presented in Table 72 and resultatnt waveforms are presented in Annexure-20.

Page 97 of 115
REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
Table 72: FTA Results for Back flashover with Lightning Current of 259 kA at 1st
tower from gantry for 400 kV Rahanpur substation.
Specific
Voltage in kVPEAK Energy
Location at % BIL Energy
(Phase-earth)
(kJ) (kJ/kV)

Gantry 917 64.35 37 0.1

Incoming point of GIS 907 63.64 52 0.14

Outgoing point of GIS 978 68.63 - -

ICT Transformer HV side 977 68.56 27 0.08

ICT Transformer LV Side 182 33.09 0.01 -

ICT Transformer TV side 105 61.76 0.2 -

❖ SPECIFIED BIL OF GIS /ICT TRANSFORMER & MARGINS

Table 73: Withstand voltage levels of equipment

UW (kVPEAK) UCW (kVPEAK)

GIS 1425 1140 (UW *0.8)

ICT Transformer HV side 1425 1140 (UW *0.8)

ICT Transformer LV side 550 440 (UW *0.8)

ICT Transformer TV side 170 136 (UW *0.8)

UW = Rated lightning impulse withstand voltage for equipment

UCW = Coordination withstand voltage for equipment
Observations and Conclusions

Based on various cases studied, considering worst-case scenario with one

transmission line and one ICT Transformer in operation (remote possible operating
mode) and considering one SA at gantry of the incoming line feeder, one SA at

Page 98 of 115
REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
GIS Bus and one one SA at ICT Transformer HV terminal, the % of BIL at
transformer HV side is 68.14% which is well within acceptable range (according to
saftey margin, % BIL of the equipment should not exceed 80% of lightning BIL of
the equipment).

Hence proposed surge arresters rating (360 kVrms) and their locations namely one
SA at gantry, one SA at GIS Busbar and one SA at ICT Transformer HV terminal
are adequate to achieve proper protection margins in RAHANPUR -400 kV
switching substation.

10.6.5 VERY FAST TRANSIENTS

The generation and propagation of Very Fast Transient Overvoltages (VFTO) from
their original location throughout a GIS can produce internal and external
overvoltages. The main concern is internal overvoltages between the center
conductor and the enclosure.

Disconnectors, circuit breakers or earth switches cause the switching operations.

The disconnector and earth switch contact in GIS move relatively slowly in the
order of few cm/sec. The slow movement causes numerous restrikes during
opening operation and pre-strikes during closing operation, between the contacts.
Restrikes or pre-strikes occur as soon as the inter-contact voltage exceeds the
withstand voltage (dielectric strength) of the gap. The withstand voltage is decided
by the distance between the contacts, contact profile, operating pressure of the
gas and the characteristics of the gas at the instant of the strike. Further, the
voltage collapse between the contacts takes place within 3 to 20 nano seconds
depending on the above parameters. This short rising pulse, thus starts at
switching contacts and travels along the gas bus-duct on either side and reflects
differently at different components. The superimposition of reflected waves on the
original wave modifies the magnitude and frequency of the resultant wave, termed
VFTO.

When the current is interrupted during opening operation or making current during
closing operation, a spark is formed, which equalizes the potential on both sides of
the contacts. VFTO developed because of the above, can continue for a fraction
of a micro second to several micro seconds depending upon the configuration of

Page 99 of 115
REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
the GIS. Just before spark extinction, the load side and the source side voltages
become equal. Following the spark extinction, source side voltage will follow the
supply voltage, while the load side voltage will remain as the trapped voltage. The
shape of these VFTOs, therefore, depends on the configuration of GIS.

Propagation of VFT in GIS substation

VFT in GIS can be divided into internal and external. Internal transients can
produce overvoltages between inner conductors and the encapsulation. External
transients can cause stresses on secondary and adjacent equipments. A summary
of both the phenomena is explained in the following section.

Internal Transients

The propagation of VFT throughout GIS can be analyzed by representing GIS

sections as low loss distributed parameter transmission lines. Each section is
characterized by surge impedance and a transit time. Traveling waves are reflected
and refracted at every point where they encounter a change in the surge
impedance. The generated transients depend on the GIS configuration and on the
superposition of surges reflected and refracted on line discontinuities like breakers,
“T” junctions or bushings.

External transients

An internally generated VFT propagates throughout the GIS and reaches the
bushing where it causes a transient enclosure voltage and a traveling wave that
propagates along the overhead transmission line.

The transient enclosure voltages (TEV), also known as transient ground potential
rise (TGPR), are short duration high voltage transients which appear on the
enclosure of the GIS through the coupling of internal transients to enclosure at
enclosure discontinuities. The usual location for these voltages is the transition
GIS-overhead line at an air bushing, although they can also emerge at other points
such as visual inspection ports, insulated spacers for CTs or insulated flanges at
GIS/cables interfaces.

TEV has two components; the first one has a short initial rise time and is followed
by high frequency oscillations (5 to 10MHz), determined by the various lengths of
the GIS section. The second component is of lower frequency, in the range of

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REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
hundreds of kHz, and is often associated with the discharge of capacitive devices
with the earthing system. Both components are damped quickly as a result of the
lossy nature of the enclosure-to-ground plane transmission mode. TEV generally
persists for a few microseconds. The magnitude varies along the enclosure.

The TEV wave that couples onto the enclosure encounters, earthing connections,
which form transmission line discontinuities and attenuate TEV. Mitigation methods
include grounding using low surge impedance, short length leads and installation
of metal-oxide arresters across any insulating spacers.

TEV is a low energy phenomenon, and it is not considered dangerous to humans.

The main concern is in the danger of the surprise-shock effect. TEV can also cause
interference with substation control, protection and other secondary equipments,
leads to damage and radiate EMF that may induce voltages and currents within
electric circuits.

10.7 400 KV BOGURA-WEST SUBSTATION

10.7.1 TEMPORARY OVER VOLTAGES

Temporary Overvoltage studies were performed on 400 kV overhead lines

connected to Bogura-400 kV substation. The observations made during load
rejection and fault clearing studies are presented in Table 74. Simulation resultant
waveforms are presented in Annexure-21.

Table 74: Results of Temporary Over voltages conducted for BOGURA 400
kV substation

Transmission line/Transformer Case No Events Simulated Voltage (p.u)

considered (Phase to
earth)

104 km, 400 kV double circuit 1 Load Rejection 1.003

line between Bogura to
3 SLG Fault 1.13
Rahanpur 400 kV stations

5 SLG Fault accompanying 1.13

with Load rejection

2 Load Rejection 1.01

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REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
 140 km, 400 kV double circuit 4 SLG Fault 1.13
line between Bogura to kaliakoir
6 SLG Fault accompanying 1.1
400 kV stations
with Load rejection

750 MVA, 400/230/33 kV Auto 7 Load Rejection 1.0

transformers, events conducted
8 SLG Fault 1.14
on 230 kV side

9 SLG Fault accompanying 1.02

with Load rejection

Based on the various cases studied, it is seen that the steady state temporary
overvoltage is 1.13 per unit for 400 kV system. Considering the maximum system
operating voltage as 420 kV for 400 kV systems, the maximum temporary voltage
is 275 kVrms. It is recommended to have surge arrester rated voltage greater than
maximum temporary overvoltage, hence 360 kVrms surge arrester is
recommended for 400 kV system. It is also noted that the maximum steady state
temporary overvoltage for 230 kV system is 1.14 per unit, considering maximum
system operating voltage for 230 kV system is 253 kV, the maximum TOV is 167
kVrms. It is recommended to have surge arrester rating for 230 kV system is 198
kVrms and 30 kVrms surge arrester for 33 kV system (as per single line diagram
33 kV system zig-zag earthed system) respectively.

10.7.2 FERRO RESONANCE STUDY OF POWER TRANSFORMER

Ferro resonance may occur in power system due to transformer accidentally

energized in two phases (SPO) or only in one phase (TPO). These configurations
can occur while the transformer is unloaded as a result of conductor rupture or of
live works. The capacitances are in the form of capacitance of overhead line
supplying a transformer whose primary windings are star connected with earthed
neutral. The series Ferro resonant circuit is made up of the connection in series of
the phase to earth capacitance (between circuit breaker and transformer) of the
open phase and the magnetizing impedance of the transformer. The modes are
fundamental, sub harmonic or chaotic. The transient current and the voltages occur
for several system periods after the switching event.

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REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
 In case of possible occurrence of Ferro resonance under system configurations,
the minimum loading required on each ICT transformer at Bogurawest 400 kV
switching substation will be determined to damp such Ferro resonance oscillations.

The simulation study results are presented in Table 75 and PSCAD simulation
waveforms are presented in Annexure-22.

Table 36: 750 MVA,400/230/33 kV ICT ferro-resonance study results

Sl. 25 MW load on 230 kV
No Line Stuck pole no load side
Voltage Voltage
(kVpeak) Resonance (kVpeak) Resonance
400 kV circuit
between
Rahanpur to
Bogura west Yes, and weakly
1 substations 432 persisting 388 Damped
400 kV circuit
between kaliakoir
to Bogura west Yes, and weakly
2 substations 434 persisting 421 Damped
400 kV circuit
between Rooppur
to Bogura west Single pole Yes, and weakly
3 Substations open 453 persisting 444 Damped
400 kV circuit
between
Rahanpur to
Bogura west Yes, and
4 substations 761 persisting 436 Damped
400 kV circuit
between kaliakoir
to Bogura west Yes, and
5 substations 732 persisting 495 Damped
400 kV circuit
between Rooppur
to Bogura west Two Pole Yes, and
6 Substations open 904 persisting 494 Damped

It is observed from Table 75 for single pole or two-pole opening of overhead lines
terminated by unloaded transformer at receiving end results in ferro-resonance, a
minimum 25 MW loading on each power transformer assist in damping out these
ferro-resonance oscillations, so it is recommended that system configuration
leading to an energisation of overhead line terminated by unloaded power
transformer should be avoided.

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REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
 10.7.3 SWITCHING OVER VOLTAGES

This Switching Overvoltage studies were performed on 400 kV overhead lines

connected to BOGURA-400 kV substation. The observations made during
switching over voltages studies are presented in Table . Simulation resultant
waveforms are presented in Annexure-23.

Table 76: Results of Switching Over voltages conducted for BOGURA 400
kV substation

Voltage
(kVpeak) Surge
Transmission line (Phase to arrester
considered Case No Events Simulated earth) Energy (kJ)

140 km, 400 kV double 1 Energization 576 77

circuit line between Bogura
to kaliakoir 400 kV stations 2 Re-energization 654 287

104 km, 400 kV double 3 Energization 584 52

circuit line between Bogura
to Rahanpur 400 kV
stations 4 Re-energization 635 148

Based on the various cases studied, it is seen that the maximum switching
overvoltage is 654 kVpeak which is well within the limits of switching coordination
withstand voltage (80% of 1050 kVpeak SIL, i.e 840 kVpeak). Hence, proposed
switching impulse level of 1050 kVpeak is adequate. It is also noted from the Table
76, the maximum energy absorbed by surge arrester is 287 kJ and its specific
energy is 0.8 kJ/kV. Hence it is proposed that the energy class of surge arrester is
minimum of class-4 i.e., its specific energy is 4kJ/kV.

10.7.4 LIGHTNING OVER VOLTAGES

Substation Layout and Operating Conditions:

The GIS substation model considers only one transmission line and one ICT
Transformer with all other lines and ICT Transformers disconnected to create a
worst-case scenario. The following capacitance values have been selected for the
various components for 400 kV substation.

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REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
 ▪ At incoming to GIS Bus bar a capacitance of 830 pF is considered (including
3 closed disconnectors = 3x200 pF and a closed circuit breaker = 150 pF
and VT = 80 pF).
▪ At the GIS busbar, a capacitance of 109.4 pF (7 open disconnectors = 7x4.2
pF and one VTs = 1x80 pF) is considered for substation configuration.
▪ At outgoing of GIS busbar a capacitance of 830 pF is considered (including
3 closed disconnectors = 3x200 pF, a closed circuit breaker = 150 pF and
VT = 80 pF.
▪ Emanating out of GIS at ICT Transformer HV side the following
capacitances are considered.
CHG=5854.1 pF (Capacitance between HV winding to ground)
CHL=3023.8 pF (Capacitance between HV winding to LV winding)
CLG=8057.6 pF (Capacitance between LV winding to ground)

All the input data considered for the fast transient analysis have been compiled in
Table 77 for ready reference.
Table 77: Data considered for FTA study-Bogura 400 kV Substation
Applied Parameters Base Model

20 kA at 1st tower for direct stroke analysis

Magnitude [2]. 264.2 kA for back flashover at 1st tower
Lightning Condition is considered.

Wave shape CIGRE concave wave shape [2]

T/L Model Frequency dependent phase model

Conductor Phase ACSR conductor
Ground OPGW conductor
Type
Tower Model 4 section tower model [1]
Transmission Line Gantry Tower Model Reference [1]
Gantry to 1st tower: 55 m
Tower Span
1st tower to 2nd tower: 400 m

2nd tower to 3rd tower: 400 m

Tower Footing Resistance 5rd -20 
3 tower to 4th tower: 400 m

4th tower to 5th tower: 400 m

Page 105 of 115
REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
 Applied Parameters Base Model
Length =60 m
GIS busbar
Zs=57.9  ,

v=2.9e+8 m/sec
Bus duct between gantry Length = 109 m; Zs=57.9  ,
and GIS v=2.9e+8 m/s

Bus duct between GIS length = 65 m; Zs = 57.9 

outgoing point and ICT
Transformer HV side v=2.9e+8 m/s

Substation SA Characteristics 360 kV

Disconnector open 4.2 pF [6]

Disconnector Close 200 pF [6]
VT 80 pF [6]
Circuit Breaker close 150 pF [6]

CHG=5854.1 pF;
CLG=8057.6 pF;

ICT Transformer CTG=14424.6 pF;

CHL=3023.8 pF;
CHT=1889 pF;
CLT=5033.8 pF;

Lightning overvoltages in substation and their rates of occurrence depend on

▪ Lightning performance of over head line connected to it.

▪ The substation layout, size and in particular the number of lines connected to
it.
▪ Instantaneous value of operating voltage at moment of stroke.
In order to find the adequacy of proposed rating and location of surge arresters,
namely one at Gantry , one at GIS bus bar and one at ICT Transformer HV terminal.

Further, the study focuses on four locations for analyzing the overvoltages viz.:
▪ At Gantry (Point A).
▪ At entry to GIS (Point B).

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REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
 ▪ At outgoing point of GIS (Point C).
▪ At ICT Transformer HV side (Point D).
▪ At ICT Transformer LV side (Point E)
▪ At ICT Transformer TV side (Point F)

Direct stroke case:

For direct stroke at first tower from gantry, 20 kA (peak) 0.46/77 µs lightning current
is considered. The maximum voltages and energy absorbed by surge arresters
measured at the selected locations and are presented in Table 78. Simulated
waveforms are shown in Annexure-24 for ready reference.

Table 78: FTA Results for Direct Stroke with Lightning Current of 20 kA at 1st
tower from gantry for 400 kV Bogura substation.
Specific
Voltage in kVPEAK Energy
Location at % BIL Energy
(Phase-earth)
(kJ) (kJ/kV)

Gantry 896 62.88 166 0.46

Incoming point of GIS 890 62.45 185 0.52

Outgoing point of GIS 920 64.56 - -

ICT Transformer HV side 933 65.47 78 0.22

ICT Transformer LV side 363 34.57 5 0.03

ICT Transformer TV side 117 68.82 0.25 0.01

Back flashover case:

For a backflashover at first tower from gantry, a lightning current of 264.2 kA (peak),
8.52/77 µs is computed using semi static and determinstic method[2]. One failure
for 400 years considered as design failure rate. Tower footing resistance of 5  to
20  in steps of 5 is considered for frist five towers from substation.

The arcing horn air gap of insulator for 400 kV system is considered as 3050 mm.

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REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
Simulation studies have been carried out for the above parameters with tower
footing resistance of 5 ohm and it is seen that no backflashover occurs. Simulation
studies are also performed with tower footing resistance of 20 ohm it is seent that
there is a back flashover for air gap length of 2950 mm. Simulation results are
presented in Table 79 and resultatnt waveforms are presented in Annexure-24.

Table 79: FTA Results for Back flashover with Lightning Current of 264.2 kA at
1st tower from gantry for 400 kV Bogura substation.
Specific
Voltage in kVPEAK Energy
Location at % BIL Energy
(Phase-earth)
(kJ) (kJ/kV)

Gantry 855 60.0 9 0.025

Incoming point of GIS 874 61.33 17 0.047

Outgoing point of GIS 933 65.47 - -

ICT Transformer 890 62.45 12 0.033

❖ SPECIFIED BIL OF GIS /ICT TRANSFORMER & MARGINS

Table 80: Withstand voltage levels of equipment

UW (kVPEAK) UCW (kVPEAK)

GIS 1425 1140 (UW *0.8)

ICT Transformer HV side 1425 1140 (UW *0.8)

ICT Transformer LV side 1050 840 (UW *0.8)

ICT Transformer TV side 170 136 (UW *0.8)

UW = Rated lightning impulse withstand voltage for equipment

UCW = Coordination withstand voltage for equipment
Observations and Conclusions

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REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
Based on various cases studied, considering worst-case scenario with one
transmission line and one ICT Transformer in operation (remote possible operating
mode) and considering one SA at gantry of the incoming line feeder, one SA at
GIS Bus and one one SA at ICT Transformer HV terminal, the % of BIL at
transformer HV side is 65.47% which is well within acceptable range (according to
saftey margin, % BIL of the equipment should not exceed 80% of lightning BIL of
the equipment). Surges transferred on LV and TV side of transformer also well
within the limits with 198 kV and 30 kV surge arrester considered respectively.

Hence proposed surge arresters rating (360 kVrms) and their locations namely one
SA at gantry, one SA at GIS Busbar and one SA at ICT Transformer HV terminal
are adequate to achieve proper protection margins in BOGURA -400 kV switching
substation.

10.7.5 VERY FAST TRANSIENTS

The generation and propagation of Very Fast Transient Overvoltages (VFTO) from
their original location throughout a GIS can produce internal and external
overvoltages. The main concern is internal overvoltages between the center
conductor and the enclosure.

Disconnectors, circuit breakers or earth switches cause the switching operations.

The disconnector and earth switch contact in GIS move relatively slowly in the
order of few cm/sec. The slow movement causes numerous restrikes during
opening operation and pre-strikes during closing operation, between the contacts.
Restrikes or pre-strikes occur as soon as the inter-contact voltage exceeds the
withstand voltage (dielectric strength) of the gap. The withstand voltage is decided
by the distance between the contacts, contact profile, operating pressure of the
gas and the characteristics of the gas at the instant of the strike. Further, the
voltage collapse between the contacts takes place within 3 to 20 nano seconds
depending on the above parameters. This short rising pulse, thus starts at
switching contacts and travels along the gas bus-duct on either side and reflects
differently at different components. The superimposition of reflected waves on the
original wave modifies the magnitude and frequency of the resultant wave, termed
VFTO.

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REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
When the current is interrupted during opening operation or making current during
closing operation, a spark is formed, which equalizes the potential on both sides of
the contacts. VFTO developed because of the above, can continue for a fraction
of a micro second to several micro seconds depending upon the configuration of
the GIS. Just before spark extinction, the load side and the source side voltages
become equal. Following the spark extinction, source side voltage will follow the
supply voltage, while the load side voltage will remain as the trapped voltage. The
shape of these VFTOs, therefore, depends on the configuration of GIS.

Propagation of VFT in GIS substation

VFT in GIS can be divided into internal and external. Internal transients can
produce overvoltages between inner conductors and the encapsulation. External
transients can cause stresses on secondary and adjacent equipments. A summary
of both the phenomena is explained in the following section.

Internal Transients

The propagation of VFT throughout GIS can be analyzed by representing GIS

sections as low loss distributed parameter transmission lines. Each section is
characterized by surge impedance and a transit time. Traveling waves are reflected
and refracted at every point where they encounter a change in the surge
impedance. The generated transients depend on the GIS configuration and on the
superposition of surges reflected and refracted on line discontinuities like breakers,
“T” junctions or bushings.

External transients

An internally generated VFT propagates throughout the GIS and reaches the
bushing where it causes a transient enclosure voltage and a traveling wave that
propagates along the overhead transmission line.

The transient enclosure voltages (TEV), also known as transient ground potential
rise (TGPR), are short duration high voltage transients which appear on the
enclosure of the GIS through the coupling of internal transients to enclosure at
enclosure discontinuities. The usual location for these voltages is the transition
GIS-overhead line at an air bushing, although they can also emerge at other points

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REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
such as visual inspection ports, insulated spacers for CTs or insulated flanges at
GIS/cables interfaces.

TEV has two components; the first one has a short initial rise time and is followed
by high frequency oscillations (5 to 10MHz), determined by the various lengths of
the GIS section. The second component is of lower frequency, in the range of
hundreds of kHz, and is often associated with the discharge of capacitive devices
with the earthing system. Both components are damped quickly as a result of the
lossy nature of the enclosure-to-ground plane transmission mode. TEV generally
persists for a few microseconds. The magnitude varies along the enclosure.

The TEV wave that couples onto the enclosure encounters, earthing connections,
which form transmission line discontinuities and attenuate TEV. Mitigation methods
include grounding using low surge impedance, short length leads and installation
of metal-oxide arresters across any insulating spacers.

TEV is a low energy phenomenon, and it is not considered dangerous to humans.

The main concern is in the danger of the surprise-shock effect. TEV can also cause
interference with substation control, protection and other secondary equipments,
leads to damage and radiate EMF that may induce voltages and currents within
electric circuits.

11 Transmission line flashover rate

The lightning performance of overhead transmission line is carried out by

conducting shielding failure and back flashover analysis. Transmission line
flashover rate is computed based on chapter 12, EPRI Redbook-Transmission line
reference book 345 kV and above. 400 kV double circuit transmission line tower
(suspension type less than 1o inclination) is considered for the circuit from
Rahanpur to Bogura west substations.

The detailed calculations for shielding failures and back flashover analysis are
presented in Annexure-25.

It is observed that 0.011 shielding failures per 100 km-year and 0.967 back
flashover failures per 100 km-year. Overall transmission line flashover rate is 0.978
failures per 100 km-year.

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REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
 12 Conclusions and Recommendations
Detailed Studies for the above phenomenon have been conducted and
Calculation’s basis, methods, detailed results and conclusions are attached in
subsequent pages of this report.

According to the computation results and conclusions following are summarized

result of study:

Reactor Sizing Studies:

• 1x125 MVAr, 420 kV bus reactor is proposed at 400 kV Rahanpur, Bogura

west and Rooppur substations.
• 1x25 MVAR, 420 kV line reactor is proposed for 400 kV line from Rooppur
to kaliakoir at Rooppur end.

Circuit Breakers:

• Bus and line reactors should be equipped with CSD 400 kV SF6 circuit
breaker.
• HV side of ICT transformers should be equipped with CSD control.
• For all line circuit breakers, no PIR and CSD is required.

NGR Specification:

400 kV line from ADANI to Rahanpur Substations.

Neutral Grounding Reactor Rating

Rated Impedance 840 ohms

100 Arms, for 10 seconds

Rated Current
5 Arms, Continuous

Rated Voltage 84 kVrms, for 10 seconds

4.2 kVrms, for continuous

Rated peak current 370 Apeak

Rated Power 8400 kVAr for 10 seconds

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REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
 21 kVAr Continuous

Rated Frequency 50 Hz

Rated Insulation Class at neutral point 69 kVrms

Minimum BIL value at neutral point of reactor LI 350 kVpeak

Minimum BIL value at neutral bushing of LI 380 kVpeak

reactor

No. of Phases 1

Connection Single Phase/Neutral

Insulation class at earthing side 15 kVrms

BIL Earthing Side LI 110 kVpeak

Temperature Rise To be specified by Vendor

Surge Arrester, class 4 66 kVrms rated voltage

Earth Switch Ratings:

Earthing Switch ratings

Rated Electromagnetic Coupling Electrostatic Coupling

Voltage Induced Induced Induced Induced
(kV) Current Voltage Current Voltage
(Arms) (kVrms) (Arms) (kVrms)

420 160 10 18 20

Resonance Studies

• Shunt compensated 400 kV double circuit line between Adani to Rahanpur

for a selected NGR value during stuck pole operations no parallel resonance
phenomena is observed.
• Overhead line terminated with ICT transformer at receiving end and stuck
pole operation at source end causes ferro-resonance. Hence, it is

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REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
 recommended that the system configuration leading to an energisation of
overhead line terminated by unloaded ICT transformer should be avoided.

Insulation coordination study 400 kV Rahanpur Substation:

• Based on the TOV studies conducted, it is recommended to use 360 kVrms

surge arrester for 400 kV system rather than 396 kVrms system. It is also
noted that proposed surge arrester ratings 120 kVrms and 30 kVrms for 132
kV and 33 kV system respectively are in order.
• Based on the switching overvoltage studies conducted, it is recommended
to use class-IV surge arresters to control switching over voltages.
• Based on the lightning overvoltage studies conducted, proposed surge
arresters rating (360 kVrms) and their locations namely one SA at gantry,
one SA at GIS Busbar and one SA at ICT Transformer HV terminal are
adequate to achieve proper protection margins in Rahanpur -400 kV
substation.

Insulation coordination study 400 kV Bogura Substation:

• Based on the TOV studies conducted, it is recommended to use 360 kVrms

surge arrester for 400 kV system rather than 396 kVrms system. It is also
recommended the surge arrester ratings 198 kVrms and 30 kVrms for 230
kV and 33 kV systems respectively.
• Based on the switching overvoltage studies conducted, it is recommended
to use class-IV surge arresters to control switching over voltages.
• Based on the lightning overvoltage studies conducted, proposed surge
arresters rating (360 kVrms) and their locations namely one SA at gantry,
one SA at GIS Busbar and one SA at ICT Transformer HV terminal are
adequate to achieve proper protection margins in Bogura -400 kV
substation.

Transient Enclosure Voltage can be minimized in GIS substation by the following:

• By a proper design and arrangement of substation mats.

• By keeping ground leads as short and straight as possible in order to
minimize the inductance.
• By increasing the number of connections to ground.

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REPORT ON EMTP STUDIES
 • By introducing shielding to prevent internally generated VFT from reaching
the outside of the enclosure.

Transmission line flashover rate:

• Transmission line flashover rate is 0.978 failures per 100 km-year.

13 REFERENCES

[1] IEC Std-60071-4, 2004-06, Insulation co-ordination–Part 4: Computational

guide to insulation co-ordination and modeling of electrical networks.
[2] CIGRE WG33.0; Guide to procedure for estimating the lightning
performance of transmission lines, CIGRE brochure 63, Oct. 1991.
[3] IEEE Working Group 3.4.11, “Modeling of metal oxide surge arresters IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol.7, no.1,pp.302-309, Jan. 1992.
[4] P.Pinceti and M.Giannetoni, “A simplified model for zinc oxide surge
arresters”, IEEE Transactions on Power delivery, Vol.14, no.2, pp. 393-398,
April 1999.
[5] P.Pinceti and M.Giannetoni, “ Validation of ZnO Surge Arresters Model for
Overvoltage studies” , IEEE Transactions on Power delivery, Vol.19, no.4,
pp. 1692-398, Oct. 2004.
[6] Ali F. Imece, Daniel W.Durback, “Modeling guidelines for fast front
transients”, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery Vol.11, No.1, pp. 493-
506, January 1996.

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