Working Outline Presort for Winston

Churchill Biographical Research Paper

Sources Overview
National Churchill Museum Biographical Section
Early life
Writing and Journalism, War
Political Career
WW1
Wilderness Years
WW2
Cold War
Post Cold War and Death
UK Gov
Personal Information
Early Political Career
Wilderness Years
World War 2
Post-War Period
Quotes of Winston Churchill
Britannica Biography of Winston Churchill
Introduction
Mid-Years
World War 2
Post-WW2
Legacy
Citations, Links, Works Cited
National Churchill Museum
Uk Gov
Quotes of Winston Churchill
Britannica Biography
National Churchill Museum Biographical Section
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Early life
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-​ Born November 30th, 1874

-​ Father was 2nd son of 7th duke of Marlborough
-​ Mother was american who fought in the American Revolution
-​ Mother and father were very socially active
-​ Winston loved his mother but had a hard time connecting
-​ “She shone for me like the evening star. I loved her dearly - but at a
distance”
-​ He had a nanny (Mrs. Everest) had a strong emotional attachment
-​ Was sent off to boarding school at age 7 (1882), withdrew from school due
to health
-​ Did well in subjects he liked (history, english) bad in all others. He was
physically fit and was good a fencing
-​ Went to military school (Royal Military College) got in barely, so went into
the cavalry not infantry
-​ His father was very disappointed.
-​ He craved action and wanted to bein battles
-​ He used his mothers connections to get to the front lines
-​ He was a good fighter

Writing and Journalism, War

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-​ He wrote newspaper articles about the battles and was noticed
-​ He gained more pay for being a reporter too. His articles advanced both
literary and political career
-​ Faught in inda northwest frontier as a correspondent
-​ Fought in sudan, had such a good correspondent reputation he nearly wasn't
able to fight
-​ Left the army in 1899 to pursue political career. He lost election so went to
south africa as a correspondent, he was the highest paid at the time. To his
mother “I am very proud of the fact that there is not one person in a million
who at my age [25] could have earned [£] 10,000 without any capital in less
than two years."
-​ He turned his newspaper accounts into bestselling books. India book The
story of the Malakand Field Force. Sudan book The river War. South africa
books London to Ladysmith and Ian Hamilton’s March
-​ Being British cavalry in India was not hard. There was nots of polo playing in
spare time
-​ But in Winstons spare time he did self education
-​ Looked a lot into politics, educated himself rigorously.
-​ Was captured in 1899 when reporting for the Morning post in the Boer war
in South africa. Was captured when accompanying an armoured train. Was
taken as prisoner of war to Pretoria He scaled a wall and escaped, traveled
by night and traveled 300 miles in nine days. Returning to Portuguese East
Africa (now mozambique)
-​ Once returned to south africa was welcomed as a hera and was made
somewhat a celebrity.
-​ "We are all worms, but I do believe that I am a glow-worm."
-​ In october 19000 at age 25 he ran for political office
-​ Narrowly beat liberal cannidate and won one of the two conservative party
seats.
-​ "I have suddenly become one of the two or three most popular speakers in
this election... great audiences (five and six thousand people) twice & even
three times a day, bands, crowds and enthusiasm of all kinds."
-​ As a celebrity he was a popular candidate
 -​ Since members of paralemt were nto paid, he needed to continue writing and
lecturing for income. He did quite well as he had popularity from speaking. In
november 1900, he gave 30 lectures earning him the equivalent of five years
income.
-​ In December he toured the US and canada speaking on the Boer War

Political Career
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rm.html

-​ Bythe time he actually took his seat in parlement in february 14 1901, he had
earned over 10,000 - a good fotuen at that time.
-​ He enterend parlement as a conservative same as his father
-​ His father tried to bring the conservative and liberal parties together with
“Tory Democracy”, but it didnt work.
-​ Winston started to disagree more with the conservative pary he disagreed
with their attitudes of retribution and super patriotism in the Boer war. he
disagreed with their apparent lack of concern about poverty, they're
outmoded thinking about the military, and they're growing procrastination
towards trade
-​ when the conservative party became so attached to a policy to protect
tariffs in 1904, Churchill decided to leave
-​ "I am an English Liberal. I hate the Tory party, their men, their words &
their methods. I feel no sort of sympathy with them..."
-​ on May 31, 1904 at age 29 Churchill went into the House of Commons
chamber, bowed to the speaker, and cross the floor to the other side
-​ he officially joined the liberals, many people were stunned
-​ he joined a group of young politicians the Hughligans word liberal
imperialists
-​ they believed in a strong, social reform, their sympathies were more aligned
with the liberal party
-​ the labor party was also gaining strength, they were the embodiment of the
working class
-​ Churchill had perfect timing. The conservative party fell short from office
and the liberal party dominated for a period. because he moved to open the
door to the position of ministerial office, and also earned him a reputation
for opportunism and a distrust for the conservatives
-​ "At Blenheim I took two very important decisions; to be born and to marry. I
am happily content with the decision I took on both those occasions."
-​ 1904 Winston Met Clementine Hozier at a party. He was not very
impressive.
-​ four years later, they met again and found enough to talk about to Marie
later that year
-​ like Winston Clementine came from a good family, but had limited means
-​ she was beautiful and well educated liberal and was interested in politics.
-​ she was the first woman that Winston found who he could personally
intellectually share his world with
-​ they were married at Saint Margaret's Westminster on September 12,
1908. He was 33. She was 10 years younger.
-​ Churchill got his first Mysterio post 10 days after his 31st birthday. in
1905 who was appointed under secretary of state at the colonial office
-​ since the Secretary of State was a member of the House of Lords, Winston
represented the colonial office in the Cummins.
-​ this his knowledge of South Africa and his familiarity with its leaders, he
drafted a new constitution for the Transvaal.
-​ he became a cabinet member at 33 with his appointment to the board of
trade in 1908
-​ immediately took the lead in a couple of social reforms that would define
the new liberal party
-​ he became the little liberal parties, main spokesman, sometimes speaking in
place of the Prime Minister
-​ not all of his initiatives would be achieved in his lifetime, but all of them
were ultimately adopted
WW1
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tml
-​ WW1
-​ "War, which used to be cruel and magnificent, has now become cruel and
squalid."
-​ when World War I started, Churchill threw himself into the main details of
the Royal Navy. One operation, the Darnell's campaign, cost him his position
and haunted him for many years.
-​ he was forced to leave the admiralty and was given a token position, he
resigned from government and rejoin the army and commanded the six
battalion Royal Scott's few dealers in the trenches of France
-​ when he returned to parliament, a new government appointed Churchill head
of the munitions office, and afterwards, and Churchill moved into the dual
rules of Secretary of State of war and Secretary of State for air
simultaneously
-​ less than a year after it's outbreak on August 1914 the great war gave a
bloody stalemate for the British and the French on the western front, and
lots of setbacks for the Russians on the eastern front
-​ the Allied military officials needed solutions for the twofold problem, and
invading the Gallipoli Peninsula by the Darnell Street, reinforcing Russia, and
knocking out turkey from the war looked promising
-​ Churchill did not come out with the Darnell's strategy, an alternative to it
was a more direct attack on northern Germany from the Baltic Sea, which
would relieve Russia and threatened the rear of the German western front.
Churchill initially preferred the northern option would eventually em brace
the idea of the Darden's campaign.
-​ however, the operation failed for lack of proper coordination between the
army and the Navy. And the second guessing and hesitancy on a part of the
commanders. The Darden house failure was a crisis of the government, and
while there are many fingerprints on the operation, Churchill took the blame.
As with remained Prime Minister, only by entering into coalition with the
 conservatives. Churchill was forced out of the Admiralty and the debacle
was pinned on him.
-​ he retired from politics, and went to fight in France.
-​ in November of 1915, Churchill was expected to be given the rank of
Brigadier General, the Prime Minister Asquith retold that and instead he was
putting in charge of the sixth Royal Scott's viewers with the rank of
Lieutenant Colonel
-​ at first the battalion was skeptical of his leading skills with his military
experience and his personality. He overcame their skepticism.
-​ lead by example after often going into no man's land on night patrol
-​ one soldier said "He never fell when a shell went off; he never ducked when
a bullet went past with its loud crack. He used to say, after watching me
duck: 'It's no damn use ducking; the bullet has gone a long way past you by
now."
-​ Churchill grew very frustrated as the consequences of the governmental
policies he had opposed, played out directly in front of his eyes in France
-​ after six months when his casualty depleted battalion was merged with
another unit. Churchill returned to politics.
-​ the World War I introduced to innovations that would transform warfare,
the airplane and the tank
-​ when Winston began his days at the admiralty, he promoted the
development of aircraft, which led to many technical advances during the
four years of war. The tanks were made to breakthrough Barbwire and
trenches, and to support advancing troops with machine gunfire.
-​ Winston endorsed the tanks development while at the Admiral tea in a
memo to the Prime Minister as with Asquith on January 5, 1915.
-​ at first experimental trials came in early 1916 in the leader stages of the
battle of the Somme. at combine in November 1917 tanks were used in
quantity for the first time in history
-​ and the ass quit government lost power because their conduct of the great
war, David Lloyd George from a new collision government. Lloyd George was a
former liberal ally of Winston, and she gave him charge of all war industries
as minister of munitions.
 -​ Churchill quickly re-organize the department the skill he had displayed at
the board of trade before World War I enabled him to resolve several
controversies without compromising war machine production
-​ diminution's office under Churchill lead became so effective than April
1918, Churchill was able to deliver twice as many guns and airplanes has had
been lost in the recent German offensive and replaced every tank with a
newer better model
-​ on February 1917, revolutionaries overthrew the czar of Russia. And wanting
to take advantage of the resulting instability, Germany transported many
troops from Switzerland to Russia in March.
-​ the Germans had an idea that the Boškovic lead Russian government would
pull back from the eastern front and they were right. and a second
revolution in October, the Bojovic power and March 1918, Russia pulled out
of the war and signed a separate treaty with Germany
-​ the spring of 1918 Germany, no focused completely on the western front
and began five major assaults
-​ the earliest stages of the German attack looked good, but weakened by the
years of the blockade, Jeremy did not have the resources to capitalize on
the national success. But the results failed Germany was left continually
weaker.
-​ our must ice was agreed to end fighting on the 11th hour of the 11th day of
the 11th month, 11 AM, on 11 November 1918

Wilderness Years
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ml
-​ the war over and no need to make more guns, Lloyd George put Churchill to
the war office in 1919. And although Winston wanted the Admiralty as a
vindication of his earlier dismissal, he accepted when the Secretary of State
for air was added, making him the Secretary of State for war and air
simultaneously.
-​ now, there were two issues for Churchill to deal with, mobilization of nearly
3,000,000 soldiers, and the British troops stuck in Russia, being caught up in
the middle of the Russia Civil War
-​ Winston established a system that released soldiers based on the length of
time and service their wounds and family circumstances. it was widely
accepted as fair
-​ Churchill was very much against the Bolsheviks “Of all the tyrannies in
history, the Bolshevik tyranny is the worst, the most destructive, the most
degrading."
-​ Winston just wanted the government to adopt any policy, so his enemies
jumped on the opportunity to characterize him as unreliable and unsteady
Churchill serve simultaneously as the after war secretary of state for war
and Secretary of State for air from January 1919 until he became colonial
secretary in February 1921.
-​ when support for liberal party coalition collapse, Churchill see in the general
election of 1922.
-​ Churchill was out of parliament in 1922 and 1923, by losing by elections each
year.
-​ he finally gained a seat in the general election of 1924, and negotiated a
return to the conservative party, becoming chancellor of the Exhequer,
opposition was held by his father
-​ just feet of the conservatives in 1929 put Churchill out of power again, and
the stock market crash left him out of money. He began it. A furious writing
to be establish political and economic fortunes.
-​ Churchill lived in Ireland from 1876 to 1879. His father served as secretary
to his grandfather, who is in the Viceroy of Ireland.
-​ he began his autobiography, my early life, with this "My earliest memories
are Ireland. I can recall scenes and events in Ireland quite well, and
sometimes dimly even, people. ...My nurse, Mrs. Everest, was nervous about
the Fenians [the Irish Republican Brotherhood.] I gathered these were
wicked people and there was no end to what they would do if they had their
way. On one occasion when I was out riding on my donkey, we thought we saw
a long dark procession of Fenians approaching. I am sure now it must have
 been the Rifle Brigade out for a route march. But we were all very much
alarmed, particularly the donkey, who expressed his anxiety by kicking. I was
thrown off and had concussion of the brain. This was my first introduction
to Irish politics!"
-​ after the great war, the British empire peaked with the addition of states
and nations from the defeated empires. Approximately one quarter of the
world's land and population fell within the British influence, including
holdings in Asia, Latin America and Middle East, Africa, and Australia.
-​ first day Secretary of State for war air, then as colonial Secretary,
Churchill was in the center of complex and dangerous circumstances
-​ he came to his ministry offices while prepared, he traveled widely red
extensively, study government thoroughly, and ministry experience
-​ two main areas would take his skill and add to his reputation, the historically
explosive Ireland, and the newly explosive Middle East
-​ his options were limited by the small number of resources of a country
exhausted by war
-​ the space of only a few years Churchill had to deal with Ireland and the
Middle East from two different cabinet posts
-​ as both secretary of state for war and Secretary of State for air, years
responsible for military matters, and as the colonial secretary, he was
responsible for political affairs
-​ Churchill came to the war office in the middle of the Irish war of
independence, by 1920 the rebellion and the breakaway faction had been
suppressed
-​ however, the malicious reformed the Irish for republican army, and begin,
began a guerilla campaign that would last for decades
-​ violence of this lead the British to establish a counter insurgency force,
consisting of demobilized British soldiers called the black and tans,
referring to the mixing of civilian and military uniform
-​ Churchill was given command of these troops and he also came in command
of the Ulster special constable of Northern for they're in Ireland
-​ his oversight of attempts to suppress Irish violence, including reprisal
killings, for the deaths of British forces, made him a main target for
assassination by Sinn Fein
-​ as violence on both sides escalated, Churchill called for an end to the
violence with a truce and negotiations. It was not accepted, and he was
reduced to supplying arms and men for a policy of suppression which she
could see no end in sight.
-​ the borough party was spent for by 1922. With the dissatisfaction with the
consequences of the great war and it's aftermath provoked a political
alignment. The liberal government lost its steam.
-​ with church over recovering feminine appendectomy and too weak to walk,
he campaign for reelection as a liberal on 1922, and lost
-​ he tried again in 1923 and lost
-​ he then tried in 1924 as an independent and lost
-​ he decided it was time for a change
-​ his transition back to the conservative side was more of a delicate maneuver
than it was for him, joining the liberals
-​ you were slated to run for a conservative seat, and was appointed chancellor
of the exchequer before he officially joined the conservative party
-​ Churchill's appointment in 1924 to Chancellor of the was a personal and
political triumph, he now had the second most powerful position in the
country just like his father had
-​ he only made one major stumble during his time as _ which was returning
British currency to the gold standard after it was suspended during the
great war. this came just before the New York stock market crash and this
policy worse than the impending depression affects on Britain
-​ because the conservative party lost in 1929, Churchill had no ministerial
position for the next 10 years
-​ he did continue his seat and Parliament, but ultimately his political career
was over
-​ 1929. He made his first lecture tour of the United States in almost 30
years, he went to New York at the same time the stock market crashed in
October, a catastrophe that severely hurt his financial position and
 completely wiped out profits from the lecture tour. And again, he was
dependent on his writings to earn a living.
-​ when he was in the United States for another tour in 1931 he was hit by a
car, and seriously injured
-​ characteristically, he profited from this by writing about it
-​ during his years out of power, 1929 to 1939, he produced a five volume
history of the great war. The world crisis. He then followed that with a full
volume history of his ancestor Marlborough. His life and themes. You wrote
most of the four volume a history of the English speaking peoples, but he
didn't edit and publish it after a World War II.
-​ also during his time out of power, he published his autobiography my early
life
-​ from his back bent seat and parliament, Churchill tried to warn Britain
about the impending Germany. "Germany is arming- she is rapidly arming -
and no one will stop her." however, he was seen as a alarmist distraction by
the government and the liberal and conservative parties focused mostly on
domestic issues
-​ the government agreed that the economic problems in danger by the great
depression of Britain's greatest threat and disbarment was the way to
peace. it was hard for people to face the idea of another war after 1 million
British deaths in the great war less than 20 years earlier.
-​ and here was Adolf Hitler, who was a wounded and decorated soldier in
World War I. He became politically active in the war aftermath. He despised
the new government in Germany, and he joined the German workers party in
1919. By 1921, his gifts as a speaker, and his attractive ideas, propelled him
to leadership of what would become the Nazi party.
-​ hitler established the Nazi party in 1925, they were intent on using
Democratic means to achieve power. He tried of the Versailles treaty, the
Great Depression and mash unemployment brought a lot of Germans to his
cause as Hitler lashed out at capitalist, communist, and Jews.
-​ with the support of the conservatives, the German people elect active
Hitler, Chancellor of Germany in 1933
-​ later that year, after a mysterious fire burned down the risk tag building,
Hitler proposed and enabling Hitler pictorial powers. He was now the soul
leader of Germany.
-​ hitler destroyed the trade unions and banned all other political parties,
sending their leaders to concentration camps. And by the end of 1933,
Hitler's camp sold over 150,000 political prisoners he began rounding up
others.
-​ 1934 Hitler ordered the murder of 200 people who helped him to power but
we're now seen his threats. 1935 Germany denied citizenship to Jews and
made it illegal for them to marry. On November 9-10, 1938, journey over
7500 Jewish shops destroyed and 400 synagogues burned.
-​ at first Churchill, hope that Hitler might help Germany in Europe, but
quickly decided otherwise. "Germany... fears no one. She is arming in a
manner which has never been seen in German history. She is led by a handful
of triumphant desperadoes."
-​ after the great war, all the victorious countries were practicing mass
disarmament, and Germany watched with amusement
-​ churchhill's experience in the ministry of munitions and his good
understanding of aviation and it's importance in war made him very sensitive
to the quickly emerging German, Air Force, which was clearly forbidden by
the Versailles treaty.
-​ Churchill said that by the end of 1936 the German Air Force would be 50%
stronger than the RAF, and by 1937 nearly double
-​ Churchill called 1934 in 1935 the locust years, because time would should've
been spent preparing for a German attack was frequently eaten up. He
described the government's position as."...decided only to be undecided,
resolved to be irresolute, adamant for drift, solid for fluidity, all powerful
to be impotent. "
-​ journeys, we had branch the Versailles treaty for many years, but in March
19 36, Hiller occupied the Rhineland, which was a violation that could not be
ignored. Hitler offered a diplomatic agreement and the British opted for
this rather than war.
 -​ in 1937 Neville Chamberlain became Prime Minister of Britain, and he began
to seek accordance with Germany to avoid war, but also to limit spending on
arms
-​ March 1938 Hitler occupied Austria and Churchill immediately respond
"Europe is confronted with a programme of aggression, nicely calculated and
timed, unfolding stage by stage, and there is only one choice open... either to
submit, like Austria, or else to take effective measures while time remains
to ward off danger."
-​ hitler occupied the best of Czech Czechoslovakia, and the next month on 15
April 1939, Prime Minister Chamberlain established the Ministry of supply at
church had advocated for 1936
-​ on May 4, 1939, in a daily telegraph article Churchill predicted a new
invasion by Hitler most likely against Poland
-​ july, Churchill predicted and alliance between Germany and Russia, and the
Nazi Soviet pact was signed in next month. Jeremy was now free to attack
Poland with Russian cooperation.

WW2
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-​ on 1 September 1939, Germany invaded Poland

-​ the Porsche ambassador called Churchill instead of the Prime Minister, with
news of the attack. Churchill password onto the war office.
-​ minister's first reaction was tried to negotiate with Germany, but that was
rejected by his cabinet, and on 3 September 1939, Britain declared war on
Germany.
-​ The world's most enduring image of Winston Churchill is that of Britain's
wartime leader - determined scowl, homburg hat, ever-present cigar, the
V-for victory sign. Churchill was sixty-five years old in May 1940, yet his
energy exhausted aides half his age.
-​ From bombed-out London streets ,to far-flung battlefields, to the capitals
of Moscow and Washington, he seemed to be everywhere. He was.
-​ Churchill's words of encouragement, challenge, and inspiration seemed just
right for each occasion.
-​ When Churchill became Prime Minister, at Britain's most desperate hour, he
remarked, "I felt as if... all my life had been but a preparation for this hour
and for this trial." It was.
-​ The world's most enduring image of Winston Churchill is that of Britain's
wartime leader - determined scowl, homburg hat, ever-present cigar, the
V-for victory sign. Churchill was sixty-five years old in May 1940, yet his
energy exhausted aides half his age.
-​ From bombed-out London streets ,to far-flung battlefields, to the capitals
of Moscow and Washington, he seemed to be everywhere. He was.
-​ Churchill's words of encouragement, challenge, and inspiration seemed just
right for each occasion.
-​ When Churchill became Prime Minister, at Britain's most desperate hour, he
remarked, "I felt as if... all my life had been but a preparation for this hour
and for this trial." It was.
-​ Within a month of Churchill becoming Prime Minister in May 1940, most of
Europe from Poland to France had fallen to Nazi domination. Russia had
signed a non-aggression treaty, the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, with Germany
(1939). Italy had declared war on Britain (June 1940). The United States
continued to sit on the sidelines. Japan was about to join forces with
Germany and the Axis Powers.
-​ The British Empire countries of Australia, New Zealand, Canada and, later,
South Africa followed Britain in declaring war, but could provide minimal
immediate support. Hitler's armies were looking at Britain as their next
target.
-​ Before Hitler could invade Britain itself, he had to knock out the Royal Air
Force. From June through the fall, a massive air battle raged in the skies
over England as the Luftwaffe bombed air bases and civilian targets. The
Battle of Britain peaked on September 15, 1940. At its height, Churchill
 asked Air Vice Marshall Park, "What other reserves have we?" Park replied,
"There are none."
-​ Two days later Hitler cancelled the invasion of Britain; the Battle of Britain
was won.
-​
-​ On 31 August, Hitler ordered bombers to attack London rather than the
airfields. German aircraft had earlier bombed London by mistake. When
Churchill ordered a retaliation raid on Berlin, Hitler responded in kind. This
diversion allowed the RAF to rebuild its strength. In a sense, the Blitz saved
the RAF and Britain itself.
-​ Britain survived 1940 and war from the skies. But, at sea, German
submarines had sunk 567 merchant ships carrying 2,771,483 gross tons of
vital supplies. Britain was losing the battle at sea despite the 50 aging
WWI-era destroyers the United States had provided in exchange for land
to establish air and naval bases on seven British possessions in the Caribbean
and Newfoundland.
-​ Italy's invasion of Greece (October 1940) was keeping a large number of
Italian troops occupied and brought Britain an ally, but victory was nowhere
in sight.
-​ For Britain, 1941 was a desperate scramble. Britain had thwarted Hitler's
invasion plan, but its retaliation was confined to a small Bomber Command
force limited to nighttime raids.
-​ The Nazi forces continued their march. Germany defeated the British in
Greece and Yugoslavia surrendered. Initial British victories in North Africa
against the Italians were reversed by the arrival of German forces under
Erwin Rommel, the "Desert Fox."
-​ In Asia, Japan pressed further into China, occupied French Indo-China
(Vietnam), and threatened the British Crown Colony of Hong Kong.
-​ In one glimmer of hope, President Roosevelt signed the Lend-Lease Act
(March 1941). This permitted the United States to provide war material to
Britain, including WWI-era destroyers to combat German submarines.
-​ In June 1941, Hitler astonished the world again by invading Germany's
nominal ally Russia, turning it into an ally of Britain. Churchill, a long-time
 anti-communist, remarked, "If Hitler invaded Hell, I would make at least a
favourable reference of the Devil in the House of Commons."
-​ Britain strengthened its ties to the United States with the Atlantic Charter
14 August 1941 in a meeting between Churchill and Roosevelt off the coast
of Newfoundland.
-​ Japan attacked the United States fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on 7
December 1941. President Roosevelt cabled Churchill, "Today all of us are in
the same boat...and it is a ship which will not and cannot be sunk." "That
night," Churchill later recalled, "I slept the sleep of the saved and thankful."
-​ When Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December 1941,
Churchill's "Grand Alliance" was fully formed.
-​ One of the war's best-kept secrets was that British code breakers were
reading German signals traffic. Timely distribution of this intelligence-
codenamed "Ultra" - was instrumental in winning the war.
-​ The Germans coded or enciphered radio messages using a typewriter-like
"Enigma" machine containing several sets of rotors for each letter of the
alphabet. Since each rotor could be changed, reset, or reversed, the Enigma
could produce billions of combinations.
-​ To decipher the message, the recipient needed another Enigma machine and
the correct roto settings. The reader typed the coded text and the machine
produced the original message.
-​ At Britain's Bletchley Park, teams of men and women worked around the
clock deciphering messages with their ever-changing cipher combinations.
Their ability to decipher the codes depended greatly on capturing German
codebooks and of course the possession of an Enigma. The first machine was
captured by the British Royal Navy in May 1941. All told the allies managed
to secure just three Enigma machines - two courtesy of the British and one
via the USA - but also managed to capture many codebooks. The successful
breaching of the German system was significant to the outcome of WWII.
-​ Britain was heartened by the entry of the United States into the war. But
December 1941 through the first half of 1942 brought nothing but disaster
and reversal.
-​ Japan ran wild in the South China Sea. On Christmas Day 1941, Hong Kong
surrendered; Singapore followed on 15 February 1942, and Rangoon on 8
March. India appeared to be at risk. Japan moved into the Netherlands East
Indies and threatened Australia. The Germans ground their way toward
Stalingrad. General Rommel recaptured Tobruk in North Africa.
-​ However, fate swung in the second half of 1942 as Allied forces decisively
stopped both Japan and Germany.
-​ Midway (4-6 June 1942) - The Turning Point in the Pacific. The Japanese
fleet sortied to finish off the American carriers missed at Pearl Harbor.
The Allies ambushed the Japanese northwest of Midway, destroying four or
their five frontline carriers. Their naval power in the Pacific was broken.
-​ Stalingrad (28 June 1942- 2 February 1943) - The Turning Point on the
Eastern Front. The German Army was trained and equipped for short
decisive battles, but the brutal street fighting of Stalingrad did not play to
Germany's strengths. Lack of winter equipment, harassment by Soviet
partisans and the eventual cutting off of the supply lines took their toll. The
German Army would penetrate no further into Russia. Virtually all German
troops in Stalingrad were killed or captured - Germany's first convincing
defeat in the East.
-​ El Alamein (23 October - November 1942) - The Turning Point in North
Africa. After more than a year of inconclusive back and forth battles in
North Africa, British Empire troops led by General Montgomery defeated
the German and Italian forces at El Alamein.
-​ The Counter-Offensive (8 November 1942) - Operation Torch. The Allied
landing in Algeria and Morocco - the first major American action in the ETO
- began to drive the Germans out of Africa from the west. These combined
operations provided the staging ground for the future Allied invasion of
Sicily and Italy.
-​ The Axis powers were now in retreat, but they continued to exact a terrible
toll. In 1942 German submarines in the North Atlantic sank 1,323 merchant
ships, sending 7,047,744 tons of cargo to the bottom.
-​
-​ Throughout 1943 and 1944 the Allies fought many bitter battles and
sustained many casualties. But the direction of battle was always the same -
Germany and Japan were slowly but surely being pushed back.
-​ The Pacific - Japan was attacked from three directions. Allied forces moved
up the Southwest Pacific through New Guinea towards the Philippines. The
British-Indian Army handed the Japanese major defeats in Burma. And the
United States fast carrier task forces swept across the Central Pacific
from island to island, ever closer to Japan.
-​ The Second Front - The Russians had taken the brunt of German ground
operations in 1941, 1942 and 1943. They defeated the Germans in February
1943 at Stalingrad and at Kursk in July in the largest tank battle in history,
but at a staggering cost in Russian lives and material. Stalin kept demanding
a second front. Two strategies developed to deal with the urgency of a
"second front" and to give the Allies time to build up for an invasion of
northern Europe.
1.​ A combined bomber offensive using British aircraft by night and American
by day.
2.​ An attack first on Sicily (July), then Italy (September)to build on the
success of the British in North Africa and Operation Torch.
-​ Liberation of Europe - The largest amphibious assault in history began on
"D-Day," 6 June 1944. The invasion - many years in the planning and long
demanded by Stalin - was anticipated by the Germans. But a sophisticated
deception plan, "Operation Fortitude," kept Hitler expecting the attack at
the narrowest point of the English Channel at the Pas de Calais.
-​ Instead the blow fell on Normandy. Two beachheads were assigned to
Americans, two to British, and one to Canadians. The fierce fighting resulted
in great casualties. After failing to make as rapid progress as initially
imagined during the first few weeks of the landings, the Western Allies
broke out into France. Meanwhile the Red Army was flooding into Poland and
the Balkans. From west and east, the "ring" around Germany was being drawn
ever tighter.
-​ World War II killed more people, exhausted more wealth, devastated more
property, and covered more territory than any other war in history.
 Twenty-six countries were combatants and over fifty-five million people
perished - the majority civilians.
-​ It ended in 1945. Germany - its Führer killed by his own hand - surrended in
May with the Allies occupying all its territory. Japan surrendered in
September after the United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and
Nagasaki.
-​ Churchill saw the victory as a triumph that yielded tragedy.
-​ In Europe, the Allies vanquished Nazi tyranny. However, another brutal
tyranny now controlled Eastern Europe. World War II started with Germany
trying to take Poland, and ended with Russia doing so. As in 1919, one war's
end set the stage for the next - this time, The Cold War.

Here on direct quote from

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-​ The war would eventually cost Britain its Empire. Churchill - a life-long
defender - saw British imperialism as a force for good, bringing benefits of
liberty and the rule of law. Yet, in 1942, the realities of war led Winston to
propose a plan for self-rule in India to ensure the country's popular will to
continue fighting for the Allies. It was the beginning of the inevitable. By
war's end, Britain was too bankrupt and exhausted to maintain an empire.
While Churchill did not "preside over the liquidation of the British Empire,"
his successors did.
-​ Churchill himself became a casualty of war. With Germany defeated, the
Labour Party, sensing it could win on its own, pulled out of the Wartime
coalition and a General Election was held in July of 1945. The British people,
having seen in wartime that a government-managed economy could work, did
not fear socialism. Polls showed the people desired a Labour government with
Churchill as Prime Minister. One election poster told the story, "Cheer
Churchill - Vote Labour."
-​ The Labour Party won the election by a landslide. Churchill, in a humiliating
defeat, was out. A bitter irony, the election occurred between VE Day in
May and VJ Day in August. Winston celebrated the European victory as
Prime Minister but watched Japan's surrender from the sidelines.
-​ Clementine, trying to ease his pain, said, "It may well be a blessing in
disguise." Winston responded, "At the moment it seems quite effectively
disguised."
-​ A fighter cockpit is a small cold place. Metal the thickness of a soup can
separates you from frigid air. Even in summer, heavy clothes are needed to
keep from freezing at high altitude. But when the action starts and the
adrenaline surges, the sweat pours.
-​ A dogfight is swirling chaos where one wrong move could be your last, and
the enemy that gets you is the one you don't see. The strain is so great that
sometimes pilots have to be lifted from their planes after landing.
-​ During the Battle of Britain, pilots did this three, four, and five times a day
- day after day. Until their luck ran out.
-​ If they had a little luck left, they parachuted to safety and lived to fight
again. If luck betrayed them, they became another chapel service for their
buddies to attend.
-​ Frank Capra's film "The Battle of Britain" provides a first-hand view of the
battles waged in the skies above England. It was part of a series titled "Why
We Fight," commissioned to help Americans understand what was at stake in
the war and to solidify their support for Britain and the Allied cause.
-​ First Lieutenant John F. Lutz 1918-1943​
John F. Lutz was born August 18, 1918, in Fulton, Missouri. After graduating
from Fulton High School, he attended Westminster College for one year. He
transferred to Brawley Junior College at Brawley, California, graduating the
following year.
-​ Lutz enlisted in the RAF as a member of the 71st Eagle Squadron in
September 1941 at the age of 23. He took part in many air battles with the
Eagle Squadrons over Europe, and continued on with the U.S. 8th Air Force
after the Eagle Squadrons' transfer in September 1942.
-​ On 4 May 1943, after engaging several Nazi fighters during a bomber escort
mission to Holland, he was forced to bail out of his crippled aircraft over the
English Channel.
-​ A letter to Lutz's parents from his friend, First Lieutenant H. D. Hively,
told the story of his last flight.​
 "We were doing escort for a number of bombers and got into a mix-up over
Flushing. ...the last I saw of him, he was diving down on six F.W. 190s. ...John
made good his attack, but in the melee evidently got a bullet in an oil line or
such. He definitely was all right then, for he called me on the radio and said
his engine was acting up and he was going home. ...but when about halfway
across, John called again and said he was bailing out."
-​ "He bailed out at 2,000 feet, but his chute only partially opened and he
never got in his dingy. [Another pilot] stayed with him for over fifteen
minutes, but I'm afraid I can offer no hope, for I have non myself.
Everything was done that was possible. The Airsea Rescue was out 'til dark
and again this morning, but there was no sign."
-​ One third of the pilots who served with the Eagle Squadrons never returned
home. Over 20,000 American airmen died while on active service in Britain.
Most parents did not receive even this much information about their lost
child.
-​ When Britain stood alone, pilots from other countries felt compelled to help.
Some came from the British Empire and Commonwealth: Canada, South
Africa, Southern Rhodesia, Jamaica, Australia and New Zealand. Others
came from German-occupied countries such as Czechoslovakia, Belgium,
France, and Poland. Indeed, Polish pilots suffered the highest percentage of
combat fatalities of all the nationalities in the Battle of Britain.
-​ Americans also joined the fight even before their country was at war.
Although the FBI tried strictly to enforce the United States Neutrality
Act, these pilots found their own way to Britain, typically through the Royal
Canadian Air Force. About ten American pilots fought with the Royal Air
Force in the Battle of Britain, but were usually listed as Canadian or South
African. More Americans soon followed.​
Finally, Winston Churchill personally intervened, paving the way for the Air
Ministry to officially organize the American - or Eagle - Squadrons in
September of 1940.
-​ Walter M. Churchill [no relation to Winston] led the first Eagle Squadron,
71. By spring of 1942, three Eagle Squadrons were firmly established as part
of RAF Fighter Command, posted at stations in the thick of the action: 71
 Squadron at Debden; 121 Squadron at North Weald; and 133 Squadron at
Biggin Hill. The Eagle Squadrons proved themselves in the toughest combat -
one third of the pilots never returned home.
-​ With the formation of the United States 8th Air Force in England, the Eagle
Squadrons were absorbed into the "Mighty Eighth" as the 4th Fighter Group
on 29 September 1942.
-​ On March 5, 1946, the presence of Winston Churchill and President Harry
Truman turned a college gymnasium in a small Midwestern town into a world
state as Churchill delivered his most famous post- World War II address -
"The Sinews of Peace."
-​ That Churchill and Truman would travel to Fulton, Missouri, is a story of
Westminster College President Franc McCluer, a Westminster alumnus, with
the boldness to ask for the seemingly impossible. Through fellow
Westminster alumnus, Gen. Harry Vaughan, McCluer was granted access to
the President Truman, who endorsed an invitation former British Prime
Minister Winston S. Churchill. The invitation was accepted... and the rest is
history.
-​ Although recently defeated in an election, Winston Churchill remained a
colossus on the world stage. He toured Europe, speaking to vast and adoring
crowds. In America, he was arguably more esteemed than President Harry
Truman who himself lived under the shadow of Franklin D. Roosevelt.
-​ It is difficult today to imagine the impact of Churchill's and Truman's visit
to Fulton. Today, we are used to presidential visits to small towns across the
nation. But, in 1946, it was a very big deal. Two world leaders for one ticket.
-​ Westminster College had no auditorium large enough for the number of
people who wished to hear Winston Churchill speak. The gymnasium was
pressed into service and a stage constructed. Loudspeakers carried
Churchill's voice to the overflow crowd that shivered in a cool March wind
outside the gym.
-​ Befitting a formal academic setting, both Churchill and Truman were given
honorary Doctor of Laws degrees. An academic robe displayed in the
Museum is a replica of Churchill's own academic robe that he brought with
him for the occasion. The pitcher and water glass were at his side.
-​ Poker and Parade
-​ Churchill and Truman traveled to Fulton by train. During the 24-hour
journey, they enjoyed whiskey, poker, and each other's company - in equal
measure. At one point Winston put down his cards and remarked, "If I were
to be born again, there is one country in which I would want to be a citizen.
There is one country where a man knows he has an unbounded future: the
USA, even though I deplore some of your customs." When asked which
customs, Winston replied, "You stop drinking with your meals."
-​ The train arrived from Washington, D.C. at Jefferson City, Missouri. A map
within the exhibit shows the route of the motorcade through Fulton.
-​ Fulton residents greeted the dignitaries with homemade welcome banners,
some of which hang in the galleries at the Churchill Memorial in Fulton.
-​ Opposition to Hitler united the "Grand Alliance," but little else did. Leaders
of the United States, Britain and the Soviet Union held two major wartime
conferences to shape post-war Europe. They did not share the same vision.
-​ At Yalta (4-11 February 1945) - The Allied Control Commission, including
France, was established to plan Germany's occupation. Russia demanded
Asian territories in exchange for declaring war on Japan. The "Declaration
of Liberated Europe" guaranteed free elections to all German-occupied
countries.
-​ At Potsdam (17 July- 2 August 1945) - Churchill began the Conference, but a
new Prime Minister, Clement Atlee, would finish it. The Allies set terms for
the Japanese surrender, agreed on holding war crimes trials, and - after
much debate - confirmed that the Polish Provisional Government would hold
"free and unfettered elections as soon as possible."
-​ But despite high-minded assurances, the Soviet Army possessed Eastern
Europe, and Stalin wanted
1.​ A buffer zone against invasion from the west, and
2.​ Resources to rebuild the USSR. Eastern Germany and Europe would provide
both.
-​ In the end, the position of the Soviet Army determined Europe's post-war
map with Soviet tanks providing the iron in the "Iron Curtain." Churchill's
 "Sinews of Peace" speech sought to provide direction and vitality to the
British-American alliance as relations with the Soviet Union collapsed.
-​ My faith is that in God's mercy we shall choose aright."
-​ From the end of World War II in 1945 to the collapse of the Soviet Union in
1991, former allies, no adversaries, probed and challenged each other,
fought "proxy wars" in remote places, and attempted to best the other
without provoking a nuclear exchange. It was known as the "Cold War."

Cold War

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-​ Winston Churchill did not start the Cold War and he did not finish it. But he
did see it coming, sounded its early warning, and defined the central
problems that would occupy the leaders that followed him.
-​ Churchill's speech at Fulton was the first widely recognized clarion call. But,
throughout the late 1940s and during his second term as Prime Minister,
Churchill continued to grapple with Cold War issues.
-​ The wartime alliance formed a peculiar bond between Churchill and Stalin.
Both men knew what it was like to have their back against the wall with
Hitler in front of them. Each admired the courage with which the other
faced the challenge.
-​ They never fully trusted each other. They had acrimonious differences. And,
as a life-long anti-Bolshevik, Churchill harbored few illusions about Soviet
post-war intentions.
-​ Nevertheless, unlike his relationship with Hitler, characterized by mutual
loathing, Churchill's relationship with Stalin had the marks of respect.
Churchill was fond of Stalin and enjoyed their interplay. These feelings were
reciprocated.
-​ The death of Roosevelt in April 1945 helped to extenuate existing fissures
in the 'grand alliance'. Churchill's General Election loss and the Soviets'
 postwar actions in Eastern Europe further stressed the ties and effectively
dismantled the relationship between Churchill and Stalin.
-​ Stalin died in 1953 during Churchill's second premiership, leaving Churchill as
the sole survivor of the original three Allied leaders. Ironically, it was the
new Soviet leadership less well known to the West that Churchill saw as an
opportunity for warmer relations. This "thaw" led to the Geneva Summit of
1955.
-​ The Cold War emerged as the Soviet Union turned Eastern Europe - the
invasion route to Russia for centuries - into a military and political buffer
between it and the West. Each saw a different reality; The Soviets wanted
troops in Eastern Europe to block an attack from the West; the West saw
them as a prelude to an attack on the West. Mutual suspicion,
misunderstanding, ideological posturing and rhetorical extravagance, and
Soviet-style governments in the East locked the two sides in a tense
standoff.
-​ Winston Churchill thought the Cold War required a three-part strategy:
●​ Military Strength - to balance the Soviet armies in the face of allies that
were demobilizing after World War II.
●​ Dialogue with Russia - to prevent antagonism from becoming war, particularly
nuclear war.
●​ A "United States of Europe" - both for recovery from the destruction of
World War II and to harmonize relations among European states so that
further continental bloodshed might be avoided.
-​ The cooperation of Britain, the United States and the new United Nations
would be needed to create the "sinews of peace".
-​ Churchill advocated managing Cold War tensions with a view toward a
favorable mutual resolution. The United States took a more confrontational
stance, threatening "massive retaliation" with nuclear weapons and adopting
a deterrent policy of mutually assured destruction (MAD).
-​ The United States sought to win the Cold War; Churchill sought to overcome
it. Of the United States policy Churchill remarked, "If you go on with this
nuclear arms race, all you are going to do is make the rubble bounce."
-​ During the late 1940s Winston Churchill actively supported attempts to
unify Europe through the Congress of Europe (1948) and the Council of
Europe (1949). The creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO) in 1949 sought to tie the United State to Britain and Euroope, and
to avoid American detachment as happened after World War I. The South
East Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), formed in 1954 tried to do for Asia
what NATO did for Europe.
-​ At the end of World War II Korea, like Germany, was divided into Soviet
and Allied zones of occupation which in turn became two separate states.
When North Korea attacked South Korea in 1950, the action was seen as
Soviet instigated and a foreshadowing of their intentions in Western Europe.
The Cold War had just produced its first proxy hot war.
-​ In 1951, upon becoming Prime Minister again, Churchill devoted much of his
energies to Cold War issues, and a minimum to domestic policies. The Korean
War had begun the year before, and Churchill supported British
participation in the United Nations forces.
-​ Churchill's strategy was to both maintain Britain's global role and establish
constructive relations with Moscow through Summit conferences of world
leaders. Churchill was to be largely frustrated in these efforts. Leaders
with whom he forged personal relationships in World War II were dead
(Roosevelt), devoted to other priorities (Eisenhower), or soon to die (Stalin).
Winston was the only one talking about "Summits" - a term he popularized.
-​ Also, from the perspective of the United States, Soviet repression of
Eastern Europe and the Berlin blockade of 1948-49, plus their alleged
complicity in the Korean War made constructive relations with the Soviet
Union unacceptable.
-​ Only one Summit Conference took place during Churchill's second
premiership - Bermuda, 1953 - with minimal consequence.
-​ Churchill's political career ended effectively in 1955 when he retired as
Prime Minister. He died in 1965. Only many years after Churchill's passing
would summitry and constructive relations with the Soviet Union become an
effective instrument of statecraft, playing a significant role in the end of
the Cold War.
 -​ Ultimately, American Cold War policy warmed, coming to embrace positions
Churchill had advocated years before.
-​ The Cold War ended with the dismantling of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the
collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991.

Post Cold War and Death

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-​ How does Winston Churchill's original strategy look from the perspective of
the Cold War's conclusion?
●​ Military Strength and Strong Allies - The military strength of the United
States, with Britain as its principal ally, remained consistent throughout the
period. Some claim that it was the burden of arms competition with the US
that was a major factor in the collapse of the USSR.
●​ Constructive Relations with the Soviet Union - In Mikhail Gorbachev, the
West found a Soviet leader who was willing to talk - who recognized the
futility of the arms race and the economic hardship it caused the Soviet
people. Soviet-U.S. relations moved from confrontation through détente and
glasnost (Russian for "openness") to cooperation. Many of the former Soviet
client states became independent actors on the world stage, and even
members of NATO.
●​ A "United State of Europe" - After many variations - the Congress of
Europe and the Common Market to name only two - the European Union
shows more promise of being a genuine United States of Europe than
perhaps even Churchill could have imagined.
-​ While Churchill did not and could not foresee all the twists and turns of the
Cold War, he would certainly recognize solutions to the issues he framed in
the shape of our contemporary world.
-​ The "poor little English donkey" was indeed the one "who knew the right way
home."
-​ Winston Churchill died at age ninety on 24 January 1965 - seventy years to
the day after his father's death.
-​ Churchill's body lay in state in Westminster Hall where 300,000 mourners
filed past his coffin. His State Funeral was the first given a commoner since
the Duke of Wellington's death more than a century earlier. Big Ben,
London's hallmark bell, remained silent from 9:45 am - the time the
procession left Westminster Hall - until midnight.
-​ Six thousand people, including six Sovereigns and fifteen Heads of State,
attended the funeral service in St. Paul's Cathedral. From St. Paul's, a barge
carried his coffin up the Thames to Waterloo Station as the Royal Air Force
performed a fly-over. The funeral party then proceeded by train to the
parish church at Bladon, Oxfordshire.
-​ Churchill lies next to his parents and within sight of his birthplace, Blenheim
Palace. When Clementine Churchill died on 12 December 1977 she was -
reunited with Winston, her ashes placed in his grave.
-​ Churchill's bonds to his family ran strong and deep. Clementine - confidante
and companion - supported, advised, and challenged Winston throughout his
career. When apart, Winston and Clementine maintained their relationship
through constant and affectionate letters.
-​ Churchill took special delight in their five children: Diana (b. 1909), Randolph
(b. 1911), Sarah (b.1914), Marigold (b.1918), and Mary (b. 1922). At Chartwell
he built an elaborate tree house for his three older children and a little
brick summerhouse for Mary. The children learned to be quiet while their
father was writing. But, later it was time for high-jinks out-of-doors -
imitating animals was a favorite - or charades and theatricals in the parlor.
-​ Winston and Clementine were not spared heartache. Marigold's death, at age
three, plunged them into profound grief. Churchill's relationship with
Randolph was often stormy. Sarah's marriage to a vaudeville comedian was
not warmly welcomed. Diana struggled with depression and nervous
breakdowns, committing suicide in 1963. But, Churchill loved his children to
the end.
-​ Ultimately, Randolph would begin the official biography of his father,
completing two of the eventual eight volumes before his death in 1968. Mary
 would write a book about her father as a painter and a biography of her
mother, as well as edit her parents' remarkable letters.

-​ In mid-September 1922, Churchill took his children, Diana (13), Randolph

(11), and Sarah (7) on a country outing - to see Chartwell. Sarah recalled,
"Chartwell was wildly overgrown and untidy, and contained all the mystery of
houses that had not been lived in for many years." The children loved the
place and begged their father to buy it. Only later did they learn he already
had. Clementine, in London about to give birth to daughter Mary that same
week, was also unaware of the purchase.
-​ Twenty-five miles south of London, this 80-acre estate that overlooked the
rolling hills of Kent became the Churchill family home for forty years.
-​ From 1922 to 1924 Churchill completely rebuilt and expanded Chartwell - at
substantial expense - to accommodate his family and work. In subsequent
years, Churchill constructed several new buildings with his own hands. He
laid the bricks for them and the garden walls himself. Proud of his skill as a
bricklayer, he took out and apprentice card in the Amalgamated Union of
Building Trade Workers.
-​ Churchill landscaped and planted gardens and orchards. He expanded the
lake, included an island, and added a rockery and waterfall, a water garden,
goldfish ponds, and a heated swimming pool.
-​ In 1946, a group of friends purchased Chartwell and gave it to the National
Trust with the provision that the Churchills could remain in residence for
their lifetime. Just as the nation recognized the Duke of Marlborough's
service with Blenheim Palace, Chartwell represents an act of gratitude for
Churchill's leadership. Open to the public, it remains substantially as it was
when the Churchills lived there.
-​ Churchill was a lover of animals - large and small, domestic and barnyard -
and they, in turn, were attracted to him.
-​ Churchill's first long-lasting passion was horses. His days in the cavalry made
Churchill a championship caliber polo player. He competed into his fifties and
continued to ride and own horses. He philosophized, "No hour of life is lost
that is spent in the saddle."
 -​ At Chartwell, Churchill indulged his love of animals. The lakes were stocked
with ducks and black swans, and the ponds with goldfish. Winston tried for
two years to manage a dairy herd, but the pedigreed Middle White pigs were
his pride.
-​ Cats and dogs had the run of the house and grounds. One secretary recalled
finding Churchill working in bed one morning with a bird on his head, a cat
across his ankles, and a dog at his side.
-​ Even at the official residence at 10 Downing Street, Churchill's pets
wandered occasionally into luncheons and official meetings. Once during
World War II, Rufus, his beloved poodle, ventured into a Cabinet Room
meeting. "No, Rufus." Churchill said, "I haven't found it necessary to ask you
to join the wartime Cabinet."

UK Gov
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Personal Information

Was born on November 30th 1874. Had a rich aristocratic ancestry. Was bad in
school so he joined the military. Served in a wide variety of places, was also a
journalist.

Early Political Career

Was elected conservative MP in 1900, but joined the liberals in 1904. Was first
lord of the admiralty when the Gallipoli campaign happened. Resigned after being
blamed for the disaster, so he went to the western front to fight.
Wilderness Years
Re-joined the conservative party, served as chancellor of the exchequer. Lost 1929
election , spent next 11 years out of office. Gave speeches and did writing to earn
money, also warned about the impending Nazi rise up. Was correct when WW2
broke out in 1939.

World War 2
After Nevile Chamberlain resigned in 1940, Churchill succeeded him as prime
minister. Took position as minister of defense, and gave some of his most
memorable speeches to boost the low British morale during the hard war times.
He was beaten in the 1945 election by Clement Attlee with the Labour party.
He toured America giving speeches, including his famous “Iron Curtain” speech.

Post-War Period
He was re-elected in 1951 as prime minister, and in the words of Roy Jenkins,
“Gloriously unfit for office’. He was quite old and his health was not great, but he
still was the inspirational speaker he always was. His most notable accomplishment
was the conservative party's acceptance of the labour’s newly created welfare
state. He tried to decrease the quickly escalating cold war through personal
diplomacy, but that failed. He ended up having to resign in 1955 because of poor
health, and was replaced by Anthony Eden.

He died in 1965, and a state funeral was held in his honor.

Quotes of Winston Churchill

Link: https://winstonchurchill.org/resources/quotes/
https://winstonchurchill.org/resources/quotes/we-shall-fight-on-the-beaches-2/
-​ We shall go on to the end, we shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and
oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we
shall defend our Island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches,
we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets,
we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender.

https://winstonchurchill.org/resources/quotes/russian-barbarism/

-​ It would be a measureless disaster if Russian barbarism overlaid the culture

and independence of the ancient States of Europe.

https://winstonchurchill.org/resources/quotes/vice-of-capitalism/

-​ ‘The inherent vice of capitalism is the unequal sharing of blessings. The

inherent virtue of Socialism is the equal sharing of miseries.’

https://winstonchurchill.org/resources/quotes/without-an-office-without-a-seat/

-​ In the twinkling of an eye, I found myself without an office, without a seat,

without a party, and without an appendix.

https://winstonchurchill.org/resources/quotes/did-churchill-coin-the-term-iron-cu
rtain/
-​ Information in the iron curtain speech

Britannica Biography of Winston Churchill

Link: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Winston-Churchill

Introduction

Link: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Winston-Churchill
Was born on Nov 30 1874, died Jan 24 1965. He was a prominent figure in Britain
during the world wars, and a leader as prime minister. He first gained political
recognition before World War 1, but ultimately lost his positions due to his
questionable handling of the war.

Mid-Years
In the 1920s and 1930s he rejoined the conservative party, and served as
chancellor of the exchequer. His return to the higher gold status was economically
harmful, and his resistance in Indian independence further made people not like
him. He was basically excluded from politics, but spent that time writing and
speaking. He went against the uprising Nazi Germany, but his warnings were
dismissed. ‘

World War 2
When WW2 broke out his warnings were recognized and he was appointed First
Lord of the Admiralty again. And in may 1940 he became prime minister. His
leadership further proved his ability to unit in hard times. He made crucial
alliances with the United states and the Soviet Union, things that helped the allied
forces win the war. After the war, he lost the 1945 election.

Post-WW2
He became a voice of foreign opposition and warned about the SSRs ‘Iron Curian’.
He returned as prime minister in 1951 and was very focused on the cOld War. He
resigned in 1955 because of bad health but continued to serve in parliament. He
died in 1965 and received a state funeral.
Legacy
He lives on through his legacy as an inspirational speaker, a wartime leader, who led
Britain through many hard times. He was a very complex person, and his
contributions to the world continue to be seen today.

Citations, Links, Works Cited

National Churchill Museum

https://www.nationalchurchillmuseum.org/winston-churchill-biography.html
https://www.nationalchurchillmuseum.org/winston-churchill-early-life.html
https://www.nationalchurchillmuseum.org/winston-churchill-sword-and-pen.html
https://www.nationalchurchillmuseum.org/winston-churchill-leadership-the-glow-wo
rm.html
https://www.nationalchurchillmuseum.org/churchill-in-world-war-i-and-aftermath.h
tml
https://www.nationalchurchillmuseum.org/sir-winston-churchill-interwar-period.ht
ml
https://www.nationalchurchillmuseum.org/winston-churchill-and-the-gathering-stor
m.html
https://www.nationalchurchillmuseum.org/world-war-ii-churchills-finest-hour.html
https://www.nationalchurchillmuseum.org/sinews-of-peace-history.html
https://www.nationalchurchillmuseum.org/winston-churchill-and-the-cold-war.html
https://www.nationalchurchillmuseum.org/winston-churchill-funeral.html
https://www.nationalchurchillmuseum.org/winston-churchill-home-and-hobbies.html

Uk Gov
https://www.gov.uk/government/history/past-prime-ministers/winston-churchill
Quotes of Winston Churchill
https://winstonchurchill.org/resources/quotes/

Britannica Biography
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Winston-Churchill