Joe Foster

Linear Algebra
Fall 24

Final Exam Computational Practice Answers

1. Compute the orthogonal projection of the indicated vector v onto the column space of the matrix A.
       
−5 −1 2 −1 −2 −1
a) v = −1, A =  1 −1. b) v = −4, A =  1 1 .
7 −1 3 −3 2 2
   
1 −1
vColA = 2. vColA = −2.
4 −4

       
1 2 0 6 0 2
c) v = −7, A =  1 −1. d) v = −7, A =  0 1.
7 −1 0 7 −1 1
   
−2 2
vColA = −7. vColA = 1.
1 7

       
2 1 1 0 −2 0
e) v =  3 , A = −1 −2. f) v = −8, A =  0 1.
−1 0 2 1 −1 1
   
0 2
vColA =  1 . vColA = −4.
−2 −3

       
1 1 4 −4 −2 1
g) v =  8 , A = 0 1 . h) v = −8, A = −4 1 .
−2 0 −1 6 3 −1
   
1 −4
vColA =  5 . vColA = −8.

−5 6
Linear Algebra - Final Exam Computational Practice Answers Joe Foster - Fall 24

       
−6 2 0 −2 4 2
i) v =  5 , A = 4 1. j) v =  8 , A =  1 1 .
1 4 1 6 −4 −2
   
−6 −4
vColA =  3 . vColA =  8 .
3 4

       
1 0 −1 5 1 −2
k) v = 6, A = −1 2 . l) v =  3 , A = 1 0 .
8 1 −4 −8 0 −1
   
5 2
vColA = 4.
 vColA =  6 .
6 −2

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Linear Algebra - Final Exam Computational Practice Answers Joe Foster - Fall 24

2. Compute the orthogonal complement of the following spaces.

  
 x1 
a) W := x2  3x3 = 8x1 + 8x2 , 0 = 3x1 + 9x2 + 7x3 , 5x1 = 9x2
x3
 
     
 −8 −3 5 
⊥
W = Span −8 , −9 , −9
   
3 −7 0
 

  
 x1 
b) W := x2  3x3 = 5x1 + 2x2 , 8x2 = 5x1 + 8x3 , 5x1 + 9x2 = 5x3
x3
 
     
 −5 −5 5 
W ⊥ = Span −2 ,  8  ,  9 
3 −8 −5
 

  
 x1 
c) W := x2  0 = 3x1 + 6x2 + 7x3 , 9x1 = x3
x3
 
   
 −3 9 
W ⊥ = Span −6 ,  0 
−7 −1
 

  
 x1 
d) W :=  x2  2x2 = 4x1 + 8x3
x3
 
 
 −4 
W ⊥ = Span  2 
−8
 

  

 x 1 

x
 


  2  

e) W :=  x
 3
 6x 3 + x 4 = 3x 1 + 8x 2 + 3x 5 , 3x 2 + 7x 3 + 5x 4 + x 5 = 3x 1


x4  


 
x5
 
   

 −3 −3 
−8  3 

    


⊥

W = Span  6  ,  7 
   
 1   5 

 

 
−3 1
 

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Linear Algebra - Final Exam Computational Practice Answers Joe Foster - Fall 24

  
 x1 
f) W := x2  8x1 = 9x2 + 7x3 , x1 + 4x2 = 7x3 , 7x1 + x3 = 9x2
x3
 
     
 8 1 7 
⊥
W = Span −9 , 4 , −9
   
−7 −7 1
 

  

 x1 

x
  
2
g) W :=   4x4 = 5x1 + 9x2 , 3x1 + 9x2 + 8x3 + 5x4 = 0, 5x2 + 7x3 = 9x4

 x3
 

x4
 
     

 −5 3 0 
     
−9 9  5 

W ⊥ = Span  , ,
 0  8  7 

 
4 5 −9
 

  

 x1 

x
 
 2 
  

h) W := x3  4x2 + 5x5 = 5x1 + 7x3 + x4 , 6x2 + x3 = 3x1 + 4x4 + 9x5 , x3 + x4 = 3x1 + 7x2 + 3x5
 


x4  


 
x5
 
     

 −5 −3 −3 
     
 4   6  −7
 

⊥
W = Span  −7 , 1 , 1 
     
 −1


   −4  1  

5 −9 −3
 

  
 x1 
i) W := x2  3x1 + 6x2 + 4x3 = 0, 2x3 = 9x1 + 7x2 , 3x1 + 4x2 = 2x3
x3
 
     
 3 −9 3 
W ⊥ = Span 6 , −7 ,  4 
4 2 −2
 

  

 x1 

x
  
2
j) W :=   7x4 = 6x1 + 2x3

x
 3

 

x4

 

 −6 
 
0

W ⊥ = Span −2

 
7
 

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Linear Algebra - Final Exam Computational Practice Answers Joe Foster - Fall 24

  
 x1 
k) W := x2  3x3 = 8x1 + 8x2 , 0 = 3x1 + 9x2 + 7x3 , 5x1 = 9x2
x3
 
     
 −8 −3 5 
⊥
W = Span −8 , −9 , −9
   
3 −7 0
 

  
 x1 
l) W := x2  3x3 = 5x1 + 2x2 , 8x2 = 5x1 + 8x3 , 5x1 + 9x2 = 5x3
x3
 
     
 −5 −5 5 
W ⊥ = Span −2 ,  8  ,  9 
3 −8 −5
 

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Linear Algebra - Final Exam Computational Practice Answers Joe Foster - Fall 24

3. Find a least squares solution, x̂, to the following equations and determine how far away it is from the
desired solution.
       
−1 0   4 1 −1   0
x1 x1
a) −3 1
  =  0 .
 b) −4 3
  = −6.

x2 x2
−2 0 −2 3 −2 −3
√ √
   
0 −6
x̂ = , ∥b − Ax̂∥ = 2 5 x̂ = , ∥b − Ax̂∥ = 3 3
0 −9

       
0 1   8 0 −1   −6
x x
c)  2 0 1 = −7. d)  0 −2 1 =  3 .
x2 x2
−2 0 −3 −1 −1 4
√ √
   
−1 −4
x̂ = , ∥b − Ax̂∥ = 5 2 x̂ = , ∥b − Ax̂∥ = 3 5
8 0

       
0 −1   3 −3 1   3
x x
e) −1 −2 1 = −8. f) −2 0 1 = 8.
x2 x2
−1 −3 1 −2 0 8
√
   
16 −4
x̂ = , ∥b − Ax̂∥ = 2 3 x̂ = , ∥b − Ax̂∥ = 0
−5 −9

       
−2 −1   −5 1 −2   7
x1 x1
g) −4 −1
  = −5.
 h) 2 −4
  = −6.

x2 x2
−3 −1 −5 1 −3 −4
√
   
0 5
x̂ = , ∥b − Ax̂∥ = 0 x̂ = , ∥b − Ax̂∥ = 4 5
5 3

       
−1 −3   8 −4 −3   −1
x x
i)  1 1  1 = 4. j) −4 −3 1 = −3.
x2 x2
−1 −2 2 2 2 −6
√
   
10 11
x̂ = , ∥b − Ax̂∥ = 0 x̂ = , ∥b − Ax̂∥ = 2
−6 −14

       
−3 −1   −1 −1 1   −3
x1 x1
k) −1
 −1 =  6 . l)  2 0  = −5.

x2 x2
−3 −1 1 −1 0 5
√ √
   
3 −3
x̂ = , ∥b − Ax̂∥ = 2 x̂ = , ∥b − Ax̂∥ = 5
−9 −6

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Linear Algebra - Final Exam Computational Practice Answers Joe Foster - Fall 24

4. Find the line of best fit through the given points.

a) (4, −2), (4, 10), and (3, 2).

  
4 1   −2    
m m 2
The least squares solution to 4 1
  = 10 is x̂ =
  = . So the line of best fit
c c −4
3 1 2
is y = 2x + −4.

b) (2, 4), (3, 4), and (2, −2).

  
2 1   4    
m m 3
The least squares solution to 3 1
  =  4  is x̂ = = . So the line of best fit
c c −5
2 1 −2
is y = 3x + −5.

c) (−1, 0), (0, −20), and (0, 14).

   
−1 1   0    
m m −3
The least squares solution to  0 1 = −20 is x̂ = = . So the line of best
c c −3
0 1 14
fit is y = −3x + −3.

d) (−2, −4), (−1, 0), and (−1, 2).

   
−2 1   −4    
m m 5
The least squares solution to −1 1
  =  0  is x̂ = = . So the line of best fit
c c 6
−1 1 2
is y = 5x + 6.

e) (−3, −2), (−3, 4), and (−2, 2).

   
−3 1   −2    
m m 1
The least squares solution to −3 1
  =  4  is x̂ = = . So the line of best fit
c c 4
−2 1 2
is y = 1x + 4.

f) (−4, 2), (−3, 8), and (−3, −2).

   
−4 1   2    
m m 1
The least squares solution to −3 1 =  8  is x̂ = = . So the line of best fit
c c 6
−3 1 −2
is y = 1x + 6.

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Linear Algebra - Final Exam Computational Practice Answers Joe Foster - Fall 24

g) (4, 12), (3, 14), and (4, 20).

   
4 1   12    
m m 2
The least squares solution to 3 1 = 14 is x̂ = = . So the line of best fit is
c c 8
4 1 20
y = 2x + 8.

h) (1, 2), (2, −2), and (2, 14).

   
1 1   2    
m m 4
The least squares solution to 2 1 = −2 is x̂ = = . So the line of best fit
c c −2
2 1 14
is y = 4x + −2.

i) (−4, 8), (−5, 2), and (−4, −6).

   
−4 1   8    
m m −1
The least squares solution to −5 1
  =  2  is x̂ = = . So the line of best
c c −3
−4 1 −6
fit is y = −1x + −3.

j) (0, −8), (0, 6), and (−1, −4).

   
0 1   −8    
m m 3
The least squares solution to  0 1 =  6  is x̂ = = . So the line of best
c c −1
−1 1 −4
fit is y = 3x + −1.

k) (−5, 24), (−5, −16), and (−4, 2).

   
−5 1   24    
m m −2
The least squares solution to −5 1
  = −16 is x̂ =
  = . So the line of best
c c −6
−4 1 2
fit is y = −2x + −6.

l) (−2, −4), (−2, −6), and (−3, −4).

   
−2 1   −4    
m m −1
The least squares solution to −2 1
  = −6 is x̂ =
  = . So the line of best
c c −7
−3 1 −4
fit is y = −1x + −7.

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Linear Algebra - Final Exam Computational Practice Answers Joe Foster - Fall 24

5. Find the LU -decomposition for each of the following matrices.

 
−1 −9 −2
a) A =  1 17 4 
−4 12 −2
Through row operations, we obtain
     
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
E21 = 1 1 0 , E31 =  0 1 0 and E32 = 0 1 0 .
0 0 1 −4 0 1 0 −6 1

So     
1 0 0 −1 −9 −2 −1 −9 −2
U = E32 E31 E21 A =  1 1 0  1 17 4  =  0 8 2
−10 −6 1 −4 12 −2 0 0 −6
and  −1  
1 0 0 1 0 0
L = (E32 E31 E21 )−1 = 1 1 0 = −1 1 0 .
−10 −6 1 4 6 1
Thus
    
−1 −9 −2 1 0 0 −1 −9 −2
 1 17 4  = −1 1 0  0 8 2
−4 12 −2 4 6 1 0 0 −6

 
4 4 5
b) A =  0 −3 1 
−4 11 −18
Through row operations, we obtain
     
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
E21 = 0 1 0 , E31 = 0 1 0 and E32 = 0 1 0 .
0 0 1 1 0 1 0 5 1

So     
1 0 0 4 4 5 4 4 5
U = E32 E31 E21 A = 0 1 0  0 −3 1  = 0 −3 1 
1 5 1 −4 11 −18 0 0 −8
and  −1  
1 0 0 1 0 0
L = (E32 E31 E21 )−1 = 0 1 0  =  0 1 0 .
1 5 1 −1 −5 1
Thus
    
4 4 5 1 0 0 4 4 5
 0 −3 1 = 0 1 0 0 −3 1 
−4 11 −18 −1 −5 1 0 0 −8

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Linear Algebra - Final Exam Computational Practice Answers Joe Foster - Fall 24

 
0 6 0
c) A = 0 −17 8
0 7 5
Through row operations, we obtain
     
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
E21 = 1 1 0 , E31 =  0 1 0 and E32 = 0 1 0 .
0 0 1 −3 0 1 0 −1 1

So     
1 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 0
U = E32 E31 E21 A =  1 1 0 0 −17 8 = 0 −11 8 
−4 −1 1 0 7 5 0 0 −3
and  −1  
1 0 0 1 0 0
L = (E32 E31 E21 )−1 = 1 1 0 = −1 1 0 .
−4 −1 1 3 1 1
Thus
    
0 6 0 1 0 0 0 6 0
0 −17 8 = −1 1 0 0 −11 8 
0 7 5 3 1 1 0 0 −3

 
4 7 −1
d) A =  0 −4 −2
12 9 0
Through row operations, we obtain
     
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
E21 = 0
 1 0 , E31 =  0 1 0 and E32 = 0 1 0 .
0 0 1 −3 0 1 0 −3 1

So     
1 0 0 4 7 −1 4 7 −1
U = E32 E31 E21 A =  0 1 0  0 −4 −2 = 0 −4 −2
−3 −3 1 12 9 0 0 0 9
and  −1  
1 0 0 1 0 0
L = (E32 E31 E21 )−1 = 0 1 0  = 0 1 0  .
−3 −3 1 3 3 1
Thus
    
4 7 −1 1 0 0 4 7 −1
 0 −4 −2 = 0 1 0 0 −4 −2
12 9 0 3 3 1 0 0 9

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Linear Algebra - Final Exam Computational Practice Answers Joe Foster - Fall 24

 
0 −9 −1
e) A = 0 −15 −13
0 9 13
Through row operations, we obtain
     
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
E21 = −3 1 0 , E31 = 0 1 0  and E32 = 0 1 0  .
0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1

So     
1 0 0 0 −9 −1 0 −9 −1
U = E32 E31 E21 A = −3 1 0 0 −15 −13 = 0 12 −10
1 0 1 0 9 13 0 0 12
and  −1  
1 0 0 1 0 0
L = (E32 E31 E21 )−1 = −3 1 0 =  3 1 0 .
1 0 1 −1 0 1
Thus
    
0 −9 −1 1 0 0 0 −9 −1
0 −15 −13 =  3 1 0 0 12 −10
0 9 13 −1 0 1 0 0 12

 
1 −3 4
f) A = −2 3 −11
2 6 8
Through row operations, we obtain
     
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
E21 = 2
 1 0 , E31 =  0 1 0 and E32 = 0 1 0  .
0 0 1 −2 0 1 0 4 1

So     
1 0 0 1 −3 4 1 −3 4
U = E32 E31 E21 A = 2 1 0 −2 3 −11 = 0 −3 −3 
6 4 1 2 6 8 0 0 −12
and  −1  
1 0 0 1 0 0
L = (E32 E31 E21 )−1 = 2 1 0 = −2 1 0 .
6 4 1 2 −4 1
Thus
    
1 −3 4 1 0 0 1 −3 4
−2 3 −11 = −2 1 0 0 −3 −3 
2 6 8 2 −4 1 0 0 −12

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Linear Algebra - Final Exam Computational Practice Answers Joe Foster - Fall 24

 
0 −1 −1
g) A = 0 7 6
0 −8 1
Through row operations, we obtain
     
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
E21 = 6 1 0 , E31 =  0 1 0 and E32 = 0 1 0  .
0 0 1 −7 0 1 0 1 1

So     
1 0 0 0 −1 −1 0 −1 −1
U = E32 E31 E21 A =  6 1 0 0 7 6  = 0 1 0
−1 1 1 0 −8 1 0 0 8
and  −1  
1 0 0 1 0 0
L = (E32 E31 E21 )−1 =  6 1 0 = −6 1 0 .
−1 1 1 7 −1 1
Thus
    
0 −1 −1 1 0 0 0 −1 −1
0 7 6  = −6 1 0 0 1 0
0 −8 1 7 −1 1 0 0 8

 
7 −3 5
h) A =  0 −1 9 
−7 0 19
Through row operations, we obtain
     
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
E21 = 0
 1 0 , E31 = 0 1 0 and E32 = 0 1 0  .
0 0 1 1 0 1 0 −3 1

So     
1 0 0 7 −3 5 7 −3 5
U = E32 E31 E21 A = 0 1 0  0 −1 9  = 0 −1 9 
1 −3 1 −7 0 19 0 0 −3
and  −1  
1 0 0 1 0 0
L = (E32 E31 E21 )−1 = 0 1 0  =  0 1 0  .
1 −3 1 −1 3 1
Thus
    
7 −3 5 1 0 0 7 −3 5
 0 −1 9  =  0 1 0 0 −1 9 
−7 0 19 −1 3 1 0 0 −3

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Linear Algebra - Final Exam Computational Practice Answers Joe Foster - Fall 24

 
2 −1 −5
i) A = −2 1 6 
6 −3 −11
Through row operations, we obtain
     
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
E21 = 1 1 0 , E31 =  0 1 0 and E32 = 0 1 0  .
0 0 1 −3 0 1 0 2 1

So     
1 0 0 2 −1 −5 2 −1 −5
U = E32 E31 E21 A =  1 1 0 −2 1 6  = 0 0 1
−1 2 1 6 −3 −11 0 0 6
and  −1  
1 0 0 1 0 0
L = (E32 E31 E21 )−1 =  1 1 0 = −1 1 0 .
−1 2 1 3 −2 1
Thus
    
2 −1 −5 1 0 0 2 −1 −5
−2 1 6  = −1 1 0 0 0 1
6 −3 −11 3 −2 1 0 0 6

 
6 10 −9
j) A =  6 11 −13
−12 −15 3
Through row operations, we obtain
     
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
E21 = −1 1 0 , E31 = 0 1 0 and E32 = 0 1 0 .
0 0 1 2 0 1 0 −5 1

So     
1 0 0 6 10 −9 6 10 −9
U = E32 E31 E21 A = −1 1 0  6 11 −13 = 0 1 −4
7 −5 1 −12 −15 3 0 0 5
and  −1  
1 0 0 1 0 0
L = (E32 E31 E21 )−1 = −1 1 0 =  1 1 0 .
7 −5 1 −2 5 1
Thus
    
6 10 −9 1 0 0 6 10 −9
 6 11 −13 =  1 1 0 0 1 −4
−12 −15 3 −2 5 1 0 0 5

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Linear Algebra - Final Exam Computational Practice Answers Joe Foster - Fall 24

 
−2 −8 2
k) A =  2 4 5 
−4 0 −15
Through row operations, we obtain
     
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
E21 = 1 1 0 , E31 =  0 1 0 and E32 = 0 1 0  .
0 0 1 −2 0 1 0 4 1

So     
1 0 0 −2 −8 2 −2 −8 2
U = E32 E31 E21 A = 1 1 0  2 4 5  =  0 −4 7
2 4 1 −4 0 −15 0 0 9
and  −1  
1 0 0 1 0 0
L = (E32 E31 E21 )−1 = 1 1 0 = −1 1 0 .
2 4 1 2 −4 1
Thus
    
−2 −8 2 1 0 0 −2 −8 2
2 4 5  = −1 1 0  0 −4 7
−4 0 −15 2 −4 1 0 0 9

 
−6 −12 −5
l) A =  0 −4 0 
−12 −4 −18
Through row operations, we obtain
     
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
E21 = 0
 1 0 , E31 =  0 1 0 and E32 = 0 1 0  .
0 0 1 −2 0 1 0 5 1

So     
1 0 0 −6 −12 −5 −6 −12 −5
U = E32 E31 E21 A =  0 1 0  0 −4 0 = 0 −4 0
−2 5 1 −12 −4 −18 0 0 −8
and  −1  
1 0 0 1 0 0
L = (E32 E31 E21 )−1 =  0 1 0  = 0 1 0  .
−2 5 1 2 −5 1
Thus
    
−6 −12 −5 1 0 0 −6 −12 −5
 0 −4 0  = 0 1 0   0 −4 0
−12 −4 −18 2 −5 1 0 0 −8

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Linear Algebra - Final Exam Computational Practice Answers Joe Foster - Fall 24

6. Find an SVD decomposition for each of the following matrices.

 
4 −4
a) A =
3 3
   √  √ √ 
−1 0 4 2 √ 0 √2/2 √ 2/2
U= , Σ= , V =
0 −1 0 3 2 − 2/2 2/2

 
4 2
b) A =
−4 2
√ √   √   
√2/2 √2/2 4 2 √0 −1 0
U= , Σ= , V =
− 2/2 2/2 0 2 2 0 −1

 
3 −2
c) A =
−2 3
√ √    √ √ 
√2/2 √2/2 5 0 √2/2 √2/2
U= , Σ= , V =
− 2/2 2/2 0 1 − 2/2 2/2

 
1 1
d) A =
−4 4
   √  √ √ 
0 1 4 2 √0 √2/2 √2/2
U= , Σ= , V =
−1 0 0 2 − 2/2 2/2

 
2 2
e) A =
−3 3
   √  √ √ 
0 1 3 2 √0 √2/2 √2/2
U= , Σ= , V =
−1 0 0 2 2 − 2/2 2/2

 
4 −4
f) A =
1 1
   √  √ √ 
−1 0 4 2 √0 √2/2 √2/2
U= , Σ= , V =
0 −1 0 2 − 2/2 2/2

 
2 2
g) A =
−4 4
   √  √ √ 
0 1 4 2 √0 √2/2 √2/2
U= , Σ= , V =
−1 0 0 2 2 − 2/2 2/2

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Linear Algebra - Final Exam Computational Practice Answers Joe Foster - Fall 24

 
3 3
h) A =
−4 4
   √  √ √ 
0 1 4 2 √0 √2/2 √2/2
U= , Σ= , V =
−1 0 0 3 2 − 2/2 2/2

 
2 −2
i) A =
1 1
   √  √ √ 
1 0 2 2 √0 √2/2 √ 2/2
U= , Σ= , V =
0 1 0 2 − 2/2 2/2

 
4 −1
j) A =
−1 4
√ √    √ √ 
√2/2 √2/2 5 0 √2/2 √2/2
U= , Σ= , V =
− 2/2 2/2 0 3 − 2/2 2/2

 
1 1
k) A =
−2 2
   √  √ √ 
0 1 2 2 √0 √2/2 √2/2
U= , Σ= , V =
−1 0 0 2 − 2/2 2/2

 
1 1
l) A =
−3 3
   √  √ √ 
0 1 3 2 √0 √2/2 √2/2
U= , Σ= , V =
−1 0 0 2 − 2/2 2/2

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