FLUID MECHANICS
JULY 2024
Time: 3 hours
NYS ENGINEERING INSTITUTE
END OF TERM EXAMINATIONS
DEPARTMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE AND CONSTRUCTION PLANT/MECHANICAL
DIPLOMA IN AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING AND CONSTRUCTION PLANT
TECHNOLOGY/MECHANICAL
WRITTEN ASSESSMENT
AUTO 3B & CP/MP3/IP3/WFT3 (JAN )2022 INTAKE
INSTRUCTION TO CANDIDATES
This paper consists of ONE sections.
Attempt ANY FIVE questions
Maximum marks for each part of a question are as indicated.
Answer the questions in English.
Mobile phones are NOT ALLOWED in the exam room either on or off.
TURN OVER
QUESTION ONE (20 marks)
a) Derive the equation for head loss due to friction in pipelines and state the assumptions made.
(9 marks)
b) Two reservoirs are connected by a pipe 150 mm in diameter for the first 6 m, and 225 mm
diameter for the remaining 15 m. The water surface in the upper reservoir is 6m above the lower
reservoir and the change in section is sudden. The coefficient of friction is 0.01 for both pipes.
Considering the energy losses at entry and exit, determine the rate of flow in m3/s.
(11marks)
QUESTION TWO (20 marks)
a) Define the following terms as applied in fluid mechanics;
i. Reynolds number
ii. Critical velocity
(4 marks)
b) Show that the loss of head when a pipe undergoes a sudden increase in diameter is given
(υ 1 – υ 2)2
by: hf = where υ1 and υ2 are the velocities in the smaller and larger pipes
2g
respectively.
(6 marks)
c) Two reservoirs are connected by a pipeline which is 100 mm diameter for the first 10 m
and 150 mm in diameter for the remaining 20 m. The entrance and exits are sharp and the change
in section is sudden. The water surface in the upper reservoir is 7 m above that in the lower, the
coefficient of friction f in both pipes is 0.01. Determine the rate of flow in m3/s.
(10 marks)
QUESTION THREE (20 marks)
a) Show that the discharge Q through a pipe of length L and diameter d, carrying oil of
viscosity μ is given by:
Pπd
Q= , where P is the pressure difference between the ends of the
128 μL
pipe.
(11 marks)
b) A horizontal pipe of diameter 400mm is suddenly contracted to a diameter of 200 mm.
The pipe is carrying water at a pressure of 147.15kN/m2 in the larger section and 127.53
kN/m2 in the smaller section. The coefficient of contraction is 0.62. Determine the:
i. Loss of head due to pipe contraction
ii. Discharge through the pipe
( 9 marks)
QUESTION FOUR (20 marks)
a) Oil of viscosity 1.44kg/ms and specific gravity 0.9 flows through a pipeline of length
500 m long and diameter 90 mm at a pressure 1800 kN/m2. Calculate the:
i. Velocity along the Centre of the pipe;
ii. Maximum shear stress
iii. Power required to maintain the flow
iv. Velocity at 20 mm from the pipe wall
(8 marks)
b) A pipe of 110 mm diameter and 120 m long conveys oil viscosity of 0.45 kg/ms. If
the pressure difference at the end of the pipe is 65 kN/m2, determine the quantity of
oil flowing through the pipe in m3/s.
(12 marks)
QUESTION FIVE (20 marks)
a) (i) State and explain TWO types of fluid flow
(4marks)
(ii) Using Chezy’s formulae find the loss of head in a circular pipe 120m long and 74 mm
diameter the velocity flow is 5.8m/s. Take C = 54.6 units
(4marks)
(iii) Determine the head loss due to friction in a new cast-iron pipe 360m long and 150
mm diameter which carries 42dm3/s. Use the Darcy formula, taking ƒ = 0.005.
(3marks)
b) Water from larger reservoir is discharged to the atmosphere through a 150 mm diameter
pipe, 400 m long. The entry from the reservoir to the pipe is sharp and the outlet is 15m below
the surface level in the reservoir. Taking f = 0.01 in the Darcy formulae, Calculate the discharge.
(9marks)
QUESTION SIX (20 marks)
a) State Buckingham’s π theorem. (2marks)
b) Differentiate between geometrical similarity and dynamical similarity (4marks)
c) The pressure difference ∆ P∈¿ a pipe of diameter D and length L due to viscous flow
depends on the velocity V, viscosity μ and density ρ . Using dimensional analysis, derive an
expression for ∆ P and hence express pressure head for viscous flow in terms of Reynold’s
number.
(14marks)
a) Oil Oil of viscosity 1.44kg/ms and specific gravity 0.9 flows through a pipeline of length
500 m long and diameter 90 mm at a pressure 1800 kN/m2. Calculate the:
b)
State and explain TWO types of fluid flow (4mks)
