Java Architecture
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Agenda
Evolution of Java
Java Architecture
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Evolution of Java
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Key Founders
Java was the brainchild of:
• James Gosling
• Patrick Naughton
• Mike Sheridan
The origin of Java can be traced back to the fall of 1991, and was
initially called Greentalk later renamed to Oak.
Oak was renamed as Java in 1995
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Design Goal
Java was originally meant to be a
platform-neutral language for
embedded software in devices.
The goal was to move away from platform and OS-specific compilers
that would compile source for a particular target platform to a language
that would be portable, and platform-independent.
The language could be used to produce platform-neutral code.
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Java Architecture
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Java Architecture
Compile-time Run-time
Environment
step3
Environment step1
Class
Java
Class
Java
Source Loader
Libraries
(.java)
Bytecode
Verifier
step4
step2 Java
Bytecodes
Java Compiler move locally Java
Just in
Time
step5
or through Interpreter
Compiler Java
network
Virtual
machine
Runtime
System
Java
Bytecode
(.class ) Operating
System
Hardware
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Java Architecture (Contd.).
Step1:
Create a java source code with .java extension
Step2:
Compile the source code using java compiler, which will create bytecode file
with .class
extension
Step3:
Class loader reads both the user defined and library classes into the memory for
execution
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Java Architecture (Contd.).
Step4:
Bytecode verifier validates all the bytecodes are valid and do not violate Java’s
security
restrictions
Step5:
JVM reads bytecodes and translates into machine code for execution. While execution
of the
program the code will interact to the operating system and hardware
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The 5 phases of Java Programs
Java programs can typically be developed in five stages:
1. Edit
Use an editor to type Java program (Welcome.java)
2. Compile
• Use a compiler to translate Java program into an intermediate language called
bytecodes, understood by Java interpreter (javac Welcome.java)
• Use a compiler to create .class file, containing bytecodes (Welcome.class)
3. Loading
Use a class loader to read bytecodes from .class file into memory
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The 5 phases of Java Programs (Contd.).
4. Verify
Use a Bytecode verifier to make sure bytecodes are valid and do not violate
security
restrictions
5. Execute
• Java Virtual Machine (JVM) uses a combination of interpretation and just-in-
time
compilation to translate bytecodes into machine language
• Applications are run on user's machine, i.e. executed by interpreter with java
command
(java Welcome)
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Java Virtual Machine
• The output of the compiler is bytecode
• The bytecodes are executed by JVM
• It is an interpreter which converts the
byte code to machine specific
instructions
and executes
• JVM is platform specific
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The Java Architecture – The JVM (Contd.).
Most modern languages are designed to be compiled
Compilation is a one-time exercise and executes faster
Execution of compiled code over the Internet an impossibility
Executable code always generated to a CPU-OS combination
Interpreting a Java program into byte code facilitates its execution in a wide
variety of
environments
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The Java Architecture – The JVM (Contd.).
Only the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) needs to be implemented for each platform
Once the Java runtime package exists for a given system, any Java program can
run on it
The JVM will differ from platform to platform, and is, platform-specific
All versions of JVM interprets the Java byte codes.
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The Java Architecture – The JVM (Contd.).
Interpreted code runs much slower compared to executable code
The use of bytecode enables the Java runtime system to execute programs much
faster
Java facilitates on-the-fly compilation of bytecode into native code
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The Java Architecture – The Adaptive optimizer
Another type of execution engine is an adaptive optimizer
The virtual machine starts by interpreting bytecodes
It also keeps a tab on the code that is running and identifies only the heavily
used areas
The JVM compiles these heavily used areas of code into native code
The rest of the code, which is not heavily used continues to be interpreted and
executed
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The Java Architecture - The Class Loader
The class loader is that part of the VM that is important from:
A security standpoint
Network mobility
The class loader loads a compiled Java source file (.class files represented as
bytecode) into
the Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
The bootstrap class loader is responsible for loading the classes, programmer
defined classes
as well as Java's API classes
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The Java Architecture - The Java .class file
The Java class file is designed for
platform independence
network mobility
The class file is compiled to a target JVM, but independent of underlying host
platforms
The Java class file is a binary file that has the capability to run on any
platform
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Quiz
1. Write the correct order of the Java program execution.
A. Class Loader
B. Interpretation
C. Compilation
D. Byte Code Verification
E. Java Source Code
F. Execution
2. Which of the following is used to load a .class file?
A. Class Loader
B. Byte Code Verifier
C. JIT Compiler
D. Interpreter
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Quiz(Contd.).
3. When a java program is compiled, it creates a
A. an obj file
B. an exe file
C. a .class file
D. a .sh file
4. The JDK is a superset of the JRE, and contains everything that is in the JRE,
plus
tools such as the compilers and debuggers necessary for developing applets and
applications.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
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Summary
In this session, you were able to :
Learn about Evolution of Java and forces that shaped it.
Understand Java Architecture along with JVM concepts.
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Thank You
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