History Level M Booklet

Chapter 7: Russia
7.1 The Russian Empire in 1905
• In 1905, Russia was an enormous, ethnically and religiously diverse empire ruled
as an autocracy by Tsar Nicholas II. The country was largely held together through
force.
• Russia’s large ethnic minority communities faced continual repression at the
hands of the tsarist authorities.
• The Russian Empire was predominantly rural and was less industrially developed
than other European countries. Most citizens of the empire were impoverished
peasants.
• The tsarist regime took limited steps to encourage industrial development and
economic connections to Europe starting in the 1890s.
• Russian industrial workers tended to be more politically radical due to a greater
disconnection between them and managers.
• Poor farming and transportation conditions in Russia created periodic food
shortages and famines.
• Russian nobles had limited local government power through assemblies known
as zemstvos. The only government unit with any peasant control was the village
commune, or mir, which had minimal authority.
• In the late nineteenth century, Russia shifted from being allied with the
conservative German and Austro-Hungarian monarchies to being allied with the
parliamentary democracies of Britain and France.

1. The most densely populated parts of the Russian Empire were in the regions
of the country.
a. western
b. northern
c. southern
d. eastern
e. central
2. Which of the following best describes the ethnic makeup of the Russian
Empire at the turn of the twentieth century?.
a. The vast majority of the population of the empire was ethnically Russian.
b. Ethnic Russians slightly outnumbered all other groups in the empire.
c. Only a small minority of the empire’s population was ethnically Russian.
d. Ethnic Russians were the largest group in the empire, but they were not a
majority on their own.
e. Most people in the empire were from native Siberian ethnic groups at this time.

3. How were ethnic and religious minority groups typically treated in Russia at
this time?
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4. How were the lives of the average citizen of the Russian Empire different
from those in France, Germany, and other parts of Europe?
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5. How were the lives of the average citizen of the Russian Empire different
from those in France, Germany, and other parts of Europe?
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6. Which of the following best describes the role of the zemstvos in 1905?
a. The zemstvos acted as radical labor organizations that opposed the
government.
b. The zemstvos gave aristocrats limited power over local affairs.
c. The zemstvos coordinated farming practices in rural communes.
d. The zemstvos served as important advisors to the tsar on local matters.
e. The zemstvos were set up by aristocrats to openly criticize the government.

7. Which of the following best describes Nicholas II’s view of the Russian
Empire’s politics?
a. He strongly believed that all power should be kept in the hands of the tsar and
his advisors.
b. He saw the need to balance the power of the tsar and other elements of the
government.
c. He felt that it was necessary to transition most political power from the tsar to
elected assemblies.
d. He thought that the extensive powers of the elected assemblies should be
returned to the tsar.
e. He opposed the continuation of the monarchy even as a purely ceremonial
role.

7.2 Revolution and Repression, 1905–1914

• Russia suffered major defeats in the Russo-Japanese War between 1904 and
1905.
• Nicholas II rejected calls from zemstvo authorities to make government reforms
in November 1904.
• On January 22, 1905, Georgy Gapon led a protest of thousands of people in St.
Petersburg to call for government reforms. The government’s violent response to
Gapon’s protest led to a wider uprising of workers, opposition groups, and ethnic
minorities seeking greater autonomy.
• Protests grew throughout 1905, with some mutinies in the Russian military,
because the tsar lacked the soldiers to put down the revolt due to the Russo-
Japanese War.
• Workers’ councils known as soviets formed during the 1905 Revolution.
• On October 30, 1905, Nicholas II issued the October Manifesto, which promised
to create a constitutional monarchy and an elected parliament known as a Duma.
• The October Manifesto split the tsar’s opposition, and Nicholas II then used
loyal troops returning from the Russo-Japanese War to crush the remaining
protesters.
• Factors that helped the tsar maintain power included the following:
◦ the divisions between anti-tsarist groups
◦ the poor coordination of anti-tsarist opposition groups
◦ improving material conditions in Russia after the end of the Russo-Japanese War
◦ the loyalty of most soldiers and police to the tsar
◦ the support Russia’s international allies gave to the tsarist regime
• In 1906, Nicholas II issued a constitution that gave the Duma almost no actual
power.
• Electoral reforms headed by Pyotr Stolypin in 1907 revoked voting rights from
all but 2–3% of the citizens of the empire.
7.3 Russia during the First World War
• Russia was poorly prepared when it entered the First World War in 1914.
◦ Its transportation system was insufficient to meet its needs.
◦ Its industry could not provide necessary supplies for its soldiers.
◦ Russia’s political and military leaders were weak.
• The tide of the war turned against Russia by 1915, with Germany occupying
much of its western territory and thousands of soldiers deserting from the
military.
• World War I disrupted the Russian economy, displaced millions, and led to
shortages of food and other necessities.

8. Why did the Russo-Japanese War increase tensions in the Russian Empire?
a. The war caused an enormous famine that killed hundreds of thousands of
Russians.
b. Russia suffered a number of humiliating defeats during the course of the war.
c. Japan encouraged Russia’s soldiers to rebel against the tsar.
d. Germany hinted that it would mobilize its army to attack Russia from the west.
e. Nicholas II used the war as an opportunity to push for democratic reforms.
9. What was Georgy Gapon’s main demand of Nicholas II and the tsarist
government?
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10. How did Nicholas II and the tsarist government respond to demands for
reform, and how did this affect the situation?
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11. What were the soviets?

a. national labor unions
b. organizations of mutinying soldiers
c. Russian socialist parties
d. local organizations of workers
e. official government bodies in areas of a town or city

7.3 Russia during the First World War

• Russia was poorly prepared when it entered the First World War in 1914.
◦ Its transportation system was insufficient to meet its needs.
◦ Its industry could not provide necessary supplies for its soldiers.
◦ Russia’s political and military leaders were weak.
• The tide of the war turned against Russia by 1915, with Germany occupying
much of its western territory and thousands of soldiers deserting from the
military.
• World War I disrupted the Russian economy, displaced millions, and led to
shortages of food and other necessities.
• The tsarist government funded the war through borrowing and through printing
currency, both of which caused inflation.
• Poor management, the firing of trusted advisors, repeated setbacks in the war,
and suspicions about Tsar Nicholas II and the Tsarina Alexandra weakened trust in
the tsarist government.
• About 1.8 million Russian soldiers and 1.5 million Russian civilians died during
the First World War.

12. What factors made Russia unprepared to fight when the First World War
broke out?
Select all that apply.
a. Russia faced serious resistance from local anti-war movements.
b. Russia lacked the roads and railroads to move troops and supplies effectively.
c. Russia did not have enough people to serve in its military.
d. Russia could not reliably provide supplies for its soldiers.
e. Russia had poor military and government leaders.

13. Sergei Witte proposed that Russia end its participation in the First World
War because he believed that .
a. Russia’s allies did not have Russia’s best interests in mind
b. Russia was in a poor position to win the war
c. Germany was not a threat to Russia’s interests
d. destroying Germany would empower Russia’s anti-tsarist groups
e. Russia had already defeated Germany

14 How did the Russian Empire’s soldiers rebel against the poor conditions at
the front?
Russian soldiers rebelled by deserting from the military. They then returned to
their homes or moved to other parts of the Russian Empire.

15 How did the German advance through western parts of the Russian Empire
affect Russia’s industrial economy?
a. It encouraged people to move from rural areas into cities further east, which
boosted industrial production in Russia.
b. It reduced Russia’s rural population and had little impact on industrial areas, so
Russia’s industrial capacity per capita increased.
c. It encouraged civilians to flee into Germany, depriving Russia of needed
workers and weakening its industrial capacity.
d. It led to the destruction and replacement of inefficient factories in these areas,
which increased Russia’s industrial capacity.
e. It deprived Russia of many of its most heavily industrialized areas, which
reduced its industrial capacity.

16. What made the Tsarina Alexandra unpopular among the Russian public
throughout the war? Select all that apply.
a. Her advisors were generally disliked by the public.
b. She played a very public role in the government during a period of major
missteps.
c. Her tactical decisions resulted in Russia suffering a major battlefield defeat.
d. She removed advisors that the public widely saw as competent.
e. People suspected that she was loyal to Germany rather than Russia.

7.4 The Revolutions of 1917

• The Duma did informal work to aid the war effort, which raised their
prominence in Russia.
• The Progressive Bloc formed in August 1915 as a group in the Duma that
pressured Nicholas II to make reforms.
• A strike in Petrograd (St. Petersburg) that began on March 8, 1917 grew to
100,000 people and shut down the city.
• The Petrograd Soviet was founded once again on March 12, 1917.
• Many soldiers and police officers defected to the side of the protesters,
including the entire Petrograd Garrison.
• The Duma announced that they would create a provisional government on
March 12, 1917, and Nicholas II abdicated the throne on March 15, 1917.
• The new provisional government, composed of members of the Duma and some
moderate socialists, faced two main challenges:
◦ Russia’s war situation was poor and continued to degrade.
◦ Continued shortages of food and supplies kept dissatisfaction high.
• The provisional government kept delaying elections, which undermined its
legitimacy.
• Provisional government leaders expanded individual freedoms and began
eliminating laws that discriminated against non-Russian ethnic groups.
• The Petrograd Soviet exerted heavy influence on the provisional government,
though it remain independent from it. For example, they issued Army Order
Number 1 on March 14, 1917, which demanded that soldiers only obey orders
approved by the Petrograd
Soviet.
• The Petrograd Soviet was divided between radical Bolsheviks and moderate
Mensheviks who advocated more gradual change.
• Vladimir Lenin returned from Switzerland to lead the Bolsheviks in April 1917.
After the failure of the Kerensky Offensive in July, the Bolsheviks unsuccessfully
attempted to overthrow the provisional government during the July Days.
• Provisional government leader Alexander Kerensky briefly allied with
conservative general Lavr Kornilov against the Petrograd Soviet until Kornilov
made moves to install himself as a military dictator.
• Kornilov’s attempted coup against the provisional government failed due to the
intervention of workers and soldiers, most of whom were loyal to the Petrograd
Soviet.
• The Bolsheviks grew in popularity and took steps to establish military alliances
and arm their supporters. On November 17, 1917, Bolshevik forces toppled the
provisional government during the October Revolution. Factors contributing to
their success included the following:
◦ effective Bolshevik leadership
◦ the popularity of Bolshevik proposals to redistribute land, supply food to the
needy, and end the war
◦ the weakening of the provisional government due to the attempted Kornilov
coup
◦ widespread perceptions of the provisional government as ineffective and
uncaring
◦ Russia’s precarious condition throughout 1917 due to the war
17. What led to the Duma becoming a more influential force in Russia during the
First World War?
a. Nicholas II awarded new powers to the Duma, such as control of taxation and
the budget.
b. Duma members gained higher profiles due to their efforts to assist with the
war effort.
c. Soldiers began pledging their loyalty to the Duma rather than to Nicholas II
himself.
d. Members of the Duma forced Nicholas II to transform Russia into a
constitutional monarchy.
e. The number of people eligible to vote in Duma elections increased dramatically.

18. What was the main factor that limited Nicholas II’s ability to use force
against the protesters?
a. Nicholas II could not count on the loyalty of his soldiers.
b. Grand Duke Michael had established himself as the legitimate tsar.
c. The revolution was supported by the governments of France and Britain.
d. The opposition forces were highly organized from early on in the protests.
e. Nicholas II felt that using force would threaten the democratic reforms he had
made.

19. What was different about the February Revolution that made it more
successful than the 1905 Revolution? Describe two major differences.
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20. Russian soldiers’ attitudes toward the provisional government can be best
described as _____.
a. accepting and forgiving
b. annoyed but confident
c. desperate and accusing
d. proud but confused
e. pleased and relieved

21. Which of the following best describes the Petrograd Soviet’s relationship
with the Russian provisional government?
a. The Petrograd Soviet was openly hostile to the provisional government.
b. The Petrograd Soviet was an independent organization that authored the
provisional government’s new constitution.
c. The Petrograd Soviet was a minor party within the provisional government’s
coalition.
d. The Petrograd Soviet was an influential, independent force outside the
provisional government.
e. The Petrograd Soviet was the source of the majority of the provisional
government’s leadership.

22. What were the main political differences between the Petrograd Soviet and
the provisional government?
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23. Why did German leaders assist Vladimir Lenin in 1917?

a. They believed that his radical activity would destabilize Russia to Germany’s
advantage.
b. Vladimir Lenin had strong connections to the leadership of the German
military.
c. German leaders strongly supported Lenin’s radical brand of socialist politics.
d. Lenin had promised to sign a peace agreement with Germany in exchange for
assistance.
e. German leaders hoped that Lenin’s leadership would improve Russia’s military
position.

24. What was the main dispute between General Kornilov and Alexander
Kerensky?
a. Kerensky wanted to destroy the Petrograd Soviet, while Kornilov only wanted
to weaken it.
b. Kornilov intended to destroy the Petrograd Soviet and establish a military
dictatorship.
c. Kerensky felt that Kornilov had failed to improve Russia’s military situation.
d. Kornilov feared that Kerensky would replace the provisional government with a
dictatorship.
e. Kerensky found it difficult to trust anyone who was associated with the
Petrograd Soviet.

25. As a result of the Bolsheviks’ actions during the failed Kornilov coup, public
opinion of them _________ .
a. collapsed
b. remained low
c. reduced somewhat
d. remained moderate
e. improved

7.5 The Russian Civil War

• The Bolshevik revolution quickly spread beyond Petrograd to Moscow and much
of the European part of Russia.
• On March 3, 1918, Lenin approved the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which ended the
war with Germany on terms that were very harsh to Russia.
• A number of groups rose up against the Bolshevik government. These included
the following:
◦ monarchists angered by the end of the tsarist government and the execution of
the royal family
◦ Russian nationalists who saw the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk as humiliating
◦ people who opposed communism or stood to lose farmland, businesses, and
other property via communist confiscation
◦ moderate socialists and supporters of democracy disappointed by the creation
of a one-party dictatorship under the Bolsheviks
◦ nationalist movements who saw the civil war as an opportunity to gain
independence from Russia
◦ foreign governments who wanted to stamp out communism and reopen the
Eastern Front against Germany
• The Bolsheviks took complete control of Russia’s economy under a system
called War
Communism. This, along with the problems caused by war, led to economic
collapse
and famines that mainly affected Russian civilians.
• The Bolsheviks took control over most of the former Russian Empire between
1918 and 1921 and established the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in
1922.
Their strengths over their opponents included the following:
◦ the superiority of the Red Army
◦ control of most of Russia’s industrial and agricultural areas

◦ greater support from non-Russian ethnic groups (because of Bolshevik promises

of greater autonomy)
◦ a more favorable geographic position
◦ greater support from Russian nationalists
◦ superior leadership and communication
◦ popular support for their positions
• The USSR’s constitution maintained the Bolsheviks’ one-party dictatorship and
suppressed many of the country’s ethnic minority groups.
• Up to ten million people, mostly civilians, died during the Russian Civil War.
26. Which groups of Russians were most likely to oppose Bolshevik rule?
a. urban workers and peasants
b. landowners and well-off farmers
c. ethnic minority groups and industrial workers
d. monarchists and landless peasants
e. aristocratic landholders and urban workers

27. Which of the following best summarizes the features of War Communism?
a. The government developed a series of complex regulations of various economic
sectors.
b. The government nationalized weapon manufacturing and developed
regulations of other economic sectors.
c. The government used tax policy to promote the growth of private industrial
companies.
d. The government encouraged imports and discouraged exports in order to
stabilize the economy.
e. The government established near total control of all aspects of the economy.

28. The USSR under the 1922 constitution can be best described as a(n)
________.
a. multi-party democracy
b. presidential republic
c. personal autocracy
d. decentralized federation
e. one-party dictatorship

29. Which of the following best describes the Bolshevik Party’s treatment of
ethnic minorities in Russia during and after the civil war?
a. The Bolsheviks promised greater autonomy during the war but severely
curtailed the rights of ethnic minorities after the war.
b. The Bolsheviks were highly unfavorable to the idea of autonomy for ethnic
minorities during the war but expanded minority rights after the war.
c. The Bolsheviks consistently acted to expand the rights and autonomy of ethnic
minorities both during and after the war.
d. The Bolsheviks expressed no interest in minority rights during the war but
increased their autonomy after the war.
e. The Bolsheviks consistently demonstrated that they had no intention of
granting ethnic minorities any autonomy.

7.6 The New Economic Policy

• Sailors at the Kronstadt naval base rose against the Bolshevik regime,
demanding economic reforms and greater political and individual freedoms. Lenin
responded by relaxing government controls over the economy in the New
Economic Policy (NEP)
in March 1921.
◦ Farmers had more freedom to store and sell their crops as they saw fit.
◦ Small private retail, trading, and manufacturing firms were made legal.
• Despite the economic growth of the NEP period, communists like Joseph Stalin
and Leon Trotsky questioned its capitalist elements.

30. What made implementation of the New Economic Policy divisive within the
communist party?
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7.7 Stalin’s Rise to Power

• Lenin’s death on January 21, 1924 led to an escalated competition for control of
the party between Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin.
• Stalin’s high position in the Central Committee of the Communist Party, his
alliances with high-ranking officials, his efforts to tie himself to the popular
Vladimir Lenin, and the greater popularity of his policy of “socialism in one
country” (as opposed to Trotsky’s policy of “permanent revolution”) led to Stalin
taking control of the party
by late 1927.

31. Lenin was generally ________ the idea of Trotsky or Stalin leading the
communist party.
a. favorable to
b. unfavorable to
c. apathetic toward
d. surprised by
e. optimistic about

32. How did Joseph Stalin use Vladimir Lenin’s popularity to increase support for
himself?
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33. Which of the following best summarizes Stalin’s opinion?

a. Opposition elements within the communist party tend to strengthen the party.
b. Opposition groups are only dangerous to the party once they become armed.
c. Opposition elements have finally accepted Stalin as leader of the communist
party.
d. Opposition groups must abandon their criticism and submit to Stalin’s ideas.
e. Opposition elements represent a major faction in the communist party.
7.8 Stalinist Industrialization and the Five-Year Plans
• Starting in late 1927, Stalin moved to abandon the New Economic Policy and
rapidly industrialize the USSR through a series of state-managed Five-Year Plans.
• Stalin saw rapid industrialization as necessary to protect the communist
revolution from internal and external threats.
• In the Five-Year Plans, the State Planning Commission (Gosplan) set targets for
yearly production to be achieved by a certain date. These primarily focused on
the output of steel, machinery, coal, and other elements related to heavy
industry.
• A number of factors prevented the success of the first Five-Year Plan:
◦ limited imports of industrial machinery due to countries’ anti-communist
sentiment
◦ reduced availability of imported machinery due to the Great Depression
◦ unreasonable goals and pace
◦ failures in agricultural policies
◦ mismanagement of resources
• The second and third Five-Year Plans were more successful but still faced
challenges, including:
◦ shortages of managers and skilled workers
◦ reduced funding due to increased military spending in response to security
conditions in Europe
◦ Stalin’s mass executions of talented workers and managers
• Historians, economists, and other scholars debate the successes and failures of
the first three Five-Year Plans:
◦ Evidence pointing to success:
▪ rapid and massive growth of the Soviet industrial economy
▪ transformation of the USSR into a major industrial power
▪ creation and expansion of new industries within the USSR
▪ rapid urbanization of the population
◦ Evidence pointing to failure:
▪ failure to achieve many production targets
▪ problems with corruption and inefficiency
▪ poor working conditions, decreased wages, and lack of worker independence
▪ reliance on millions of gulag slave laborers
▪ the imprisonment and death of millions

34. How would new factories and industrial enterprises be created under
Stalin’s plans?
a. They would be constructed and owned by private funds, especially from other
countries.
b. They would be jointly funded and controlled by private owners and the
government.
c. They would be constructed with government funds and then turned over to
private owners.
d. They would be constructed using private funds and gradually nationalized by
the government.
e. They would be entirely constructed and owned by the government.

35. The 1929 goals and pace set by Stalin and other Soviet leaders for the first
Five-Year Plan can be best described as _____ .
a. insignificant
b. modest and achievable
c. significant but achievable
d. unattainable given the time constraints
e. impossible over any period of time

36. What challenges did the USSR face in successfully implementing the second
and third Five-Year Plans?
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37. All of the following are used by historians to suggest that the Five-Year Plans
were successful in rapidly industrializing the USSR, except:
a. Soviet industrial production roughly quadrupled over about ten years.
b. Over 25 million Soviet citizens moved from rural areas to towns and cities.
c. Food production greatly outpaced levels set in the Five-Year Plans.
d. The Soviet economy grew at a record-setting pace during this period.
e. The USSR became a major power on the world stage.

7.9 Agricultural Collectivization

• Beginning in the late 1920s, Stalin moved to collectivize agriculture by seizing
private farmland and turning former farmers into state agricultural workers.
• Stalin saw agricultural collectivization as necessary to achieve industrialization
and to reduce the power of capitalist private property in the form of farmland.
• The use of force, including levying extremely high taxes and production quotas
on non-collective farms, were implemented when voluntary agricultural
collectivization failed. Between 1927 and 1938, collective farms grew from less
than 2% of all farms to
90–95% of all farms.
• Failures in agricultural collectivization were often blamed on the more
financially stable kulak farmers. Five million people faced deportation and
imprisonment as part of the policy of “dekulakization.”
• Poor management of kolkhozes, the dislocations caused by the transition to
collective agriculture, and protests against collectivization killed 5–15 million
Soviet citizens in famines between 1931 and 1934.
• Stalin took steps to intentionally worsen Ukrainian famines, leading to the
Holodomor that killed between 3 and 7 million Ukrainians in 1932 and 1933.
• Agricultural collectivization transformed farmers into agricultural laborers
dependent on low wages provided by the state.
38. Agricultural collectivization was largely accomplished through ______ .
a. improved conditions for farm workers
b. democratic reorganization of farmers
c. voluntary efforts by local villages
d. government violence, threats, and penalties
e. educational and propaganda campaigns

39. Why do historians view the Holodomor as unique compared to the other
famines that struck the USSR during this period?
a. Historians argue that the Holodomor was intentionally cause or worsened by
Stalin in order to starve Ukrainians.
b. Historians see the Holodomor as a demonstration of the inefficiencies of Soviet
agriculture at the time.
c. Historians believe that the Holodomor in Ukraine was primarily due to poor
weather conditions.
d. Historians view the Holodomor as a famine that was worsened by various
forms of resistance to collectivization.
e. Historians blame the Holodomor on Stalin’s desire to collectivize agriculture in
a relatively short period of time.

7.10 Stalinist Society and Politics

• Stalin used the assassination of prominent communist Sergei Kirov in late 1934
to justify the creation of a series of show trials and purges to eliminate his rivals.
• Victims of the purges faced torture and threats against their families to extract
false confessions.
• Stalin removed tens of thousands of communist officials and Red Army officers
from their positions and replaced them with his own allies in order to solidify his
domination of the party.
• Possible explanations for the purges of the 1930s include the following:
◦ Stalin used them to expand his political power.
◦ Stalin may have had a mental health condition that caused paranoid tendencies.
◦ Ordinary Soviet citizens became paranoid and reported others for minor
infractions.
◦ Ordinary Soviet citizens used the purges to solve personal vendettas.
◦ Stalin used the purges to maintain a pool of gulag labor.
◦ Stalin used the purges to limit and deflect criticism of his policies.
• A new Soviet constitution in 1936 claimed to respect the rights of Soviet
citizens; however, it affirmed that the USSR was a one-party state, denied rights
to those who opposed socialism, and limited the autonomy of non-Russian ethnic
groups.
• Stalin’s complete control of the communist party gave him even greater
authority, including the ability to sidestep the provisions of the constitution.
• Stalin used propaganda to develop a cult of personality that portrayed him as a
heroic figure.
• The Soviet government practiced strict censorship of all forms of media.
• Women were encouraged to return to what Stalin viewed as traditional gender
roles, though he did not formally end the gender equality established in the
1920s.
• Some optimism existed among Soviet citizens due to the expansion of
educational and job opportunities and the belief in the importance of working in
the interest of the communist revolution.

40. How did the purges change Stalin’s political position in the USSR?
a. It allowed him to consolidate control of the government for the first time.
b. It increased his control of the communist party but weakened his grip on the
Soviet government generally.
c. It allowed him to deepen his already significant control over the Soviet
government.
d. It decreased his control of the communist party but increased his influence
over the lives of Soviet citizens.
e. It weakened his control by greatly expanding the number of opposition
movements to his rule.
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Chapter 8: USA

8.1 The “Return to Normalcy”

• Republicans gained control of Congress in elections in 1918 and the presidency
after the 1920 election of Warren Harding. They held control of the federal
government throughout the 1920s.
• The Republican Party came under the control of the party’s conservative
faction, who tended to favor the wealthy and large business interests.
• The US rejected participation in most international organizations, including the
League of Nations.
• Anger at the treaties ending the First World War, growing racial violence, fears
of radical political groups, a major pandemic, and economic dislocation pushed
many Americans to seek a “return to normalcy,” or the restoration of an earlier
period of stability.

1. How did the Republican Party change in the 1920s?

a. It became more conservative.
b. It became more progressive.
c. It became less popular.
d. It broke into multiple separate parties.
e. It formed an alliance with the Democratic Party.

2. Describe the USA’s turn to isolationism in the 1920s.

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3. Why did many white Americans reject the racist violence against African
Americans that broke out in 1919?
a. They strongly opposed the racism that African Americans faced.
b. They preferred less overtly violent means of oppressing African Americans.
c. They felt that the racist violence was not as widespread as they would have
liked.
d. They believed that the violence was likely a plot by German spies and
infiltrators.
e. They recognized the need to make reforms to improve the lives of African
Americans.

4. What led to Woodrow Wilson being a less public advocate for the Treaty of
Versailles and other causes after 1919?
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8.2 The 1920s Economic Boom

• The US economy grew rapidly throughout the 1920s, with the stock market
rising especially quickly.
• Americans took advantage of rising wages, lower costs of living, consumer
credit, and decreased costs of goods to purchase a greater array of products in an
increasingly consumerist economy.
• Access to utilities like indoor plumbing and electricity became much more
widespread in the US.
• Electrification, the “Second Industrial Revolution,” the decline of European
countries due to the First World War, and government policies like low taxes and
low interest rates contributed to the USA’s economic position during the 1920s.
• New commercialized forms of entertainment emerged like radio programs,
films, and professional sports teams
• Fordist manufacturing processes became more widespread and included higher
wages, the use of the assembly line, shorter work shifts, and standardized
inventories that decreased the costs of many goods.
• The spread of the automobile granted people greater mobility and encouraged
suburbanization.
• Farmers faced serious problems as a result of collapses in farm prices due to
overproduction and reduced demand.
• Most people in the US in the 1920s lacked protections like health and
unemployment insurance. Income inequality was significant, and rural areas faced
worse economic conditions and low access to utilities like electricity.
• Overproduction and greater competition led to the decline of many once-
important industries in the US, like rail transportation, lumber, and coal.

5. Which of the following best describes the economic policies of conservative

Republicans in the 1920s?
a. They favored significant government intervention in the economy.
b. They sought to eliminate or greatly reduce the barriers to international trade.
c. They worked to reduce the federal government’s influence on the US domestic
economy.
d. They tended to favor an economy based on saving rather than one based on
consumption.
e. They wanted to break up large businesses into smaller competing companies.

6. What is consumerism?
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7. How did the greater availability of consumer credit increase spending in the
1920s?
a. Manufacturers began to make more money from the interest they charged for
loans than on the sale of their products.
b. Expanded consumer credit reduced the power of manufacturers to set high
prices on the goods that they made.
c. The greater availability of credit significantly reduced the costs of purchasing
consumer goods like food and clothing.
d. Many consumers took out loans to purchase durable goods and then used legal
tricks to avoid repaying them.
e. Consumer credit helped people purchase durable goods that they might
otherwise need to save for months or years to buy.

8. Which of the following best describes the film industry in the US in the 1920s?
a. Watching films remained a relatively uncommon pastime in the 1920s, which
kept the industry fairly small.
b. Films grew tremendously in popularity, but most theater companies and film
studios remained relatively small.
c. A major decline in the popularity of films in the 1920s led most of the smaller
companies in the industry to fail, leaving only a few big studios and theater
companies.
d. The film industry became dominated by a few large companies as films became
more popular.
e. There was little change in the film industry in the 1920s, and it entered a period
of stagnation.

9. What was the main factor that led to automobile ownership becoming
widespread in the US?
a. the spread of consumer credit
b. major drops in the production cost and price of cars
c. higher wages for American workers
d. the growth of suburbs on the edges of cities and towns
e. the closure of most cities’ streetcar systems

10. All of the following are components of Fordist industrial practices, except:
a. streamlining inventory to reduce costs
b. the use of the assembly line
c. support for worker unions
d. relatively high worker wages
e. adoption of modern machinery

11. The main sources of problems in the agricultural economy during the 1920s
were .
a. high debt and interest payments and low yields of most crops
b. high debt, low crop prices, and overproduction of many crops
c. the overproduction and increased consumption of most crops
d. low crop prices, increased demand, and major droughts
e. high debt and major natural disasters

8.3 Cultural Change and Continuity

• The US experienced a number of major demographic shifts in the 1920s:
◦ For the first time, a majority of Americans lived in towns and cities rather than
rural areas.
◦ The increased immigration of Eastern and Southern Europeans altered the
ethnic and religious background of the country.
◦ Millions of African Americans moved from parts of the South into urban areas in
the Northeast and Midwest, as well as on the Pacific Coast.
• Many women adopted new fashions, attitudes, and independent ways of living
that challenged what was typically viewed as appropriate behavior for women.
• Though women gained the right to vote in 1920 with the Nineteenth
Amendment, they still suffered from legal and social discrimination due to their
gender.
• A small but influential American literary movement known as the “Lost
Generation” formed that criticized the destruction of the First World War period
and the consumerism of the 1920s.

12. Which of the following best explains the divide between rural and urban
areas in the US in the 1920s?
a. Most Americans still lived in rural areas, but the country’s wealth was now
disproportionately concentrated in urban areas.
b. Most Americans now lived in rural areas where the country’s wealth was
disproportionately concentrated.
c. Most Americans now lived in urban areas, but these areas were
disproportionately poor compared to rural areas.
d. Most Americans lived in one of four cities in the country, with these areas
holding nearly all wealth in the country.
e. Most Americans now lived in urban areas, and urban areas were more
prosperous than rural areas.

13. Describe the cultural divide between rural and urban areas in the United
States.
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14. Which of the following best describes how marriages changed in the US in
the 1920s?
a. Women attained formal legal equality with their husbands.
b. Women gained some level of independence from their husbands, though
serious inequalities persisted.
c. Women gained extensive legal independence from their husbands, but social
expectations largely negated this.
d. Women remained legally dependent on their husbands, but marriage became
almost entirely equal in practice.
e. Women experienced a major decrease in their legal and social standing in their
marriages during this period.

15. Which of the following best describes the treatment of African Americans in
the cities of the North at this time?
a. Black people faced very little discrimination in the North, unlike in the South.
b. Black people continued to face widespread discrimination, though it was not
quite as severe or as formalized as it was in the South.
c. Black people faced dramatically more discrimination in the North compared to
what they had experienced in the South.
d. Black people faced the same degree of segregation and discrimination that
they had faced in the South.
e. Black people were initially welcomed in the North, but they soon faced worse
discrimination than they had experienced in the South.

8.4 Expanding Bigotry

• Nativism, political insecurity in Europe, and the 1917 October Revolution in
Russia contributed to paranoia about communist, socialist, anarchist, or other
extremist political activity in the US that manifested as the First Red Scare in
1919.
• Thousands were arrested from late 1919 through early 1920 in the Palmer
Raids, often without proper warrants or respect for the rights of those arrested.
• Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti became major figures after their arrest in
1920 that many saw as being based on their Italian heritage and their political
beliefs.
• African Americans faced various forms of violence and intimidation intended to
maintain the racist hierarchy in the US that favored white people.
◦ Hundreds of Black people were killed in a series of riots in mid-1919 known as
“Red Summer”; hundreds more were killed and thousands displaced by the racist
attack on the Greenwood neighborhood of Tulsa, Oklahoma in June 1921.
◦ African Americans and many other people of color faced the threat of lynching
by white mobs if they violated racial norms.
• Growing xenophobia led to the adoption of the Johnson-Reed Immigration Act
in 1924 that set immigration quotas to exclude immigrants from outside of
Northwestern Europe. Earlier efforts (the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882 and the
Gentlemen’s Agreement in 1907) had already severely limited the immigration of
immigrants from China and Japan.
• Many Americans rejected the changing gender norms in the US, seeking to
enforce old standards of dress, behavior, and living.
• The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) grew into a major national hate organization, gaining
about five million members and extensive influence in several state governments.
• Mismanagement, scandal, changes to immigration law, and shifts in interest
resulted in the KKK’s decline in relevance and membership, though this did not
necessarily equate to a reduction in how widespread bigoted views were in the
US.

16. What was most likely the reason that Sacco and Vanzetti were convicted of
an executed for their crimes, according to most historians?
a. They had both confessed to committing the crimes.
b. They were viewed as suspicious primarily because of their political views.
c. There was strong forensic evidence that linked them to the crimes.
d. The government had infiltrated their criminal organization.
e. Members of other criminal groups claimed that Sacco and Vanzetti were
responsible for the crimes.

17. What was the main difference between segregation in the North and
segregation in the South?
a. Racist laws enforced segregation in the South, while segregation in the North
was typically enforced more informally.
b. Segregation in the South was a severe limitation on African Americans, while
segregation’s effects in the North were minimal.
c. While segregation was linked with racist violence in the South, this was not the
case in the North.
d. Racial segregation in the South was largely involuntary, while segregation in the
North was largely voluntary.
e. The legal consequences for violating segregation in the North were far worse
than they were in the South.

18. Which of the following best describes the KKK’s influence after the mid- to
late 1920s?
a. It declined in political influence but greatly expanded its influence as a racist
social club.
b. It lost many of its members but continued to be influential in local politics,
especially in the South.
c. It transformed itself from a racist social club into an influential national political
party.
d. It changed from being a predominantly Southern hate group into one that was
mostly concentrated in large cities in the North.
e. It continued to grow in membership and in political influence across the US.

19. How did new technology contribute to greater anxiety about women’s roles
in society?
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8.5 Prohibition
• With the adoption of the Eighteenth Amendment and the Volstead Act in 1919
and the beginning of their enforcement in 1920, the US banned the sale,
manufacture, and
transportation of alcohol, entering the Prohibition era.
• Prohibition was initially supported by a wide array of people, including
◦ temperance activists;
◦ political progressives;
◦ owners of industrial companies;
◦ cultural conservatives; and
◦ those who held bigoted views based on race, ethnicity, nationality, and religion.
• A number of factors made it very difficult to enforce Prohibition:
◦ Demand for alcohol remained high.
◦ Loopholes in Prohibition law made it hard to eliminate the supply.
◦ Dangerous criminal gangs moved in to supply alcohol to consumers.
◦ Smuggling was relatively easy due to the USA’s long, poorly patrolled coastlines
and land borders at the time.
◦ Many local and state agencies refused to cooperate with the enforcement of
Prohibition.
◦ There were few federal Prohibition agents, and corruption was widespread
among them.
• Illegal alcohol production, transportation, and sales became controlled by
violent criminal organizations in the 1920s. Murder rates increased by 30–40%
and the cost of law enforcement increased.
• The effect of Prohibition on alcohol consumption is not clear, though thousands
of Americans died due to tainted alcohol.
• Prohibition negatively impacted related businesses, including the
transportation, barrel-making, and entertainment industries. It also led to shifts
away from alcohol taxes to income taxes as the main means of funding the
government.
• The perceived ineffectiveness of Prohibition and its negative consequences
reduced Americans’ support for it. It was finally repealed by the Twenty-First
Amendment in 1933.

20. What made alcohol sales such a lucrative opportunity for criminal gangs in
the US during Prohibition?
a. Many other countries depended on imports of alcoholic products from the US.
b. Despite Prohibition, demand for alcoholic products remained high throughout
the US.
c. Many manufacturing companies lost access to the alcohol they needed for
industrial processes.
d. Alcohol consumption was only common among the wealthiest Americans.
e. Criminal gangs believed that alcohol was much more addictive than other
illegal drugs.

21. What was the largest source of illegal alcohol in the US, and why was it so
hard to eliminate?
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22. All of the following made it easier to smuggle alcohol into the US illegally,
except:
a. The US had very long borders with Canada and Mexico.
b. The USA’s land borders were not well patrolled at the time.
c. Alcohol remained legal in most neighboring countries.
d. It was difficult for the US Coast Guard to keep watch over the country’s entire
coastline.
e. The US had signed free-trade agreements with Canada and Mexico before the
start of Prohibition.

23. All of the following are factors that scholars link to an eventual decline in
alcohol consumption after the Second World War, except:
a. People became more knowledgeable about the negative health effects of
alcohol.
b. Many breweries owned by German Americans were shut down during the
Second World War.
c. Americans changed their diets to include less alcohol at this time.
d. New forms of entertainment made alcohol consumption less prominent in
American culture.
e. Average incomes in the US rose significantly and the US became more
economically prosperous.

24. Which of the following best describes the trend of public support for
Prohibition throughout the period it was in place?
a. Nearly all Americans started out supporting Prohibition, but almost no
Americans supported it toward the end of its existence.
b. Very few Americans supported Prohibition even at its outset; Prohibition’s
small number of supporters simply became less vocal over time.
c. Prohibition was divisive when it was implemented in the 1920s, and many
moderate supporters became opposed to it as time went on.
d. Americans remained closely split on the topic of Prohibition throughout the
1920s and early 1930s, though opponents became more vocal throughout this
period.
e. Prohibition grew in popularity over its existence, but its supporters still
constituted a minority of Americans.

25. How did the Great Depression affect public support for Prohibition?
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26. What was the effect of the repeal of Prohibition?

a. Alcohol was made legal once more in all states, counties, and towns.
b. All restrictions on the manufacture and sale of alcohol were lifted.
c. The nationwide ban on alcohol manufacturing was ended.
d. Severe new restrictions were put in place on the manufacturing of alcohol.
e. Alcohol was made legal for individuals to possess and consume.

8.6 The Great Depression

• The US stock market collapsed starting in October 1929.
• Unemployment reached 25% and overall industrial production declined by 47%.
Many Americans were already in deep poverty, a situation made worse by the
Depression.
• Farmers already faced challenges in the 1920s before the crash, and prices
continued to drop. Hundreds of thousands left farming, especially those in the
Great Plains who experienced the soil depletion, drought, and dust storms of the
Dust Bowl that began in the early 1930s.
• Married women played a larger role in financially supporting their families as a
result of the Great Depression.
• Children took greater responsibilities and sometimes worked outside the home
during the Depression.
• Millions of Americans left home in search of work.
• African Americans and other people of color tended to be in a more precarious
economic position before the stock market crash and, therefore, often faced
worse conditions during the Great Depression.
• A new culture of savings and thrift took hold.
• A number of factors contributed to the onset of the Great Depression:
◦ The stock market crash wiped out a significant amount of income and consumer
confidence.
◦ Poor regulation weakened many financial institutions.
◦ Buying on margin spread the negative effects of the stock market crash to banks
and creditors.
◦ The Federal Reserve raised interest rates, which reduced consumer demand and
made borrowing more difficult.
◦ Consumer demand fell, especially for the durable goods that formed a larger
part of US manufacturing in the 1920s.
◦ Economic deflation made it more difficult for people to pay back their debts.
◦ Bank runs led to the failure of many financial institutions, losing billions of
dollars and limiting people’s ability to borrow.
◦ American loans to European countries were demanded after the stock market
crash, which toppled the delicate economic balance in Europe. This made the
Great Depression a global problem.
◦ Because the US dollar was linked to the gold standard, it was difficult for the
government to use fiscal or monetary policy to counteract the Depression without
harming its economy and currency.
◦ The US put up high tariffs, which caused countries to raise their own tariffs.
This led to overall reduced international trade, hurting the economy.
◦ Some sectors in the US economy were already in a weak position in the 1920s.
• Herbert Hoover believed that the federal government’s response should be
limited, both for ideological and practical reasons. He primarily tried to establish
voluntary agreements with state and local governments and private organizations
to address the problems related to the Great Depression.
• Most Americans felt frustrated by Hoover’s seeming inaction in the face of the
depression. This was especially the case after he sent the military to evict the
Bonus Army marchers in 1932.
• Scholars contend that Hoover’s flawed policies were still based on common
views of the economy and the government at the time.
• In 1932, New York governor Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) easily defeated
Herbert Hoover. His party, the Democrats, also won large majorities in both
houses of Congress.
27. Which sector of the US economy experienced the most significant increase
in unemployment?
a. farming
b. industry
c. education
d. retail sales
e. transportation

28. Which of the following statements best describes the effects of the Great
Depression on American farmers?
a. The Great Depression ended a period of relative prosperity for US farmers.
b. The Great Depression tended to improve farmers’ economic conditions by
raising prices for many agricultural commodities.
c. The Great Depression itself had no negative effect on famers’ economic
conditions, but it coincided with environmental disasters that hurt farmers.
d. The Great Depression worsened what were already poor economic conditions
for farmers.
e. The Great Depression had positive or negative impact on the farming economy.

29. Which group of people in the agricultural economy was most affected by the
Great Depression?
a. tenant farmers
b. agricultural processors
c. agricultural cooperatives
d. large landholders
e. independent farmers

30. All of the following contributed to the Dust Bowl, except:

a. Farming practices severely depleted the soil.
b. There was a severe drought between 1930 and 1936.
c. Demand for agricultural goods fell significantly.
d. Farmers removed the native plants that held the soil together.
e. The region experienced high winds.

31. How did the stock market crash contribute to the start of the Great
Depression?
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32. Which of the following best describes the effect of the Great Depression on
the American banking system?
a. The Great Depression greatly weakened banking, a sector that had otherwise
been stable throughout the earlier decades.
b. The Great Depression severely weakened banking, a sector that was constantly
teetering on total collapse in earlier decades.
c. The Great Depression weakened some banks but generally improved conditions
for the banking sector as a whole.
d. The Great Depression did not have a coherent effect on the wider banking
industry.
e. The Great Depression weakened banking, a sector that was already facing
serious instability.

33. The Reconstruction Finance Corporation under Hoover .

a. largely succeeded in stabilizing the banking industry despite its low level of
funds
b. largely succeeded in stabilizing the banking industry, but at a very high cost
c. largely failed to stabilize the banking industry because it did not have enough
funding
d. largely failed to stabilize the banking industry despite its very high level of
funding
e. was the cause of the banking industry’s collapse starting in 1930
34. Historians, economists, and political scientists have claimed that Hoover’s
response to the Great Depression was affected by all of the following factors,
except:
a. The federal government had limited authority.
b. The US dollar was tied to the gold standard.
c. Hoover opposed the idea that the federal government should regulate the
country’s economy.
d. The USA was a relatively small country with few natural resources.
e. Most government spending was concentrated at the state and local levels.

8.7 FDR and the New Deal

• Roosevelt cooperated with academics and progressive Democratic and
Republican politicians to develop the “New Deal,” an experimental set of
government policies and programs designed to end the Great Depression and
make needed reforms to the
US domestic economy.
• The First New Deal tended to address emergency measures, especially the
policies that were implemented in the First Hundred Days. Policies related to the
First New Deal included
◦ major reforms to end bank runs and bank failures (Emergency Banking Act and
Glass-Steagall Act);
◦ government programs to provide employment and payments to the needy
(Civilian Conservation Corps, Federal Emergency Relief Act, Public Works
Administration, and Civil Works Administration);
◦ stabilization of agricultural prices (Agricultural Adjustment Act);
◦ employment through major infrastructure projects (Civilian Conservation Corps,
Tennessee Valley Authority, Public Works Administration, and Civil Works
Administration);
◦ regulation of business and employment practices (National Industrial Recovery
Act); and
◦ increased regulation of the stock market and currency (Securities Act of 1933,
Securities and Exchange Act, Gold Reserve Act).
• Persistent economic problems, political pressure from populist figures on the
political left, and a desire for deeper reform led Roosevelt to pursue a second
round of programs, the Second New Deal. This had a greater focus on pursuing
long-term changes beyond just ending the Great Depression.
• Policies related to the Second New Deal included
◦ continued work relief programs (Works Progress Administration and National
Youth Administration);
◦ efforts to improve access to utilities like electricity and indoor plumbing (Rural
Electrification Administration);
◦ improved working conditions and greater recognition of workers’ rights
(National Labor Relations Act and Fair Labor Standards Act);
◦ increased taxation of the wealthy (Revenue Acts of 1935 and 1937); and
◦ permanent government welfare programs (Social Security Act).
• US industrial production, gross domestic product (GDP), and employment
significantly improved between 1933 and 1936.
• A 1937–38 recession resulted in serious economic problems and undid much of
the progress of the 1933–36 years. Economic conditions improved after 1938, but
unemployment remained relatively high and consumer and business spending
remained relatively low through 1941.
• Average incomes for farmers and workers significantly increased, while working
hours remained largely the same or decreased.
• The New Deal led to greater federal influence on the economy through
◦ the provision of welfare programs like Social Security;
◦ significantly increased federal spending; and
◦ greater federal regulations.
• The New Deal also likely contributed to other shifts in the US, including
◦ the growing influence of big business;
◦ qualitative life improvements, such as access to utilities like electricity;
◦ more stability and security in the US economy;
◦ changes in how people viewed the government; and
◦ limited changes in the conditions of women and people of color.

35. The New Deal was based on the idea that the US economy .
a. would return to being predominantly based on agricultural and mining
b. would integrate itself more thoroughly into the international trading network
c. was highly developed and had enough resources to act independently
d. was beginning to enter a long-term period of decline that could not be reversed
e. could be restored to its previous state of explosive growth with minor reforms

36. Which of the following best describes the kind of economy Roosevelt and his
allies envisioned for the US?
a. a regulated capitalist economy
b. a purely market-based economy
c. an economy controlled by worker cooperatives
d. a communist economy without private property
e. a socialist economy mostly controlled by the government

37. What were the two government bodies created by the National Industrial
Recovery Act (NIRA)?
a. the Civil Works Administration and the National Recovery Administration
b. the Farm Credit Bureau and the National Recovery Administration
c. the Tennessee Valley Authority and the Civil Works Administration
d. the National Recovery Administration and the Public Works Administration
e. the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Commodity Credit
Corporation

8.8 Historical and Contemporary Analysis of the New Deal

• Critics of the New Deal were an important and growing minority of Americans
throughout the 1930s. These included:
◦ wealthy people;
◦ conservatives (Democrats and Republicans);
◦ populists;
◦ the Supreme Court;
◦ business owners; and
◦ farmers and labor union members, to a lesser extent.
• Roosevelt used criticism from the wealthy to bolster his credibility as someone
who spoke for the average American.
• Populists challenged Roosevelt for, in their view, doing too little to make the
economy fair. Roosevelt and his administration feared that a populist like Huey
Long might run as a third-party candidate and cause Roosevelt to lose reelection,
though this did not occur.
• The court-packing scandal in 1937 caused Roosevelt to lose a significant degree
of support, especially from conservative Democrats.
• Resistance from conservatives in Congress limited Roosevelt’s ability to
implement further New Deal proposals, especially after the 1937 court-packing
scandal.
• Most scholars argue that the New Deal did not end the Great Depression. Many
believe that it was insufficient or flawed in execution but generally sound in
principle.
• Many factors, such as pre-Depression conditions and the severity of the Great
Depression in each country, make it difficult to compare the USA’s economic
recovery with the recoveries of other countries.
• Domestic issues likely reduced the effectiveness of the New Deal and the
support for it, including
◦ backlash to forceful labor union activity; and
◦ growing resistance from political conservatives.
• Elements of the New Deal may have made it less effective, such as efforts to
limit competition and cause price increases.
• Many scholars view the New Deal as a success due to its wide-ranging economic
and government reforms, even if these changes might not have ended the Great
Depression.
• Resistance from conservatives in Congress limited Roosevelt’s ability to
implement further New Deal proposals, especially after the 1937 court-packing
scandal.
• Most scholars argue that the New Deal did not end the Great Depression. Many
believe that it was insufficient or flawed in execution but generally sound in
principle.
• Many factors, such as pre-Depression conditions and the severity of the Great
Depression in each country, make it difficult to compare the USA’s economic
recovery with the recoveries of other countries.
38. All of the following are reasons why political conservatives opposed the
New Deal, except:
a. They were ideologically opposed to government intervention in the economy.
b. They believed that some of its programs were too close to socialism or
communism.
c. They thought that government spending was becoming irresponsible.
d. They argued that New Deal programs tended to benefit people in urban areas.
e. They saw the New Deal as insufficient for ending the Great Depression.

39. All of the following are true about how organized labor activity affected the
popularity of the New Deal, except:
a. Most union leaders felt that the National Labor Relations Board established
during the New Deal severely undermined unions’ bargaining power and showed
a lack of respect for workers by the Roosevelt administration.
b. A series of major strikes and violent clashes between unions and management
in the 1930s caused some middle-class Americans to become more critical of
Roosevelt’s permissive attitude toward labor groups.
c. Wealthy industrialists and other business owners resented Roosevelt and his
allies’ support for union activity because they saw it as weakening their control of
their employees.
d. A small group of union members remained skeptical of Roosevelt’s work relief
programs because they believed that such programs did not do enough to
weaken the power of private employers.
e. Some union members were upset about the compromises on wages, hours,
and working conditions that Roosevelt and his allies had made in order to pass
bills like the Fair Labor Practices Act.

40. Populism can be best described as .

a. a form of economics in which the government would put all private businesses
and farms under its control and make all workers employees of the state
b. a form of politics that claims to speak for the interests of the common people,
which are portrayed as incompatible with those of wealthy people and perceived
political elites
c. a form of economics that called for private ownership of all property, including
those that are typically owned by the government, such as roads and schools
d. a form of politics that views the establishment of a dictatorship as necessary in
order to achieve a greater form of economic equality
e. a form of politics in which a charismatic leader uses force to establish
him/herself as an absolute dictator with control over all aspects of citizens’ lives
 History Level M Booklet-AK
Chapter 7: Russia
1. The most densely populated parts of the Russian Empire were in the regions
of the country.
a. western
b. northern
c. southern
d. eastern
e. central

2. Which of the following best describes the ethnic makeup of the Russian
Empire at the turn of the twentieth century?.
a. The vast majority of the population of the empire was ethnically Russian.
b. Ethnic Russians slightly outnumbered all other groups in the empire.
c. Only a small minority of the empire’s population was ethnically Russian.
d. Ethnic Russians were the largest group in the empire, but they were not a
majority on their own.
e. Most people in the empire were from native Siberian ethnic groups at this time.

3. How were ethnic and religious minority groups typically treated in Russia at
this time?
At this time, ethnic and religious minorities were treated poorly. They were
denied the right to freely practice their religion, follow their own cultural
traditions, and speak their own language. They were also sometimes prevented
from traveling to different parts of the empire.

4. How were the lives of the average citizen of the Russian Empire different
from those in France, Germany, and other parts of Europe?
Russians were more likely to live in rural areas and less likely to be literate or
working in industrial jobs.
5. How were the lives of the average citizen of the Russian Empire different
from those in France, Germany, and other parts of Europe?
Russians were more likely to live in rural areas and less likely to be literate or
working in industrial jobs.

6. Which of the following best describes the role of the zemstvos in 1905?
a. The zemstvos acted as radical labor organizations that opposed the
government.
b. The zemstvos gave aristocrats limited power over local affairs.
c. The zemstvos coordinated farming practices in rural communes.
d. The zemstvos served as important advisors to the tsar on local matters.
e. The zemstvos were set up by aristocrats to openly criticize the government.

7. Which of the following best describes Nicholas II’s view of the Russian
Empire’s politics?
a. He strongly believed that all power should be kept in the hands of the tsar and
his advisors.
b. He saw the need to balance the power of the tsar and other elements of the
government.
c. He felt that it was necessary to transition most political power from the tsar to
elected assemblies.
d. He thought that the extensive powers of the elected assemblies should be
returned to the tsar.
e. He opposed the continuation of the monarchy even as a purely ceremonial
role.

8. Why did the Russo-Japanese War increase tensions in the Russian Empire?
a. The war caused an enormous famine that killed hundreds of thousands of
Russians.
b. Russia suffered a number of humiliating defeats during the course of the war.
c. Japan encouraged Russia’s soldiers to rebel against the tsar.
d. Germany hinted that it would mobilize its army to attack Russia from the west.
e. Nicholas II used the war as an opportunity to push for democratic reforms.

9. What was Georgy Gapon’s main demand of Nicholas II and the tsarist
government?
Georgy Gapon’s main demand was for the tsar to establish an elected assembly
that would share government authority with the tsar on behalf of
the people.

10. How did Nicholas II and the tsarist government respond to demands for
reform, and how did this affect the situation?
Nicholas II refused to consider any reforms and responded to Georgy Gapon’s
protests calling for political changes with violence. Both of these
actions resulted in greater criticism, broader action against the government, and
more radical movements from groups like socialist parties.

11. What were the soviets?

a. national labor unions
b. organizations of mutinying soldiers
c. Russian socialist parties
d. local organizations of workers
e. official government bodies in areas of a town or city

12. What factors made Russia unprepared to fight when the First World War
broke out?
Select all that apply.
a. Russia faced serious resistance from local anti-war movements.
b. Russia lacked the roads and railroads to move troops and supplies effectively.
c. Russia did not have enough people to serve in its military.
d. Russia could not reliably provide supplies for its soldiers.
e. Russia had poor military and government leaders.
13. Sergei Witte proposed that Russia end its participation in the First World
War because he believed that .
a. Russia’s allies did not have Russia’s best interests in mind
b. Russia was in a poor position to win the war
c. Germany was not a threat to Russia’s interests
d. destroying Germany would empower Russia’s anti-tsarist groups
e. Russia had already defeated Germany

14 How did the Russian Empire’s soldiers rebel against the poor conditions at
the front?
Russian soldiers rebelled by deserting from the military. They then returned to
their homes or moved to other parts of the Russian Empire.

15 How did the German advance through western parts of the Russian Empire
affect Russia’s industrial economy?
a. It encouraged people to move from rural areas into cities further east, which
boosted industrial production in Russia.
b. It reduced Russia’s rural population and had little impact on industrial areas, so
Russia’s industrial capacity per capita increased.
c. It encouraged civilians to flee into Germany, depriving Russia of needed
workers and weakening its industrial capacity.
d. It led to the destruction and replacement of inefficient factories in these areas,
which increased Russia’s industrial capacity.
e. It deprived Russia of many of its most heavily industrialized areas, which
reduced its industrial capacity.

16. What made the Tsarina Alexandra unpopular among the Russian public
throughout the war? Select all that apply.
a. Her advisors were generally disliked by the public.
b. She played a very public role in the government during a period of major
missteps.
c. Her tactical decisions resulted in Russia suffering a major battlefield defeat.
d. She removed advisors that the public widely saw as competent.
e. People suspected that she was loyal to Germany rather than Russia.

17. What led to the Duma becoming a more influential force in Russia during the
First World War?
a. Nicholas II awarded new powers to the Duma, such as control of taxation and
the budget.
b. Duma members gained higher profiles due to their efforts to assist with the
war effort.
c. Soldiers began pledging their loyalty to the Duma rather than to Nicholas II
himself.
d. Members of the Duma forced Nicholas II to transform Russia into a
constitutional monarchy.
e. The number of people eligible to vote in Duma elections increased dramatically.

18. What was the main factor that limited Nicholas II’s ability to use force
against the protesters?
a. Nicholas II could not count on the loyalty of his soldiers.
b. Grand Duke Michael had established himself as the legitimate tsar.
c. The revolution was supported by the governments of France and Britain.
d. The opposition forces were highly organized from early on in the protests.
e. Nicholas II felt that using force would threaten the democratic reforms he had
made.

19. What was different about the February Revolution that made it more
successful than the 1905 Revolution? Describe two major differences.
Unlike in the 1905 Revolution, the military faced mass defections that prevented
Nicholas II from using force to end the uprisings. The Duma and Petrograd Soviet
both served as formal centers for organizing the protests. The protesters were not
easily divided, unlike in 1905. Nicholas II now faced opposition from nearly all
sides: nobles, peasants, workers, socialists, democrats, etc. [Any two answers can
be given in any order.]
20. Russian soldiers’ attitudes toward the provisional government can be best
described as _____.
a. accepting and forgiving
b. annoyed but confident
c. desperate and accusing
d. proud but confused
e. pleased and relieved

21. Which of the following best describes the Petrograd Soviet’s relationship
with the Russian provisional government?
a. The Petrograd Soviet was openly hostile to the provisional government.
b. The Petrograd Soviet was an independent organization that authored the
provisional government’s new constitution.
c. The Petrograd Soviet was a minor party within the provisional government’s
coalition.
d. The Petrograd Soviet was an influential, independent force outside the
provisional government.
e. The Petrograd Soviet was the source of the majority of the provisional
government’s leadership.

22. What were the main political differences between the Petrograd Soviet and
the provisional government?
The Petrograd Soviet advocated for immediate redistribution of farmland from
aristocrats and other landholders to peasants, a policy with which many in the
provisional government disagreed. The provisional government also pushed for
Russia to continue the war, while the leaders of the Petrograd Soviet were firmly
opposed to Russia continuing to fight.

23. Why did German leaders assist Vladimir Lenin in 1917?

a. They believed that his radical activity would destabilize Russia to Germany’s
advantage.
b. Vladimir Lenin had strong connections to the leadership of the German
military.
c. German leaders strongly supported Lenin’s radical brand of socialist politics.
d. Lenin had promised to sign a peace agreement with Germany in exchange for
assistance.
e. German leaders hoped that Lenin’s leadership would improve Russia’s military
position.

24. What was the main dispute between General Kornilov and Alexander
Kerensky?
a. Kerensky wanted to destroy the Petrograd Soviet, while Kornilov only wanted
to weaken it.
b. Kornilov intended to destroy the Petrograd Soviet and establish a military
dictatorship.
c. Kerensky felt that Kornilov had failed to improve Russia’s military situation.
d. Kornilov feared that Kerensky would replace the provisional government with a
dictatorship.
e. Kerensky found it difficult to trust anyone who was associated with the
Petrograd Soviet.

25. As a result of the Bolsheviks’ actions during the failed Kornilov coup, public
opinion of them _________ .
a. collapsed
b. remained low
c. reduced somewhat
d. remained moderate
e. improved

26. Which groups of Russians were most likely to oppose Bolshevik rule?
a. urban workers and peasants
b. landowners and well-off farmers
c. ethnic minority groups and industrial workers
d. monarchists and landless peasants
e. aristocratic landholders and urban workers
27. Which of the following best summarizes the features of War Communism?
a. The government developed a series of complex regulations of various economic
sectors.
b. The government nationalized weapon manufacturing and developed
regulations of other economic sectors.
c. The government used tax policy to promote the growth of private industrial
companies.
d. The government encouraged imports and discouraged exports in order to
stabilize the economy.
e. The government established near total control of all aspects of the economy.

28. The USSR under the 1922 constitution can be best described as a(n)
________.
a. multi-party democracy
b. presidential republic
c. personal autocracy
d. decentralized federation
e. one-party dictatorship

29. Which of the following best describes the Bolshevik Party’s treatment of
ethnic minorities in Russia during and after the civil war?
a. The Bolsheviks promised greater autonomy during the war but severely
curtailed the rights of ethnic minorities after the war.
b. The Bolsheviks were highly unfavorable to the idea of autonomy for ethnic
minorities during the war but expanded minority rights after the war.
c. The Bolsheviks consistently acted to expand the rights and autonomy of ethnic
minorities both during and after the war.
d. The Bolsheviks expressed no interest in minority rights during the war but
increased their autonomy after the war.
e. The Bolsheviks consistently demonstrated that they had no intention of
granting ethnic minorities any autonomy.
30. What made implementation of the New Economic Policy divisive within the
communist party?
Many members of the communist party felt that the New Economic Policy relied
too heavily on free markets rather than government control and saw it as a
betrayal of communist ideals.

31. Lenin was generally ________ the idea of Trotsky or Stalin leading the
communist party.
a. favorable to
b. unfavorable to
c. apathetic toward
d. surprised by
e. optimistic about

32. How did Joseph Stalin use Vladimir Lenin’s popularity to increase support for
himself?
Stalin recognized that Lenin was widely popular in the party and promoted his
own ideas as tied to those of Lenin. This, combined with Stalin’s continued
celebration of Lenin as a hero, helped Stalin increase his own political position.

33. Which of the following best summarizes Stalin’s opinion?

a. Opposition elements within the communist party tend to strengthen the party.
b. Opposition groups are only dangerous to the party once they become armed.
c. Opposition elements have finally accepted Stalin as leader of the communist
party.
d. Opposition groups must abandon their criticism and submit to Stalin’s ideas.
e. Opposition elements represent a major faction in the communist party.

34. How would new factories and industrial enterprises be created under
Stalin’s plans?
a. They would be constructed and owned by private funds, especially from other
countries.
b. They would be jointly funded and controlled by private owners and the
government.
c. They would be constructed with government funds and then turned over to
private owners.
d. They would be constructed using private funds and gradually nationalized by
the government.
e. They would be entirely constructed and owned by the government.

35. The 1929 goals and pace set by Stalin and other Soviet leaders for the first
Five-Year Plan can be best described as _____ .
a. insignificant
b. modest and achievable
c. significant but achievable
d. unattainable given the time constraints
e. impossible over any period of time

36. What challenges did the USSR face in successfully implementing the second
and third Five-Year Plans?
The second and third Five-Year Plans still had unrealistic production goals, making
them hard to achieve. Stalin also executed many of
the skilled workers and managers that were needed to make the second and third
Five-Year Plans run smoothly, further hampering them. Finally, growing
military threats meant that a great deal of funding was shifted to producing
weaponry and ammunition.

37. All of the following are used by historians to suggest that the Five-Year Plans
were successful in rapidly industrializing the USSR, except:
a. Soviet industrial production roughly quadrupled over about ten years.
b. Over 25 million Soviet citizens moved from rural areas to towns and cities.
c. Food production greatly outpaced levels set in the Five-Year Plans.
d. The Soviet economy grew at a record-setting pace during this period.
e. The USSR became a major power on the world stage.
38. Agricultural collectivization was largely accomplished through ______ .
a. improved conditions for farm workers
b. democratic reorganization of farmers
c. voluntary efforts by local villages
d. government violence, threats, and penalties
e. educational and propaganda campaigns

39. Why do historians view the Holodomor as unique compared to the other
famines that struck the USSR during this period?
a. Historians argue that the Holodomor was intentionally cause or worsened by
Stalin in order to starve Ukrainians.
b. Historians see the Holodomor as a demonstration of the inefficiencies of Soviet
agriculture at the time.
c. Historians believe that the Holodomor in Ukraine was primarily due to poor
weather conditions.
d. Historians view the Holodomor as a famine that was worsened by various
forms of resistance to collectivization.
e. Historians blame the Holodomor on Stalin’s desire to collectivize agriculture in
a relatively short period of time.

40. How did the purges change Stalin’s political position in the USSR?
a. It allowed him to consolidate control of the government for the first time.
b. It increased his control of the communist party but weakened his grip on the
Soviet government generally.
c. It allowed him to deepen his already significant control over the Soviet
government.
d. It decreased his control of the communist party but increased his influence
over the lives of Soviet citizens.
e. It weakened his control by greatly expanding the number of opposition
movements to his rule.
___________________________________________________________________
Chapter 8: USA
1. How did the Republican Party change in the 1920s?
a. It became more conservative.
b. It became more progressive.
c. It became less popular.
d. It broke into multiple separate parties.
e. It formed an alliance with the Democratic Party.

2. Describe the USA’s turn to isolationism in the 1920s.

Under Republican administrations, the US did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles
and rejected membership in the League of Nations and other international
organizations.

3. Why did many white Americans reject the racist violence against African
Americans that broke out in 1919?
a. They strongly opposed the racism that African Americans faced.
b. They preferred less overtly violent means of oppressing African Americans.
c. They felt that the racist violence was not as widespread as they would have
liked.
d. They believed that the violence was likely a plot by German spies and
infiltrators.
e. They recognized the need to make reforms to improve the lives of African
Americans.

4. What led to Woodrow Wilson being a less public advocate for the Treaty of
Versailles and other causes after 1919?
Woodrow Wilson became a less public advocate because he had a stroke in
October 1919 that limited his ability to speak and interact with the public.

5. Which of the following best describes the economic policies of conservative

Republicans in the 1920s?
a. They favored significant government intervention in the economy.
b. They sought to eliminate or greatly reduce the barriers to international trade.
c. They worked to reduce the federal government’s influence on the US domestic
economy.
d. They tended to favor an economy based on saving rather than one based on
consumption.
e. They wanted to break up large businesses into smaller competing companies.

6. What is consumerism?
Consumerism is a cultural feature in which people spend a significant amount of
their income on different types of consumer goods, often
using their purchases as a means of expressing or defining their individuality.

7. How did the greater availability of consumer credit increase spending in the
1920s?
a. Manufacturers began to make more money from the interest they charged for
loans than on the sale of their products.
b. Expanded consumer credit reduced the power of manufacturers to set high
prices on the goods that they made.
c. The greater availability of credit significantly reduced the costs of purchasing
consumer goods like food and clothing.
d. Many consumers took out loans to purchase durable goods and then used legal
tricks to avoid repaying them.
e. Consumer credit helped people purchase durable goods that they might
otherwise need to save for months or years to buy.

8. Which of the following best describes the film industry in the US in the 1920s?
a. Watching films remained a relatively uncommon pastime in the 1920s, which
kept the industry fairly small.
b. Films grew tremendously in popularity, but most theater companies and film
studios remained relatively small.
c. A major decline in the popularity of films in the 1920s led most of the smaller
companies in the industry to fail, leaving only a few big studios and theater
companies.
d. The film industry became dominated by a few large companies as films became
more popular.
e. There was little change in the film industry in the 1920s, and it entered a period
of stagnation.

9. What was the main factor that led to automobile ownership becoming
widespread in the US?
a. the spread of consumer credit
b. major drops in the production cost and price of cars
c. higher wages for American workers
d. the growth of suburbs on the edges of cities and towns
e. the closure of most cities’ streetcar systems

10. All of the following are components of Fordist industrial practices, except:
a. streamlining inventory to reduce costs
b. the use of the assembly line
c. support for worker unions
d. relatively high worker wages
e. adoption of modern machinery

11. The main sources of problems in the agricultural economy during the 1920s
were .
a. high debt and interest payments and low yields of most crops
b. high debt, low crop prices, and overproduction of many crops
c. the overproduction and increased consumption of most crops
d. low crop prices, increased demand, and major droughts
e. high debt and major natural disasters

12. Which of the following best explains the divide between rural and urban
areas in the US in the 1920s?
a. Most Americans still lived in rural areas, but the country’s wealth was now
disproportionately concentrated in urban areas.
b. Most Americans now lived in rural areas where the country’s wealth was
disproportionately concentrated.
c. Most Americans now lived in urban areas, but these areas were
disproportionately poor compared to rural areas.
d. Most Americans lived in one of four cities in the country, with these areas
holding nearly all wealth in the country.
e. Most Americans now lived in urban areas, and urban areas were more
prosperous than rural areas.

13. Describe the cultural divide between rural and urban areas in the United
States.
Rural areas in the USA tended to be more conservative and religious than the
urban areas were.

14. Which of the following best describes how marriages changed in the US in
the 1920s?
a. Women attained formal legal equality with their husbands.
b. Women gained some level of independence from their husbands, though
serious inequalities persisted.
c. Women gained extensive legal independence from their husbands, but social
expectations largely negated this.
d. Women remained legally dependent on their husbands, but marriage became
almost entirely equal in practice.
e. Women experienced a major decrease in their legal and social standing in their
marriages during this period.

15. Which of the following best describes the treatment of African Americans in
the cities of the North at this time?
a. Black people faced very little discrimination in the North, unlike in the South.
b. Black people continued to face widespread discrimination, though it was not
quite as severe or as formalized as it was in the South.
c. Black people faced dramatically more discrimination in the North compared to
what they had experienced in the South.
d. Black people faced the same degree of segregation and discrimination that
they had faced in the South.
e. Black people were initially welcomed in the North, but they soon faced worse
discrimination than they had experienced in the South.

16. What was most likely the reason that Sacco and Vanzetti were convicted of
an executed for their crimes, according to most historians?
a. They had both confessed to committing the crimes.
b. They were viewed as suspicious primarily because of their political views.
c. There was strong forensic evidence that linked them to the crimes.
d. The government had infiltrated their criminal organization.
e. Members of other criminal groups claimed that Sacco and Vanzetti were
responsible for the crimes.

17. What was the main difference between segregation in the North and
segregation in the South?
a. Racist laws enforced segregation in the South, while segregation in the North
was typically enforced more informally.
b. Segregation in the South was a severe limitation on African Americans, while
segregation’s effects in the North were minimal.
c. While segregation was linked with racist violence in the South, this was not the
case in the North.
d. Racial segregation in the South was largely involuntary, while segregation in the
North was largely voluntary.

18. Which of the following best describes the KKK’s influence after the mid- to
late 1920s?
a. It declined in political influence but greatly expanded its influence as a racist
social club.
b. It lost many of its members but continued to be influential in local politics,
especially in the South.
c. It transformed itself from a racist social club into an influential national political
party.
d. It changed from being a predominantly Southern hate group into one that was
mostly concentrated in large cities in the North.
e. It continued to grow in membership and in political influence across the US.

19. How did new technology contribute to greater anxiety about women’s roles
in society?
New technology like telephones and automobiles increased the ability of single
women to communicate and travel without the supervision of adults and other
potential chaperones.

20. What made alcohol sales such a lucrative opportunity for criminal gangs in
the US during Prohibition?
a. Many other countries depended on imports of alcoholic products from the US.
b. Despite Prohibition, demand for alcoholic products remained high throughout
the US.
c. Many manufacturing companies lost access to the alcohol they needed for
industrial processes.
d. Alcohol consumption was only common among the wealthiest Americans.
e. Criminal gangs believed that alcohol was much more addictive than other
illegal drugs.

21. What was the largest source of illegal alcohol in the US, and why was it so
hard to eliminate?
The largest source of illegal alcohol was re-distilled alcohol that was intended for
industrial processes. It was hard to eliminate because alcohol was a common
ingredient in products and an important ingredient in some manufacturing
processes. As a result, it was hard to make industrial alcohol illegal without
harming the US economy at large.

22. All of the following made it easier to smuggle alcohol into the US illegally,
except:
a. The US had very long borders with Canada and Mexico.
b. The USA’s land borders were not well patrolled at the time.
c. Alcohol remained legal in most neighboring countries.
d. It was difficult for the US Coast Guard to keep watch over the country’s entire
coastline.
e. The US had signed free-trade agreements with Canada and Mexico before the
start of Prohibition.

23. All of the following are factors that scholars link to an eventual decline in
alcohol consumption after the Second World War, except:
a. People became more knowledgeable about the negative health effects of
alcohol.
b. Many breweries owned by German Americans were shut down during the
Second World War.
c. Americans changed their diets to include less alcohol at this time.
d. New forms of entertainment made alcohol consumption less prominent in
American culture.
e. Average incomes in the US rose significantly and the US became more
economically prosperous.

24. Which of the following best describes the trend of public support for
Prohibition throughout the period it was in place?
a. Nearly all Americans started out supporting Prohibition, but almost no
Americans supported it toward the end of its existence.
b. Very few Americans supported Prohibition even at its outset; Prohibition’s
small number of supporters simply became less vocal over time.
c. Prohibition was divisive when it was implemented in the 1920s, and many
moderate supporters became opposed to it as time went on.
d. Americans remained closely split on the topic of Prohibition throughout the
1920s and early 1930s, though opponents became more vocal throughout this
period.
e. Prohibition grew in popularity over its existence, but its supporters still
constituted a minority of Americans.
25. How did the Great Depression affect public support for Prohibition?
The Great Depression reduced support for Prohibition because many people
argued that ending Prohibition would create jobs during a period of serious
economic problems.

26. What was the effect of the repeal of Prohibition?

a. Alcohol was made legal once more in all states, counties, and towns.
b. All restrictions on the manufacture and sale of alcohol were lifted.
c. The nationwide ban on alcohol manufacturing was ended.
d. Severe new restrictions were put in place on the manufacturing of alcohol.
e. Alcohol was made legal for individuals to possess and consume.
27. Which sector of the US economy experienced the most significant increase
in unemployment?
a. farming
b. industry
c. education
d. retail sales
e. transportation

28. Which of the following statements best describes the effects of the Great
Depression on American farmers?
a. The Great Depression ended a period of relative prosperity for US farmers.
b. The Great Depression tended to improve farmers’ economic conditions by
raising prices for many agricultural commodities.
c. The Great Depression itself had no negative effect on famers’ economic
conditions, but it coincided with environmental disasters that hurt farmers.
d. The Great Depression worsened what were already poor economic conditions
for farmers.
e. The Great Depression had positive or negative impact on the farming economy.

29. Which group of people in the agricultural economy was most affected by the
Great Depression?
a. tenant farmers
b. agricultural processors
c. agricultural cooperatives
d. large landholders
e. independent farmers

30. All of the following contributed to the Dust Bowl, except:

a. Farming practices severely depleted the soil.
b. There was a severe drought between 1930 and 1936.
c. Demand for agricultural goods fell significantly.
d. Farmers removed the native plants that held the soil together.
e. The region experienced high winds.

31. How did the stock market crash contribute to the start of the Great
Depression?
The stock market crash caused billions of dollars in losses for a variety of people
and organizations, which reduced the amount of money that they were able to
spend. Many people were indirectly affected and/or reduced their consumption
out of fears of a continuing economic decline.

32. Which of the following best describes the effect of the Great Depression on
the American banking system?
a. The Great Depression greatly weakened banking, a sector that had otherwise
been stable throughout the earlier decades.
b. The Great Depression severely weakened banking, a sector that was constantly
teetering on total collapse in earlier decades.
c. The Great Depression weakened some banks but generally improved conditions
for the banking sector as a whole.
d. The Great Depression did not have a coherent effect on the wider banking
industry.
e. The Great Depression weakened banking, a sector that was already facing
serious instability.
33. The Reconstruction Finance Corporation under Hoover .
a. largely succeeded in stabilizing the banking industry despite its low level of
funds
b. largely succeeded in stabilizing the banking industry, but at a very high cost
c. largely failed to stabilize the banking industry because it did not have enough
funding
d. largely failed to stabilize the banking industry despite its very high level of
funding
e. was the cause of the banking industry’s collapse starting in 1930

34. Historians, economists, and political scientists have claimed that Hoover’s
response to the Great Depression was affected by all of the following factors,
except:
a. The federal government had limited authority.
b. The US dollar was tied to the gold standard.
c. Hoover opposed the idea that the federal government should regulate the
country’s economy.
d. The USA was a relatively small country with few natural resources.
e. Most government spending was concentrated at the state and local levels.

35. The New Deal was based on the idea that the US economy .
a. would return to being predominantly based on agricultural and mining
b. would integrate itself more thoroughly into the international trading network
c. was highly developed and had enough resources to act independently
d. was beginning to enter a long-term period of decline that could not be reversed
e. could be restored to its previous state of explosive growth with minor reforms

36. Which of the following best describes the kind of economy Roosevelt and his
allies envisioned for the US?
a. a regulated capitalist economy
b. a purely market-based economy
c. an economy controlled by worker cooperatives
d. a communist economy without private property
e. a socialist economy mostly controlled by the government

37. What were the two government bodies created by the National Industrial
Recovery Act (NIRA)?
a. the Civil Works Administration and the National Recovery Administration
b. the Farm Credit Bureau and the National Recovery Administration
c. the Tennessee Valley Authority and the Civil Works Administration
d. the National Recovery Administration and the Public Works Administration
e. the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Commodity Credit
Corporation

38. All of the following are reasons why political conservatives opposed the
New Deal, except:
a. They were ideologically opposed to government intervention in the economy.
b. They believed that some of its programs were too close to socialism or
communism.
c. They thought that government spending was becoming irresponsible.
d. They argued that New Deal programs tended to benefit people in urban areas.
e. They saw the New Deal as insufficient for ending the Great Depression.

39. All of the following are true about how organized labor activity affected the
popularity of the New Deal, except:
a. Most union leaders felt that the National Labor Relations Board established
during the New Deal severely undermined unions’ bargaining power and showed
a lack of respect for workers by the Roosevelt administration.
b. A series of major strikes and violent clashes between unions and management
in the 1930s caused some middle-class Americans to become more critical of
Roosevelt’s permissive attitude toward labor groups.
c. Wealthy industrialists and other business owners resented Roosevelt and his
allies’ support for union activity because they saw it as weakening their control of
their employees.
d. A small group of union members remained skeptical of Roosevelt’s work relief
programs because they believed that such programs did not do enough to
weaken the power of private employers.
e. Some union members were upset about the compromises on wages, hours,
and working conditions that Roosevelt and his allies had made in order to pass
bills like the Fair Labor Practices Act.

40. Populism can be best described as .

a. a form of economics in which the government would put all private businesses
and farms under its control and make all workers employees of the state
b. a form of politics that claims to speak for the interests of the common people,
which are portrayed as incompatible with those of wealthy people and perceived
political elites
c. a form of economics that called for private ownership of all property, including
those that are typically owned by the government, such as roads and schools
d. a form of politics that views the establishment of a dictatorship as necessary in
order to achieve a greater form of economic equality
e. a form of politics in which a charismatic leader uses force to establish
him/herself as an absolute dictator with control over all aspects of citizens’ lives