Complete Solutions Manual For Calculus of A Single Variable, Early Transcendental Functions 7th Edition Ron Larson - Ebook PDF PDF Download
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Complete Solutions Manual for Calculus of a
Single Variable, Early Transcendental Functions
SEVENTH EDITION
Ron Larson
The Pennsylvania University,
The Behrend College
Bruce Edwards
University of Florida
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C H A P T E R 1
Preparation for Calculus
Section 1.1 Graphs and Models
1. To find the x-intercepts of the graph of an equation, 8. y = 5 − 2 x
let y be zero and solve the equation for x. To find the
−1 5
y-intercepts of the graph of an equation, let x be zero x 0 1 2 2
3 4
and solve the equation for y.
y 7 5 3 1 0 −1 −3
2. Substitute the x- and y-values of the ordered pair into
y
both equations. If the ordered pair satisfies both
equations, then the ordered pair is a point of intersection. (− 1, 7)
8
(0, 5)
3. y = − 32 x + 3 4
(1, 3)
2
x-intercept: ( 2, 0)
(2, 1)
x
−6 −4 −2 (3, − 1)
−2
y-intercept: (0, 3) −4
( 0(5
2
, (4, − 3)
( )( )
(−2, 0) (2, 0)
x-intercepts: 3, 0 , − 3, 0 −6 −4 4 6
x
−2
y-intercept: (0, 3) (−3, −5) −4 (3, −5)
−6
Matches graph (a).
6. y = x3 − x 10. y = ( x − 3)
2
7. y = 1x +2
2 10
(0, 9) (6, 9)
8
x −4 −2 0 2 4 6
4 (1, 4) (5, 4)
y 0 1 2 3 4 2
(2, 1)
(4, 1)
x
y −6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−2 (3, 0)
6
(4, 4)
4 (2, 3)
(0, 2)
(− 2, 1)
x
−4 −2 2 4
(− 4, 0) −2
2 © 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 1.1 Graphs and Models 3
11. y = x + 1 3
15. y =
x
x −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2
x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
y 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
y −1 − 32 −3 Undef. 3 3
2
1
y
6
5 y
4
3
(1, 3)
(−1, 0) 3
(− 4, 3)
2
(2, 3)
(1, 2)
2 (2, 32 (
(− 3, 2) (3, 1)
1 1
(− 2, 1) (0, 1) (− 3, − 1)
x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 x
−1 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1
−2
−2 (− 2, − 32 (
(− 1, − 3)
12. y = x − 1
x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 1
16. y =
x + 2
y 2 1 0 −1 0 1 2
y
x −6 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 2
4 y − 14 − 12 −1 Undef. 1 1
2
1
4
3
(−3, 2) y
2 (3, 2)
(− 2, 1) 5
(2, 1)
−3 − 2 1 2 3
x
4
3 (0, 12 )
−1 (− 1, 1) 2
(−1, 0) (1, 0) (2, 14 )
−2 (0, −1) x
−1 1 2 3
(− 6, − 14 ) −2
13. y = x −6 (− 4, − 12 ) −3
−4
(− 3, − 1)
−5
x 0 1 4 9 16
y −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 17. y = 5− x
5
y
(− 4.00, 3)
2
(2, 1.73)
x −6 6
−4 4 8 12 16
−2 (9, − 3)
(16, − 2)
−3
−4 (4, − 4)
(1, − 5)
−6
−8
(0, − 6) (a) (2, y) = ( 2, 1.73) (y = 5−2 = 3 ≈ 1.73 )
(b) ( x, 3) = ( −4, 3) (3 = 5 − ( −4) )
14. y = x+2
18. y = x5 − 5 x
x −2 −1 0 2 7 14
6
y 0 1 2 2 3 4 (− 0.5, 2.47)
−9 9
y
(1, − 4)
5
−6
4 (14, 4)
(−1, 1)
3 (7, 3) (a) (−0.5, y) = ( −0.5, 2.47)
2 (2, 2)
(0, 2) (b) ( x, − 4) = ( −1.65, − 4) and ( x, − 4) = (1, − 4)
x
(−2, 0) 5 10 15 20
© 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
4 Chapter 1 Preparation for Calculus
19. y = 2 x − 5 2− x
25. y =
y-intercept: y = 2(0) − 5 = −5; (0, − 5) 5x + 1
x-intercept: 0 = 2 x − 5 2− 0
y -intercept: y = = 2; (0, 2)
5 = 2x 5(0) + 1
x = 5;
2 ( 52 , 0) x-intercept: 0 =
2− x
5x + 1
20. y = 4 x 2 + 3 0 = 2− x
x = 4; (4, 0)
y-intercept: y = 4(0) + 3 = 3; (0, 3)
2
x-intercept: 0 = 4 x 2 + 3 x 2 + 3x
26. y =
(3 x + 1)
2
−3 = 4 x 2
None. y cannot equal 0. 02 + 3(0)
y-intercept: y = 2
3(0) + 1
21. y = x 2 + x − 2
y = 0; (0, 0)
y-intercept: y = 02 + 0 − 2
y = −2; (0, − 2) x 2 + 3x
x-intercepts: 0 =
(3x + 1)
2
2
x-intercepts: 0 = x + x − 2
x( x + 3)
0 = ( x + 2)( x − 1) 0 =
(3x + 1)
2
22. y 2 = x3 − 4 x
27. x 2 y − x 2 + 4 y = 0
y-intercept: y = 0 − 4(0)
2 3
y-intercept: 02 ( y ) − 02 + 4 y = 0
y = 0; (0, 0)
y = 0; (0, 0)
3
x-intercepts: 0 = x − 4 x
x-intercept: x 2 (0) − x 2 + 4(0) = 0
0 = x( x − 2)( x + 2)
x = 0; (0, 0)
x = 0, ± 2; (0, 0), ( ± 2, 0)
28. y = 2 x − x2 + 1
23. y = x 16 − x 2
y-intercept: y = 2(0) − 02 + 1
y-intercept: y = 0 16 − 02 = 0; (0, 0)
y = −1; (0, −1)
x-intercepts: 0 = x 16 − x 2
x-intercept: 0 = 2x − x2 + 1
0 = x (4 − x)(4 + x)
2x = x2 + 1
x = 0, 4, − 4; (0, 0), ( 4, 0), ( − 4, 0)
4 x2 = x2 + 1
24. y = ( x − 1) x2 + 1 3x2 = 1
1
x2 =
y-intercept: y = (0 − 1) 02 + 1 3
y = −1; (0, −1) 3
x = ±
3
x-intercept: 0 = ( x − 1) x2 + 1
3 3
x = 1; (1, 0) x = ; , 0
3 3
Note: x = − 3 3 is an extraneous solution.
© 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 1.1 Graphs and Models 5
30. y = 9 x − x 2 0 = 2 − 3( x) 3 x = 2 x = 2,
3
x-intercept
No symmetry with respect to either axis or the origin. Intercepts: (0, 2), ( 23 , 0)
y
(− y) = ( − x ) + ( − x)
3
−1
− y = − x3 − x
42. y = 2x +1
y = x3 + x. 3
−2
36. Symmetric with respect to the origin because
(− x)(− y ) − 4 − (− x)
2
= 0
43. y = 9 − x 2
2
xy − 4− x = 0.
y = 9 − (0) = 9, y -intercept
2
2
38. Symmetric with respect to the origin because (− 3, 0) (3, 0)
x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−y =
( − x) 5
−2
− ( − x)
2
4
− x5 44. y = 2 x 2 + x = x( 2 x + 1)
−y =
4 − x2 y = 0( 2(0) + 1) = 0, y -intercept
x5
y = . 0 = x( 2 x + 1) x = 0, − 12 , x-intercepts
4 − x2
(
Intercepts: (0, 0), − 12 , 0 )
y
Symmetry: none
because y = ( − x) + ( − x) = − x3 + x = x3 + x .
3
( )
4
−y − x = 3
y − x = 3.
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6 Chapter 1 Preparation for Calculus
45. y = x3 + 2 48. y = 25 − x 2
y = 03 + 2 = 2, y -intercept y = 25 − 02 = 25 = 5, y-intercept
3
0 = x + 2 x = −2 x = −
3 3
2, x-intercept
25 − x 2 = 0
Intercepts: − ( 3
2, 0 , (0, 2)) 25 − x 2 = 0
Symmetry: none (5 + x)(5 − x) = 0
y
x = ± 5, x-intercept
Intercepts: (0, 5), (5, 0), ( −5, 0)
5
3
25 − ( − x)
2
y = = 25 − x 2
(0, 2)
1
(− 3 2, 0)
x
Symmetry: y-axis
−3 −2 1 2 3 y
−1
7
6 (0, 5)
46. y = x3 − 4 x 4
3
2
y = 03 − 4(0) = 0, y-intercept (− 5, 0) 1 (5, 0)
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5
x3 − 4 x = 0 −2
−3
x( x 2 − 4) = 0
x( x + 2)( x − 2) = 0 49. x = y 3 y
x = 0, ± 2, x-intercepts y 3 = 0 y = 0, y -intercept
4
3
− x = (− y) − x = − y3
3 −2
Symmetry: origin −3
−4
y Symmetry: origin
3
50. x = y 4 − 16
(− 2, 0) (0, 0) (2, 0)
x y 4 − 16 = 0
−3 −1
( y2 − 4)( y 2 + 4) = 0
1 3
−1
−2
−3 (y − 2)( y + 2)( y 2 + 4) = 0
y = ± 2, y -intercepts
47. y = x x+5 x = 04 − 16 = −16, x-intercept
y = 0 0 + 5 = 0, y -intercept Intercepts: (0, 2), (0, − 2), ( −16, 0)
x x + 5 = 0 x = 0, − 5, x-intercepts
Symmetry: x-axis because x = ( − y ) − 16 = y 4 − 16
4
Symmetry: none 4
y (0, 2)
3 1
(− 16, 0)
2 x
−14 −12 −10 − 8 − 6 − 4 − 2
(− 5, 0) (0, 0)
x (0, − 2)
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2
−4
−3
−4
© 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 1.1 Graphs and Models 7
8 54. y = 6 − x
51. y =
x
y = 6 − 0 = 6 = 6, y -intercept
8
y = Undefined no y -intercept
6− x = 0
y
0
8 6− x = 0 8
= 0 No solution no x-intercept
x 6 = x, x-intercept
(0, 6)
y
Intercepts: none 4
8 Intercepts: (0, 6), (6, 0)
8 8 6
y = Symmetry: none 2
−y = 4 (6, 0)
−x x 2 x
x 2 4 6 8
Symmetry: origin −2 2 4 6 8
55. 3 y 2 − x = 9
3y2 = x + 9
10 1x
52. y = y2 = 3
+3
x2 + 1
y = ± 1x +3
10 3
y = = 10, y -intercept
02 + 1 y = ± 0 +3 = ± 3, y -intercepts
10
2
= 0 No solution no x -intercepts ± 1x +3 = 0
x +1 3
y
Symmetry: y-axis
Intercepts: 0, ( )(
3 , 0, − )
3 , ( − 9, 0)
y
3( − y ) − x = 3 y 2 − x = 9
2 2
8
x 6
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
Symmetry: x-axis 4
(0, 3)
(−9, 0)
x
53. y = 6 − x −10 −8 2 4 6
−4 (0, − 3)
y = 6 − 0 = 6, y -intercept −6
−8
6− x = 0
6 = x 4 − x2
56. x 2 + 4 y 2 = 4 y = ±
x = ± 6, x-intercepts 2
Symmetry: y-axis
x2 = 4
y
8
x = ± 2, x-intercepts
(0, 6)
Intercepts: ( −2, 0), ( 2, 0), (0, −1), (0, 1)
6
4
(− 6, 0) 2
(6, 0)
−8 −4 −2 2 4 6 8
x
( − x)2 + 4( − y ) = 4 x 2 + 4 y 2 = 4
2
−2
−4
Symmetry: origin and both axes
−6
y
−8
3
2
(0, 1)
(− 2, 0) (2, 0)
x
−3 −1 1 3
(0, − 1)
−2
−3
© 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
8 Chapter 1 Preparation for Calculus
57. x + y = 8 y = 8− x 61. x 2 + y 2 = 5 y 2 = 5 − x 2
4x − y = 7 y = 4x − 7 x − y = 1 y = x −1
8 − x = 4x − 7 5 − x 2 = ( x − 1)
2
15 = 5 x 5 − x2 = x2 − 2x + 1
3 = x
0 = 2 x 2 − 2 x − 4 = 2( x + 1)( x − 2)
The corresponding y-value is y = 5.
x = −1 or x = 2
Point of intersection: (3, 5)
The corresponding y-values are y = − 2 (for x = −1)
3x + 4 and y = 1 (for x = 2).
58. 3x − 2 y = − 4 y =
2
− 4 x − 10 Points of intersection: ( −1, − 2), ( 2, 1)
4 x + 2 y = −10 y =
2
62. x 2 + y 2 = 16
3x + 4 − 4 x − 10
= x + 2y = 4 x = 4 − 2y
2 2
3x + 4 = − 4 x − 10 (4 − 2 y ) + y 2 = 16
2
7 x = −14 5 y 2 − 16 y + 16 = 16
x = −2 y(5 y − 16) = 0 y = 0, 16
5
The corresponding y-value is y = − 1.
x = 4 − 2(0) x = 4
Point of intersection: ( −2, −1)
x = 4− 2 (165 ) x = − 12
5
59. x 2 + y = 15 y = − x 2 + 15
− 3x + y = 11 y = 3 x + 11
Points of intersection: ( 4, 0), − 12
5 (
, 16
5 )
− x 2 + 15 = 3 x + 11
63. y = x3 − 2 x 2 + x − 1 y = x 3 − 2x 2 + x − 1
0 = x 2 + 3x − 4 4
y = − x 2 + 3x − 1
0 = ( x + 4)( x − 1) −4
(2, 1)
6
Points of intersection: (0, −1)
x = − 4, 1 (−1, −5)
(−1, − 5), (0, −1), (2, 1)
The corresponding y-values are y = −1 (for x = − 4)
Analytically, −8
y = −x 2 + 3x − 1
and y = 14 (for x = 1).
x3 − 2 x 2 + x − 1 = − x 2 + 3x − 1
Points of intersection: ( − 4, −1), (1, 14) x3 − x 2 − 2 x = 0
x( x − 2)( x + 1) = 0
60. x = 3 − y2 y2 = 3 − x
x = −1, 0, 2.
y = x −1
3 − x = ( x − 1)
2
64. y = x 4 − 2 x 2 + 1 y = x 4 − 2x 2 + 1
3 − x = x2 − 2 x + 1 y = 1 − x2
2
(0, 1)
0 = x 2 − x − 2 = ( x + 1)( x − 2) Points of intersection:
−3 3
x = −1 or x = 2 (−1, 0), (0, 1), (1, 0) (− 1, 0) (1, 0)
© 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 1.1 Graphs and Models 9
4 (b) 400
y= x+6 (3, 3)
(− 2, 2)
−7 2
y= − x2 − 4x
0 16
−2 0
2
x + 6 = −x − 4x
There will be approximately 451 million cell phone
2
x + 5x + 6 = 0 subscribers in 2024.
(x + 3)( x + 2) = 0
C = R
69.
x = −3, − 2.
2.04 x + 5600 = 3.29 x
© 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
10 Chapter 1 Preparation for Calculus
72. Yes. If (x, y) is on the graph, then so is ( − x, y ) by 73. Yes. Assume that the graph has x-axis and origin
symmetry. If (x, y) is on the graph, so is ( x, − y ) by
y-axis symmetry. Because ( − x, y ) is on the graph, then
x-axis symmetry. Because ( x, − y ) is on the graph,
so is ( − x, − y ) by x-axis symmetry. So, the graph is
symmetric with respect to the origin. The converse is then so is ( − x, − ( − y)) = ( − x, y) by origin symmetry.
not true. For example, y = x3 has origin symmetry Therefore, the graph is symmetric with respect to the
but is not symmetric with respect to either the x-axis y-axis. The argument is similar for y-axis and origin
or the y-axis. symmetry.
(c) x3 − x = x 2 + 2
x3 − x 2 − x − 2 = 0
(x − 2)( x 2 + x + 1) = 0
x = 2 y = 6
Point of intersection : (2, 6)
Note: The polynomial x 2 + x + 1 has no real roots.
© 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 1.2 Linear Models and Rates of Change 11
2 − ( −4 ) 6 2 1 1
7. m = = = 3 −
5−3 2 11. m = 3 6 = 2 = 2
1 3 1
y
− − −
2 4 4
3
2 (5, 2) y
1
x 3
−1 1 2 3 5 6 7
2
−2
−3
(− 12 , 23 ) (− 34 , 16 )
x
−4 (3, − 4) −3 −2 1 2 3
−5 −1
−2
3−0 3 −3
8. m = = −
−2 − 0 2
3 1
− −
y
1 8
12. m = =
4 4
5
= −
4 7 5 3 3
3 − −
(− 2, 3)
2
8 4 8
(0, 0) y
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1 3
−2
−3 2
1
( 78 , 34 )
1−6 −5
9. m = = , undefined. x
4− 4 0 −2 −1 1
−1
( 54 , − 14 )
The line is vertical.
y
7 13. m = −2
y
6 (4, 6) m is undefined.
5
4 m=−3
2
3 8 m=1
2 6
1 (4, 1) 4 (3, 4)
x 2
−2 −1 1 2 3 5 6 x
−6 −4 2 4 8 10
−2
−5 − ( −5) 0
10. m = = = 0 14. y
5−3 2
m = −3 m=3
1
The line is horizontal.
(− 2, 5) 6
y
4 m=0
1
x
−1 1 2 3 4 5 6
m=3
−1 x
−6 −2 2 4
−2 −2
−3
−4
(3, − 5) (5, − 5) 15. Because the slope is 0, the line is horizontal and its
−6
equation is y = 2. Therefore, three additional points are
(0, 2), (1, 2), (5, 2).
16. Because the slope is undefined, the line is vertical and its
equation is x = − 4. Therefore, three additional points
are ( − 4, 0), ( − 4, 1), ( − 4, 2).
© 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
12 Chapter 1 Preparation for Calculus
3
18. The equation of this line is 2
y + 2 = 2( x + 2) 1
x
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6
y = 2 x + 2. −1
−2 (3, − 2)
y
y = 3x +3
19. 4 24. y − 4 = − 53 ( x + 2)
5
4 y = 3x + 12 4 5 y − 20 = −3 x − 6
0 = 3x − 4 y + 12 (0, 3)
3 x + 5 y − 14 = 0
2
y
1
x 5
−4 −3 −2 −1 1
4
(−2, 4)
20. y − ( − 2) = 6
5
x − ( − 5)
y
2
5
y + 2 = 6
5 (x + 5) 4
1
x
6 −3 −2 −1
y + 2 = + 6
1 2
5
x 2
1
6 x
y = 5
x + 4 −6 −5 −3 −2 −1 1 2 6 x
−1
25. =
0 = 6 x − 5 y + 20 (− 5, − 2) −2 100 200
−3
100 x = 1200
21. Because the slope is undefined, the line is vertical and its x = 12
equation is x = 1. 6
Since the grade of the road is , if you drive 200 feet,
y 100
3 the vertical rise in the road will be 12 feet.
2 (1, 2)
Δy 1
1
26. (a) Slope = =
x Δx 3
−3 −2 −1 2 3
−1
(b)
−2 x
−3 10 ft
30 ft
(0, 4)
3
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2
© 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 1.2 Linear Models and Rates of Change 13
27. (a) y
29. y = 4 x − 3
315
310
305 30. − x + y = 1
300
y = x +1
t
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
The slope is m = 1 and the y-intercept is (0, 1).
Year (9 ↔ 2009)
−2
70
Biodiesel production
60
−4
50
−5
40 −6
30
20
t
7 8 9 10 11 12 36. x = 4
Year (7 ↔ 2007) y
44 − 32
Slopes: = 12 3
8−7 2
34 − 44
= −10 1
9−8 x
22 − 34 1 2 3 5
= −12 −1
10 − 9 −2
63 − 22
= 41
11 − 10 37. y = − 2 x + 1
64 − 63
=1 y
12 − 11
3
The production increased most rapidly from 2010 to
2011.
64 − 32 32 1
(b) = = 6.4 thousand barrels per day
12 − 7 5 −2 −1 1 2
x
decrease.
© 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
14 Chapter 1 Preparation for Calculus
38. y = 1x −1 7 − ( −2) 9 y
3 44. m = = = 3
y
1 − ( −2) 3 8
(1, 7)
6
2
y − ( −2) = 3( x − ( −2)) 4
1
x y + 2 = 3( x + 2) x
−3 −2 −1 3
−6 −4 2 4 6
(0, −1) y = 3x + 4 (− 2, − 2)
−2
−4
−3
0 = 3x − y + 4
−4
8− 0 8 y
45. m = = −
2−5 3 9
(x − 1)
3 y (2, 8)
39. y − 2 =
8
2 7
8
y − 0 = − ( x − 5)
4 6
y = 3x + 1 3 5
2 2 2
3 4
3
1 8 40
y = − x +
2
x 1 (5, 0)
−4 −3 −2 1 2 3 4 3 3 x
−1 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9
−2 8 x + 3 y − 40 = 0 −2
−3
−4 y
6− 2 4
46. m = = = −1
−3 − 1 −4 7
40. y − 1 = 3( x + 4)
y
6
16 y − 2 = −1( x − 1) (− 3, 6)
5
y = 3 x + 13 12
y − 2 = −x + 1 3
(1, 2)
x + y −3 = 0 2
1
x
−16 −12 −8 4 8 x
−4 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−8
8−3 5 y
47. m = = , undefined
41. 3 x − 3 y + 1 = 0 y 6−6 0 8 (6, 8)
3 y = 3x + 1
4
The line is vertical. 6
3
4
y = x + 1 2 x = 6 or x − 6 = 0 (6, 3)
3 1 2
x
−4 −3 −2 1 2 3 4 x
−1 −2 2 4 8
−2 −2
−3
−4
−2 − ( −2 ) 0 y
48. m = = = 0
3−1 2 1
42. x + 2 y + 6 = 0 y
y = −2 −1 1 2 3 4
x
y = − 12 x − 3 4
y + 2 = 0
−1
2
(1, − 2) (3, − 2)
x −3
− 10 −8 −6 −2
−4
−4
−6
1−1 y
49. m = = 0
5 −3 4
−5 − 3 −8 3
43. m = = = 2 The line is horizontal.
0− 4 −4 y
2
(3, 1) (5, 1)
y = 1 or y − 1 = 0
y − ( − 5) = 2( x − 0) 6 x
−1 1 2 3 4 5 6
4 −1
y + 5 = 2x 2
(4, 3)
−2
0 = 2x − y − 5
x
−3
−2 −1 1 3 4 5 6
−2
−4
(0, − 5)
−8
− 10
© 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 1.2 Linear Models and Rates of Change 15
7 − 5 2 y
x y
50. m = = , undefined 56. + =1
2 − 2 0 8
a −a
7 (2, 7)
The line is vertical. 6
5 (2, 5) (− 23 ) + (− 2) =1
x = 2 or x − 2 = 0 4
3 a −a
2
1 2
x − + 2 = a
−3 −2 −1 1 3 4 5 6 7
3
−2
4
a =
1−b 1−b 3
51. The slope is = .
3− 0 3 x y
+ =1
The y-intercept is (0, b). Hence, ( ) (− 43 )
4
3
1 − b 4
y = mx + b = x − y =
x + b. 3
3
3x − 3 y − 4 = 0
b
52. m = − y
57. The given line is vertical.
a
−b (0, b)
(a) x = −7, or x + 7 = 0
y = x+b
a (b) y = −2, or y + 2 = 0
b
x+ y = b 58. The given line is horizontal.
a
x y (a, 0) (a) y = 0
+ =1 x
a b (b) x = −1, or x + 1 = 0
x y 59. x + y = 7
53. + =1
2 3 y = −x + 7
3x + 2 y − 6 = 0
m = −1
x y (a) y − 2 = −1( x + 3)
54. + =1
2 −2 y − 2 = −x − 3
−
3 x + y +1 = 0
− 3x y
− =1 (b) y − 2 = 1( x + 3)
2 2
y −2 = x +3
3x + y = −2
0 = x − y +5
3x + y + 2 = 0
60. x − y = − 2
x y
55. + =1 y = x+2
2a a
9 −2 m =1
+ =1
2a a (a) y − 5 = 1( x − 2)
9− 4 y −5 = x − 2
=1
2a x − y +3 = 0
5 = 2a
(b) y − 5 = −1( x − 2)
5
a = y − 5 = −x + 2
2
x y x + y − 7 = 0
+ =1
2( 52 ) ( 52 )
x 2y
+ =1
5 5
x + 2y = 5
x + 2y − 5 = 0
© 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
16 Chapter 1 Preparation for Calculus
61. 5 x − 3 y = 0 −6 − 4 10
66. m1 = = −
y = 5x 7−0 7
3
11 − 4 7
m = 5 m2 = = −
3 −5 − 0 5
(a) y − 7
8
= 5
3 ( x − 43 ) m1 ≠ m2
(b) y − 7
8 (
= − 53 x − 3
4 ) 3
2
B (1, 2)
40 y − 35 = −24 x + 18 1
(− 1, 0) (3, 0)
24 x + 40 y − 53 = 0 −2 A 1 2 C 4
x
−1
−2
D (1, − 2)
62. 7 x + 4 y = 8 −3
4 y = −7x + 8
The four sides are of equal length: 8 = 2 2.
−7
y = x + 2 For example, the length of segment AB is
4
(1 − (−1))
2
7 + ( 2 − 0)
2
= 4+ 4
m = −
4
= 8
1 −7 5
(a) y + = x − = 2 2 units.
2 4 6
1 −7 35 Furthermore, the adjacent sides are perpendicular
y + = x +
2 4 24 2−0 2
because the slope of AB is = = 1, whereas
24 y + 12 = − 42 x + 35 1 − ( −1) 2
42 x + 24 y − 23 = 0 2 − 0
the slope of BC is = −1.
1−3
1 4 5
(b) y + = x −
2 7 6 68. ax + by = 4
42 y + 21 = 24 x − 20
(a) The line is parallel to the x-axis if a = 0 and
24 x − 42 y − 41 = 0 b ≠ 0.
(b) The line is parallel to the y-axis if b = 0 and
63. The slope is 250.
a ≠ 0.
V = 1850 when t = 6.
(c) Answers will vary. Sample answer: a = −5 and
V = 250(t − 6) + 1850 b = 8.
= 250t + 250 −5 x + 8 y = 4
64. The slope is −1600. y = 1
8 (5 x + 4) = 5x
8
+ 1
2
© 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 1.2 Linear Models and Rates of Change 17
69. The tangent line is perpendicular to the line joining the 70. The tangent line is perpendicular to the line joining the
point (5, 12) and the center (0, 0). point ( 4, − 3) and the center of the circle, (1, 1).
y y
(5, 12)
8 4
4 2 (1, 1)
x x
−8 −4 (0, 0) 8 16 −6 −2 2 4
−2
−8
(4, − 3)
− 16 −6
c
71. (a) The slope of the segment joining (b, c) and ( a, 0) is . The slope of the perpendicular bisector
(b − a)
of this segment is
(a − b) a + b c
. The midpoint of this segment is , .
c 2 2
So, the equation of the perpendicular bisector to this segment is
c a − b a + b
y − = x − .
2 c 2
Similarly, the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the segment joining ( − a, 0) and ( a, 0) is
c a − b b − a
y − = x − .
2 −c 2 y
c2 c (b, c)
y = ( x − a) = ( x − a)
b − a b − 3a
− a
2 (b −2 a , 2c ) (a +2 b , 2c )
c2 c
y = ( x + a) = ( x + a). x
a + b 3a + b (−a, 0) (0, 0) (a, 0)
+ a
2
b c
Solving these equation simultaneously for ( x, y), you obtain the point of intersection , .
3 3
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18 Chapter 1 Preparation for Calculus
72. (a) Lines c, d, e and f have positive slopes. 73. Find the equation of the line through the points (0, 32)
(b) Lines a and b have negative slopes. and (100, 212).
m = 180 = 9
(c) Lines c and e appear parallel. 100 5
Lines d and f appear parallel. F − 32 = 5(
9 C − 0
)
(d) Lines b and f appear perpendicular. F = 9 C + 32
5
Lines b and d appear perpendicular.
or
C = 1
9 (5 F − 160)
5F − 9C − 160 = 0
For F = 72°, C ≈ 22.2°.
(15,000, 3050)
0 20,000
1500
75. (a) Two points are (50, 780) and (47, 825). 76. (a) y = 18.91 + 3.97 x
The slope is
(x = quiz score, y = test score)
825 − 780 45
m = = = −15.
47 − 50 −3 (b) 100
© 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 1.2 Linear Models and Rates of Change 19
=
− A(C + By1 + Ax1 )
2
− B(C + Ax1 + By1 )
2
( A2 + B 2 )(C + Ax1 + By1 )2 Ax1 + By1 + C
+ = =
( A2 + B 2 )
2 2 2
A + B A2 + B 2 A2 + B 2
78. y = mx + 4 mx + ( −1) y + 4 = 0
The distance is 0 when m = −1. In this case, the line y = − x + 4 contains the point (3, 1).
8
−9 9
(− 1, 0)
−4
© 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
20 Chapter 1 Preparation for Calculus
1( −2) + ( −1)(1) − 2 5 5 2
79. x − y − 2 = 0 d = = =
2
1 +1 2 2 2
4( 2) + 3(3) − 10 7
80. 4 x + 3 y − 10 = 0 d = =
2
4 +3 2 5
81. For simplicity, let the vertices of the rhombus be (0, 0), 82. For simplicity, let the vertices of the quadrilateral be
(a, 0), (b, c), and ( a + b, c), as shown in the figure. (0, 0), (a, 0), (b, c), and (d, e), as shown in the figure.
The midpoints of the sides are
c
The slopes of the diagonals are then m1 = and
a +b a a + b c b + d c + e d e
, 0 , , , , , and , .
c 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
m2 = . Because the sides of the rhombus are
b−a The slope of the opposite sides are equal:
equal, a 2 = b 2 + c 2 , and you have c c +e e
−0 −
c c c c 2 2 2 = 2 2 = c
m1m2 = ⋅ = 2 = = −1. a +b a b+ d d b
a +b b−a b − a2 −c 2 − −
2 2 2 2
Therefore, the diagonals are perpendicular. e c c+e
0− −
y
2 = 2 2 e
= −
a d a +b b+ d a −d
− −
2 2 2 2
(b, c) (a + b, c)
Therefore, the figure is a parallelogram.
y
(d, e)
(0, 0) (a , 0)
x
( b +2 d , c 2+ e )
(b, c)
( )
d e
,
2 2
(a +2 b , 2c )
x
(0, 0)
( a2 , 0) (a, 0)
83. Consider the figure below in which the four points are collinear. Because the triangles are similar,
the result immediately follows.
y2* − y1* y − y1
* *
= 2
x2 − x1 x2 − x1
y
(x 2 , y2 ) (x 2* , y2* )
(x1, y1 )
(x 1*, y1* )
© 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 1.3 Functions and Their Graphs 21
( 5) = 5 − ( 5)
2
(b) g = 5−5 = 0
5. f ( x) = 3x − 2
(c) g ( −2) = 5 − ( −2) = 5 − 4 = 1
2
(a) f (0) = 3(0) − 2 = − 2
( 32 ) = ( 32 ) ( 32 − 4) = 94 (− 52 ) = − 458
2
(b) g
(c) g (c) = c 2 (c − 4) = c3 − 4c 2
(d) g (t + 4) = (t + 4) (t + 4 − 4)
2
= (t + 4) t = t 3 + 8t 2 + 16t
2
= 3x 2 + 3 xΔx + ( Δx) , Δx ≠ 0
2
11. = =
Δx Δx Δx
f ( x ) − f (1) 3 x − 1 − (3 − 1) 3( x − 1)
12. = = = 3, x ≠ 1
x −1 x −1 x −1
13. f ( x) = 4 x 2 14. g ( x) = x 2 − 5
© 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
22 Chapter 1 Preparation for Calculus
15. f ( x ) = x 3 24. f ( x) = x 2 − 3x + 2
Domain: ( − ∞, ∞ ) x 2 − 3x + 2 ≥ 0
Range: ( − ∞, ∞ ) (x − 2)( x − 1) ≥ 0
Domain: x ≥ 2 or x ≤ 1
16. h( x ) = 4 − x 2
Domain: ( −∞, 1] ∪ [2, ∞)
Domain: ( − ∞, ∞ )
Range: ( − ∞, 4] 1
25. f ( x) =
x+3
17. g ( x) = 6x
x +3 ≠ 0
Domain: 6 x ≥ 0 x +3 ≠ 0
x ≥ 0 [0, ∞) Domain: all x ≠ −3
Range: [0, ∞) Domain: ( −∞, − 3) ∪ ( −3, ∞)
18. h( x) = − x +3 1
26. g ( x) = 2
x −4
Domain: x + 3 ≥ 0 [−3, ∞)
x2 − 4 ≠ 0
Range: ( −∞, 0]
(x − 2)( x + 2) ≠ 0
19. f ( x) = 16 − x 2 Domain: all x ≠ ± 2
16 − x ≥ 0 x ≤ 16 Domain: ( −∞, − 2) ∪ ( − 2, 2) ∪ ( 2, ∞)
2 2
Domain: [− 4, 4]
2 x + 1, x < 0
Range: [0, 4] 27. f ( x) =
2 x + 2, x ≥ 0
Note: y = 16 − x 2 is a semicircle of radius 4.
(a) f ( −1) = 2( −1) + 1 = −1
20. f ( x) = x − 3 (b) f (0) = 2(0) + 2 = 2
Domain: ( − ∞, ∞ ) (c) f ( 2) = 2( 2) + 2 = 6
Range: [0, ∞ )
(d) f (t 2 + 1) = 2(t 2 + 1) + 2 = 2t 2 + 4
3 (Note: t 2 + 1 ≥ 0 for all t.)
21. f ( x) =
x
Domain: ( −∞, ∞)
Domain: all x ≠ 0 ( −∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞)
Range: ( −∞, 1) ∪ [2, ∞)
Range: ( −∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞)
x + 2, x ≤ 1
2
x − 2 28. f ( x) = 2
22. f ( x) = 2 x + 2, x > 1
x + 4
Domain: all x ≠ − 4 (a) f ( −2) = ( −2) + 2 = 6
2
Range: all y ≠ 1
(b) f (0) = 02 + 2 = 2
[Note: You can see that the range is all y ≠ 1 by
graphing f.] (c) f (1) = 12 + 2 = 3
(d) f ( s 2 + 2) = 2( s 2 + 2) + 2 = 2 s 4 + 8s 2 + 10
2
23. f ( x) = x + 1− x
© 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 1.3 Functions and Their Graphs 23
x + 1, x < 1 33. g ( x) =
1
29. f ( x) = 2
− x + 1, x ≥ 1 x + 2
Domain: ( −∞, ∞)
(a) f ( −3) = − 3 + 1 = 4
(d) f (b 2 + 1) = − (b 2 + 1) + 1 = − b 2
1
Domain: ( −∞, ∞) −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
x
Range: ( − ∞, 0] ∪ [1, ∞) −1
x + 4, x ≤ 5
30. f ( x) = 2
( x − 5) , x > 5
2 34. f (t ) =
7 +t
(a) f ( −3) = −3 + 4 = 1 =1 Domain: ( −∞, − 7) ∪ ( − 7, ∞)
(c) f (5) =
y
5+ 4 = 3
8
Domain: [−4, ∞)
2
t
− 12 −4 −2 2
Range: [0, ∞) −4
−6
−8
31. f ( x) = 4 − x
4
3
2
2
x
−4 −2 2 4 1
x
3 6 9 12
32. f ( x) = x 2 + 5
Domain: ( −∞, ∞)
36. f ( x) = 1 x3 +3
Range: [5, ∞) 4
y Domain: ( −∞, ∞)
10
Range: ( −∞, ∞)
8
y
4 5
2 4
x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−2 2
x
−3 −1 1 2 3
−1
© 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
24 Chapter 1 Preparation for Calculus
37. f ( x) = 9 − x2 44. x 2 + y = 16 y = 16 − x 2
4
49. The transformation is a horizontal shift 2 units to the
3 right and a vertical shift 1 unit downward of the function
(− 2, 0(
(0, 2)
f ( x) = x 2 .
Shifted function: y = ( x − 2) − 1
x 2
− 4 −3 − 2 1 2 3 4
−1
−2
−3
50. The transformation is a horizontal shift 1 unit to the left
−4
and a vertical shift 2 units upward of the function
f ( x) = x3 .
39. x − y 2 = 0 y = ± x
Shifted function: y = ( x + 1) + 2
3
y is a function of x. Vertical lines intersect the graph at 52. y = f ( x) − 5 is a vertical shift 5 units downward.
most once.
Matches b.
41. y is a function of x. Vertical lines intersect the graph at
most once. 53. y = − f ( − x) − 2 is a reflection in the y-axis, a
reflection in the x-axis, and a vertical shift downward
42. x 2 + y 2 = 4 2 units. Matches c.
y = ± 4 − x2 54. y = − f ( x − 4) is a horizontal shift 4 units to the right,
y is not a function of x. Some vertical lines intersect the followed by a reflection in the x-axis. Matches a.
graph twice.
55. y = f ( x + 6) + 2 is a horizontal shift to the left
43. x 2 + y 2 = 16 y = ± 16 − x 2
6 units, and a vertical shift upward 2 units. Matches e.
y is not a function of x because there are two values of y
for some x. 56. y = f ( x − 1) + 3 is a horizontal shift to the right 1 unit,
and a vertical shift upward 3 units. Matches g.
© 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 1.3 Functions and Their Graphs 25
57. (a) The graph is shifted 3 units to the left. (f ) The graph is stretched vertically by a factor of 14 .
y
y
4
4
2
x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 x
−2 −4 −2 2 4 6
−4
−6
−6
x
−2 2 4 6 8 2
−2
x
−4 −2 2 4 6
−4
−2
−6
−4
(c) The graph is shifted 2 units upward. (h) The graph is a reflection about the origin.
y y
6 6
4 4
x x
−4 −2 2 4 6 −6 −4 2 4
−2 −2
−4
x
−4 −2 2 4 6
−2
−4
−6
−8
x
−4 −2 4 6
−2
−4
−6
−8
−10
© 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
26 Chapter 1 Preparation for Calculus
(b) g ( x) = f ( x + 2) (f ) g ( x) = 1
2
f ( x)
g (0) = f ( 2) = 1 g ( 2) = 1 f ( 2) = 1
2 2
g ( − 6) = f ( − 4) = − 3 g ( −4) = 1 f ( −4) = − 32
2
The graph is shifted 2 units to the left.
The graph is stretched vertically by a factor of 12 .
y
y
4
3 2
2 1
(2, 12 )
(0, 1)
x
−5 −4 −3 1 2 3
x −1
−7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −1 1
−2
−2
(−4, − 32 ) −3
(−6, −3) −3 −4
−4 −5
−6
(c) g ( x) = f ( x) + 4
(g) g ( x) = f ( − x)
g ( 2) = f ( 2) + 4 = 5
g ( − 2) = f ( 2) = 1
g ( − 4) = f ( − 4) + 4 = 1
g ( 4) = f ( − 4) = − 3
The graph is shifted 4 units upward.
y The graph is a reflection in the y-axis.
y
6
(2, 5)
5 3
4 (− 2, 1) 2
1
x
2
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5
−1
(−4, 1) 1
x −2
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 −3
−4
(4, − 3)
−2
−5
(d) g ( x) = f ( x) − 1 (h) g ( x ) = − f ( x)
g ( 2) = f ( 2) − 1 = 0 g ( 2) = f ( 2) = −1
g ( − 4) = f ( − 4) − 1 = − 4 g ( − 4) = f ( − 4) = 3
The graph is shifted 1 unit downward. The graph is a reflection in the x-axis.
y
y
2
5
1
(2, 0) (− 4, 3) 4
x 3
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 2 3
2
−3 x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 3
−4
(−4, −4) (2, − 1)
−5 −2
−6 −3
© 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 1.3 Functions and Their Graphs 27
59. f ( x) = 2 x − 5, g ( x) = 4 − 3x
(a) f ( x) + g ( x) = ( 2 x − 5) + ( 4 − 3 x) = − x − 1
(b) f ( x) − g ( x) = ( 2 x − 5) − ( 4 − 3 x) = 5 x − 9
f ( x) 2x − 5
(d) =
g ( x) 4 − 3x
60. f ( x) = x 2 + 5 x + 4, g ( x) = x + 1
(a) f ( x) + g ( x) = ( x 2 + 5 x + 4) + ( x + 1) = x 2 + 6 x + 5
(b) f ( x) − g ( x) = ( x 2 + 5 x + 4) − ( x + 1) = x 2 + 4 x + 3
(c) f ( x) ⋅ g ( x) = ( x 2 + 5 x + 4)( x + 1) = x3 + 5 x 2 + 4 x + x 2 + 5 x + 4 = x3 + 6 x 2 + 9 x + 4
(d) f ( x ) g ( x ) =
x2 + 5x + 4
=
( x + 4)( x + 1) = x + 4, x ≠ −1
x +1 x +1
(e) f ( g ( x )) = f ( x 2 − 1) = x2 − 1
( x) = ( x)
2
(f ) g ( f ( x)) = g − 1 = x − 1, ( x ≥ 0)
62. f ( x) = 2 x3 , g ( x) = 4 x + 3
(b) f g ( ( )) = f (4( ) + 3) =
1
2
1
2 ( )
f (5) = 2 53 = 250
(f ) g ( f ( x)) = g ( 2 x3 ) = 4( 2 x3 ) + 3 = 8 x3 + 3
63. f ( x) = x 2 , g ( x) = x
( x) = ( x)
2
(f g )( x) = f ( g ( x)) = f = x, x ≥ 0
Domain: [0, ∞)
(g f )( x) = g ( f ( x)) = g ( x 2 ) = x2 = x
Domain: ( −∞, ∞)
No. Their domains are different. ( f g ) = ( g f ) for x ≥ 0.
© 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
28 Chapter 1 Preparation for Calculus
64. f ( x) = x 2 − 1, g ( x) = − x
(f g )( x) = f ( g ( x)) = f ( − x) = ( − x) − 1 = x 2 − 1
2
Domain: ( −∞, ∞)
(g f )( x) = g ( x 2 − 1) = − ( x 2 − 1) = 1 − x 2
Domain: ( −∞, ∞)
f g ≠ g f
3
65. f ( x) = , g ( x) = x 2 − 1
x
3
(f g )( x) = f ( g ( x)) = f ( x 2 − 1) =
x2 − 1
Domain: all x ≠ ±1 ( −∞, −1) ∪ ( −1, 1) ∪ (1, ∞)
2
3 3 9 9 − x2
(g f )( x) = g ( f ( x)) = g = − 1 = 2 − 1 =
x x x x2
Domain: all x ≠ 0 ( −∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞)
f g ≠ g f
69. F ( x) = 2x − 2
Let h( x) = 2 x, g ( x) = x − 2 and f ( x) = x.
70. F ( x) =
1 71. (a) If f is even, then ( 32 , 4) is on the graph.
4 x6
(b) If f is odd, then ( 32 , − 4) is on the graph.
1
Let f ( x) = , g ( x ) = 4 x, and h( x) = x 6 .
x
72. (a) If f is even, then ( −4, 9) is on the graph.
Then ( f g h)( x) = f g ( x 6 ) = f ( 4 x 6 ) = ( ) 1
4 x6
. (b) If f is odd, then ( −4, − 9) is on the graph.
(Other answers possible.) 73. f is even because the graph is symmetric about the
y-axis. g is neither even nor odd. h is odd because
the graph is symmetric about the origin.
© 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 1.3 Functions and Their Graphs 29
74. (a) If f is even, then the graph is symmetric about the 4 − ( −6) 10
y-axis. 79. Slope = = = −5
−2 − 0 −2
y
y − 4 = −5( x − ( −2))
6
f
4 y − 4 = −5 x − 10
y = −5 x − 6
2
x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−2 For the line segment, you must restrict the domain.
f ( x) = −5 x − 6, −2 ≤ x ≤ 0
−4
−6
y
origin. (− 2, 4) 4
2
y
x
6 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6
f
4
−4
2
−6 (0, − 6)
x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−2
−4
8−1 7
−6 80. Slope = =
5−3 2
7
75. f ( x) = x 2 ( 4 − x 2 ) y − 1 = ( x − 3)
2
f ( − x) = ( − x) 4 − ( − x)
2
( 2
) = x (4 − x ) =
2 2
f ( x) y −1 = x −
7
2
21
2
f is even. 7 19
y = x −
f ( x) = x 2 ( 4 − x 2 ) = 0 2 2
For the line segment, you must restrict the domain.
x 2 ( 2 − x)( 2 + x) = 0
7 19
Zeros: x = 0, − 2, 2 f ( x) = x − , 3 ≤ x ≤ 5
2 2
y
76. f ( x) = 3
x
8 (5, 8)
f ( − x) = 3 ( − x) = − 3
x = − f ( x) 6
f is odd. 4
2
f ( x) = 3
x = 0 x = 0 is the zero. (3, 1)
x
−2 2 4 6 8
−2
77. f ( x) = 2 6 x
The domain of f is x ≥ 0 and the range is y ≥ 0. 81. x + y 2 = 0
Hence, the function is neither even nor odd. The only
y2 = −x
zero is x = 0.
y = − −x
78. f ( x) = 4 x 4 − 3x 2
f ( x) = − −x, x ≤ 0
f ( − x) = 4( − x) − 3( − x) = 4 x − 3 x = f ( x)
4 2 4 2
y
f is even. 3
4 x − 3 x = x ( 4 x − 3) = 0
2
4 2 2 2
1
x
3 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1
Zeros: x = 0, ±
2 −2
−3
© 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
30 Chapter 1 Preparation for Calculus
Value
2
9
x
6
−4 −2 2 4
−2 3
−4 t
1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (in years)
x 2 + y 2 = c, a circle.
For the domain to be [−5, 5], c = 25.
88. For the domain to be the set of all real numbers, you
x must require that x 2 + 3cx + 6 ≠ 0. So, the
Time (in hours)
discriminant must be less than zero:
84. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Height begins a few (3c)2 − 4(6) < 0
feet above 0, and ends at 0.
9c 2 < 24
y
c2 < 8
3
− 8 < c < 8
3 3
Height
− 23 6 < c < 2
3
6
x
89. No. If a horizontal line intersects the graph more than
Distance once, then there is more than one x-value corresponding
to the same y-value.
85. Answers will vary. Sample answer: 90. Answers will vary. Sample answer:
Distance begins at 0, then the graph has a sharp turn after
1 1
a few minutes and goes back to 0. Then the graph goes f ( x) = and g ( x) = 2
back upward steeply. x x
( f g )( x) = f 2 = x 2
y
1
15
x
Distance from home
1 1
(g f )( x) = g =
12
= x2
(in miles)
2
9
x 1
6
3
x
t
f ( − x) = 0 = f ( x) = − f ( x)
© 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 1.3 Functions and Their Graphs 31
25 p → −∞ as x → −∞ and p → ∞ as x → ∞ if
20
A > 0. Furthermore, p → ∞ as x → −∞ and
15
10
p → −∞ as x → ∞ if A < 0. Because the graph has
5 no breaks, the graph must cross the x-axis at least one time.
t
2 n +1
97. f ( − x) = a2 n +1 ( − x) + + a3 ( − x) + a1 ( − x)
1 2 3 4 5 6 3
2n − 2
98. f ( − x ) = a2 n ( − x)
2n
+ a2 n − 2 ( − x ) + + a2 ( − x) + a0
2
= a2 n x 2 n + a2 n − 2 x 2 n − 2 + + a2 x 2 + a0
= f ( x)
Even
F ( − x) = f ( − x) g ( − x) = f ( x) −
g ( x) = − f ( x) g ( x) = − F ( x).
So, F ( x) is odd.
y −2 0−2
101. By equating slopes, =
0−3 x −3
6
y −2 =
x−3
6 2x
y = + 2 = ,
x−3 x−3
2
2x
L = x2 + y2 = x2 + .
x − 3
© 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
32 Chapter 1 Preparation for Calculus
102. (a) V = x( 24 − 2 x)
2 109. First consider the portion of R in the first quadrant:
x ≥ 0, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1 and x − y ≤ 1; shown below.
Domain: 0 < x < 12 y
(b) 1100
2
(0, 1) (2, 1)
1
−1 12 x
−1 (0, 0) (1, 0) 2
− 100
−1
Maximum volume occurs at x = 4. So, the
dimensions of the box would be 4 × 16 × 16 cm. The area of this region is 1 + 1 = 32 .
2
103. False. If f ( x) = x 2 , then f ( −3) = f (3) = 9, but By symmetry, you obtain the entire region R:
y
−3 ≠ 3.
2
104. True (− 2, 1) (2, 1)
3 f ( x) = 3 x 2 . So, 3 f ( x) ≠ f (3 x).
The area of R is 4 ( 32 ) = 6.
107. False. The constant function f ( x) = 0 has symmetry
with respect to the x-axis. 110. Let g ( x) = c be constant polynomial.
2. If the degree measure of angle θ is x, then the radian A function is periodic if there exists a positive real
π number p such that f ( x + p) = f ( x) for all x in the
measure of θ is x .
180° domain of f. The period of f is the least positive value
of p.
opp 7
3. sin θ = = 5. (a) θ + 360° = 36° + 360° = 396°
hyp 25
adj 24 θ − 360° = 36° − 360° = − 324°
cos θ = =
hyp 25 (b) θ + 360° = −120° + 360° = 240°
opp 7 θ − 360° = −120° − 360° = − 480°
tan θ = =
adj 24
© 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 1.4 Review of Trigonometric Functions 33
© 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
34 Chapter 1 Preparation for Calculus
18. x 2 + 12 = 32 x = 8 = 2 2 1
22. (a) sin ( −30°) = − sin 30° = −
2
1 1 2 3
tan θ =
1
= = 3
x 4 θ
2 2 x cos( −30°) = cos 30° =
2
19. 42 + y 2 = 52 y = 3 3
tan ( −30°) = − tan 30° = −
3
4 4
cot θ = = 1
y 3 (b) sin 150° = sin 30° =
2
3
cos 150° = − cos 30° = −
5
3
2
3
tan 150° = − tan 30° = −
θ 3
4
π π 1
(c) sin − = − sin = −
20. 5 + y = 13 y = 12
2 2 2 6 6 2
13 13 π π 3
csc θ = = cos − = cos =
y 12 6 6 2
π π 3
tan − = − tan = −
6 6 3
π
13 (d) sin =1
y
2
π
cos = 0
2
θ
π
5 tan is undefined.
2
© 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 1.4 Review of Trigonometric Functions 35
2
(b) sin ( −225°) = sin 45° = 27. (a) tan
π
≈ 0.3640
2
9
2
cos( −225°) = − cos 45° = − 10π
2 (b) tan ≈ 0.3640
9
tan ( −225°) = − tan 45° = −1
28. (a) cot 1.35 ≈ 0.2245
5π π 3
(c) sin = − sin = − (b) tan 1.35 ≈ 4.455
3 3 2
5π π 1
cos = cos = 29. (a) sin θ < 0 θ is in Quadrant III or IV.
3 3 2
cos θ < 0 θ is in Quadrant II or III.
5π π
tan = − tan = − 3 sin θ < 0 and cos θ < 0 θ is in Quadrant III.
3 3
11π π 1 (b) sec θ > 0 θ is in Quadrant I or IV.
(d) sin = − sin = −
6 6 2 cot θ < 0 θ is in Quadrant II or IV.
11π π 3 sec θ > 0 and cot θ < 0 θ is in Quadrant IV.
cos = cos =
6 6 2
30. (a) sin θ > 0 θ is in Quadrant I or II.
11π π 3
tan = − tan = − cos θ < 0 θ is in Quadrant II or III.
6 6 3
sin θ > 0 and cos θ < 0 θ is in Quadrant II.
1 (b) csc θ < 0 θ is in Quadrant III or IV.
24. (a) sin 750° = sin 30° =
2 tan θ > 0 θ is in Quadrant I or III.
3 csc θ < 0 and tan θ > 0 θ is in Quadrant III.
cos 750° = cos 30° =
2
3 2
tan 750° = tan 30° = 31. (a) cos θ =
3 2
1 π 7π
(b) sin 510° = sin 30° = θ = ,
2 4 4
3 2
cos 510° = − cos 30° = − (b) cos θ = −
2 2
3 3π 5π
tan 510° = − tan 30° = − θ = ,
3 4 4
© 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
36 Chapter 1 Preparation for Calculus
35. 2 sin 2 θ = 1 θ
42. cos − cos θ = 1
2
2
sin θ = ± θ
2 cos = cos θ + 1
π 3π 5π 7π 2
θ = , , ,
4 4 4 4 1
(1 + cos θ ) = cos θ + 1
2
36. tan 2 θ = 3
1
(1 + cos θ ) = cos θ + 2 cos θ + 1
2
tan θ = ± 3 2
π 2π 4π 5π 3 1
θ = , , , 0 = cos 2 θ + cos θ +
3 3 3 3
2 2
1
37. tan 2 θ − tan θ = 0 0 = ( 2 cos 2 θ + 3 cos θ + 1)
2
tan θ ( tan θ − 1) = 0
1
0 = ( 2 cos θ + 1)(cos θ + 1)
tan θ = 0 tan θ = 1 2
π 5π 1
θ = 0, π , 2π θ = , cos θ = − cos θ = −1
4 4 2
2π
38. 2 cos 2 θ − cos θ − 1 = 0 θ = θ = π
3
(2 cos θ + 1)(cos θ − 1) = 0
(0 = 4π 3 is extraneous)
1
cos θ = − cos θ = 1
2 43. ( 275 ft sec)(60 sec) = 16,500 feet
2π 4π a
θ = , θ = 0, 2π sin 18° =
3 3 16,500
39. sec θ csc θ − 2 csc θ = 0 a = 16,500 sin 18° ≈ 5099 feet
sec θ = 2
π 5π h h
θ = , 44. tan 3.5° = and tan 9° =
3 3 13 + x x
(13 + x) tan 3.5° = h x tan 9° = h
40. sin θ = cos θ
tan θ = 1 13 tan 3.5° + x tan 3.5° = x tan 9°
© 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 1.4 Review of Trigonometric Functions 37
45. y = 2 sin 2x 2 πx
48. y = cos
2π 3 10
Period = = π 2π
2 Period = = 20
Amplitude = 2 = 2
(π 10)
2 2
Amplitude = =
3 x 3 3
46. y = cos
2 2
49. y = 5 tan 2 x
2π
Period = = 4π π
(1 2) Period =
2
3 3
Amplitude = = 50. y = 7 tan 2π x
2 2
π 1
Period = =
47. y = − 3 sin 4π x 2π 2
2π 1
Period = = 51. y = sec 5 x
4π 2
2π
Amplitude = − 3 = 3 Period =
5
52. y = csc 4x
2π π
Period = =
4 2
When c = 1: f ( x) = cos x.
−1
© 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
38 Chapter 1 Preparation for Calculus
When c = 1: f ( x) = sin x + 1. −4
When c = 2: f ( x) = sin x + 2.
When c = 1: f ( x) = cos x. −3
When c = 2: f ( x) = 2 cos x.
x 2π x
55. y = sin 57. y = − sin
2 3
Period: 4π Period: 3
Amplitude: 1 Amplitude: 1
y y
1
1
x
π 3π x
3 3
2
−1 −1
56. y = 2 cos 2 x
58. y = 2 tan x
Period: π
Period: π
Amplitude: 2
y
y
3
3
2
2
1
1
x
−π π
x
π π
−
2 2
−2
−3
© 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 1.4 Review of Trigonometric Functions 39
x 63. y = sin ( x + π )
59. y = csc
2
Period: 2π
Period: 4 π
Amplitude: 1
y
y
2
1
1
x
π 3π
−1 x
π π
−
2 2
−1
60. y = tan 2 x
π π
Period: 64. y = cos x −
2 3
y
Period: 2π
3
Amplitude: 1
2
y
1
x 3
π π
− 2
2 2
1
x
3π π
−
2 2
−2
61. y = 2 sec 2 x
−3
Period: π
y
π
65. y = 1 + cos x −
2
Period: 2π
1
x
Amplitude: 1
π π 3π y
2 2
62. y = csc 2π x
Period: 1
x
y π π π 3π
−
2 2 2
4
3
2
π
1 66. y = 1 + sin x +
x 2
−3 1
4
−2
4
Period: 2π
−3
−4
Amplitude: 1
y
x
− 2π −π π 2π
−2
© 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
40 Chapter 1 Preparation for Calculus
2π 1
= 4π b = 2 f(x) = sin x
b 2
1
c π
= π c = . x
b 2 −π π 2π
From the graph, we see that the amplitude is 12 , the 2 g(x) = ⎪sin x⎪
period is π , and the horizontal shift is 0. Also, the graph
is reflected about the x-axis. Thus, x
− 2π −π π 2π
1
a = − −1
2 −2
2π
= π b = 2
b y
c
= 0 c = 0. 2
h(x) = sin (⎪x⎪)
b
Therefore, y = − 12 sin 2 x. x
π 2π
−1
69. Yes. Use the right-triangle definitions of the
−2
trigonometric functions.
70. The sine function is one-to-one on the interval The graph of f ( x) will reflect any parts of the graph of
π π f ( x) below the x-axis about the y-axis.
− 2 , 2 . Other intervals are possible.
The graph of f ( x ) will reflect the part of the graph of
71. The range of the cosine function is [−1, 1]. The range of
f ( x) to the right of the y-axis about the y-axis.
the secant function is ( −∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞).
π
74. If h = 51 + 50 sin 8π t − , then h = 1 when
72. As θ increases from 0° to 90° with r = 12 centimeters, 2
x decreases from 12 to 0 centimeters, t = 0.
y increases from 0 to 12 centimeters,
πt
sin θ increases from 0 to 1, 75. S = 58.3 + 32.5 cos
6
cos θ decreases from 1 to 0, and 100
0 12
0
© 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 1.5 Inverse Functions 41
4 1 2
76. f ( x) = sin π x + sin 3π x
π 3
3
4 1 1 −1
g ( x) = sin π x + sin 3π x + sin 5π x
π 3 5
−2
4 1 1 1
Pattern: f ( x) = sin π x + sin 3π x + sin 5π x + + sin ( 2n − 1)π x , n = 1, 2, 3
π 3 5 2n − 1
77. False. 4π radians (not 4 radians) corresponds to two 79. False. The amplitude of the function y = 1 sin 2x is
2
complete revolutions from the initial side to the terminal
one-half the amplitude of the function y = sin x.
side of an angle.
5. Matches (c) 2
x
6. Matches (b) −2 2 4
g
8
−2
7. Matches (a)
9. (a) f ( x) = 5 x + 1 g ( x) = 3
x
( x) = ( x)
3
g ( x) =
x −1 f ( g ( x)) = f 3 3
= x
5
g ( f ( x)) = g ( x3 ) = 3
x3 = x
x − 1 x − 1
f ( g ( x )) = f = 5 +1 = x
5 5 (b) y
g ( f ( x)) = g (5 x + 1) =
(5 x + 1) − 1
= x
3
f
2
5 g
1
(b) y
x
−3 −2 1 2 3
3
f
2 −2
1 g −3
x
−3 1 2 3
© 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
42 Chapter 1 Preparation for Calculus
12. (a) f ( x) = 3
x −3 15. (a)
1
f ( x) = (b)
y
x
g ( x) = 3 + x3 3
1 f=g
g ( x) =
2
f ( g ( x )) = f (3 + x 3 ) x 1
x
1
= 3
(3 + x 3 ) − 3 = 3
x3 = x f ( g ( x)) =
1x
= x
−1 1 2 3
g ( f ( x )) = g ( 3
x −3 ) g ( f ( x)) =
1
= x
1x
( )
3
= 3+ 3
x −3 = 3 + ( x − 3) = x
(b) y 1
16. (a) f ( x) = , x≥0
8 g 1+ x
1− x
g ( x) = 0 < x ≤1
6
,
4 x
f
1 − x 1 1
f ( g ( x)) = f = = = x
−2 4 6 8
x x 1+ 1− x 1
−2 x x
1
1−
1
g ( f ( x)) = g 1 + x = x ⋅1+ x = x
13. (a) f ( x) = x −4 = 1
1 + x 1+ x 1
g ( x) = x + 4, 2
x ≥ 0 1+ x
f ( g ( x)) = f ( x 2 + 4) (b) y
( x 2 + 4) − 4
3 g
= = x2 = x
( )
2
g ( f ( x )) = g x −4
1
( )
2
= x −4 + 4 = x −4+ 4 = x f
x
1 2 3
(b) y
12
g
10
17. f (θ ) = sin θ
8
19. f ( x) = 2 − x − x3
14. (a) f ( x) = 16 − x 2 , x ≥ 0
One-to-one; has an inverse
g ( x) = 16 − x
( ) ( )
2
f ( g ( x)) = f 16 − x = 16 − 16 − x x4
20. f ( x ) = − 2 x2
4
= 16 − (16 − x) = x
Not one-to-one; does not have an inverse
g ( f ( x)) = g (16 − x 2 ) = 16 − (16 − x 2 )
1
21. f ( x ) =
= x2 = x 3x + 1
(b) y
One-to-one; has an inverse
20
16 22. f ( x) = 3
x +1
12
f
One-to-one; has an inverse
8
g 23. f ( x ) = tan 2π x
x
8 12 16 20
Not one-to-one; does not have an inverse
© 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 1.5 Inverse Functions 43
3x 30. h( x) = x + 4 − x − 4
24. f ( x) = sin
2 9
31. (a) f ( x) = 2 x − 3 = y
−7 y +3
x =
2
One-to-one; has an inverse
x +3
y =
6x 2
26. f ( x) = x + 3
x2 + 4 f −1 ( x ) =
5
2
(b) y
4
−7 8
2
f −1
−5 x
−2 2 4
1
27. g (t ) =
t2 + 1 (c) The graphs of f and f −1 are reflections of each other
3 in the line y = x.
(d) Domain of f : all real numbers
Range of f : all real numbers
−3 3
Domain of f −1 : all real numbers
−1
Range of f −1 : all real numbers
Not one-to-one; does not have an inverse
f ( x) = 9 − 5 x = y (b)
y
32. (a)
28. f ( x) = 5 x x −1 10
9− y
x = 8
f
12 5 −1
6
f 4
9− x
y = x
5 −6 −4 −2 4 6 8 10
1
f −1 ( x) = (9 − x)
−4
0 6 −6
0 5
One-to-one; has an inverse (c) The graphs of f and f −1 are reflections of each other
across the line y = x.
29. g ( x) = ( x + 5)
3
(d) Domain of f: all real numbers
200 Range of f: all real numbers
Domain of f −1 : all real numbers
− 50
© 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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14.
Hänellä oli kaksi täysin erilaista käyntitapaa: toinen, jota hän käytti
juhlallisissa tilaisuuksissa, oli lujaa, ylhäistä ja hiukan kiiruhtavaa; ja
toinen, jolloin hän antoi itsensä kulkea, miten halutti, oli pehmeää,
keinuvaa ja niin sanoaksemme hyväilevää.
— En, madame.
— Kukaan ei tiennyt, että minä poikkeaisin tänne, monsieur, en
melkeinpä itsekään, voisin sanoa, sillä minä salasin haluni, etten
tuottaisi täällä teille hankaluuksia, joita nyt sittenkin olen tuottanut.
Enkä minä ole puhunut asiasta kenellekään muulle kuin teidän
pojallenne viime yönä, ja hän oli vielä tunti sitten matkalla
seurassani, joten hän ei ole voinut joutua tänne kuin muutamaa
minuuttia ennen minua.
— Niin, enintään.
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