1. A 138 kV transmission line with a line impedance of 0.2 + j0.7 p.u.

Consider the directional distance mho relay (RCA = 60⁰) located at whose forward direction is in the
direction from bus A to bus B. Assume that there is a line to line fault at the fault point F, which is
located at 0.7 p.u. distance away from bus A. The magnitude of the fault current is 1.2 p.u. Assume
that the line spacing of 10.3 ft is equal to the arc length. The base quantities for power, voltage, current
and impedance are given as 100 MVA, 418.4 A and 190.4 respectively. Consider only zones 1 and
2 protection and determine the following:
a- value of resistance at fault point in ohms and per units.
b- value of line impedance including the arc resistance.
c- line impedance angle without and with arc resistance.
d- Show whether or not the relay will clear fault instantaneously.
Solution:
2.9×104 ×𝐿 2.9×104 ×10.3×0.3048
a. 𝑅𝑎𝑟𝑐 = = = 15 𝛺
𝐼 1.4 (1.2×418.4)1.4

15
b. 𝑍𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑍𝐿 + 𝑅𝑎𝑟𝑐 = (0.2 + 𝑗0.7) + = 0.75∠68.3° 𝑝. 𝑢.
190.4

0.7
c. 𝜃𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ = 68.3°, 𝜃𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 74°
0.2

√0.22 +0.72
d. Z)zone1 = 0.8 × = 0.6 𝑝. 𝑢.
cos(74°−60°)

15
𝑍𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑢𝑝𝑡𝑜 70% 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 0.7 × (0.2 + 𝑗0.7) + = 0.536∠65.9° 𝑝. 𝑢.
190.4
0.536
Zseen by relay = = 0.538 𝑝. 𝑢. < 0.6 𝑝. 𝑢. (𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑦 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑙𝑦
cos(65.9° − 60°)

2. Consider the 230 kV transmission systems shown in figure (2).

Assume that the positive -sequence impedance of the lines TL12 and TL23 are 2+j20 and 2.5+j25
respectively. If the maximum peak load supplied by the TL12 is 100 MVA with a lagging power
factor of 0.9, design a three-zone distance-relaying system for the R12 impedance relay by
determining the following:
a- maximum Load current.
b- CT ratio taking the rated secondary current = 5 A.
c- VT ratio taking the rated secondary voltage = 69 V.
d- Line impedance based on secondary ohms.
e- Load impedance based on secondary ohms.
f- Zone 1 setting of relay R12
g- Zone 2 setting of relay R12.
h- Zone 3 setting of relay R12.

Solution:
100×103
a. 𝐼𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = = 251 𝐴
√3×230
b. CT Ratio = 250/5 A
c. VT Ratio = 230/√3/0.069 kV
𝐶𝑇 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 250/5
d. 𝑍𝑇𝐿1 = (2 + 𝑗20) × = (2 + 𝑗20) × 230 = 0.52∠84.3° 𝛺
𝑉𝑇 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 /0.069
√3
𝐶𝑇 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 250/5
𝑍𝑇𝐿2 = (2.5 + 𝑗25) × = (2.5 + 𝑗25) × 230 = 0.65∠84.3° 𝛺
𝑉𝑇 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 /0.069
√3
230
∠0°
√3
e. 𝑍𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 = = 529∠ − 25.84° 𝛺
251∠(𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 0.9)°

250/5
𝑍𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑,𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 = 529∠ − 25.84° × = 13.74∠ − 25.84° 𝛺
230
/0.069
√3
f. Zone 1 Settings:
Z)zone1 = 0.8 × 0.52∠84.3° = 0.416∠84.3° 𝛺
T)zone1 = 0 sec
g. Zone 2 Settings:
At least: Z)zone2 = 1.2 × 0.52∠84.3° = 0.624∠84.3° 𝛺
𝐿𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛: Z)zone2 = 0.52∠84.3° + 0.5 × 0.65∠84.3° = 0.845∠84.3° 𝛺
Z)zone2 setting = 0.845∠84.3° 𝛺
T)zone1 = 250 msec
h. Zone 3 Settings:
Z)zone3 = 100% protected line impedance + 100% of next longest line
Z)zone3 setting = (0.52 + 0.65)∠84.3° = 1.17∠84.3° 𝛺
T)zone3 = 800 msec

3. Assume that the R12 relay of problem 2 is a mho relay with RCA = 30º. Determine the following:
a. Zone 1 setting of mho relay R12.
b. Zone 2 setting of mho relay R12.
c. Zone 3 setting of mho relay R12.

Solution:
𝑍𝐿
General mho relay characteristic 𝑍𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 =
cos(𝜃−𝜑)

Zone 1 Settings:
Z)zone1 = 0.8 × 0.52/cos(84.3° − 30°) = 0.71 𝛺
T)zone1 = 0 sec
Zone 2 Settings:
At least: Z)zone2 = 1.2 × 0.52∠84.3° = 0.624∠84.3° 𝛺
At least: Z)zone2 setting = 0.624/cos(84.3° − 30°) = 1.06 𝛺
𝐿𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛: Z)zone2 = 0.52∠84.3° + 0.5 × 0.65∠84.3° = 0.845∠84.3° 𝛺
𝐿𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛: Z)zone2 setting = 0.845/cos(84.3° − 30°) = 1.45 𝛺
Z)zone2 setting = 1.45 𝛺
T)zone1 = 250 msec
Zone 3 Settings:
Z)zone3 = (0.52 + 0.65)∠84.3° = 1.17∠84.3° 𝛺
Z)zone3 setting = 1.17/cos(84.3° − 30°) = 2 𝛺
T)zone3 = 800 msec

4. The system shown in the figure is fed by two generators G1 and G2, G1 at the bus A and G2 at
70% distance from A in section AB. The currents Ia and Ib supplied by them respectively are equal.
The reactance of the transformer is 10%. The line voltages and impedances are shown in the figure.
Find the setting for the impedance relays for the first, second and third zone adjusting the first zone
to reach 80%, second zone to reach 50%. CT and PT have ratios 400/5A and 166000:√3/110:√3V
respectively.
Show the effect of in feed on the setting relays and protection.

Solution:
𝑘𝑉 2 1662
𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒,𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟 = = = 2755.6 𝛺
𝑀𝑉𝐴 10
𝑋𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟 = 𝑗0.1 × 2755.6 = 𝑗275.56 𝛺
2
𝑉𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 166 2
𝑍𝐵𝐶,𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 166 𝑘𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 = (10 + 𝑗25) × ( ) = (10 + 𝑗25) × ( ) = 681.3∠68.2° 𝛺
𝑉𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 33
𝐶𝑇 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 400/5
𝑍𝐴𝐵,𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 = (20 + 𝑗60) × = (20 + 𝑗60) × = 3.35∠71.6° 𝛺
𝑉𝑇 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 166000/110
400/5
𝑍𝐵𝐶,𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 = 681.3∠68.2° × = 36.1∠68.2° 𝛺
166000/110
400/5
𝑋𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟,𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 = 𝑗275.56 × = 𝑗14.608 𝛺
166000/110
Initial settings:
Zone 1 Settings:
Z)zone1 = 0.8 × 3.35∠71.6° = 2.68∠71.6° 𝛺
T)zone1 = 0 sec
Zone 2 Settings:
At least: Z)zone2 = 120% of protected line + 𝑋𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟,𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦
At least: Z)zone2 = 1.2 × 3.35∠71.6° + 𝑗14.608 = 18.5∠86° 𝛺
𝐿𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛: Z)zone2 = 3.35∠71.6° + 0.5 × 36.1∠68.2° + 𝑗14.608 = 35.4∠77.3° 𝛺
Z)zone2 setting = 35.4∠77.3° 𝛺
T)zone1 = 250 msec
h. Zone 3 Settings:
Z)zone3 = 100% protected line impedance + 100% of next longest line
Z)zone3 setting = 3.35∠71.6° + 36.1∠68.2° + 𝑗14.608 = 53.3∠74.3° 𝛺
T)zone3 = 800 msec
Effect of infeed:
Consider a fault occurs at 80% of line AB length.
𝑉)𝑠𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑦 = 0.7 × 𝑍𝐴𝐵 × 𝐼𝑎 + 0.1 × 𝑍𝐴𝐵 × (𝐼𝑎 + 𝐼𝑏 )
𝐼)𝑠𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑦 = 𝐼𝑎
𝑉)𝑠𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑦 𝐼𝑏 𝐼𝑏
𝑍)𝑠𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑦 = = 0.7𝑍𝐴𝐵 + 0.1𝑍𝐴𝐵 (1 + ) = 0.8𝑍𝐴𝐵 + 0.1𝑍𝐴𝐵 ( )
𝐼)𝑠𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑦 𝐼𝑎 𝐼𝑎
As Z)zone1 setting is equal to 80% of line AB length, zone1 of relay will under reach.

Suggested settings:
As 𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼𝑏 , all values after the point of infeed (70% of line AB length) should be multiplied by 2.
Zone 1 Settings:
Z)zone1 = 0.7𝑍𝐴𝐵 + 0.1𝑍𝐴𝐵 × 2 = 3.015∠71.6° 𝛺
T)zone1 = 0 sec
Zone 2 Settings:
Z)zone2 = 0.7𝑍𝐴𝐵 + 0.3𝑍𝐴𝐵 × 2 + 0.5𝑍𝐵𝐶 × 2 + 𝑋𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟 × 2 = 68.48∠77.5° 𝛺
T)zone1 = 250 msec
h. Zone 3 Settings:
Z)zone3 = 100% protected line impedance + 100% of next longest line
Z)zone3 setting = 0.7𝑍𝐴𝐵 + 0.3𝑍𝐴𝐵 × 2 + 𝑍𝐵𝐶 × 2 + 𝑋𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟 × 2 = 104.3∠74.3° 𝛺
T)zone3 = 800 msec