Directories

pwd print working directory

cd change directory
mkdir make new directory (-p make all non existing directories)
. current directory
.. previous directory (parent)
~ /home/user

ls -R lists directories and those children

-tr list all reversed in time
-l more details
-i inode

Soft Link Hard Link

Is a pointer to inode (memory)
Points to the main file

Link don't affect with changing

If main file deleted link coraptes
in main file
ln -s /home/user/file /home/Desktop/newName
Same but without -s

Shortcuts

!! runs the last command if you wrote /home/user/dir/file

next command if you need same path
just press Esc then .
Esc. returns the previous argument

Alt + Backspace delete one word

Ctrl + u delete from cursor to beginning

Ctrl + k delete from cursor to end

 Files
touch create new file
file returns the file type
cat display the file
wc returns the words count
head -20 n
returns the first 20 line (10 is the default)
tail -20 n
returns the first 20 line (10 is the default)

mv Desktop/file.txt . moves file.txt

from relative path Desktop
to the working directory (.)

cp -r -r to copy all children

rm remove

Set to a certain user in one session

REGEX $Variables Alias

* Matches all chars x = 10; alias myAlias = 'pwd && ls'
? Matches one char echo $x myAlias
--10 unalias x

stores inputs and outputs stores commands

echo "Hello World" prints in screen

echo "text" > file.txt redirect the output to overwrite what in file
echo "text" >> file.txt append to file but don't delete file old data
echo "Today is $(data +%A)" we use $ to print variables
ls - l | tee log.txt will display at screen & redirect

Note:
> redirects the valid output only but the error is displayed at screen
so we use 2> to redirect errors only
or we use &> to redirect both output and errors
 Editing Files Using vim

We have 4 main operations while editing

1) Write 2)Select 3)Copy/Delete/Paste 4)Save

So We Have 4 Modes:
vim file.txt will create the file if it not exists

1) Insert Mode
Used to insert (i) used to insert

2) Visual Mode
Used to select text: (v) for word, (V) for line and (ctrl+v) for block

3) Normal Mode
- Used for navigation, copying (y), pasting (p) and deleting (d)
- Shortcuts without selection:
(5yy) copy 5 lines, (5dd) delete 5 lines
(u) Undo, (ctrl+r) Redo
(gg) Go to first line (G) Go to last line

4) Command Mode
Type":" to start command
:x! for quit and save without confirmation (Most Used)
:q for quit

Type "/word" to search for "word" and use \c to case insenstive

man (Manual)

man ls manual for ls (more detailed than --help)

man -K ls search in all manuals to any manual contains ls

 Privileges /etc/passwd
/etc/group
Users
whoami returns used user

sudo -i login as root

useradd user creates user (options: -u id -U GroupID)

1 ~ 999 are system users

id user displays user id and groups

passwd user changes password to user

userdel user deletes user

userdel -r user deletes user and all his items

Groups

groupadd hr create group (option: -g GroupID)

groupdel hr deletes group

Users Modifications

usermod -aG hr it user appends groups to user

usermod -g group user forces primary group for a user

 Password Policy
Parameters in /etc/login.defs

PASSWORD_MAX_DAYS Maximum days before password expire

PASSWORD_MIN_DAYS Minimum days before change password

PASSWORD_MIN LENGTH Minimum length of password

PASSWORD_WARN DAYS Warning days before the password get expired

ID_MIN Minimum accepted ID when creating user

1 ~ 999 are system users
ID_MAX Maximum accepted ID when creating user

chage (Change Age)

chage -I inactive days after password expires then the account

will be locked (locking can be unlocked by root)

chage -d 0 forces user change password

visudo open file to set sudo but take copy from file (more safer to open the file)

or write the permissions in file in path /etc/sudoers.d/file

it will automatically added to visudo
 Permissions
Type User (u) Group (g) Other (o)

d : directory
- : file
l : link

Numeric access for directories

chmod ug + r file append read
rwx
executable for files

read/write/execute
chmod -w remove write
1 1 1
111 ==> 7
so 776 means
chmod u=x assign execute only all permissions for user & group
and read only for others

0 no perm
chmod change mode 0022 is the default U Mask 1 execute
chown change ownership (prevents groups and others 2 write
from writing) 3w+x
chgrp change group 4 read
5 r+x
chown user:group fileName 6 r+w
7 r+w+x

U Mask
By Default the permission of new directory is 777 and file is 666
So we use U mask to clear the undesired persmissions (XOR)

U Mask must change in bash rc to be permenent

Special Permissions

u+s makes modifers login as user 1

g+s makes every file create in directory takes the parent group
not the group of new owner 2
o+t
no user can edit other user 4
(in shared directories)
 Processes
jobs list current shell session

ps list all processes over the system

bg moves jobs to background

& starts process in background

fg %pid moves job to foreground

Ctrl+z suspends process

System Services
systemctl
start actives one or more service (Now & Temporary)

end disactives one or more service

is-active return if active or no

enable enable one or more service (On reboot & Persistent)

disable disable one or more service

is-enabled return if enabled or not

reload reload config (without stopping service)

restart stops & starts service forcibly

status detailed status

sosreport collect all logs in system
(used when openning ticket to redhat support)

lsblk list all blocks (display mounted and unmounted)

df display file system (mounted only)

du -h disk usage human readable

find search in all directories

locate search in its database so use updatedb

grep search in certain directory

grep word display any thing not include "word"

grep -v word display any thing not include "word"

grep -i word ignore case sensitive

grep -c word word count

Date and Time

timedatectl display date and time

timedatectl list-timezones list available timezones

chrony sync date and time

chronyc display sync servers

to add server chane in /etc/chrony.conf

 Scripts
#!/bin/bash assign the shell # comment

To run Script just write its name with its path

Script Example: Script Example:

#!/bin/bash
#!/bin/bash
echo"the machine name is"
echo "What is your first name?"
hostname
read fn
echo"your username is"
echo "What is your first name?"
whoami
read sn
echo"your current directory is"
echo "Mrs $fn $sn"
pwd
 For While
txt1 txt2 txt3
{1..5} c=1
for i in 1 2 3 4 5 while [ $c -le 5 ]
do
do
echo "Welcome $c "
echo "Welcome $i"
(( c++ ))
done done

If Condition

if [ $num -eq 100 ] && [ 1 ]

then
echo "Num is 100"
else
echo "Num is not 100"
fi

File Operation
Comparisions
-e check if file exists

-eq, -ne equal, not equal (nums) -s exists and not empty

==, !== equal, not equal(letters)

-f exists and not directory
-lt less than
-d directory exists
-le less than or equal
-x file is executable
-gt greater than
-w file is writable
-ge greater than or equal
-r file is readable
 Scheduling

at
at 16:52 (write task then Ctrl + D ) scheduling

atq list jobs

atrm r remove

crontab (high control of time but if system is down script won't run)

crontab -e open script

crontab -l display crontabs

crontab -r removes all crontabs

min hr day month numericDay Sunday ==> 0

min * * * [1-5] skips sunday and saturday

*/5 * * * * runs every 5mins

cat /var/log/vron view details

anacron (low control of time but if system is down script will run when it back)
/etc/cron.weekly put the script direct

anacron at reboot
queue the scripts if server was down
 Logs

create :
/etc/rsyslog.d/debug.conf
/etc/systemd/journald.conf
write:
*.debug /var/log/messages-debug /var/log/journal persistance
and systemctl restart rsyslog
/run/log/journal volatile
journalctl colored logs
more than 10% of hard
journalctl _PID=1 get deleted
logs of user id 1

journal -p err priority error

journal -u sshd.service unit name

journal -f last 10 lines

journalctl --since today today logs

 Tuned
change performance

NI (Nice Value) -20 ~ 19 to set the PR priority

profiles change dirty ratio and dirty backgorund ratio

Compress

tar -cvf create tar

bzip2 test-arc.tar to compress

bzip2 -d test-arc.tar to extract

tar -xvf extract from tar

tar -czvf new.tar fileUsed change to tar & compress

tar -czvf new.tar list tar files

tar -xzvf extract & change from tar (in working directory)

File Transfer
ssh username@ip just connect to a server

sftp user@ip secure file transfer protocol

put file.txt (connect and send files)
get file.txt we get or put files from logged in server
ls his server ,, lls my server (local ls)

rsync -av from to sync with other file (change only changed files)
rsync -av /var/log student@serverb/etc