Long questions topic part 1

Chapter 2 biochemistry
▪ Give the importance of carbon OR what is the basic element of organic
compound OR why carbon is skeleton of life
▪ Importance of water for living organism OR why water is called medium of
life
▪ Carbohydrates
▪ monosaccharide
▪ Oligosaccharide
▪ Polysaccharide
▪ Acyl glycerol or ester of fatty acid and alcohol
▪ Fatty acid
▪ Waxes, phospholipid, terpenoid
▪ Functions of protein OR importance of protein in living organism
▪ Discuss amino acid OR how did protein molecule is formed by peptide
linkage
▪ Structure of the protein OR organisation of the protein OR level of protein
organisation
▪ Primary and secondary structure of the protein
▪ Secondary ,tertiary and quarternary structure of the protein
▪ Classification of the protein
▪ DNA
▪ Watson and crick model of the DNA OR structure of the DNA molecule
▪ Differentiate between DNA and RNA also discuss types of RNA
▪ RNA and its types
Chapter 4
• Cell theory it's emergence and implication
• How a cell and its component can be better studied OR Structure of the
generalized cell
• Cell is the basic structure and functional unit of life
• Plasma membrane, its structure and function OR write a note on
permeability and structure of the cell membrane OR describe various
movement involve in transport of material across the cell membrane (non
facilitated transport, facilitated transport ,active transport, passive
transport, diffusion ,osmosis ,endocytosis it's types exocytosis)
• Give the importance OR function of plasma membrane
• cell wall
• Endoplasmic reticulum
• ribosome
• Golgi apparatus OR Golgi complex OR give the functions of Golgi apparatus
• lysosome its structure and function
• Function OR importance of lysosome
• Storage diseases OR Congenital diseases OR diseases due to mutation in
lysosomal enzyme
• Lysosome
• Peroxisome, glyoxysome, vacuole
• Centriole
• Mitochondria
• plastids and its types
• Chloroplast
• Nucleus
• Component of nucleus: nuclear membrane, nucleolus ,chromosome
• Chromosome OR hereditary material
• Differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell

Chapter 5 variety of life

✓ Classification :basis of classification, levels and unit of classification
✓ Nomenclature
✓ Binomial nomenclature OR give the contribution of carlous Linnaeus
✓ Two to five Kingdom system of classification OR two to six Kingdom system
of classification
✓ 5 Kingdom system of classification
✓ Virus and its Discovery
✓ Characteristic of the virus
✓ Structure of the virus
✓ Structure of T4 bacteriophage OR structure of T2 cells
✓ Life cycle of bacteriophage (both lytic and lysogenic cycle) OR how did
replication of bacteriophage take place
✓ Draw the life cycle of bacteriophage OR draw the replication of
bacteriophage
✓ Lytic cycle
✓ Lysogenic cycle
✓ Common diseases caused by virus OR viral diseases in Pakistan
✓ Retrovirus OR oncovirus
✓ AIDS OR acquired immune deficiency syndrome
✓ Draw the infectious cycle of HIV OR discuss the infectious cycle of HIV
✓ Hepatitis and its types
Chapter 6: kingdom prokaryote or Monera
❖ Discovery of bacteria
❖ Kosh postulates ,flagella and pili
❖ Shape of bacteria OR size variation in bacteria
❖ Write a note on cocci bacteria
❖ Flagella in bacteria
❖ Cell envelope OR outer wrapping of bacteria (capsule ,slime ,cell wall)
❖ Cell wall of bacteria
❖ Cytoplasmic matrix of bacteria and its component
❖ Nutrition in bacteria OR classification of bacteria on the basis of
nutrition OR give the source of energy for bacterial growth,
maintenance and reproduction
❖ Growth and reproduction in bacteria OR reproduction in bacteria
❖ Importance of bacteria :ecological importance, economic importance
medical importance
❖ Control of bacteria: physical method and chemical method
❖ Physical methods to control the bacteria
❖ Immunization and vaccination in bacteria
❖ Use and misuse of antibiotic OR chemotherapeutic which are used in
the treatment of infectious disease against bacteria
❖ Cyanobacteria characteristic or characteristic of the cyanobacteria OR
characteristic of the blue green algae
❖ Economic importance of cyanobacteria OR blue green algae
❖ Nostoc OR terrestrial cyanobacteria OR terrestrial and sub aerial algae
Chapter 8 Kingdom fungi or Kingdom of recyclers
➢ Taxonomic status of fungi OR taxonomic position of fungi
➢ Body structure of the fungi OR mycelium
➢ Nutrition in fungi OR give the three methods OR two methods of nutrition
in fungi
➢ Predator and parasitic fungi
➢ Mutualistic OR symbiotic fungi
➢ Reproduction in fungi both asexual and sexual reproduction
➢ Asexual reproduction in fungi
➢ Sexual reproduction in fungi
➢ Classification of fungi ( table)
➢ Life cycle of rhizopus OR life cycle of black bread mold
➢ Ascomycetes OR SAC fungi
➢ Basidiomycota OR club fungi
➢ Loose smut of wheat OR life cycle of ustilago tritici OR disease cycle of club
fungi
➢ Deuteromycota OR imperfect fungi
➢ Land adaptations of fungi OR various features of fungi that adapt them to
terrestrial mode of life OR Why fungi are successful on land.
➢ Ecological importance of fungi
➢ Beneficial effect of fungi OR economic Gains due to fungi
➢ Economic losses due to fungi OR harmful aspect of fungi
➢ Animal diseases due to fungi
➢ Same enzymes of enjoy are useful on one hand and harmful on the other
discuss?
Chapter 9 Kingdom plantae
❖ Classification of plantae ( table )
❖ Division bryophyta its characteristic
❖ Alternation of generation in bryophyta OR AOG in bryophyta
❖ give the land adaptation of bryophyte
❖ Bryopsida OR moss plant OR discuss the life cycle of moss
❖ Anthoceropsida OR hornworts plant
❖ Aog and its significance
❖ Significance of alternation of generation
❖ Psilopsida OR psylophyta
❖ Evolution of leaf
❖ Evolution of megaphyll leaf (three steps)
❖ Lycopsida OR club mosses OR spike Moses
❖ Adiantum OR maiden hair fern
❖ Cycle of adiantum
 ❖ Discuss prothallus OR gametophyte of adiantum OR fern
❖ Evolution of seed OR steps involved in the evolution of seed OR give the
three steps which are involved in the evolution of seed
❖ Life cycle of pinus OR life cycle of gymnospermy
❖ Life cycle of angiospermy OR life cycle of flowering plant
❖ Classification of angiosperm OR differentiate between dicot and monocot
OR differentiate between monocotyledon and dicotyledon
❖ Commercial importance of flower families aur economic importance of
poaceae
Chapter 11 Bioenergetic
• Photosynthesis
• Water and photosynthesis OR van neil hypothesis
• Chloroplast as a site of photosynthesis in plants
• Structure of chlorophyll
• Role of carbon dioxide as a photosynthetic reactant
• Noncyclic phosphorylation OR noncyclic photophosphorylation OR
noncyclic electron flow
• Cyclic phosphorylation OR cyclic photophosphorylation OR cyclic
electron flow
• Chemiosmosis
• Dark reaction OR Calvin cycle OR c3 pathway OR light independent
reaction of photosynthesis
• Respiration and its types.
• Aerobic respiration or explain the role of an ad positive FD and oxygen in
aerobic respiration
• Some of how much energy or ATP is available to the cell from breakdown
of glucose till the electron transport chain (exercise questions 2 in
photocopy form is given to you)
• Glycolysis OR discuss the step involve in oxidative breakdown of glucose
up to pyruvate
• Kreb cycle OR citric acid cycle
• Respiratory chain OR electron transport chain OR electron transport
system OR ETC
• Oxidative phosphorylation
• Feedback mechanism to operate the respiratory steps
Chapter 12 Nutrition
o Nutrition in plant OR describe the role of different elements in plant
nutrition
o Methods of feeding in plant OR heterotrophic nutrition in plants
o Insectivorous plant
o Methods of animal nutrition
o Parasitic nutrition it's advantage and disadvantage
o Holozoic nutrition and its type
o Digestion in amoeba
o Digestion in hydra and planaria
o Digestion in cockroach OR digestion in arthropoda
o Digestion in oral cavity OR functions of oral cavity
o Swallowing in alimentary canal
o Digestion In stomach
o Digestion in small intestine
o Absorption of food in small intestine
o Function of large intestine
o How to saliva, pancreas and liver help in the digestion of food and also draw
the diagram of digestive system to show the position of the pancreas and
labour
o Food poisoning
o Obesity
o Anorexia nervosa OR any two diseases related to nutrition