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 WATER AND
WASTEWATER
ENGINEERING
 WATER AND
WASTEWATER
ENGINEERING

Design Principles and Practice

Mackenzie L. Davis, Ph.D., P .E., BCEE

Michigan State University

SECOND EDITION

New York Chicago San Francisco Athen1 London

Madrid Me:dco City Milan New Delhi
Singapore Sydney Toronto
Copyright © 2020, 2010 by Mackenzie L. Davis. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act
of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any fatm or by any means, or stored in a database or
retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

ISBN: 978-1-26-013228-1
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 Dedication
To Elaine, my wife and love forever!
 ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Mackenzie L. Davis is an Emeritus Professor of Environmental Engineering at Michigan State

University. He received all his degrees from the University of Illinois. From 1968 to 1971 he
served as a Captain in the U.S. Army Medical Service Corps. During his military service he
conducted air pollution surveys at Army ammunition plants. From 1971 to 1973 he was Branch
Chief of the Environmental Engineering Branch at the U.S. Army Construction Engineering
Research Laboratory. His responsibilities included supervision of research on air, noise, and water
pollution control and solid waste management for Army facilities. In 1973, he joined the faculty
at Michigan State University. He has taught and conducted research in the areas of air pollution
control, hazardous waste management, and water and wastewater engineering.
In 1987 and 1989-1992, under an intergovernmental personnel assignment with the Office
of Solid Waste of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Dr. Davis performed technology
assessments of treatment methods used to demonstrate the regulatory requirements for the land dis-
posal restrictions ("land ban") promulgated under the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments.
Dr. Davis is a member of the following professional organizations: American Chemical
Society, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Society for Engineering Education,
American Meteorological Society, American Society of Civil Engineers, American Water Worlcs
Association, Air & Waste Management Association, Association of Environmental Engineering
and Science Professors, and the Water Environment Federation.
His honors and awards include the State-of-the-Art Award from the ASCE, Chapter Honor
Member of Chi Epsilon, Sigma Xi, election as a Fellow in the Air & Waste Management
Association, and election as a Diplomate in the American Academy of Environmental Engineers
with certification in hazardous waste management. He has received teaching awards from the
American Society of Civil Engineers Student Chapter, Michigan State University College of
Engineering, North Central Section of the American Society for Engineering Education, Great
Lakes Region of Chi Epsilon, and Amoco Corporation. In 1998, he received the Lyman
A. Ripperton Award for distinguished achievement as an educator from the Air & Waste
Management Association. In 2007, he was recognized as Educational Professional of the
Year by the Michigan Water Environment Association. He is a registered professional engineer
in Michigan.
Dr. Davis is the co-author of two previous books: Introduction to Environmental Engineering,
Sth ed., with Dr. David A. Cornwell and Principles of Environmental Engineering and Science,
4th ed., with Dr. Susan J. Masten.
In 2003, Dr. Davis retired from Michigan State University.
 CONTENTS

Preface xix
Professional Advisory Board for the Second Edition xxili
Professional Advisory Board for the First Edition xxv

1 The Design and Construction Processes 1

1-1 Introduction 2
1-2 Project Participants 2
1-3 The Professional-Client Relationship and the Code of Ethics 3
1-4 Responsible Care 9
1-5 Overall Design Process 10
1-6 Overall Construction Process 19
1-7 Hints from the Field 23
1-8 Chapter Review 24
1-9 Problems 24
1-10 Discussion Questions 25
1-11 References 26

2 General Water Supply Design Considerations 29

2-1 Water Demand 30
2-2 Water Source Evaluation 35
2-3 Water Quality 50
2-4 Evaluation of Process Options 65
2-5 Plant Sizing and Layout 65
2-6 Plant Location 67
2-7 Chapter Review 67
2-8 Problems 68
2-9 Discussion Questions 73
2-10 References 74

3 Intake Structures 75
3-1 Introduction 76
3-2 Design Elements 76
3-3 Design Criteria 82
3-4 Operational Considerations 105
3-5 Operation and Maintenance 108
3-6 Chapter Review 109
3-7 Problems 110
3-8 Discussion Questions 115
3-9 References 115

ix
x CONTENTS

4 Wells 117
4-1 Introduction 118
4-2 Design Elements 118
4-3 Well Protection 119
4-4 Well Design 131
4-5 Chapter Review 157
4-6 Problems 158
4-7 Discussion Questions 167
4-8 References 167

5 Chemical Handling and Storage 169

5-1 Introduction 170
5-2 Redundancy and Capacity Provisions 170
5-3 Delivery, Handling, and Storage 170
5-4 Chemical Feed and Metering Systems 175
5-5 Chemical Compatibility 182
5-6 Materials Compatibility 182
5-7 Designing for Safety and Hazardous Conditions 185
5-8 Operation and Maintenance 185
5-9 Chapter Review 190
5-10 Problems 191
5-11 Discussion Questions 192
5-12 References 192

6 Coagulation and Flocculation 195

6-1 Introduction 196
6-2 Characteristics of Particles 197
6-3 Coagulation Theory 199
6-4 Coagulation Practice 216
6-5 Flocculation Theory 217
6-6 Mixing Theory 218
6-7 Mixing Practice 220
6-8 Operation and Maintenance 243
6-9 Chapter Review 243
6-10 Problems 244
6-11 Discussion Questions 251
6-12 References 252

7 Lime-Soda Softening 255

7-1 Hardness 256
7-2 Lime-Soda Softening 260
7-3 Softening Processes 265
7-4 Chemical Dosages Based on Stoichiometry 269
7-5 Concurrent Removal of Other Constituents 280
7-6 Process Configurations and Design Criteria 281
 CONTENTS xi

7-7 Operation and Maintenance 288

7-8 Stabilization 288
7-9 Chapter Review 293
7-10 Problems 294
7-11 Discussion Questions 300
7-12 References 301

8 Ion Exchange 303

8-1 Introduction 304
8-2 Fundamental Concepts of Ion Exchange 304
8-3 Process Operation 312
8-4 Ion Exchange Practice 315
8-5 Operation and Maintenance 326
8-6 Chapter Review 327
8-7 Problems 327
8-8 Discussion Question 330
8-9 References 331

9 Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration 333

9-1 Introduction 334
9-2 Theory 335
9-3 Properties of RO and NF Membranes 338
9-4 RO and NF Practice 340
9-5 Electrodialysis 350
9-6 Chapter Review 350
9-7 Problems 351
9-8 Discussion Question 352
9-9 References 353

10 Sedimentation 355
10-1 Introduction 356
10-2 Sedimentation Theory 356
10-3 Sedimentation Practice 374
10-4 Sedimentation Basin Design 379
10-5 Operation and Maintenance 392
10-6 Chapter Review 393
10-7 Problems 394
10-8 Discussion Questions 398
10-9 References 398

11 Granular Filtration 399

11-1 Introduction 400
11-2 An Overview of the Filtration Process 400
11-3 Filter Media Characteristics 403
11-4 Granular Filtration Theory 407
xii CONTENTS

11-5 Theory of Granular Filter Hydraulics 410

11-6 Granular Filtration Practice 418
11-7 Operation and Maintenance 443
11-8 Chapter Review 444
11-9 Problems 445
11-10 Discussion Questions 452
11-11 References 453

12 Membrane Filtration 455

12-1 Introduction 456
12-2 Membrane Filtration Theory 457
12-3 Properties of MF and UF Membranes 461
12-4 MF and UF Practice 467
12-5 Chapter Review 473
12-6 Problems 473
12-7 Discussion Questions 475
12-8 References 475

13 Disinfection, Lead and Copper Rule,

Emergency Disinfection, and Fluoridation 477
13-1 Introduction 478
13-2 Disinfection 478
13-3 Corrosion Control 505
13-4 Contact Facilities 510
13-5 Emergency Disinfection 523
13-6 Fluoridation 523
13-7 Operation and Maintenance 527
13-8 Chapter Review 528
13-9 Problems 529
13-10 Discussion Questions 536
13-11 References 536

14 Removal of Specific Constituents 541

14-1 Introduction 542
14-2 Arsenic 542
14-3 Carbon Dioxide 546
14-4 Fluoride 548
14-5 Iron and Manganese 551
14-6 Nitrate 554
14-7 Natural Organic Matter (NOM) 555
14-8 Perchlorate 558
14-9 Pharmaceuticals and Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) 560
14-10 Radionuclides 561
14-11 Synthetic Organic Chemicals (SOCs) and Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOCs) 562
14-12 Taste and Odor (T&O) 571
 CONTENTS xiii

14-13 Chapter Review 576

14-14 Problems 577
14-15 Discussion Questions 580
14-16 References 580

15 Water Plant Residuals Management 585

15-1 Introduction 586
15-2 Solids Computations 587
15-3 Solids Production and Characteristics 590
15-4 Minimization of Residuals Generation 595
15-5 Recovery of Treatment Chemicals 597
15-6 Residuals Conveyance 599
15-7 Management of Sludges 599
15-8 Management of Liquid Residuals 628
15-9 Disposal of Specific Residual Constituents 631
15-10 Ultimate Disposal 634
15-11 Chapter Review 636
15-12 Problems 637
15-13 Discussion Questions 642
15-14 References 642

16 Drinking Water Plant Process Selection

and Integration 645
16-1 Introduction 646
16-2 Process Selection 646
16-3 Process Integration 660
16-4 Security 676
16-5 Chapter Review 680
16-6 Problems 682
16-7 Discussion Questions 693
16-8 References 693

17 Storage and Distribution Systems 695

17-1 Introduction 696
17-2 Demand Estimates 696
17-3 Service Pressures 703
17-4 Pipe Network Design 704
17-5 Storage Tank Design 717
17-6 Pump Selection 727
17-7 Network Analysis 733
17-8 Sanitary Protection 735
17-9 Chapter Review 737
17-10 Problems 738
17-11 Discussion Questions 747
17-12 References 748
xiv CONTENTS

18 General Wastewater Collection and Treatment

Design Considerations 751
18-1 Wastewater Sources and Flow Rates 752
18-2 Wastewater Characteristics 757
18-3 Wastewater Treatment Standards 761
18-4 Sludge Disposal Regulations 765
18-5 Plant Sizing and Layout 769
18-6 Plant Location 771
18-7 Chapter Review 773
18-8 Problems 774
18-9 Discussion Questions 779
18-10 References 779

19 Sanitary Sewer Design 781

19-1 Introduction 782
19-2 Predesign Activities 789
19-3 Gravity Sewer Collection System Design 789
19-4 Alternative Sewers 808
19-5 Pump Station Design 811
19-6 Operation and Maintenance 819
19-7 Economic and Energy Considerations 820
19-8 Sewer Safety 822
19-9 Chapter Review 823
19-10 Problems 824
19-11 Discussion Questions 830
19-12 References 830

20 Headworks and Preliminary Treatment 833

20-1 Introduction 834
20-2 Pump Station 834
20-3 Flow Measurement 838
20-4 Bar Racks and Screens 841
20-5 Coarse Solids Reduction 856
20-6 Grit Removal 858
20-7 Flow Equalization 869
20-8 Alternative Preliminary Process Arrangements 879
20-9 Chapter Review 880
20-10 Problems 881
20-11 Discussion Questions 885
20-12 References 885

21 Primary Treatment 887

21-1 Introduction 888
21-2 Sedimentation Theory 888
21-3 Sedimentation Practice 889
 CONTENTS xv
21-4 Sedimentation Basin Design 892
21-5 Other Primary Treatment Alternatives 911
21-6 Chapter Review 912
21-7 Problems 913
21-8 References 916

22 Wastewater Microbiology 919

22-1 Introduction 920
22-2 Role of Microorganisms 920
22-3 Classification of Microorganisms 920
22-4 Microbial Biochemistry 922
22-5 Population Dynamics 928
22-6 Decomposition of Waste 933
22-7 Microbiology of Secondary Treatment Unit Processes 934
22-8 Operation and Maintenance 942
22-9 Chapter Review 943
22-10 Problems 944
22-11 Discussion Questions 946
22-12 References 946

23 Secondary Treatment by Suspended Growth

Biological Processes 949
23-1 Introduction 950
23-2 Processes for BOD Removal and Nitrification 950
23-3 Processes for Denitrification 956
23-4 Processes for Phosphorus Rem.oval 958
23-5 Biological Treatment with Membrane Separation 960
23-6 Suspended Growth Design Principles 962
23-7 Suspended Growth Design Practice 988
23-8 Membrane Bioreactor Design Practice 1044
23-9 Chapter Review 1049
23-10 Problems 1050
23-11 Discussion Questions 1060
23-12 References 1064

24 Secondary Treatment by Attached Growth and

Hybrid Biological Processes 1067
24-1 Introduction 1068
24-2 Attached Growth Processes 1068
24-3 Attached Growth Design Principles 1070
24-4 Attached Growth Design Practice 1072
24-5 Hybrid Processes 1078
24-6 Chapter Review 1080
24-7 Problems 1081
24-8 References 1082
xvi CONTENTS

25 Secondary Settling, Disinfection, and Postaeration 1085

25-1 Introduction 1086
25-2 Secondary Settling 1086
25-3 Disinfection 1099
25-4 Postaeration 1105
25-5 Chapter Review 1106
25-6 Problems 1107
25-7 Discussion Questions 1108
25-8 References 1109

26 Tertiary Treatment 1111

26-1 Introduction 1112
26-2 Chemical Precipit.ation of Phosphorus 1112
26-3 Granular Filtration 1115
26-4 Membrane Filtration 1120
26-5 Carbon Adsorption 1122
26-6 Advanced Oxidation Processes 1125
26-7 Chapter Review 1126
26-8 Problems 1128
26-9 References 1129

27 Wastewater Plant Residuals Management 1131

27-1 Sludge Handling Alternatives 1132
27-2 Sources and Characteristics of Solids and Biosolids 1133
27-3 Solids Comput.ations 1136
27-4 Grit Handling and Sludge Pumping 1141
27-5 Management of Solids 1147
27-6 Storage and Thickening of Sludges 1148
27-7 Alkaline Stabilization 1153
27-8 Aerobic Digestion 1157
27-9 Anaerobic Digestion 1163
27-10 Sludge Conditioning 1182
27-11 Dewat.ering 1183
27-12 Alternative Disposal Techniques 1188
27-13 Land Application of Biosolids 1189
27-14 Chapter Review 1190
27-15 Problems 1191
27-16 References 1198

28 Clean Water Plant Process Selection and Integration 1201

28-1 Introduction 1202
28-2 Process Selection 1202
28-3 Simulation Modeling 1224
28-4 Process Integration 1225
 CONTENTS xvii

28-5 Chapter Review 1231

28-6 Problems 1233
28-7 References 1235

29 Direct and Indirect Potable Reuse 1237

29-1 Introduction 1238
29-2 Water Quality Standards 1240
29-3 Basic Design Principles 1242
29-4 Design Practice 1244
29-5 Case Studies: Indirect Potable Reuse 1247
29-6 Case Studies: Direct Potable Reuse 1250
29-7 Chapter Review 1253
29-8 References 1253

Appendix A 1255
Properties of Air, Water, and Selected Chemicals

Appendix B 1265
U.S. Standard Sieve Sizes

Appendix C 1267
Pipe, Fitting, and Valve Data

Appendix D 1275
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Ct Values for Disinfectants

Index 1285
 PREFACE

This book is designed for use by professionals. The book covers the design of municipal water
and wastewater facilities. I have assumed that the reader has had an introductory environ-
mental engineering course and a first course in fluid mechanics. That is, I have assumed the
reader is familiar with notation such as mg/Land acronyms such as BOD as well as the con-
cepts of mass balance, Bernoulli's equation, and friction loss. Because I could not assume
that the reader has used either Introduction to Environmental Engineering or Principles of
Environmental Engineering and Science, some material from those texts is used to introduce
the subject matter included here.
A Professional Advisory Board has provided its experience and expertise to vet the material
in Water and Wastewater Engineering. The Board is composed of licensed engineers, a licensed
geologist, and licensed treatment plant operators. A short biographical sketch and affiliation for
each Board member is presented following this Preface. The Board members have read and com-
mented on all of the chapters. In addition, a number of operators have been interviewed to obtain
hints on methods for improving designs.
The book format is one that I used successfully over the 20 years that I taught the material.
The book starts with an overview of the design and construction process including the application
of the code of ethics in the process. The first half of the book addresses water treatment. Because
my course was built around a term design project, the subject matter follows the flow of water
through the unit processes of coagulation, flocculation, softening (including NF and RO), sedi-
mentation, filtration (including MF and UP), disinfection, and residuals management.
The topics of wastewater treatment follow a similar pattern of following the flow through a
plant, that is, preliminary treatment, primary treatment, secondary treatment, tertiary treatment,
and residuals management. Special attention is given to the application of membranes.
Each subject in each chapter is introduced with a discussion of the theoretical principles that
are to be applied in the design of the unit process. In addition, in each chapter, appropriate design
criteria from the Great Lakes-Upper Mississippi River Board of State and Provincial Public Health
and Environmental Managers (known to the elders of the profession as the Ten State Standards)
as well as alternative approaches from the literature are addressed.
The text features over 100 example problems, 500 end-of-chapter problems, and 300 illus-
trations. A highlight of the book is the inclusion of safety issues in the design requirements as
well as operation and maintenance activities. ''Hints from the Field" bring real-life experience to
solving technical issues.
For those using this book for a formal university-level course, an instructor's manual is avail-
able online for qualified instructors. Please inquire with your McGraw-Hill representative for
the necessary access password. The instructor's manual includes sample course outlines for both
a one-semester option and a two-semester option, solved example exams, and detailed solutions
to the end-of-chapter problems. In addition, there are suggestions for using the pedagogic aids
in the text.

xix
XX PREFACE

McGraw-Hill hosts a website at www.mhprofessional.com/wwe2e. It includes over 500

annotated photos of equipment and the construction process, as well as a primer on engineering
economics and seminar presentations by professional engineers and operators.
I appreciate any comments, suggestions, corrections, and contributions for future editions.

Mackenzie L Davis

Acknowledgments
The following individuals provided opportunities for photographs, insight on current design prac-
tice, operational problems, and hints from the field:
John Allen, Plant Superintendent, Grand Rapids Water Filtration Plant
Tom Arlington, Project Manager, United Water, Armada WWTP
Michael P. Avrill, Operations Supervisor, Wyoming Water Treatment Plant
Richard S. Bacon, Project Manager, Wixom WWTP
Don Baron, District Manager, Johnson Screens
Larry Campbell, Plant Superintendent, PARRC Wastewater Treatment Plant
Gerald H. Caron, Plant Superintendent,Wyoming Water Treatment Plant
Jim Carrol, Operations Supervisor, East Lansing-Meridian Township Water Authority
Patrick Cook, P.E, Michigan Department of Environmental Quality
Ryan Craven, Project Foreman, C&D Hughes, Inc., Charlotte, MI
Jerry Crisp, Assistant Superintendent, Wastewater Treatment Plant, Brownsburg, IN
Delvin E. DeBoer, South Dakota State University
Bruce DeVantier, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale
Stanley Diamond, P.E., Associate, Greeley and Hansen, Indianapolis, IN
Kathy Dillon, Superintendent, Wastewater Treatment Plant, Brownsburg, IN
Chad Everts, Site Engineer, FTC&H, Grand Rapids, MI
Larry Fitzgerald, Director of Operations, Southern Clinton County Municipal Utilities
Authority
Ira Gabin, P.E., Vice President, Dixon Engineering, Lake Odessa, MI
Brock Howard, P.E., Michigan Department of Environmental Quality
James E. Kilduff, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Dave Koch, P.E., Project Manager, Black & Veatch, Grand Rapids, MI
Brian Lee, Operator, United Water, Armada Project
Andy Linebaugh, Michigan State University Physical Plant
Benjamin S. Magbanua, Jr., Mississippi State University
K. Andrews Miller, P.E., Associate, Greeley and Hansen, Indianapolis, IN
Pauline Rampanelli, Utility Plant Operator, Clean Water Plant, Wyoming, MI
Ed Renkie, Lansing Board of Water & Light, Lansing, MI
Mike St. Bernard, Plant Superintendent, East Lansing-Meridian Township Water Authority
Larry Sanford, Assistant Supervisor, Ann Arbor Water Treatment Plant
 PREFACE Xxi

T. J. Short, P.E., Associate, Greeley and Hansen, Indianapolis, IN

Gary J. Tirmner, Area Manager, United Water
Don Uitvlugt, Utility Plant Operator, Clean Water Plant, Wyoming, MI
Art K. Umble, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE, Associate and Director of Process Engineering, Greeley
and Hansen, Indianapolis, IN
Benjamin Whitehead, P.E., Project Engineer, Black & Veatch, Grand Rapids, MI
Tom Wilson, Maintenance Supervisor, Utilities Department, Clean Water Plant, Wyoming, MI
Brian Wood, Oregon State University
David Yonge, Washington State University
Rebecca Rullman, Terry Stines, Heather Wilkinson, and Adam Wolfsen provided technical edit-
ing, checked problem solutions, and typed the solution manual. Dr. Susan J. Masten, P.E., pro-
vided insights and suggestions to improve the instructional content of the book.
To each and all of these people, I give a hearty thank you.
A special thank you to Alicia Burtner and the USGS for the magnificent Lake Mead cover
photo.
An especial thank you to Lauren Poplawski and Snehil Shanna for their creative support in
bringing this book to fruition.
 PROFESSIONAL ADVISORY BOARD
FOR THE SECOND EDITION

Susan J. Masten, Ph.D., P .E., Professor, College of Engineering, Michigan State University
Dr. Masten received her Ph.D. in Environmental Engineering from Harvard University in
1989. Before joining the faculty at Michigan State University, she worked for several years in
environmental research at the University of Melbourne (Australia) and at the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency's Kerr Laboratory in Ada, Oklahoma.
Dr. Masten's research involves the use of chemical oxidants for the remediation of soils,
water, and leachates contaminated with hazardous organic chemicals. She has conducted research
on the in situ use of gaseous ozone to oxidize residual contaminants in saturated soils using
ozone sparging and in unsaturated soils using soil venting. Dr. Masten has evaluated the toxicity
of the by-products of chemical oxidation processes as measured by gap junction intercellular
communication. Her work has focused on the ozonation and chlorination of several pesticides,
including atrazine, alachlor, and lindane, and on the PAHs, especially pyrene. Dr. Masten has
also conducted research on the use of ozone-ceramic membrane filtration for the treatment of
drinking water containing organic matter and emerging contaminants. Her current work focuses
on the development of treatment technologies to mitigate lead and arsenic in drinking water. She
has authored over 100 publications and graduated over 50 M.S. students and 14 Ph.D. students.
Dr. Masten has more than 30 years of experience in drinking water treatment and presently
holds a position on the Michigan Board of Drinking Water Examiners and an appointment to the
State of Michigan Science Advisory Committee on PFAS Chemicals. She is leading efforts to
perform independent lead testing of premises and public schools in Flint, Michigan, and will take
a leadership role in the implementation of the proposed project.
Dr. Masten is a co-author of the textbook Principles of Environmental Engineering and
Science, now in its Fourth Edition.

College of Engineering
Michigan State University
428 S. Shaw Lane
East Lansing, MI 48824

Heather Cheslek, P.E., Project Manager, Black & Veatch

Ms. Cheslek is a Project Manager in Black & Veatch's Grand Rapids, Michigan, office and
has practiced civil engineering for nearly 20 years. She has a bachelor's degree in civil engineer-
ing from Michigan State University and a master's degree in environmental engineering from
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Ms. Cheslek is a registered professional engineer in
Michigan and Indiana. She has experience with hydraulic, hydrologic, and water quality model-
ing of open and closed channel systems; water distribution modeling and design; and water and
wastewater treatment planning, design, and construction.

xxiii
xDV PROFBSSIONAL ADVISORY BOARD FOR THE SECOND EDITION

Ms. Chesick is an active member of the Water Environment Federation, the Michigan Water
Environment Association, and the Indiana Water Environment Association and is the Past
President of the Indiana Water Environment Association.
Black & Veatch is an employee-owned, global leader in building critical human infrastruc-
ture in energy, water, telecommunications, and government services. Since 1915, the company
bas helped clients to improve the lives of people in more than 100 countries through consulting,
engineering, construction, operations, and program management. Black & Veatch's more than
10,000 professionals work out of over 100 offices worldwide. Visit the company at bv.com.
Black & Veatch' s water business helps communities and clients all over the world with the inno-
vative use of water resources, including treatment, conveyance infrastructure, water reuse sys-
tems, desalination, dams and hydropower, irrigation, flood management, and aquifer storage and
recovery.

~. BLACK&VEATCH
Black & Veatch
125 Ottawa Ave., Suite 380
Grand Rapids, MI 49503

Geneva Vanlerberg, P.E., Manager of Water Production, Lansing Board of Water & Light
(BWL)
Ms. Vanlerberg is a licensed professional engineer and licensed F-1 drinking water plant
operator in the State of Michigan. She bas a B.S. in Civil Engineering and an M.S. in Envi-
ronmental Engineering from Michigan State University. Her progressive experience in design,
project management, and plant operation and management includes groundwater wells, lime-
soda softening, filtration, chemical feed systems, chloramination, high-service pumping, energy
efficiency, hydraulic modeling, and master planning. Ms. Vanlerberg manages two lime--soda
softening plants with total rated capacity of 50 MGD, five booster pumping stations, and over
125 groundwater wells.
The BWL was established in 1885 by a vote of the people of Lansing to fund a publicly
owned utility to meet their need for adequate fire protection, proper sanitation, and improved
street lighting. The water utility serves 166,000 retail customers and over 40,000 people through
wholesale contracts. Water is supplied by 125 wells, approximately 400 feet deep, to two water
conditioning plants, which produce on average 19.2 million gallons of water each day.

Lansing Board of Water & Light

1232 Haco Drive
Lansing, MI 48912
 PROFESSIONAL ADVISORY BOARD
FOR THE FIRST EDITION
Myron Erickson, P .E., Laboratory Services Manager, City of Wyoming, MI
Mr. Erickson holds a bachelor's degree from the University of Evansville (IN) and a master's
degree in environmental engineering from Michigan State University. He is licensed as a
Class B operator in the State of Michigan. In his 15 years with the City of Wyoming (Ml)
utilities department he has served as the environmental compliance and research specialist for
the City's programs in industrial sewer use, biosolids disposition, disinfection byproducts, and
PPCPs. Currently he manages the laboratories for both the wastewater and drinking water utility
plants. While the biosolids and IPP programs were under his direction, the City won a First
Place EPA Award for Biosolids Public Education and a Second Place EPA Award for overall
excellence of their IPP program.
The 35 employees of City of Wyoming Oean Water Plant serve a population of about
170,000. The maximum design flow of the plant is 24 MGD. With about 35 employees, the
Drinking Water Plant serves a population of about 210,000. The maximum design flow is
120,000 MGD. The laboratory is a certified drinking water lab.

City of Wyoming Clean Water Plant

2350 Ivanrest, SW
Wyoming, MI 49418

Thomas C. Gavin, P .E., Senior Process Engineer, FTC&B

Mr. Gavin received his B.S. in Civil Engineering and his M.S. in Environmental Engineering
from Northwestern University. His 30 years of experience in process design includes three
new water treatment plants and renovation/expansion of eight others. This experience includes
conventional surface water treatment, lime-soda softening, deep-bed high-rate direct filtra-
tion, and membrane filtration. His wastewater experience includes design and start-up of eight
activated sludge plants treating high-strength industrial wastewaters. In addition, his experience
includes design of four water distribution systems and three wastewater collection systems.
Mr. Gavin has been with FTC&H for 21 years.
Established in 1956, Fishbeck, Thompson, Carr & Huber (FTC&H) is a full-service engineer-
ing and architectural firm with 350 employees that is headquarrered in Grand Rapids, Michigan.

D.V
xxvi PROFBSSIONAL ADVISORY BOARD FOR THE FIRST HDmON

FTC&H has four other offices located in Michigan and Ohio. FfC&H specializes in engineering,
architecttJre, environmental science, and construction management

f1c&h
www.ftch.com
Fishbeck. Thompson, Carr & Huber, Inc.
1515 Arboretum Drive, SE
Grand Rapids, MI 49546

Timothy D. McNamara, P.E., Senior Vice President, FTC&H

Mr. McNamara received his B.S. in Civil Engineering and his M.S. in Sanitary Engineering
from Michigan State University. He is Principal-in-Charge of his firm's Process Engineering
Department and of their Construction Division. He has over 28 years of progressive design and
management experience with water supply and treatment, wastewater collection and treatment,
and environmental engineering projects. His design experience includes 27 water supply projects,
18 water treatment plants, and 12 wastewater treatment projects. He has particular expertise with
membrane filtration, iron filtration, and lime-soda softening processes, and has been with his
firm for 25 years. He is the former Chair of the Michigan Section of the American Water Works
Association.
Established in 1956, Fishbeck, Thompson, Carr & Huber (FTC&H) is a full-service
engineering and architectural firm with 350 employees that is head.quartered in Grand Rapids,
Michigan. FTC&H has four other offices located in Michigan and Ohio. FrC&H specialius in
engineering, architecture, environmental science, and construction management.

f1c&h
www.ftch.com
Fishbeck, Thompson, Carr & Huber, Inc.
1515 Arboretum Drive, SE
Grand Rapids, MI 49546

Thomas Newhof, P .E., BCEE, Chairman of the Board, Prein&Newhof

Mr. Newhof received his B.S. degree from Calvin College and his M.S. in Sanitary Engineering
from the University of Michigan. He is a licensed professional engineer in Michigan, Wisconsin,
and Illinois. As both a Project Manager and Principal-in-Charge of many of Prein&Newhof's
environmental and civil engineering projects, his experience includes: planning and design of
water treatment and wastewater treatment facilities with conventional or membrane filtration
 PROFESSIONAL ADVISORY BOARD FOR TIIB FIRST EDITION xxvii

technology, water and sewer systems, intakes, pipelines, pumping stations, storm drainage and
flood control, airport and road improvements, and residential and commercial development
The American Water Works Association recognized Thomas Newhof s contributions to the
profession with the 1998 George Warren Fuller Award. The University of Michigan honored him
with the Jack A. Borchardt Award in 2008.
Mr. Newhof co-founded Prein&Newhof in 1969 with a fellow civil engineer. He is the
Chairman of the firm's Board of Directors, providing leadership for Prein&Newhofs 100
employees who work in its environmental laboratory and five offices located throughout West
Michigan.

P:rein&Newh.of
Prein&Newhof
3355 Evergreen Drive, NE
Grand Rapids, MI 49525

Lucy B. Pugh, P.E., BCEE, Vice President, AECOM

Ms. Pugh received her B.S.E. and M.S.E. in Civil/Environmental Engineering from the
University of Michigan. Her 28 years of experience in municipal process water and wastewater
treatment design includes three new water treatment plants, two new wastewater treatment plants,
and renovation/expansion of seven other wastewater treatment plants. Ms. Pugh' s industrial
water and wastewater design experience includes over 25 facilities. She has also provided process
troubleshooting and optimization at numerous other municipal and industrial treatment facilities.
Her experience spans a broad range of technologies, including ion exchange, greensand filtration,
low pressure membrane filtration, reverse osmosis, dissolved air flotation, conventional activated
sludge, oxidation ditches, SBRs, biological nutrient removal, PACT, UV disinfection, upflow
anaerobic sludge blanket reactors, anaerobic fluidized bed reactors, and first application of GAC/
fluidized bed for perchlorate removal.
AECOM is a global provider of professional, technical, and management support services
to a broad range of markets, including water/wastewater, environmental, transportation, build-
ing and energy. With 43,000 employees providing services in over 100 countries around the
globe, AECOM is a leader in all key markets that it serves. Ms. Pugh has been with AECOM for
22 years.

IAECOM
AECOM
5555 Glenwood Hills Pkwy, SE
Grand Rapids, MI 49512
xxviii PROFESSIONAL ADVISORY BOARD FOR THE FIRST EDmON

Carlos A. S8Dlley Pag&n, Ph.D., Design Engineer, Greeley and Hamen

Dr. Sanlley received his Ph.D. from Michigan State University in 2009. His thesis research
identified byproducts formed during Advance Oxidation Processes. His work experience
includes the design of CSO control structures, design of a fermentation system to enhance VFA
production for a Bardenpho wastewater treatment process, and design and analysis of a water
intake structure in Lake Michigan. He is the firm-wide resource on AQUIFAS modeling and
IFAS process design.
Greeley and Hansen, founded in 1914, is a leader in developing innovative engineering
solutions for a wide array of water, wastewater, water reuse, and solid waste challenges aimed at
improving public health, safety, and welfare. The projects that Greeley and Hansen has completed
for clients continue to receive various industry awards for design and engineering excellence.
Engwering News-Record ranks Greeley and Hansen among the Top 25 Designers in W astewater
Treatment, Sewerage, and Solid Waste Management

it:t GREELEY AND HANSEN

Greeley and Hansen

6640 lntech Boulevard, Suite 180
Indianapolis, IN 46278

Jimmy L. Spangler, P .E., Senior Manager, Municipal Group, Tetra Tech

Mr. Spangler received his B.S. in Civil Engineering from Michigan State University. He holds
a Class A operator's license from the State of Michigan. His 36 years of experience includes 29
years of wastewater collection and treatment as a certified operator in positions of Plant Engineer
(Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission--3 yrs), Assistant Superintendent (City of Pontiac,
MI-3 yrs), and Superintendent (City of Lansing, MI-19 yrs) and 4 years as Deputy Public
Service Department Director (City of Lansing). These facilities ranged in capacity from 40,000
gpd t.o SO mgd. The processes included screening, grit removal, primary treatment, various acti-
vated sludge processes, phosphorous and ammonia nitrogen removal, chemical precipitation,
tertiary filtration, chlorination, dechlorination, UV disinfection, aerobic digestion, anaerobic diges-
tion, elutriation, WAS thickeniDg, wet air oxidation, dewatering, incineration, and land application
of biosolids. He also has had direct involvement in facility expansion and rehabilitation projects.
For the last seven years be has been with Tet.ra Tech, Inc. His work includes conducting facil-
ity evaluations, reviewing designs, preparing and reviewing operation and maintenance manu-
als, plant operation reviews and inspections, process evaluations, preparing studies, and long-term
capital plans.
 PROFESSIONAL ADVISORY BOARD FOR THE FIRST BDmoN xxix

Tetra Tech provides consulting, engineering, and technical services worldwide. The
10,000 employees of Tetra Tech provide expertise in water and wastewater facility design
and operation, water resource management, program management, and construction services.

Tet.ra Tech
1921 E. Miller Road, Suite A
Lansing, MI 48911

Jeffrey R. Stollhans, P.G., District Manager, Layne-Northern

Mr. Stollhans received his B.S. in Geology from Illinois State University. His 24 years of
experience in water well design and construction includes hundreds of well and pump installa-
tions throughout Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio as well as multiple water treatment plants
throughout Michigan. He is a Registered Water Well Contractor and Pump Installer in Michigan,
Illinois, and Indiana and a Registered Geologist in Illinois, Missouri, and Kentucky. Prior to join-
ing Layne Christensen in 1989, Mr. Stollhaos worked in the Ground Water Section of the Illinois
State Water Survey in Champaign, Illinois.
Layne Christensen's Water Resmm:es Division provides a full line of water-related services
and products including hydrological studies, site selection, well design, drilling and well develop-
ment, pump installation, and repair and maintenance. The division's offerings include the design and
construction of water treatment facilities and the manufacture and sale of products to treat volatile
organics and other contaminants such as nitrates, iron, manganese, arsenic, radium, and radon in
groundwater.

Layne-Northern
3126 N. Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd.
Lansing, MI 48906
 CHAPTER

1
THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
PROCESSES

If it worlts, it is good. The trick, of course, is designing

something that worlts.
P. Aame Vesilind
Wasteweter Tl8atment Plant Design
Water Environment Federation, 2003
The devil is in the details.
Anonymous

1·1 INTRODUCTION 1-6 OVERALL CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

1-2 PROJECT PARTICIPANTS 1-7 mNTS FROM THE FIELD
1-3 THE PllOFESSIONAL--CLIENT 1-8 CHAPTER REVIEW
RELATIONSHIP AND THE CODE
OFETWCS 1-9 PROBLEMS

1-4 RESPONSIBLE CARE 1-10 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

1-5 OVERALL DF.SIGN PROCESS 1-11 REFERENCES

1
2 CHAPTER ONE

1-1 INTRODUCTION
Overview
Water and wastewater engineering encompasses the planning, design, construction, and supervi-
sion of water and wastewater systems. This chapter gives an overview of the design and construc-
tion process as an introduction to planning. Chapters 2 through 17 address water treatment. The
subject matter follows the flow of water (and the design of unit processes) from the development
of a source through the unit processes of coagulation, flocculation, softening, reverse osmosis,
nanofiltration, sedimentation, granular filtration, membrane filtration, disinfection, and residuals
management. The topics of wastewater treatment follow a similar pattern of following the flow
through a plant. Chapters 18 through 28 address preliminary treatment, primary treatment, sec-
ondary treatment, tertiary treatment, and residuals management. Special attention is given to the
application of membranes.

Setting the Stage

Before presenting the design and construction processes, the stage is set by identifying the proj-
ect participants and their roles. The Code of Ethics provides a framework to discuss the profes-
sional-client relationship. Responsible care is introduced as a higher level of performance than
demanded by the code of ethics.

1-2 PROJECT PARTICIPANTS

Decision making for any municipal water or wastewater engineering design involves many par-
ticipants: the public, the regulator, the legal counsel, the owner, the designer, the financier/invest-
ment banker, the operator, and the contractor. The owner serves as the focus of all the project's
activities. The design professional, as a member of the design team under the owner's direction,
responds to the project's design needs. The design team consists of principal design engineers and
supporting specialists (WEF, 1991).

All projects begin with an identification of a problem by the regulator, the public, legal counsel. or owner.
The design professional then enters the project during the idea generation and evaluation phase of the
problem-solving activity. Thereafter, the design professional or firm generally participat.es actively in all
of the project's activities, typically until the end of the first year ofoperation (WEF, 1991).

The design professional may enter the process by many routes. Typically, one of the follow-
ing three methods or a combination of the methods is used to obtain engineering design services:

• Request for Qualifications (RFQ): The owner solicits qualifications from firms that wish to
be considered for engineering services on a design project.
• Request for Proposals (RFP): The owner solicits proposals for engineering services on a
project. The RFP usually includes a requirement to provide a statement of qualifications.
Alternatively, the RFQ may be a second step following the evaluation of the responses to
theRFP.
• Qualified Bidder Selection (QBS): The owner selects the design firm from a list of previ-
ously qualified companies.
 THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES 3
TABLE1·1
Some observed professional-client relationship models
Model Description and comments
Agency Professional acts as an expert for agency, but agency has authority and responsibility.
Plausible for an attorney or a consultant to a government agency such as the Corps of
Engineers.
Contract Authority and responsibility shared equally. This model assumes bargaining between
equals. Not likely for an engineering consultant in classical design and construction.
Paternal Professional has superior knowledge and makes all the decisions for the client This
model assumes the professional has not only superior technical knowledge but also
knows what is in the client's best interest Paternalism requires justification because it
involves performing on behalf of the client regardless of that person's consent
Fiduciary Professional' s superior knowledge is recognized, but the client retains significant
authority and responsibility for decision making. The professional supplies ideas and
information and proposes courses of action. The client's judgement and consent are
required.
Extracted from Bayles, 1991.

In the case of the focus of this text, the owner is a municipality or an operating authority repre-
senting several municipalities.
The central issue in the professional-client relationship is the allocation of responsibility and
authority in decision making-who makes what decisions. These are ethical models that are, in
effect, models of different distributions of authority and responsibility in decision making. One
can view the professional-client relationship as one in which the client has the most authority and
responsibility in decision making, the professional being an employee; one in which the profes-
sional and the client are equals, either dealing at arm's length or at a more personal level; or one
in which the professional, in different degrees, has the primary role (Bayles, 1991). The models
are summarized in Table 1-1.

1-3 THE PROFESSIONAL-CLIENT RELATIONSHIP

AND THE CODE OF ETHICS
The professional-client relationship may move back and forth between two or more models as the
situation changes. However, for the professional engineer, the requirements of the Code of Ethics
are overarching. The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Code of Ethics is shown in
Figure 1-1.

First Canon
This canon is paramount. It is held superior to all the others.
Regulations, codes, and standards serve as the engineer's guidance in ensuring that the facili-
ties are safe and protect the health of the community. A large portion of this book and, for that
4 CHAPTER ONE

AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS

CODE OF ETillCS
Fundamental Prlnclpla
Fngineers uphold and advance the integrity, honor and dignity of the
engineering profession by:
1. using their knowledge and skill for the enhancement of human
welfare and the environment;
2. being honest and impartial and serving with fidelity the public:,
their employers and clients;
3. striving ID incieue the compelenCe and prestige of the engineer-
ing profession; and
4. supporting the profesaional and technical societies of their
clisciplines.

FunclamenUI Canons
1. Engineen shall hold parammmt the safety, health and welfare
of the public and shall strive to comply with the principles of
sustainable development in the performance of their professional
duties.
2. Engineen shall perform services only in areas of their
competence.
3. Engineers shall issue public: statements only in an objective and
truthful manner.
4. Engineen shall act in professional matters for each employer or
client as faithful agents or trustees and shall avoid conflicts of
interest.
5. Engineers shall build their professional reputation on the lllf:rit of
their services and shall not compete unfairly with others.
6. Engineen shall act in such a manner as to uphold and enhance the
honor, integrity, and dignify of the engineering profession.
7. Engineers shall continue their professional development through-
out their careers and shall provide opportunities for the profes-
sional development of those engineers under their supervision.
8. Engineen shall, in all matters related to their profession, treat
all persons fairly and encourage equitable participation without
regard to gender or gender identity, race, national origin. ethnic-
ity, religion, age, sexual orientation, disability, political affiliation,
or family, marital, or economic status. FIGURE 1-1
American Society of Civil Engineers code of ethics.

matter, the education of environmental engineers is focused on these two issues. They will be
discussed in more detail at appropriate points in the remaining chapters.
The public "welfare" is not articulated in regulations, codes, and standards. It is comprised of
two parts: prosperity and happiness. The public prospers when the decisions of the professional
result in economical projects. The public is "happy" when their trust and reliance on the profes-
sional is justified by successful completion of a project
Economical projects do not imply the cheapest project. Rather, they imply projects that
serve the client's needs and satisfy the client's elective options while conforming to regula-
tory constraints. In the classical engineering approach economical projects are achieved by
the following:

• Scoping of the engineering contract (Bockrath, 1986 and Stembach, 1988).

• Economic analysis of alternatives (GLUMRB, 2003; WEF, 1991; WPCF, 1977).
• Selection of lowest responsible bidder (Bockrath, 1986).
• Diligent inspection of the work in progress (Finnage, 1980).
 THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES 5

In alternative approaches such as design-build, economy is achieved by alternate delivery

methods.
At the beginning of a project, on approval of the selection of a specific consulting engineer, it
is customary to hold a "scope meeting." At the scope meeting a typical agenda includes (Firmage,
1980 and Stembach, 1988):

• Identification of primary contacts for the owner and engineering firm.

• Scope and extent of engineering work.
• Starting and completion dates.
• Construction inspection.
• Responsibility for allied engineering services.
• Procedures for out-of-scope requests.
• Thefee.

Many times these items are addressed in the engineering firm's proposal. In the proposal pro-
cess, the clarity with which these are addressed may serve as a basis for selection of the engi-
neering firm.
The scope and extent of engineering work should be explicitly defined, in writing, to
avoid misunderstanding. The scope ensures that the client understands the limits of the work
the engineer is willing and/or able to perform. It provides the engineer with a framework for
establishing the fee and level of effort to be provided as well as ensuring that the engineer is
not expected to perform work outside of the area of competence. It may include such things as
personnel assigned to the project, their qualifications and responsibilities, evaluation of alterna-
tives, design of the facility, preparing detail drawings, cost estimates, evaluating bids, as well as
bidder qualifications, surveying, staking the project, preparation of operation and maintenance
manuals, attendance at meetings, and documentation.
The starting and completion dates provide both the client and the engineer with realistic
expectations as to the progress of the project.
The scope meeting should identify the design engineer's responsibilities for construction
inspection. Typically, the design engineering firm provides a field engineer and/or a construction
observer to diligently observe and, to the best of their ability, assure the owner that the construc-
tion is taking place in accordance with the plans and specifications as the project is being built.
Although a field engineer from a firm not involved in the design may be retained, it is preferable
that the design firm provide the engineer to ensure continuity. While construction observers may
be competent to do routine examinations of the progress of work, they generally do not have the
technical background to ensure compliance with design specifications unless they are given spe-
cific training. For large projects, a full-time field engineer is on site. For small projects, periodic
inspection and inspection at critical construction milestones are provided.
Small engineering firms may not have the expertise to provide the design specifications for
all of the components of the design. In this instance, the responsibility for providing allied engi-
neering services such as geotechnical/soils consultants and electrical, mechanical, and structural
engineering as well as architectural services should be spelled out in writing at the scope meeting.
The professional engineering qualifications of those supplying the allied engineering should also
6 CHAPTER ONE

TABLE1·2
Common fee structures
Model Description and comments
Fixed percentage The engineering fee is a fixed percentage of the final cost of the constructed
facility. There is a negative incentive for the engineer to produce an economical
design. This fee system is outdated and rarely, if ever, used.
Fixed fee (lump sum) The engineering fee is a stated sum. There is no incentive for the engineer
to explore alternatives when it is specified as part of the work. There is an
incentive to get the work done as expeditiously as possible.
Time and materials The cost of engineering services (the amount paid for salaries, fringe benefits,
(T&M) or time and retirement allowances, and operating costs) plus a percentage for overhead
expenses (T&E) and a fee for profit. In this procedure, the client will pay the "true" cost of the
engineering. However, without a scope of work and deadline, there is an no
incentive for the engineer to expedite the work.
Time and materials, Same as T &M above but a maximum fee is specified. This provides the
not to exceed engineer some incentive to expedite the work but only so as not to exceed
the ceiling fee. On the other hand, the owner has an incentive to expand the
scope. Both parties need to be alert to these possibilities and make appropriate
adjustments.

be explicitly defined. For example, structural engineers that specialize in building design may not
be appropriate for designing structures subject to aggressive wastewater.
Billing schedules and expectations of payment are also included in the scope meeting. Typical
fee structures are outlined in Table 1-2.
Economic analysis of alternatives, selection of lowest responsible bidder, and diligent
inspection of the work in progress will be discussed in the context of the design/construction
process described below.
Turning to the issue of ''happiness" or more formally ''How is trust and reliance on the profes-
sional justified?," three elements are to be considered:

• The engineer's view of the client.

• The client's view of the project.
• Minimal versus appropriate standards.

For all but the very largest municipal systems, the first two models of the professional--cli-
ent relationship, Agency and Contract, do not apply. That leaves us with the latter two mod-
els. "Although a professional and a client are not equals, sufficient client competence exists to
undermine the paternalistic model as appropriate for their usual relationship. Clients can exercise
judgement over many aspects of professional services. If they lack information to make decisions,
professionals can provide it'' (Bayles, 1991). This is not meant to suggest that the public needs to
be taught environmental engineering. Rather, it suggests that educated members of our modem
society are capable of understanding alternatives and making reasonable choices based on their
values. They should be provided enough information to make choices that accomplish their pur-
poses-not those of the professional.
 THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES 7

The client's view of the project is most closely matched by the Fiduciary model, where the
client has more authority and responsibility in decision making than in the Paternal model. The
client must exercise judgement and offer or withhold consent in the decision-making process.
In the Fiduciary model, the client depends on the professional for much of the information they
need to give or withhold their consent. The term consents (the client consents) rather than decides
(the client decides) indicates that it is the professional's role to propose courses of action. It is
not the conception of two people contributing equally to the formulation of plans, whether or not
dealing at arm's length. Rather, the professional supplies the ideas and information, and the client
agrees or not. For the process to work, the client must trust the professional to analyze accurately
the problem, canvass the feasible alternatives and associated costs, know as well as one can their
likely consequences, fully convey this information to the client, perhaps make a recommenda-
tion, and work honestly and loyally for the client to effectuate the chosen alternative. In short,
the client must rely on the professional to use his or her knowledge and ability in the client's
interests. Because the client cannot check most of the work of the professional or the information
supplied, the professional has special obligations to the client to ensure that the trust and reliance
are justified.
This is not to suggest that the professional simply presents an overall recommendation for the
client's acceptance or rejection. Rather, a client's interests can be affected by various aspects of a
professional's work, so the client should be consulted at various times (Bayles, 1991).
"Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without com-
promising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs" (WECD, 1987). If we look
beyond the simple idea of providing water and controlling pollution to the larger idea of sustain-
ing our environment and protecting the public health, we see that there are better solutions for our
pollution problems. For example:

• Pollution prevention by the minimization of waste production.

• Life-cycle analysis of our production techniques to include built-in features for extraction
and reuse of materials.
• Selection of materials and methods that have a long life.
• Manufacturing methods and equipment that minimh.e energy and water consumption.

Second Canon
Engineers are smart, confident people. With experience, we gain wisdom. The flaw of our nature
is to overextend our wisdom to areas not included in our experience. Great care must be taken to
limit engineering services to areas of competence. Jobs may be too large, too complicated, require
technology, or techniques that are not within our experience. Competence gained by education
or by supervised on-the-job training sets the boundaries on the areas in which we can provide
service. Others more qualified must be called upon to provide service beyond these experiences.
Engineers are creative. We pride ourselves in developing innovative solutions. We believe
that civilization advances with advances in technology. Someone has to build the first pyramid,
the first iron bridge, the first sand filter. Many times "the first" design fails (Petroski, 1985). Thus,
there may be a conflict between creativity and service in an area of competence. The conflict must
be resolved very carefully. Although safety factors, bench and pilot scale experiments, and com-
puter simulations may be used, the client and professional must, in a very explicit way, agree on
8 CHAPTER ONE

a venture into uncharted territory. If the territory is simply uncharted for the design engineer but
not for the profession, then the design engineer must employ a partner that can bring experience
or obtain the necessary training to become competent.

Third Canon
It may not seem that engineers would be called upon to issue public statements. Yet, there are
numerous times that public statements are issued. Often these are formal, such as signing con-
tracts, making presentations to a city council or other public body, and issuing statements to the
news media. In other instances, it is not so obvious that the statements are public. Verbal state-
ments to individual members of the public, posting of signs, and signing change orders on gov-
ernment financed projects are examples of informal public statements.

Fourth Canon
A faithful agent is more than a loyal one. A faithful agent must be completely frank and open with
his/her employer and client. This means getting the facts, explaining them, and not violating the
other canons to please the client or your employer.
Conflicts of interest may be subtle. A free lunch, a free trip, or a golf outing may not seem
like much of a conflict of interest, but in the eyes of the public, any gift may be seen as an attempt
to gain favors. Appearances do count and, in the public's view, perception is reality.

Fifth Canon
This canon appears to be self-explanatory. We understand that cheating on exams is unethical.
Likewise, cheating by claiming credit for work that someone else has done is unethical.
Unfair competition has taken a broad meaning in the review of ethics boards. For example,
offering services to a potential client that has retained another engineer to do the same work falls
into the category of unfair competition if the engineer solicits the work. The circumstances are
different if the client solicits the engineer after having already retained another engineer. This
type of request must be treated with great care. It is best to decline this type of employment until
the client and original engineer resolve or dissolve their relationship.
Similarly, a request to review the work of another engineering firm may be construed to be
unfair competition. The best procedure is for the client to advise the original firm of their desire
to have an independent review. Another alternative is to advise the originating engineering firm
that the request has been made. This is a matter of courtesy, if not a matter of ethics.

Sixth Canon
This canon has two elements. The first is to treat others with the same courtesy that you
would expect from them. The second is to behave such that the credibility of your work is not
jeopardized.

Seventh Canon
Engineers use technology both in the process of doing their job and in the provision of solutions
to problems. It is incumbent on them to keep up with the technology. One of the best means of
doing this is to participate in one of the relevant professional societies by attending meetings,
 THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES 9

reading journal articles, and participating in workshops. Appropriate organizations for municipal
water and wastewater engineering include the American Society of Civil Engineers (Journal
of Environmental Engineering), American Water Works Association (Journal A WWA), and the
Water Environment Federation (Water Environment Research).

Eighth Canon
ASCE' s Board of Direction provides the following guidelines:
Engineers shall conduct themselves in a manner in which all persons are treated with dignity,
respect, and fairness. Engineers shall not engage in discrimination or harassment in connection
with their professional activities. Engineers shall consider the diversity of the community and
shall endeavor in good faith to include diverse perspectives, in the planning and performance of
their professional services.

1-4 RESPONSIBLE CARE

Codes of ethics are minimalist (Ladd, 1991). They stipulate only the minimal acceptable stan-
dards. To say that only minimal standards qualify as reasonable and sufficient is to suggest that
these standards result in a product that is as good as anyone could expect it to be (Harris et al.,
1995). This is belied by the fact that others in the profession choose to exceed the minimal
standards:
"A major responsibility of the engineer is to precisely detennine the wants of the client"
(Firmage, 1980).
"... the first task of the engineer is find out what the problem really is."
"An important aspect of the problem definition that is frequently overlooked is human factors.
Matters of customer use and acceptance are paramount" (Kemper and Sanders, 2001).

The responsibilities of engineers are to (Baum, 1983):

1. "Recognize the right of each individual potentially affected by a project to participate to
an appropriate degree in the making of decisions concerning that project."
2. "Do everything in their power to provide complete, accurate, and understandable infor-
mation to all potentially affected parties."
To go beyond the minimalist requirements is to endorse the concepts of responsible or reason-
able care and informed consent. Reasonable care is "a standard of reasonableness as seen by a
normal, prudent nonprofessional" (Harris et al., 1995). Informed consent is understood as includ-
ing two main elements: knowledge and voluntariness. To elaborate, informed consent may be
defined by the following conditions (Martin and Schinzinger, 1991):

1. The consent is given voluntarily without being subjected to force, fraud, or deception.
2. The consent is based on the information that a rational person would want, together with
any other information requested, presented to them in an understandable form.
3. The decision is made by an individual competent to process the information and make
rational decisions.
10 CHAPTER ONE

4. The consent is offered in proxy by an individual or group that collectively represents many
people of like interests, concerns, and exposure to the risks that result from the decision.

To go beyond the minimalist level of holding the public welfare paramount, the professional
engineer must view the relationship to the client as fiducial. They owe the client responsible care.
The client must be given the right and opportunity to express informed consent or to withhold
consent as they deem fit. This is not to say that the client must consent to the selection of every
nut and bolt in the project, but rather that critical decision points must be identified for the cli-
ent. At these decision points the client must be provided enough information to allow rational
decisions. This information should include the alternatives, the consequences of choosing one
alternative over another, and the data and/or logic the engineer used to arrive at the consequences.

1-5 OVERALL DESIGN PROCESS

Project Design and Construction Delivery Processes
The design process is not like a computer program that is executed exactly the same way for
every project. The process described here is an overview of the classical engineering approach
to design- and construction-related activities. In this approach, vendor-furnished equipment is
procured according to performance or prescriptive specifications through contractors who are
bidding from drawings and specifications prepared by a consulting engineer. All funding and
ownership of the facilities rest with the owner in the classical approach. In actual practice, some
of the steps described below will be bypassed and others, not described, will be inserted based on
the experience of the designer and the complexity of the design.
Other approaches to the design and construction process include ( 1) design-build, (2) construction
management-agent, (3) construction management-at risk, (4) design engineer/construction manager.
These alternative approaches are discussed at the website www.mhprofessional.com/wwe2e.
The classic design procedure includes the following steps:
• Study and conceptual design
• Preliminary design
• Final design
These steps will be examined in more detail in the following paragraphs. Each of these steps
forms a major decision point for the owner. He or she must be provided enough information to
allow a rational decision among the alternatives, including the alternative to not proceed.
The design process is iterative. Each step requires reevaluation of the design assumptions
made in previous steps, the ability of the design to meet the design criteria, the compatibility of
processes, and integration of the processes. At key decision points, the economic viability of the
project must be reassessed.

Study and Conceptual Design

In this phase of the design, alternatives are examined and appropriate design criteria are established.
It is in this stage of the project that alternatives to facility construction are examined. For water
supply, the alternatives to facility construction might include purchasing water from a nearby com-
munity, instituting water conservation, or having individual users supply their own water by private
 1HE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES 11

wells. For wastewater treatment, the alternatives to facility construction might include connection to
a nearby community's system or controlling infiltration and inflow into the sewer system. In addi-
tion, the null alternative, that is the cost of doing nothing must also be considered.

Establishment of Design Criteria. Design criteria are the boundary conditions that establish
the functional performance of the facility. Two general types of criteria are used: performance
and prescriptive. Performance criteria define the desired objective, but not the means of achiev-
ing it. Prescriptive criteria define the explicit details of how the facility will be built. The design
criteria are frequently a combination of the two types of criteria.
Water and wastewater treatment systems will be used for illustration in the following para-
graphs. Some of the factors to be considered will differ for water supply and sewer systems.
Six factors are normally considered in establishing the design criteria for water and wastewater
treatment systems:
• Raw water or wastewater characteristics.
• Environmental and regulatory standards.
• System reliability.
• Facility limits.
• Design life.
• Cost.

Raw water or wastewater characteristics. Water characteristics include the demand for water
and the composition of the untreated (raw) water. Wastewater characteristics include the flow
rate of the wastewater and its composition.
Sound design practice must anticipate the range of conditions that the facility or process can reasonably be
expected to encounter during the design period. The range of conditions for a plant typically varies from
a reasonably certain mini.mum in its first year of operation to the maximum anticipated in the last year of
the design service period in a service area with growth of customers .... Often the mini.mum is overlooked
and the maximum is overstated (WEF, 1991).
Consideration of the flowrates during the early years of operation is often overlooked, and over sizing
of equipment and inefficient operations can result (Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., 2003).

The water characteristics include:

• Raw water composition.
• Hourly, daily, weekly, monthly, and seasonal variations in raw water composition and
availability.
• Variations in demand from domestic, industrial, commercial, and institutional activities.
The wastewater characteristics include:
• Composition and strength of the wastewater.
• Hourly, daily, weekly, monthly, and seasonal variations in flow and strength ofthe wastewater.
• Contributions from industrial and commercial activities.
12 CHAPTER ONE

• Rainfall/runoff intrusion.
• Groundwater infiltration.
• Raw water mineral composition.

Water quality standards to be met. Early consideration of the water quality standards provides
the basis for elimination of treatment technologies that are not appropriate. The standards are pre-
scribed by the regulating agency. The standards require that the treatment facility provide potable
water or discharge wastewater that meets numerical requirements (performance standards). They
are based on statutory requirements. For example, regulations specify the concentration of coli-
form organisms that may be delivered to consumers or discharged into a river. For wastewater,
modeling studies of the stream or river may also be required. For the river, the regulating agency
will focus on the critical seasonal parameters for the stream or river. Normally, this will be in the
summer dry-season because the flow in the river or stream will be low (reducing the capacity for
assimilation of the treated wastewater), the oxygen carrying capacity of the stream will be low
(stressing the aquatic population), and the potential exposure from recreational activities will be
high. The potable water or wastewater effluent standards do not prescribe the technology that is
to be used in meeting the standards, but they do establish the goals that the engineer uses to select
the appropriate treatment processes.

Other requirements. In addition to the numerical standards, other requirements may be

established by the regulatory agency as well as the owner. For example, drinking water limits on
taste and odor, and specific minerals such as calcium, magnesium., iron, and manganese may be
specified. For wastewater, in addition to the numerical standards, the absence of foam, floating
material, and oil films may be required.

System reliability. System reliability refers to the ability of a component or system to perform
its designated function without failure. Regulatory reliability requirements are, in fact, redun-
dancy requirements. True reliability requirements would specify the mean time between failure
for given components or processes. This is difficult, if not impossible, criteria to specify or, for
that matter, to design, for the wide range of equipment and environmental conditions encountered
in municipal water and wastewater projects.
For water supply systems, some redundancy recommendations of the Great Lakes-Upper
Mississippi River Board of State and Provincial Pubic Health and Environmental Managers are
shown in Table 1-3 (GLUMRB, 2003).
There are three "reliability" classes for wastewater treatment facilities established by the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Class I reliability is required for those plants that
discharge into navigable waters that could be permanently or unacceptably damaged by effluent
that was degraded in quality for only a few hours. Class II reliability is required for those plants
that discharge into navigable waters that would not be permanently or unacceptably damaged
by short-term effluent quality, but could be damaged by continued (several days) effluent qual-
ity degradation. Class ill reliability is required for all other plants (U.S. EPA, 1974). Table 1-4
provides EPA guidance on minimum equipment to meet reliability requirements. In reviewing
the design that is submitted by the engineer, the regulatory agency uses this guidance to estab-
lish prescriptive requirements prior to the issuance of the permit to construct the facility. Some
states may require more stringent requirements than the federal guidance. For example, Michigan
requires Class I reliability for all plants.
 1HE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES 13
TABLE1·3
Guidance for minimum equipment and process reliability for water treatment
Component Recommendation

Source
Surface water
Capacity Meet a one-in-50-year drought with due consideration for multiple year
droughts
Intake structures Where intake tower is used, provide two independent intake cells, each
with three intake ports at different elevations
Pumps Minimum of two; meet the maximum day demand with one unit out of
service
Groundwater
Capacity Equal or exceed maximum day demand with largest producing well out
of service
Wells Minimum of two
Treatment
Rapid mix Minimum of two; meet the maximum day demand with one unit out of
service
Flocculation Minimum of two; meet the maximum day demand with one unit out of
service
Sedimentation Minimum of two; meet the maximum day demand with one unit out of
service
Disinfection Minimum of two; meet the maximum day demand with one unit out of
service
Power Provide primary transmission lines from two separate sources or
standby generator
Finished water storage
Capacity Equal to the average day demand when fire protection is not provided
Meet domestic demand and fire flow demand where fire protection is
provided
Distribution
High service pumps Minimum of two; meet the maximum day demand with one unit out of
service
System pressure Minimum of 140 .kPa at ground level at all points in the system
Nominal working pressure should be 410 to 550 kPa and not less than
240kPa

Sources: Foellmi, 2005; GLUMRB, 2003.

Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
 Satin. Tulehan toki järkiisi!

Krivoi-Zob. Tpruu! Mihin sinä nyt?…

Vasilisa (ilmestyy). No, mitä Vasja, rakas ystäväni? Kohtaloasi et

pakene… Hei, poliisit! Abraschka… vihellä poliisia!

Medvedjev. Vihellyspillini ryöstivät, pirut…

Aljoschka. Tässä se on!

(Viheltää. Medvedjev juoksee hänen perässään).

Satin (taluttaa Pepeliä Nataschan luokse). Vasjka — älä pelkää!

Murha tapahtui tappelussa… ei siitä kovin syytetä! Ei se paljon
maksa…

Vasilisa. Pitäkää kiinni Vasjkaa! Hän tappoi mieheni… minä näin

sen!

Satin. Minä myös sivalsin ukkoa, pari kolme kertaa… Paljoko sille
tarvitsi! Kutsu minut todistajaksi, Vasjka!…

Pepel. En tahdo itseäni puolustaa… Minun on ensin saatettava

Vasilisa varmaan paikkaan… Ja kyllä minä hänet saatankin! Se oli
hän, joka sitä halusi… Hän houkutteli minua — murhaamaan
miestänsä… niin juuri, hän houkutteli!…

Natascha (äkkiä, kovasti). A-a… nyt minä ymmärrän!… Niinkö,

Vasilij?! Hyvät ihmiset! He ovat yksissä tuumin… Sisareni ja hän…
yksissä tuumin… tehneet kaiken tämän! Niinkö Vasilij?… Senkö
vuoksi kanssani taanoin puhelit että hän kuulisi? Hyvät ihmiset!
Vasja on hänen rakastajansa… oletteko kuulleet… senhän kaikki
tietävät… he ovat yksissä tuumin! Se oli Vasilisa joka houkutteli
hänet murhaamaan miestänsä… mies oli heidän tiellään… minä myös
olin heidän tiellään… Nyt he tekivät minut raajarikoksi…

Pepel. Natalja! Mitä sinä… mitäs sinä nyt?!

Satin. Voi sitä… pirua!

Vasilisa. Valehtelet! Hän valehtelee… minä… hän, Vasjka on

murhaaja!

Natascha. He ovat yksissä tuumin! Kirotut olkaa te molemmat!…

Satin. Kyll' on leikki!… Pidä puolesi, Vasilij! Muuten upottavat sinut

syvyyteen.

Krivoi-Zob. Nyt minä en ymmärrä mitään! Kyll' on leikki!

Pepel. Natalja! Oikeinko sinä todella? Uskotko, että minä… hänen

kanssaan…

Satin. Herran tähden, Natascha… ajattelehan!

Vasilisa (huutaa kulman taakse). Tappoivat minun mieheni… teidän

ylhäisyytenne… Vasjka Pepel, varas… hän tappoi… herra komisarius!
Minä näin… kaikki näkivät…

Natascha (hourailee melkein tajuttomana). Hyvät ihmiset… minun

sisareni ja Vasjka Pepel tappoivat! Poliisit, kuulkaa… juuri tämä
sama, minun sisareni, opetti… houkutteli… oman rakastajansa…
tuossa se kirottu on! He tappoivat! Ottakaa kiinni… tuomitkaa…
Ottakaa minutkin… viekää vankeuteen! Kristuksen nimessä… Viekää
minutkin vankeuteen!
(Esirippu).
NELJÄS NÄYTÖS.

Sisustus sama kuin 1:ssä, paitsi että Pepelin komero on pois purettu
ja sillä paikalla missä Kleschj istuskeli, ei ole alasinta. Pepelin
komeron paikalla loikoilee nyt Tattari levotonna, ähkyen silloin
tällöin. Kleschj istuu pöydän takana, korjailee hanuria, koetellen
silloin tällöin sen ääniä. Toisessa päässä pöytää ovat: Satin, Parooni
ja Nastja; heidän edessään pöydällä on pullo viinaa, 3 pulloa olutta
ja iso kannikka mustaa leipää. Uunilla piehtaroipi ja yskii Näyttelijä.
On yö; näyttämö on valaistu lampulla, joka seisoo keskellä pöytää.
Ulkona tuulee.

Kleschj. Niin… sen mylläkän aikana se otti ja katosi…

Parooni. Pakeni poliisia… kuten savu tulta…

Satin. Aivan kuten syntiset pakenevat vanhurskaitten kasvojen

edessä!

Nastja. Se oli hyvä ukko!… Mutta te… te ette ole ihmisiä… vaan
ruostetta!

Parooni (juopi). Teidän terveydeksenne, lady!

 Satin. Utelias oli ukko-paha… Nastjenka oli rakastunut häneen…

Nastja. Oli rakastunut… sekä rakasti! Se on totta! Hän huomasi

kaikki… hän ymmärsi kaikki…

Satin (nauraen). Ylipäänsä… hän oli muutamille… kuten puuro

hampaattomille…

Parooni (nauraen). Taikka laastari paisumille…

Kleschj. Hän oli… sääliväinen… teillä ei ole kellään sääliväisyyttä…

Satin. Mitä hyötyä on sinulle siitä, jos minä sinua säälin?

Kleschj. Ei se ole ainoastaan siinä että sääliä… vaan ei pidä

myöskään loukata…

Tattari (istuu makuulavalle ja tuudittelee kipeää kättään, kuten

pikkulasta). Ukko oli hyvä… hänellä oli laki sydämmessä! Kenellä on
laki sydämmessä, — on hyvä! Ken on lain kadottanut — se on itse
kadonnut!…

Parooni. Mistä laista ruhtinas puhuu?

Tattari. Siitä… kaikenlaisesta… tiedäthän itse, mistä…

Parooni. No, entäs sitten?

Tattari. Älä tee vääryyttä ihmiselle, — se on laki!

Satin. Sitä sanotaan "Asetuskokoelmaksi, rikoksista ja

rangaistuksista, murha-asioissa"…
 Parooni. Sitten löytyy vielä — "Asetus piirituomarien määräämistä
rangaistuksista"…

Tattari. Koranissa sanotaan… teidän Koraninne täytyy olla teidän

lakinne… Sydän — täytyy olla jokaisen Korani… niin!

Kleschj (koettelee hanuria). Suhisee, piru! Ruhtinas puhuu totta…

pitää elää — lain… ja evankeliumin mukaan…

Satin. Miksi et elä?…

Parooni. Niin. Koettaisit elää…

Tattari. Muhametti antoi Koranin ja sanoi: tässä on laki! Tee niin

kuin siinä kirjoitettu on! Sitten kun tulee se aika, että Korani ei enää
riitä — niin aika antaa oman uuden lakinsa… Jokainen aika antaa
oman lakinsa…

Satin. No niin… aika tuli ja antoi "Rikoslain"… ankaran lain… Sen

kaikkia määräyksiä et ennätä elämässäsi kokea!

Nastja (iskee lasinsa pöytään). Mistä syystä… mitä varten minä

elän täällä… teidän kanssanne? Lähden pois… jonnekin… maailman
ääreen!

Parooni. Ilman kenkiäkö, lady?

Nastja. Vaikka ihan paljaana! Nelinryömin konttaan!

Parooni. Mutta siitä tulisi hauska taulu, lady… jos nelin ryömin…

Nastja. Niin juuri — konttaan! Ett'ei minun tarvitsisi nähdä sinun

naamaasi… minua inhoittaa kaikki! Koko elämä… kaikki ihmiset!…
 Satin. Kun lähdet, niin muista — ottaa Näyttelijä mukaasi… hänellä
on ollut aikomus myös lähteä sinne… Hän on saanut kuulla, että
puolen virstan päässä maailman äärestä — sijaitsee parantola,
organineja varten…

Näyttelijä (kurottaa uunilta päätään). Or-ga-nis-me-ja, pöllö!

Satin. Organineja varten, jotka ovat alkohoolilla myrkytetyt…

Näyttelijä. Jaa! Hän — lähtee! Kyllä hän vielä lähtee… saattepa

nähdä!

Parooni. Kuka — hän, sir?

Näyttelijä. Minä!

Parooni. Merci, sinä näytelmäjumalattaren palvelija… mitenkä

sitä?…' Draman ja tragedian jumalatarta… mitenkä sitä nimitettiin?

Näyttelijä. Musa, se on, pökkelö! eikä jumalatar, vaan Musa!

Satin. Lachesa… Hera… Afrodite…. Atropa… piru heidät kaikki

tietää! Se oli ukko, joka pani Näyttelijän pään pyörälle…
ymmärrätkö, Parooni?

Parooni. Ukko oli — höperö…

Näyttelijä. Raakalaiset! Villit! Mel-po-me-ne! Sydämmettömät

ihmiset! Saatte nähdä — että hän lähtee! "Ahmikaa te synkät
henget"… se on Beranger'n runoelmasta! "Hän löytää paikan
itsellensä… Joss' ei ole"… ei ole…

Parooni. Mitä ei ole, sir?

 Näyttelijä. Ei mitään! "Kuoppa tämä… tulkoon haudakseni… ma
kuolen kurjana ja raihnaisena!" Miksi te elätte? Miksi?

Parooni. Hei! Kean taikka äly ja huikentelevaisuus yhdessä! Älä

karju siinä!

Näyttelijä. Valehtelet! Minä tahdon karjua!

Nastja (nostaen päätään pöydästä, huitoo käsillään). Huuda sinä

vaan! Antaa heidän kuunnella!

Parooni. Mitä tarkoitatte, lady?

Satin. Jätä heidät, Parooni… Menkööt hiiteen! Antaa heidän

huutaa ja lyödä — vaikka päänsä puhki… Ei siinä ole mitään
tarkoitusta eikä järkeä… "Älä häiritse ihmistä", sanoi ukko… Se oli
hän, se vanha hiiva, joka nostatti ja hapatutti meidän asukkaat…

Kleschj. Viekoitteli heitä lähtemään johonkin… vaan tietä ei

neuvonut…

Parooni. Ukko oli silmänkääntäjä… veijari…

Nastja. Valehtelet! Itse sinä olet veijari!

Parooni. Hiljaa, lady!

Kleschj. Se ukko… ei pitänyt totuudesta… hyvin usein nousi sitä

vastaan… niin sitä pitääkin! Ja se onkin oikein — missä täällä on
totuus? Tässä on vaikea ilman totuuttakin toimeen tulla… Tuossa
esim., ruhtinas loukkasi työssä kätensä… Käsi tulee tykkänään pois
sahattavaksi… siinä on totuus!
 Satin (lyöpi nyrkillään pöytään). Hiljaa! Te kaikki — olette elukoita!
Pökkelöitä… ei sanaakaan enempi ukosta! (Lauhkeammin). Sinä,
Parooni, — olet pahin kaikista!… Itse et ymmärrä mitään… ja
valehtelet… Se on hävytöntä — että ukkoa sanotaan veijariksi! Mikä
on oikeastaan — totuus? Ihminen itse — on totuus! Ukko sen
ymmärsi… mutta te ette!… Te olette typeriä, kuin tiilikivet… Minä
ymmärsin ukkoa… Niin juuri! Hän joskus valehteli… mutta sen hän
teki säälistä — teitä kohtaan, piru vieköön! Löytyy paljon ihmisiä,
jotka valehtelevat — säälien lähimmäistään… minä tiedän sen! minä
olen lukenut! Valehtelevat kauniisti, innostuen, ylentävästi… On
olemassa lohduttava valhe, sovittava valhe… valhe vapauttaa sen,
joka murskasi työmiehen käden… ja tekee syyllisiksi
nälkäänkuolevaisia… Minä käsitän valheen! Heikot sielut… ja ne jotka
elävät toisten työstä ja hiestä — ne tarvitsevat valhetta… Toisia se
tukee, toiset käyttävät sitä peitteenään… Mutta ken on itse oma
herransa… kuka ei ole kenestäkään riippuvainen, eikä ahmi toisen
saamisia, mitä se ihminen tekee valheella? Valhe on orjien ja isäntien
uskonto… Totuus on vapaan ihmisen Jumala!

Parooni. Bravo! Hyvin sanottu! Minä — yhdyn siihen! Sinä puhut…

kuin kunnon ihminen!

Satin. Miksi ei veijari toisinaan voisi puhua kuin kunnon ihminen,

kun kerran kunnon ihmiset puhuvat kuin veijarit? Niin… minä olen
paljon unohtanut, mutta jotain sentään vielä nytkin tiedän! Mutta
ukko? Hän oli itse viisaus!… Hän… teki minuun sen vaikutuksen,
minkä tekee happo vanhalle ruostuneelle metallirahalle…
Juokaamme hänen terveydekseen! Täytä lasit…

(Nastja täyttää lasin oluella ja antaa Satinille).

 Satin (naurahtaen). Ukko, hän elää omaa elämäänsä… hän katsoo
kaikkea omalta näkökannaltaan. Kerran kysyin häneltä: Vanhus!
Miksi ihmiset elävät?… (Koettaa matkia ukkoa, äänessä sekä
liikkeissä). "Ihmisetkö? — Ihmisethän elävät — parempaa varten,
rakkaani. Otetaan esimerkiksi nikkari — ja kaikki muu roskajoukko —
kansa… siitä joukosta nousee ja kasvaa nikkari… semmoinen nikkari,
ett'ei sen vertaista vielä ole nähty; eikä hänen vertaistaan missään
ole. Kaikelle nikkaroimiselle hän antaa oman leimansa… Sanalla
sanoen — hän edistää nikkarintaitoa parillakymmenellä vuodella
eteenpäin… Sama on laita kaiken muun… niinpä lukkosepät…
suutarit ja muut työläiset… kaikki talonpojat… myöskin herrasväki —
elävät parempaa varten! Jokainen luulee elävänsä vaan itseänsä
varten, mutta kun kaikki käy ympäri… huomaakin elävänsä
parempaa varten! Satojakin vuosia… ja ehkä enemmänkin, eletään
ainoastaan parempaa ihmistä varten."

(Nastja katsoo tarkkaavasti Satinia. Kleschj lakkaa

laittelemasta hanuria ja kuuntelee. Parooni on painanut
päänsä alas ja naputtelee sormillaan hiljakseen pöytään.
Näyttelijä koettaa hyvin varovasti laskeutua uunilta
makuulavalle).

Satin. "Kaikki, rakkaani, kaikki mitä vaan löytyy, elävät parempaa

varten! Sentähden pitää jokaista ihmistä kunnioittaa… emmehän me
voi tietää kuka hän on, ja mitä varten syntynyt ja mitä hän voipi
tehdä… Kenties, hän on syntynyt meidän hyväksemme… ja suureksi
hyödyksemme? Etenkin lapsia ja nuorukaisia pitää kunnioittaa!…
Lapsukaisille on annettava vapaus! Lapsukaisten elämää ei pidä
häiritä eikä katkeroittaa… Kunnioittakaa lapsia!"

(Paussi).
 Parooni (miettiväisenä). Thja… Parempaa varten? Tässä johtuu
mieleeni meidän perhe… Vanhaa sukua… Katharinan ajoilta…
aatelisia… sotilaita!… polveutuivat Franskasta… Palvelivat ja
kohosivat aina korkeammalle… Nikolai I aikana oli iso-isälläni
Gustave Débile'llä korkea asema… rikkautta… satoja maa-orjia…
hevosia… kokkeja…

Nastja. Valehtelet! Eipäs ollut!

Parooni (hypähtää ylös). Kuinka? No… entäs sitten?

Nastja. Sitä ei ollut!

Parooni (huutaen). Moskovassa oli talo! Pietarissa oli talo!

Vaunut… vaunut vaakunoilla koristetut!

(Kleschj ottaa hanurin, nousee, menee syrjään ja katselee,

mitä näyttämöllä tapahtuu).

Nastja. Eipäs ollut!

Parooni. Suus kiinni! Nyt minä puhun… lakeijoita oli

kymmenittäin…

Nastja (nautinnolla). Ei, ei ollut!

Parooni. Minä tapan sinut!

Nastja (valmistautuu juoksemaan pois). Ei ollut vaunuja!

Satin. Nastjenjka, lopeta! Älä ärsytä häntä…

Parooni. Maltahan… sinä, kelvoton! Minun iso-isäni…

 Nastja. Ei sinulla ollut iso-isää! Eikä mitään muutakaan ollut!

Satin (nauraa hohottaa).

Parooni (väsyneenä vihasta, istuu jakkaralle). Satin, sano sille…

hetkaleelle… nauratko sinäkin? Etkö sinäkään usko? (Huutaa
toivottomasti ja lyöpi nyrkeillään pöytään). Oli, piru teidät periköön,
oli!

Nastja (riemulla). Aa, kävitkö ulvomaan? Käsitätkö nyt, miltä

tuntuu, kun ihmistä ei uskota?

Kleschj (tulee takaisin pöydän luo). Minä luulin jo tappelun

tulevan…

Tattari. A-ah, tyhmät ihmiset! Hyvin huono!

Parooni. Minä… en voi sallia, että minusta tehdään pilaa! Minä voin
näyttää toteen… minulla on todistuksia, piru vieköön!

Satin. Heitä ne hiiteen! Ja unohda pois mielestäsi iso-isäsi

vaunut… menneisyyden vaunuilla et voi ajaa minnekään…

Parooni. Mutta kuinka hän uskaltaa!

Nastja. Niin — todellakin! Kuinka minä uskallan!…

Satin. Hän, näetkös, nauraa sinulle! Mitenkä hän olisi huonompi

sinua? Vaikka hänellä menneisyydessään ei olekkaan ollut iso-isää
vaunuineen, ei edes isää, eikä äitiäkään…

Parooni (rauhoittuen). Piru vieköön… sinä… osaat punnita asioita

maltillisesti… Mutta minulla nähtävästi ei ole mielenmalttia…
 Satin. Koeta hankkia. Se on hyödyllinen kapine… (Paussi). Nastja!
Menetkö sairashuoneelle?

Nastja. Mitä sinne?

Satin. Nataschaa katsomaan?

Nastja. Nytkö vasta! Hän on lähtenyt jo aikoja — sieltä… ja minne

lienee hävinnytkin! Ei löydetä mistään…

Satin. Siis — kaikkineen hävinnyt…

Kleschj. Olisi hauska tietää — kumpiko heistä saa toiselleen

hankituksi kovemman rangaistuksen… Vasjkako — Vasilisalle, vai
Vasilisa hänelle?

Nastja. Kyllä Vasilisa takaisin tulee! Hän on viekas. Vaan Vasjka

lähetetään pakkotyöhön…

Satin. Jos murha on tapahtunut tappelussa — saa ainoastaan

vankeutta…

Nastja. Sääli. Pakkotyö — olisi paljoa parempi… Teidät kaikki pitäisi

toimittaa pakkotyöhön… oikein luudalla lakaista, kuten muukin
roska… johonkin — likahautaan!

Satin (ihmetellen). Mitä sinä nyt? Tulitko hulluksi?

Parooni. Jahka minä annan sitä korville… hävyttömyydestään!

Nastja. Koetappas! Koetahan antaa!

Parooni. Kyllä minä koetan!

 Satin. Jätä pois! Anna olla… "Älä loukkaa ihmistä!" Minun päästäni
vaan ei lähde pois se ukko!… (Nauraa). "Älä loukkaa ihmistä!"…
Mutta jos minua on kerran loukattu koko elämän ijäksi! Mitä on
silloin tehtävä? Annettavako anteeksi? Tai, ei mitään… kenellekään…

Parooni (Nastjalle). Sinun täytyy ymmärtää, että minä — en ole

sinun vertaisesi! Sinä mitätön olento!

Nastja. Voi sinä onneton! Minustahan sinä elät kuin toukka

omenasta!

(Ystävällinen naurun rävähdys miehiltä).

Kleschj. Hassu! Omena!

Parooni. Eihän siihen idioottiin… voi suuttuakaan!

Nastja. Nauratteko? Ei, te teeskentelette vaan naurua! Teitä ei

ollenkaan naurata!

Näyttelijä (synkästi). Löylytä heitä aikalailla!

Nastja. Voi jos… minä voisin! Niin… noin minä tekisin teille!

(Ottaa pöydältä kupin ja heittää lattiaan).

Tattari. Mutta miksi astioita särkee? Höh… tyhmä!…

Parooni (nousten). Ei, kyllä minä hänelle opetan paikalla…

parempia tapoja!

Nastja (juoksee pois). Piru teidät vieköön!

 Satin (hänen perässään). Hei! Jo riittää! Ketä sinä tässä
peloittelet? Mistä on oikeastaan kysymys?

Nastja. Senkin sudet! Jospahan äikähtäisitte! Sudet!

Näyttelijä (synkästi). Aamen!

Tattari. U-u! Äkänen vaimo — venäjän vaimo! Rietas… liian vapaa!

Tattarin vaimo — ei! Tattarin vaimo lain tuntee!

Kleschj. Sille pitää antaa hyvä kyyti…

Parooni. Hm — Ilkiö!

Kleschj (koettelee hanuria). Valmis! Mutt' isäntää ei vaan kuulu…

Satin. Tule, ryyppää nyt!

Kleschj. Kiitos! Taitaa olla jo aika käydä kyljelleen…

Satin. Joko alat tottua meihin?

Kleschj (ryypättyään menee nurkkaan makuulavan luo). Ei sovi

kieltää… Niitä ihmisiä on jokapaikassa… Alussa sitä ei niin huomaa…
vaan kauemmin kuin katselet, niin huomaat, kaikki ovat ihmisiä… ei
sovi kieltää!

(Tattari levittää jotain makuulavalle, polvistuu ja alkaa

rukoilla).

Parooni (huomauttaa Satinille Tattaria). Katsohan tuonne!

Satin. Anna olla! Hän on hyvä poika… älä häiritse! (nauraa

hoilottaa). Minä myös olen tänään hyvä… lempo ties mistä syystä!…
 Parooni. Sinä olet aina hyvä, kun vaan ryyppäät… Ja viisas myös…

Satin. Humalassa ollessani… minä pidän kaikesta. Thja… Hän

rukoilee, kauniisti tehty! Ihminen voipi uskoa sekä olla uskomatta…
se on jokaisen oma asia! Ihminen on — vapaa olento… Hän vastaa
itse kaikesta: uskosta, uskottomuudesta, rakkaudesta,
ymmärryksestä. Kun ihminen vastaa kaikesta itse, niin sentähden
hän on vapaa!… Ihminen — se on totuus! Mikä on oikeastaan
ihminen?… Se et ole sinä, enkä minä, eivätkä he… ei! Vaan ihminen
olet sinä, minä, ukko, Napoleon, Muhametti… kaikki yhdessä!
(Piirustaa sormellaan ilmassa ihmisen kuvan). Käsitätkö sinä? Se on
jotain äärettömän laajaa! Siinä on kaiken alku — ja loppu… Kaikki on
ihmisessä, ja kaikki on ihmistä varten! Olemassa on ainoastaan —
ihminen, kaikki muu on hänen aivonsa ja kättensä työtä! Ihminen!
Se on — suurenmoista! Se kajahtaa niin… komealta! Ih-mi-nen!
Ihmistä pitää kunnioittaa! Ei säälitellä… eikä alentaa häntä
surkuteltavaksi… vaan täytyy kunnioittaa! Juokaamme ihmisen
malja, Parooni! (nousee). Tuntea itsensä ihmiseksi — se tuntuu
hyvältä! Minä olen — vanki, murhaaja, veijari — no niin! Kun kuljen
kadulla ihmiset katselevat minua kuten veijaria… karttavat,
väistyvät… ja mutisevat: — roisto, raato! Tee työtä!… Pitäisikö minun
tehdä työtä? Mitä varten? Tullakseniko kylläiseksi? (nauraa
hohottaa). Minä olen aina halveksinut ihmisiä, jotka alati huolehtivat
kylläisyydestään. Nyt ei ole siitä kysymys, Parooni! Ihminen on
korkeampi! Ihminen on korkeampi — kylläisyyttä!

Parooni (kallistellen päätään puoleen ja toiseen). Sinä teet

johtopäätöksiä… Se on hyvä… se luultavasti lämmittää sydäntä… sitä
minä en voi… en osaa tehdä! (katsoen ympärilleen, — hiljaa ja
varovasti). Minä, veli hyvä, pelkään… toisinaan… ymmärrätkö?
Pelkään… että mitä tulee kaiken tämän jälkeen…
 Satin (kävellen). Joutavia! Mitä ihmisellä on pelkäämistä?

Parooni. Tiedätkö… hamasta siitä saakka, kun jotain itsestäni

muistan… on aivoissani aivan kuin sumua vaan. Minä en milloinkaan
mitään ole ymmärtänyt. Minusta näyttää… aivan kuin olisi ollut jotain
epämukavaa… ja ett'en koko elämässäni ole tehnyt muuta kuin,
muuttanut pukua… mutta minkä tähden? En ymmärrä! Koulua
käydessäni kannoin aatelis-opiston uniformua… Ja mitäs minä sitten
koulussa opin? En muista… menin naimisiin, — olin puettu frakkiin,
— sitten yönuttuun… vaimon sain huonon — ja minkä tähden? sitä
en ymmärrä… Menetin kaiken omaisuuteni — olin puettuna
jonkinlaiseen harmaasen takkiin ja ruskeisin housuihin… mutta miten
rappiolle jouduin? sitä en huomannut… Palvelin kruunua jossain
virastossa… kannoin virkanuttua ja kokardi-lakkia… tuhlasin valtion
rahoja, minut puettiin vangin mekkoon… senjälkeen puin tämän
ylleni… Ja kaikki on tapahtunut kuin unessa… Eikö se ole
hullunkurista?…

Satin. Ei juuri… Pikemmin se on — tyhmää…

Parooni. Niin… minäkin ajattelen, että se oli tyhmää… Mutta

enköhän minäkin sentään — ole jotain tarkoitusta varten syntynyt?…

Satin (nauraen). Varmaankin… Ihminenhän syntyy parempaa

varten! (heilauttaen päätään). Eikö se ole mainiota!

Parooni. Minnekkä se… Nastjka! Mihin se juoksi? Menen

katsomaan, missä se on. Onhan hän kuitenkin…

(Menee. Paussi).

Näyttelijä. Tattari! (Paussi). Ruhtinas!

 (Tattari kääntää päätään, katsahtaa taakseen).

Näyttelijä. Rukoile minunkin edestäni…

Tattari. Mitä?

Näyttelijä (hiljemmin). Rukoile minunkin puolestani!…

Tattari (vaieten). Rukoile itse…

Näyttelijä (Laskeutuu kiireesti uunilta alas, menee pöydän luokse,

kaataa lasiin viinaa vapisevin käsin ja juopi sen). Nyt hän läksi!

(Lähtee melkein juoksujalassa porstuaan).

Satin. Hei, sinä, sikambr! Minne nyt?

(Viheltää. Sisään tulevat — Medvedjev, naisen pumpulilla

topattu takki yllä ja Bubnov; molemmat vähän humalassa.
Toisessa kädessä on Bubnovilla rinkeliripukka, toisessa
muutamia kuivattuja kaloja, kainalossa — viinapullo ja
taskussa toinen).

Medvedjev. Kameli — se on aivan kuin aasi! Mutta ilman korvia…

Bubnov. Ole vaiti! Itse sinä olet aivan kuin aasi.

Medvedjev. Kamelilla ei ole korvia ollenkaan… se kuulee

sieramillaan…

Bubnov (Satinille). Ystäväni! Olen etsinyt sinua kaikista kapakoista

ja anniskeluista… Ota pullo, käteni ovat kiinni!

Satin. Pane rinkelit pöydälle, niin on toinen kätesi vapaa…

 Bubnov. Se on totta! (Medvedjeville). Kuulitkos… Putka-pekko!
Huomasitko? Eikö hän ole itse viisaus!

Medvedjev. Kaikki veijarit ovat viisaita… minä tiedän sen! Ilman

viisautta heidän olisi mahdotonta elää. Hyvät ihmiset ovat aina
tyhmiä; huonojen täytyy välttämättömästi olla viisaita. Mutta mitä
kameliin tulee, niin sitä sinä et oikein… se on oikeastaan ajo-juhta…
sarvia sillä ei ole ollenkaan… eikä hampaita…

Bubnov. Missä kaikki kansa on? Miksi ei täällä ole yhtään ihmistä?
Hei, alas sieltä kaikki… nyt minä kestitsen! Ken on siellä nurkassa?

Satin. Pian sinä sen yksinkin ryyppäät.

Bubnov. Pianhan minä! Tällä kerralla olen koonnut kapitaalia —

oikein pienen pääoman… Zob! Missä on Zob?

Kleschj (astuen lähemmäs pöytää). Ei häntä ole täällä…

Bubnov. U-u-rrr! Pihakoira! Brrju, brlju, brlju! Kalkkunakukko! älä

hauku, älä toru! Juo, pidä lystiä, äläkä ilmankin jo pitkää nenää —
venytä pitemmäksi enää… Minä kestitsen teitä kaikkia. Minä,
velihyvä, mielelläni tarjoan! Jos olisin rikas… niin minä… rakentaisin
vapaan anniskelun! Jumaliste niin tekisin! Musiikin ja lauluköörin
kanssa se pitäisi olla… Tule, juo, syö, kuuntele laulua… haihduta
huolesi! Hei, sinä ihmisrukka… hei, käy tänne — minun
maksuttomaan ravintolaani! Satin! sinut… minä… kuule, ota puolet
koko omaisuudestani! Kaikesta! Näin vain!

Satin. Parasta, että annat paikalla kaikki…

Bubnov. Koko kapitaalinko? Paikalla? Ota! Tuossa on rupla… tuoss'

on vielä… kahenraha… kymmen… viisi- ja kaksikopekkaiset… siinä
kaikki!

Satin. Hyvä! Minulla ne säilyvät paremmin. Näillä minä pelaan ja

voitan…

Medvedjev. Minä olen todistaja… rahat, ovat annetut

säilytettäviksi… kuinka paljon niitä oli?

Bubnov. Sinä? Sinä — kameli… Meille ei tarvita todistajia…

Aljoschka (avojaloin). Veljet! Minun jalkani ovat kastuneet!

Bubnov. Tule, kastele kurkkusikin… siinä kaikki! Kuule rakkaani…

sinä laulat, sinä soitat… se on varsin hyvä! Mutta että sinä ryyppäät
— se on turhaa! Se, veli hyvä on vahingollista… ryyppääminen on
vahingollista!…

Aljoschka. Sen huomaa sinusta! Sinä olet ihmisen näköinen

ainoastaan silloin — kun olet humalassa… Kleschj! Onko hanuri
valmis?

(Laulaa tanssien).

Ellei minun kärsäni

Oisi kaunis ollut,
Niin ei mua kummini
Ois lainkaan rakastellut!

Veljet, minä palellun! Ky-y-y-ylmä on!

Medvedjev. Hm… mutta jos kysyttäisiin: kuka on se sellainen

kummi?
 Bubnov. Pidä suus kiinni! Sinä, veliseni olet nyt — tju tjuu! Et ole
enää Putka-pekko… se on lopussa! Et ole Putka-pekko, etkä eno…

Aljoschka. Ei muuta kuin — tädin mies!

Bubnov. Yksi sisaresi tyttäristä on vankilassa, toinen

kuolemaisillaan…

Medvedjev (ylpeästi). Valehtelet! Hän ei ole kuolemaisillaan, vaan

on tietymättömiin kadonnut!

(Satin nauraa hohottaa).

Bubnov. Saman tekevää, veliseni! Mies, ilman veljen tai sisaren

lapsia — ei ole mikään eno!.

Aljoschka. Teidän ylhäisyytenne! Virasta vapautetun pukin rumpali!

Kummilla on rahoja,
Minulla ei mitään!
Olen sentään iloinen
Ja sentään minä olen aina hyvä poika!

Kylmä on!

(Zob tulee sisään; — sen jälkeen vielä näytelmän loppuun

asti, silloin tällöin tulee sisään kaikenmoisia miehiä ja naisia.
Riisuutuvat, heittäytyvät makuulavalle ja murisevat
tyytymättöminä).

Krivoi-Zob. Kuule Bubnov! Miksi sinä juoksit karkuun?

Kvaschnja. Käy tänne! Istu… veli hyvä! Ja lauletaan minun

lempilauluni… mitä?
 Tattari. Yöllä nukkua pitää! Päivällä laulaa pitää!

Satin. Ei haittaa, ruhtinas! Tule sinä myös tänne!

Tattari. Kuinka — ei haittaa? Rähinä nousee… aina kun lauletaan,

tulee rähinä…

Bubnov (menee hänen luokseen). No, ruhtinas! Kuinka on käden

laita? Joko sinulta sahattiin käsi?

Tattari. Mitä varten? Odotetaan… kenties ei tarvis sahata… Ei käsi

ole rautaa, ei sitä kauan sahata…

Krivoi-Zob. Nyt sinun asiasi ruhtinas, on tykkynään "gemàn"!

[huono]. Kädetönnä sinä et kelpaa minnekkään! Meikäläisen arvo on
käsissä ja selässä… Jos ei ole käsiä — on sama kun ei olisi
ihmistäkään! Sinun asiasi on nyt kuin tupakka!… Tule ottamaan
ryyppy… siinä kaikki!

Kvaschnja (tulee). Aa, minun rakkaat kortteeri vieraani! Siellä

ulkona, siellä ulkona! Kylmää, kuraista… Onko minun poliisini täällä?
Aappo!

Medvedjev. Minä!

Kvaschnja. Taaskin sinulla on minun takkini? Ja näytät niinkuin

olisit vähän… Missä olet ryypännyt?

Medvedjev. Sattumalta… kun on niin kylmä… Bubnov viettää

tänään nimipäiviään… ja ulkona on niin märkää!…

Kvaschnja. Varo itseäsi… "märkää, ulkona!" Älä ollenkaan

reistaile… vaan meneppäs nukkumaan…
 Medvedjev (menee kyökkiin). Kyllä minä nukkumaan voin mennä…
minä tahdon mennä nukkumaan… jo on aikakin!

Satin. Miksi sinä nyt olet hänelle noin ankara?

Kvaschnja. Ei sovi muuten, ystäväni. Senkaltaista miestä täytyy

kurissa pitää. Otin elämänkumppalikseni: kun luulin hänestä olevan
hyötyä ja apua… ajattelin: minä olen vaimoihminen ja te kaikki
semmoisia hurjapäisiä — ja hän kun on entinen sotilas… niin… Mutta
hän alkaakin juopotella! Sitä minä en kärsi!

Satin. Huonon apulaisen sinä valitsit…

Kvaschnja. Ei ollut parempaa… Sinä et olisi suostunut kanssani

elämään… tai jos sen olisit tehnyt — niin yhdessä viikossa olisit
menettänyt korttipelissä minutkin, kaikkine kampsuineni!

Satin (nauraa hohottaa). Oikein, emäntä! Niin minä olisin

tehnytkin…

Kvaschnja. Sepä — se! Aljoschka!

Aljoschka. Tämä tässä — se olen minä itse!

Kvaschnja. Mitä sinä olet minusta lörpötellyt?

Aljoschka. Minäkö? Kaikenmoista! Oikein omantunnon mukaan.

Olen sanonut, että siinäpä on oikein ihmeellinen ämmä! Lihaa,
rasvaa sekä luuta, on ainakin kymmenen puutaa; vaan aivoja — ei
luotiakaan!

Kvaschnja. Sen sinä valehtelet! Aivoja minulla on hyvinkin paljon…

Vaan sinä olet puhunut, että minä muka pitelen pahoin poliisiani?
 Aljoschka. No, minä luulin, että sinä silloin pahoin pitelit, kun
häntä tukasta perässäs vetelit…

Kvaschnja (nauraen). Hölmö! Etkö ymmärrä… Oman tuvan rikkoja

ei pidä minnekkään kulettaa… Hänpä on siitä loukkaantunut… Ja
sentähden on alkanut juodakkin…

Aljoschka. Siis se on totta, kun sanotaan, että kanakin juopi!…

(Satin ja Kleschj nauravat).

Kvaschnja. Uh, irvihammas! Ja mikähän sinäkin Aljoschka, olet

oikein miehiäsi?

Aljoschka. Mies, ihan ensimmäistä sorttia! Tekee vaikka mitä!

Mihin mieli halaa, sinne sydän palaa!

Bubnov (Tattarin makuulavan lähellä). Lähe pois! Yks' kaikki —

nukkua emme anna! Aijomme laulaa koko yön!… Zob!

Krivoi-Zob. Laulamaanko? Heti — paikalla…

Aljoschka. Ja minä — säestän!

Satin. Me kuuntelemme!

Tattari (hymyillen). No, "schaittán" Bubna… tuo viinaa! Juomaan

käymme, laulamaan käymme, surma tulee — kuolemaan käymme!

Bubnov. Kaada hänelle, Satin! Zob, käy istumaan! Oh, veljet!

Paljonko sitä ihmiselle pitää? Minä ryyppäsin pikkusen — ja nyt olen
iloinen! Zob!… Alappas laulaa… sitä parasta! Minä laulan… ja minä
maksan!…
 Krivoi-Zob (alkaa laulaa).

Päivä nousee, päivä laskee…

Bubnov (alkaa laulaa mukana).

Vankila on pimeä-ä!

(Ovi aukenee äkkiä).

Parooni (seisoo kynnyksellä huutaen). Hei… Kuulkaa! Tulkaa…

tulkaa tänne! Siellä ulkona… Näyttelijä… on hirttänyt itsensä!

(Äänettömyys. Kaikki katsovat Parooniin).

Nastja (Ilmestyy Paroonin takaa ja astuu verkalleen pöytää kohti,

silmät hyvin selällään).

Satin (puoliääneen). Ah!… keskeytti laulun… hassu!

Esirippu
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