ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS LAB

ENGINEERING

Syllabus
Exp No Name of Experiment Duration Page
(Hours) no
1 Summarize the various electrical measuring
instruments and its measurements
2 Measurement of voltage, current and power in DC
circuit with resistive load
3 Measurement voltage, current and power and
power factor in 1-phase circuit with resistive and
inductive load
4 Measurement of power and power factor in three
phase circuit using two wattmeter method
5 Measurement of low resistance & medium
resistance by voltmeter and ammeter method
6 Familiarization of accessories for wiring

7 One lamp and one plug point controlled separately

8 One lamp controlled by two switches

9 Load test on three phase Induction motor

10 Load test on single phase transformer

11 Resistance Measurement

12 Series and parallel connection of Resistors

13 Series and parallel connection of Capacitors
14 Half-wave Rectifier
15 Full-wave rectifier
Lab Safety Rules

1. There must be at least two (2) people in the laboratory while working on live
circuits or chemical processing.
2. Shoes must be worn at all times.
3. Remove all loose conductive jewelry and trinkets, including rings, which may
come in contact with exposed circuits. (Do not wear long loose ties, scarves, or
other loose clothing around machines.)
4. Consider all circuits to be "hot" unless proven otherwise.
5. When making measurements, form the habit of using only one hand at a time. No
part of a live circuit should be touched by the bare hand.
6. Keep the body, or any part of it, out of the circuit. Where interconnecting wires
and cables are involved, they should be arranged so people will not trip over them.
7. Be as neat a possible. Keep the work area and workbench clear of items not used
in the experiment.
8. Always check to see that the power switch is OFF before plugging into the outlet.
Also, turn instrument or equipment OFF before unplugging from the outlet.
9. When unplugging a power cord, pull on the plug, not on the cable.
10. When disassembling a circuit, first remove the source of power.
11. Keep fluids, chemicals, and beat away from instruments and circuits.
12. Report any damages to equipment, hazards, and potential hazards to the
laboratory instructor.
13. If in doubt about electrical safety, see the laboratory instructor. Regarding specific
equipment, consult the instruction manual provided by the manufacturer of the
equipment. Information regarding safe use and possible- hazards should be
studied carefully.
 Do’s and Don’ts in the Lab

DO’S:-
1. Students should carry observation notes and records completed in all aspects.
2. Correct specifications of the equipment have to be mentioned in the
circuitdiagram.
3. Students should be aware of the operation of equipments.
4. Students should take care of the laboratory equipments/ Instruments.
5. After completing the connections, students should get the circuits
verified by theLab Instructor.
6. The readings/waveforms must be shown to the concerned faculty for verification.
7. Students should ensure that all switches are in the OFF position to
remove theconnections before leaving the laboratory.
8. All patch cords and chairs should be placed properly in their respective positions.
9. The steps for simulation of different tools should be properly
known to thestudents for the software related laboratory.

DON’Ts:-
1. Come late to the Lab.
2. Come with incomplete lab records.
3. Make or remove the connections with power ON.
4. Switch ON the power supply without verification by the instructor.
5. Switch OFF the machine with load. 5. Leave the lab without the
permission of theconcerned faculty.
Date:

SUMMARIZE THE VARIOUS ELECTRICAL

MEASURINGINSTRUMENTS AND ITS MEASUREMENTS

Aim
To study various instruments for measuring electrical quantities such as voltage,
current, power, electrical energy, and electrical equipment’s such as transformer,
autotransformer, rheostat, etc.

Apparatus Required
1. Voltmeter
2. Ammeter
3. Wattmeter
4. Energy meter
5. Transformer
6. Autotransformer
7. Rheostat
Voltmeter
Voltmeter is employed to measure the potential difference across any two points of a
circuit. It is connected in the parallel across any element in the circuit. A high resistance
multiplier is connected in series with the meter terminals to extend the range of
voltmeter.

Ammeter
Ammeter is employed for measuring current in a circuit and connected in series in
the circuit. As ammeter is connected in series, the voltage drop across ammeter terminals is
very low. A low resistance shunt is connected parallel with meter terminals to extend the
range of ammeter.

There are two types of voltmeters and ammeters,

1. Moving Coil (MC) Instruments
2. Moving Iron (MI) Instruments
MC Type instruments are mainly used in DC circuits only and MI Type instruments
are used in both AC and DC circuits
 Voltmeter

Ammeter
UPF Wattmeter

LPF Wattmeter
Wattmeter

Wattmeter is used to measure real power in an AC circuit. The real power in AC

circuits is given by expression,
VI cos ϕ watts
where, cos ϕ is power factor.
A wattmeter has two coils, namely, current coil and pressure coil. The current coil (CC) is
connected in series with the load and the pressure coil (PC) is connected across the load.

Wattmeters are available in dual range for voltages as well as for current.
There are two types of wattmeters namely LPF and UPF.
LPF means Low Power Factor where as UPF means Unity Power Factor.
Multiplication factor of a wattmeter can be found out by using the following equation

𝒔𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑿 𝒔𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆

𝑴𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 = 𝑿 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓
𝒇𝒖𝒍𝒍 𝒔𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒆 𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓
Energy meter

Transformer

Autotransformer
 Energy meter
Energy meter is an instrument which is used to measure the consumption of electric
energy in a circuit (DC or AC). It measures energy in kWh. The essential difference between
a energy meter and a wattmeter is that the former is fitted with some type of registration
mechanism where by all the instantaneous readings of power are summed over a definite
period of time whereas the latter indicates the value at particular instant when it is read.

Transformer
A transformer is a static device which is used to transfer electric power from one AC
circuit to another without any change in frequency. Transformer may be for stepping up
voltage from low to high or stepping down voltage from high to low.

Autotransformer
An autotransformer is a kind of electrical transformer where primary and secondary
shares same common single winding. So basically, it’s a one winding transformer. The
operating principle and general construction of an autotransformer is the same as that of two
winding transformers.
Rheostat

Rheostat
Rheostats are made up of high resistivity material, like, nickel-chromium iron alloy
closely wound over a circular tube. These are available both in single tube and double tube.
Inter-turn insulation is provided to avoid short circuiting of turns. The tube of rheostat is
made of insulating material, like asbestos. These are employed at places where resistance of
a circuit is to be varied without breaking the circuit.

Result
Studied various instruments for measuring electrical quantities such as voltage,
current, power, electrical energy, and electrical equipment’s such as transformer,
autotransformer, rheostat, etc.
Date:

FAMILIARIZATION OF ACCESSORIES FOR WIRING &

BREADBOARD

Aim
To familiarise lightening accessories and service main.

1. Switches.
These are used to make or break the electrical circuits. Commonly used switches are:
(1) Surface type (SPST&SPDT).
(2) Flush type.
(3) Push button.
(4) Ceiling type.
(5) Pull switch.
(6) Grid type.

(a) Surface switch: SPST & SPDT switches.

A Single Pole Single Throw switches are generally using for home applications, laboratories
etc... The single pole defines that the switch may be connected to a power source. It is
single
also called one way switch. A SPDT (single pole double throw) switch is one in which there
are three terminals (say A, B, C)., the middle one is the common terminal and is usually
connected to one of the supply lines., Thus, when the switch is flipped to one side, two of the
three terminals come in contact (say C, B), and when the switch is flipped to the other side, the
other combination-A, C comes in contact with each other. The basic specifications are
amperage, voltage rating and type of material it has been
made.

2. Lamp Holders
These are used for holding electrical lamps. Commonly used are:

(a) Pendent holder.

(b) Batten holder.
(c) Angle holder.
3. Ceiling Rose.
A ceiling rose is a decorative moulding that is installed around the electrical box that
connects different holders for different electrical accessories.

4. Plug Socket and Plug Pin (Plug Top).

AC power plugs and sockets are devices that allow electrically operated equipment to be
connected to the primary alternating current (AC) power supply in a building. Electrical plugs
and sockets differ in voltage and current rating, shape, size and type of connectors. Generally
the plug pin is the movable connector attached to an electrically operated device's mains cable,
and the socket is fixed on equipment or a building structure and connected to an energised
electrical circuit. The plug has protruding prongs, blades, or pins (referred to as male) that fit
into matching slots or holes (called female) in the sockets. Sockets are designed to prevent
exposure of bare energised contacts. Sockets may also have protruding exposed contacts, but
these are used exclusively for earthing
(grounding).

5. Fuse Unit.

Fuse units are used as a safety device in order to protect the electrical equipment from
over current. The following are commonly used:

(a) Kit kat rewireable fuse

(b) HRC (high rupturing capacity) fuse units.

(c) Cartridge fuse
A fuse is a part of the circuit which consists of conductor which melts easily and breaks
the connection when electric current exceeds the predetermined The function of fuse
value.
wire is to carry the normal current without excessive heating but more than normal current
when pass through fuse wire, it rapidly heats up and melts. The materials used for fuse
wires are mainly tin, lead, zinc, silver, antimony, copper, and aluminium etc..., Kit Kat fuses
are usually used for house wiring.

6. Service Main.
The main switch (service main) fuse box is used to help prevent electrical fires. If
you overload a circuit, and it tries to draw more current than the wire is supposed to have,
it will pop the fuse, causing an open circuit, and electricity stops flowing
The main switch allows you to disconnect all electricity coming into the home. Otherwise, the
current would heat the wire to the point where it would burn/melt the insulation, then the bare
wires would start the house on fire. Not fun if left unattended. Service main are generally in
two types.
(1) Iron Clad Double Pole (ICDP).
(2) Iron Clad Triple Pole (ICTP).
(3) Iron Clad Triple Pole Neutral (ICTPN).

iron Clad Double Pole (ICDP) used as a main switch in a single-phase supply system. These
are available in different ratings. Iron Clad Triple Pole (ICTP) is used as a main switch to
control 3 phase supply system. It consists of 3 fuse units inside the moulded slots for the entry
of cables. The base of the switch is made up of high-grade porcelain possessing, which has
high insulation properties. In Iron Clad Triple Pole Neutral (ICTPN) switches there will be a
neutral link.
TYPES OF WIRES/CABLES:
A wire made of a conducting material such as copper/aluminium without insulation or a
base conductor is known as a wire. A wire or conductor covered with suitable layer or layers of
insulations is known as a cable. The term wire and cable are used more or less synonymously in
house wiring.
CLASSIFICATION OF CABLES/WIRES
The following are the various types of wires/cables used in wiring system and are
classified as:
1. According to insulation:
a) Vulcanized Indian Rubber (VIR) wire/cable
b) Cab Type Sheathed (CTS)/Tough Rubber Sheathed (TRS) wire/cable
c) Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) wire/cable
d) Lead sheathed cables
e) Weather proof cables
f) Flexible cables

2. According to conductor material used:

a) Copper conductor cable
b) Aluminium conductor cable
 Breadboard
The breadboard consists of two terminal strips and two bus strips (ooften broken
in the centre). Each bus strip has two rows of contacts. Each of the two rows of
contacts is a node. That is, each contact along a row on a bus strip is connected
together (inside the breadboard). Bus strips are used primarily for power supply
connections, but are also used for any node requiring a largge number of
connections. Each terminal strip has 60 rows and 5 columns of contacts on each
side of the centre gap. Each row of 5 contacts is a node.

You will build your circuitss on the terminal strips by inserting the leads of
circuit components into the contact receptacles and making connections witth
22-26 gauge wire. There are wire cutter/strippers and a spool of wire in the lab.
It is a good practice to wire +5V and 0V power supply connections to separate
bus strips.

The breadboard. The lines indicate connected holees.

Result
Studied various accessories and tools for wiring .