UNIVERSE

Nebular Hypothesis Revised Hypothesis

Developed by Immanuel Kant, Modified in Revised by Otto Schmidt and Carl
1796 by Pierre Laplace. Weizascar, in 1950 .
Formed from a large cloud of gas and dust,
Surrounded by a solar nebula consisting
called a nebula, that collapsed due to
of hydrogen, helium and dust.
gravity.
The friction and collision of particles led
Nebula collected its material in the center,
to the formation of a disk-shaped cloud.
start rotating and flattened into a
protoplanetary disk. Planets were formed through the
process of accretion.
Center became increasingly dense and hot.
Central region (Sun) rest of the disk
(planets & moons).
heliocentric
A model of the universe that places
the SUN at the center, Developed by
Nicolaus Copernicus, in 1543 A.D.

A model of the universe that

places the EARTH at the center,
in 140 A.D.

geocentric

ASTRONOMICAL UNIT EARTH LUNAR DISTANCE (384,400 KM)

AVERAGE DISTANCE BETWEEN

AVERAGE DISTANCE BETWEEN EARTH AND THE MOON
EARTH AND THE SUN

SUN

MOON
Moon
LIGHT YEAR :- distance light travels in one year.
(300,000 kilometers) per second

PARSEC :- unit of length used to measure the large distances to astronomical

objects outside the Solar System, approximately equal to 3.26 light-years.
Dark energy is estimated to make up about 68–70% of the universe. This is a
mysterious force that's responsible for the universe's accelerating expansion.

MASS GREATER THAN 1.44

TIMES THE MASS OF THE SUN

Early stages
of formation

MASS LESS THAN 1.44 TIMES THE

MASS OF THE SUN

Asteroids Comets
made of different
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Rocky objects that in use. & dust .
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. and gas halos
asteroid belt
Found in the when they ge
t close to sun.

Meteoroids Meteors
Meteoroids are actually Meteoroids that enter Earth's
pieces of asteroids or comets. atmosphere& burn up, creating
a streak of light in the sky.
Orbit the sun before enter
These streaks of light are
the atmosphere.
also known as shooting stars.

Meteoatrsuitrveivse their
Meteoroids th
passage throug
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d land on Earth.
atmosphere an Light travels at a speed of
iron, or stony-
Can be stony,
300,000 kilometers per second
g on their (km/s) and the distance it travels in
iron, dependin
one year is called a light-year.
composition.
 GALAXY
spiral galaxy elliptical galaxy irregular galaxy
Spiral galaxies have a central disk Elliptical galaxies are shaped Irregular galaxies have no
surrounded by spiraling arms and like spheres or cucumbers particular shape like a
possess new stars. and contain old stars. spiral or elliptical galaxy.
MILKY WAY (spiral shaped) The brightest galaxy in the
EARTH is part of milky way galaxy. universe.
ANDROMEDA galaxy is the closest
major galaxy to the Milky Way.

Kuiper Belt
A ring of asteroids, comets,
asteroid belt and other icy bodies that
A ring of asteroids orbit the sun beyond
( rocky objects) that Neptune.
orbit the sun between Kuiper belt contains many
Mars and Jupiter. dwarf planets, including
Pluto, Haumea, Makemake,
Quaoar, and Orcus.

SUN
Mercury
VENUS Earth Mars Neptune
uranus
SATURN

Jupiter

INNER PLANETS OUTER PLANETS

Terrestrial or rock Jovian or gaseous
planets planets.

They lie after the belt of

They lie between the sun
asteroids before the
and the belt of asteroids.
Kuiper belt.

Higher densities & Lower densities &

smaller in size. bigger in size.

Thin atmosphere & Thick atmosphere &

lower gravity. higher gravity.

Move faster, shorter Move slower, longer

period of revolution. period of revolution.

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus,

Mars. Neptune.
 BIG
BANG
THEORY
300,000 YEARS FROM THE
BIG BANG, TEMPERATURE
DROPPED TO 4,500K
A TINY SPACE BALL, ABOUT AT THE BIG BANG (13.7 BILLION (KELVIN) AND GAVE RISE TO
THE SIZE OF AN ATOM WITH YEARS AGO), THE TINY BALL ATOMIC MATTER.
HIGH DENSITY AND HIGH EXPLODED VIOLENTLY WITH
TEMPERATURE. HUGE EXPANSION.
THE UNIVERSE BECAME

PLANETS TRANSPARENT.
The leftover material around a young star forms a

FORMATION
protoplanetary disk.
Dust particles collide and stick together, forming
planetesimals, which eventually grow into planets through
the process of accretion.
As planets form, their interiors heat up.
Heavier elements sink toward the center, forming a
EARTH
Earth formed around 4.5 billion years ago
metallic core, while lighter elements form the outer layers within a protoplanetary disk around the sun .
(mantle & crust).
Initially, it was a molten mass due to

LITHOSPHERE frequent collisions and internal heating

from radioactive decay.
As Earth cooled further, the outermost layer solidified to
As Earth cooled, the outer layers solidified
form the lithosphere, which is a rigid layer and broken into
to form the crust, while the interior
tectonic plates.
remained molten.
The lithosphere is not a single, continuous layer but is
Volcanic activity released gases, which
fragmented into tectonic plates.
contributed to the formation of the early
These plates float on the semi-fluid asthenosphere, this atmosphere.
movement causes earthquakes, volcanic activity, and the

HYDROSPHERE
formation of mountains.

ATMOSPHERE Water on Earth likely came from two

sources:
The early atmosphere was mostly composed of hydrogen,
helium, methane, and ammonia, primarily from volcanic Volcanic Outgassing: Water vapor
outgassing. released by volcanoes condensed to form
Early life forms, such as cyanobacteria, began the process oceans.
of photosynthesis, releasing oxygen into the atmosphere. Cometary Impacts: Comets, which are
This gradually led to the formation of the ozone layer, which rich in water & ice, may have also
protects life from harmful UV radiation. contributed water to Earth during the
Present atmosphere is composed of nitrogen, oxygen, and early stages of its formation.
traces of other gases, including carbon dioxide, which Water being cycled through evaporation,
support life on Earth. condensation, and precipitation.
 VENUS
The second planet from the sun and the
hottest in the solar system.
Venus’ atmosphere is made of (H2SO4).
No moons or rings. Mercury
Venus also known as “the Morning Star” The first planet from the sun & smallest
and “the Evening Star”. in the solar system, slightly larger than
Venus rotation clockwise (retrograde), Earth's Moon.
243 Earth days (slowest rotation). No moons or rings.
Named after a female figure. Mercury's exosphere is composed of
Venus has the highest albedo in our solar mostly of oxygen, sodium, hydrogen,
system. helium, and potassium.
Fastest planet, takes 88 days for

Mars revolution.
Rotation - approx 58 days.

The fourth planet from the sun in the

solar system.
Earth
"Red Planet" due to iron oxide (rust) on The third planet from the sun and most
its surface, giving it a reddish color; dense in the solar system.
visible to the naked eye from Earth. Atmosphere is composed of about 78 %
Two small moons Phobos & Deimos. nitrogen, 21 % oxygen, 0.9 % argon, & 0.1
Similar to Earth's seasons due to its % other gases.
axial tilt, but each season lasts longer Earth’s rotation 23 hr, 56min, 4sec &
on Mars because of its longer orbital revolution 365 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes.
period. It would take 1.3 million Earths to fill up the
Water existing primarily as ice at the sun.
poles and in the subsurface. Only planet in our Solar System which is
"Cold desert world" due to its thin suitable for sustaining life.
atmosphere, composed of carbon
dioxide.
SATURN
The sixth planet from the sun in the
solar system.

Jupiter
Spectacular ring system, countless
small particles of ice and rock
The fifth & largest planet from the sun Gas giant composed of hydrogen &
in the solar system. helium
Composed of hydrogen and helium gas, Least dense planet, maximum
with no solid surface. number of Satellites(146).
Shortest day, rapid rotation less than Largest moon is Titan.
10 hours.
Ganymede is the largest moon in the
solar system, and larger than Mercury Neptune
and Pluto.
The eighth & most distant planet
from the sun in the solar system.
uranus An ice giant, made up of dense icy
materials, mainly water, methane, and
The seventh planet from the Sun. ammonia, above a small rocky core.
Recorded coldest temperature ever. Methane in the atmosphere absorbs
A gaseous cyan-colored ice giant. red light, causing the light reflected by
Rotates clockwise, or in a the planet to be blue in color, making
retrograde fashion. Neptune appear blue.
 SUN
Sun is the only star in our solar
system and generates its own light
through nuclear fusion reactions.
The Sun is about 100 times wider
than Earth and 10 times wider than
Jupiter.
MOON
Composed of hydrogen & helium. Earth's only natural satellite.
Sun emits a stream of charged Moon's gravity significantly influences
particles called solar wind. Earth's tides.
Sun's atmosphere consists of three Due to tidal forces, Moon always
main layers: the photosphere shows the same side to Earth.
(visible surface), chromosphere,
(384,400 Km) away from earth.
and corona.
Moon has a very thin, tenuous
atmosphere.

REMINDER
Venus and Uranus are the only
planets in our solar system that
rotate clockwise, while all other
planets rotate counterclockwise.

DENSITY DISTANCE RADIUS MASS ROTATION TIME ORBITAL

Earth Neptune Jupiter Jupiter Venus Neptune

Mercury Uranus Saturn Saturn Mercury Uranus
Venus Saturn Uranus Neptune Mars Saturn
Mars Jupiter Neptune Uranus Earth Jupiter
Neptune Mars Earth Earth Neptune Mars
Jupiter Earth Venus Venus Uranus Earth
Uranus Venus Mars Mars Saturn Venus
Saturn Mercury Mercury Mercury Jupiter Mercury

ARRANGEMENT OF PLANETS : HIGHEST TO LOWEST

 GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALE

CAINOZOIC
ERA

65 Million years ago - present

Holocene (0 - 10,000)
The era of Homo sapiens (Modern Man)
Pleistocene (10,000 - 2 M)

EPOCH
ERA PERIOD

Quaternary Present - 2 MYO Pliocene (2 - 5 M) Miocene (5 - 24 M)

Oligocene (24 - 37 M) Eocene (37 - 58 M)
Tertiary 2 - 65 MYO Paleocene (57 - 65 M)

MESOZOIC
65 - 245 Million years ago mammals were present on Earth
The era of dinosaurs and mass extinctions, Frogs and turtles.
ERA

Cretaceous 65 - 144 MYO Extinctions of dinosaurs

PERIOD

Jurassic 144 - 208 MYO Ages of dinosaurs

Triassic 208 - 245 MYO Frogs and turtles

PALEOZOIC
ERA

245 - 570 Million years ago

Life began in the ocean and transitioned onto land.
Primitive plants covered the earth.

Permian 245 - 286 MYO Reptile dominate-replace amphibians

Carboniferous 286 - 360 MYO First Reptiles: Vertebrates ( Coal beds )

Devonian 360 - 408 MYO

PERIOD

Amphibians

Silurian 408 - 438 MYO First trace of life on land: Plants

Ordovician 438 - 505 MYO First Fish

Cambrian 505 - 570 MYO No terrestrial Life: Marine Invertebrate

PRE-CAMBRIAN
ERA

570 - 4,800 Million years ago

The Precambrian is a period of time that began when the Earth formed.

Proterozoic 570 - 2,500 MYO Soft-bodied arthropods

EONS

Archean 2,500 - 3,800 MYO Blue-green Algae: Unicellular bacteria

Hadean 3,800-4,800 MYO Oceans, Atmosphere & Continents form - Rich in CO2
ERA

5,000 - 13,700 Million years ago

A period of time when universe is formed.

Origin of Stars 5,000 MYO Origin of the Sun

EONS

Supernova 12,000 MYO Origin of the Universe

Big Bang 13.700 BYO Gave rise to atomic matter