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Symbol & Structure
“A unique symbol in circuit diagrams represents a
Zener Diode Zener diode. It consists of a regular diode symbol
with two diagonal lines drawn across it. This
Working, symbol helps identify it’s functionality as a
Characteristics volatage regulator, distinguishing it from other
diodes.”
& Applications Structure:
• Similar to a normal PN junction diode, but
Presented By Zubair Shakeel Roll No : 10
the doping is higher, making the depletion
region thinner.
• This allows it to operate efficiently in reverse
breakdown.
Introduction to Zener Diode Characteristics Of Zener Diode
A Zener Diode is a special type of semiconductor diode A Zener diode has special characteristics that set it apart from
that allows current to flow in the forward direction like a regular diodes. Here are some of them:
normal diode but also permits current in the reverse 1. Zener Voltage: The most notable feature of a Zener diode is its
direction when the voltage exceeds a certain value known ability to maintain a constant voltage across its terminals, even
as the Zener Breakdown Voltage (VZ_ZZ). when its current varies. This voltage is known as the Zener voltage
1. It is heavily doped to have a sharp breakdown voltage. or breakdown voltage, denoted as Vz. Zener diodes are specifically
2. It is used primarily for voltage regulation in circuits. designed to operate in the reverse bias region, where the
breakdown occurs.
2. Zener Current: Zener diodes can handle a specific amount of
current known as the Zener current (Iz). This current should not be
exceeded to ensure proper functioning and prevent damage to
the diode.
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Applications Of Zener Diode
3. Breakdown Voltage: The breakdown voltage is the minimum
reverse-bias voltage required for a Zener diode to start conducting
current in the reverse direction. Once this voltage is reached, the
Zener diode enters the breakdown region and maintains a nearly 02
constant voltage across its terminals. 04
4. I-V Characteristics: A Zener diode’s current-voltage (I-V) Overvoltage
characteristic curve reveals its behavior in different operating regions.
In the forward bias region, it behaves similarly to a regular diode,
01 Protection 03 Signal Clipping
allowing current flow when the forward voltage exceeds a certain & Limiting
threshold. However, in the reverse bias region beyond the breakdown Voltage
voltage, the curve shows a sharp increase in current while
Voltage
maintaining a relatively constant voltage. Regulation Reference
Working Principle of Zener Diode Breakdown Mechanism in Zener
Diodes
The primary function of a Zener diode is to act as a voltage regulator,
1. Zener Breakdown (for VZ < 5V)
maintaining a constant voltage across its terminals regardless of
variations in input voltage or current. This is achieved by operating the Zener breakdown occurs at lower voltages (typically below 5V) due
diode in its reverse breakdown region, where it exhibits Zener breakdown. to quantum mechanical tunneling:
When the Zener voltage (VZ_ZZ) is reached, the diode starts conducting
in the reverse direction, allowing current to flow. During this process, the • When the reverse voltage reaches the Zener voltage, the electric
current increases sharply while the voltage across the diode remains field across the depletion region becomes extremely strong.
nearly constant.
• This allows electrons to tunnel through the depletion region without
The reverse current (𝑰𝒛) in this mode is given by:
needing extra energy.
Vin − Vz • As a result, the diode starts conducting in reverse, keeping the
Iz =
R voltage stable.
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Breakdown Mechanism in Zener
Diodes 02
2. Avalanche Breakdown (for VZ > 5V) 2. Overvoltage Protection:
Avalanche breakdown occurs at higher reverse voltages (typically above 5V). Zener diodes are commonly used to protect electronic devices
from overvoltage conditions. By connecting a Zener diode in parallel
It is caused by the impact ionization effect, where: with the device to be protected, any excess voltage above the Zener
• The strong electric field across the depletion region accelerates free . diode’s breakdown voltage will be shunted away, preventing damage
to the device.
electrons.
• These electrons collide with atoms in the crystal lattice, knocking more 03
electrons loose.
3. Voltage Reference:
• This creates a chain reaction, generating a large number of charge carriers By selecting a Zener diode with a specific breakdown voltage, it is
(electrons and holes). possible to create a stable reference voltage that can be used for
precise measurements or as a reference point for other components.
• As a result, a sudden increase in current occurs, leading to breakdown.
Zener diodes find applications in various fields due to
their exclusive properties. Here are some common uses 04
Application 01 4. Signal Clipping and Limiting:
Zener diodes can clip or limit signals in electronic circuits. By
Of Zener 1. Voltage Regulation:
connecting a Zener diode in series with a signal, any portion of
the signal that exceeds the Zener diode’s breakdown voltage
One of the main applications of Zener diodes is to
Diode regulate voltage in electronic circuits. When connected in
will be clipped or limited to that voltage level. It can be helpful
in applications such as audio amplifiers and communication
reverse bias, Zener diodes can maintain a constant
systems.
voltage across their terminals, even with variations in
input voltage. It makes them ideal for stabilizing power
supply voltages and protecting sensitive components
from voltage spikes.
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