Gopalan College of Engineering and Management

(ISO 9001:2015)
Approved by All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), New Delhi
Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU), Belagavi, Karnataka
Recognised by Govt. of Karnataka
Address: 181/1, 182/1, Sonnenahalli, Hoodi, K.R.Puram, Whitefield, Bangalore, Karnataka - 560 048
Phone No: (080) - 42229748 Email: [email protected] Website: www.gopalancolleges.com/gcem

MODULE-WISE SOLUTIONS
Year / Semester II / IV
Course Code BAE401
Course Name Aero Engineering Thermodynamics

Module 1: Fundamental Concepts & Definitions, Work and Heat

Dec.2019/Jan.2020
1. Explain the following with suitable examples.
i) Open system
ii) Closed system
iii) Isolated system. (08 Marks)
(i) Open system: If matter flows into or out of the system, then the system is known
as open system. Thus, in an open system, both mass and energy may cross the
system boundary.

Example: Automobile engine as shown in figure.

Prof. Saviraj A S, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, GCEM, Bengaluru

 (ii) Closed System: It is defined as the system of fixed mass in which only energy
transfer takes place. Thus, in a closed system, mass doesn’t cross the system
boundary even though energy may cross.

Example: piston – cylinder arrangement shown in figure.

(iii) Isolated System: If neither mass nor energy is allowed to cross the boundary, the
system is called as isolated system.

Example: Gas confined in a sealed insulated box as shown in figure.

2. Readings tA and tB of two Clausius thermometer A and B agree at ice point and
steam point but else where they are related by the equation t A = l + mtB + ntB2
where l, m and n are constant when both the thermometric are immersed in oil A
indicates 55 C and B indicates 50 C, determine the values of constants l, m and
n and also the temperature reading on thermometer A when B reads 25 C?
(12 Marks)
Solution:
As the two thermometers A and B agree at the ice point and steam point,
At ice point, 𝑡𝐴 = 𝑙 + 𝑚𝑡𝐵 + 𝑛𝑡𝐵 2
0 =𝑙+𝑚×0+𝑛×0
𝒍=𝟎 (1)

Prof. Saviraj A S, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, GCEM, Bengaluru

 At steam point, 100 = 𝑙 + 𝑚 × 100 + 𝑛 × 1002
𝑚 = 1 − 100𝑛 (2)
When A indicates 55 o C, B indicates 50 o C. Hence
55 = 50𝑚 + 2500𝑛 (3)
Substituting (2) in (3),
𝟏
𝒏 = − 𝟓𝟎𝟎 (4)

Substituting (4) in (2),

𝟔
𝒎= (5)
𝟓

When thermometer B reads 25 o C,

6 1
𝑡𝐴 = 𝑡𝐵 − 𝑡 2
5 500 𝐵
6 1
𝑡𝐴 = 25 − 252
5 500
𝒕𝑨 = 𝟐𝟖. 𝟕𝟓 ℃

3. A system undergoes a process in which the pressure and volume are related by
an equation of the form PV n = C. Derive an expression for displacement work
during this process. (10 Marks)

Figure shows p-V diagram for the given process.

Given, 𝒑𝑽𝒏 = 𝒑𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝒏 = 𝒑𝟐 𝑽𝟐 𝒏 (1)
𝒑𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝒏
𝒑= (2)
𝑽𝒏

Work done in a quasi-static process,

𝑽
𝑾 = ∫𝑽 𝟐 𝒑𝒅𝑽 (3)
𝟏

Prof. Saviraj A S, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, GCEM, Bengaluru

 Substituting (1) in (2),
𝑉2
𝑝1 𝑉1 𝑛
𝑊= ∫ 𝑑𝑉
𝑉𝑛
𝑉1
𝑉2

𝑊 = 𝑝1 𝑉1 𝑛 ∫ 𝑉 −𝑛 𝑑𝑉
𝑉1

𝑉
𝑛 𝑉 1−𝑛 2
𝑊 = 𝑝1 𝑉1 [ ]
1−𝑛 𝑉
1

𝑝1𝑉1 𝑛
𝑊= [𝑉2 1−𝑛 − 𝑉1 1−𝑛 ] (4)
1−𝑛

Using (1) in (4),

𝑝2 𝑉2 𝑛 𝑉2 1−𝑛 − 𝑝1 𝑉1 𝑛 𝑉1 1−𝑛
𝑊=
1 −𝑛
𝒑𝟏 𝑽𝟏 −𝒑𝟐 𝑽𝟐
𝑾= (5)
𝒏−𝟏

(5) is the expression for displacement work during the given process.

4. A Spherical balloon of 0.5 m diameter contains air at a pressure of 500 kPa the
diameter increases to 0.55 m in a reversible process during which pressure is
proportional to diameter. Determine the work done by the air during this
process. (10 Marks)
Data:
p1 = 500 kPa
D 1 = 0.5 m
D 2 = 0.55 m
W=?

Solution:
Given, 𝑝 ∝𝐷
𝑝 = 𝐶𝐷, where C is constant of proportionality
𝑝
=𝐶
𝐷
𝑝 𝑝1 𝑝2
= =
𝐷 𝐷1 𝐷2
𝒑𝟏
𝒑= 𝑫 (1)
𝑫𝟏

Prof. Saviraj A S, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, GCEM, Bengaluru

 𝜋
Volume of the spherical balloon, 𝑉 = 6 𝐷 3
𝝅
𝒅𝑽 = 𝟐 𝑫𝟐 𝒅𝑫 (2)
𝑉
Work done by the air, 𝑊 = ∫𝑉 2 𝑝𝑑𝑉 (3)
1

Substituting (1) and (2) in (3),

𝐷2
𝑝1 𝜋
𝑊= ∫( ) 𝐷 𝐷 2 𝑑𝐷
𝐷1 2
𝐷1

𝜋 𝑝1
𝑊= ( ) (𝐷2 4 − 𝐷1 4 )
8 𝐷1
𝜋 500 × 103
𝑊= ( ) (0.554 − 0.54 )
8 0.5
𝑾 = 𝟏𝟏, 𝟑𝟗𝟎. 𝟕𝟐 𝑱 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟗 𝒌𝑱

Aug./Sept. 2020
5. What is thermodynamic system? Explain the types of thermodynamic system.
(05 Marks)
Thermodynamic system: It is a finite quantity of matter or prescribed region of space
under study.
(i) Open system: If matter flows into or out of the system, then the system is known
as open system. Thus, in an open system, both mass and energy may cross the
system boundary.

Example: Automobile engine as shown in figure.

(ii) Closed System: It is defined as the system of fixed mass in which only energy
transfer takes place. Thus, in a closed system, mass doesn’t cross the system
boundary even though energy may cross.

Prof. Saviraj A S, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, GCEM, Bengaluru

 Example: piston – cylinder arrangement shown in figure.

(iii) Isolated System: If neither mass nor energy is allowed to cross the boundary, the
system is called as isolated system.

Example: Gas confined in a sealed insulated box as shown in figure.

6. State zeroth law of thermodynamics and extract the concept of temperature from
it. (05 Marks)
Statement: If two systems A and B are in thermal equilibrium with third system C,
then A and B are in thermal equilibrium with each other.

Prof. Saviraj A S, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, GCEM, Bengaluru

 Temperature: It is thermal state of body which distinguishes a hot body from a cold
body. Instruments for measuring ordinary temperatures are known as thermometers
and those for measuring high temperatures are known as pyrometers. The temperature
at which a gas doesn’t occupy any volume is known as absolute zero temperature.
Absolute temperature is found to occur at 273.15 o C below the freezing point of
water.

7. In 1709, Sir Issac Newton proposed a new temperature scale. On this scale, the
temperature was a linear function of Celsius scale. The reading on this at ice
point (0°C) and normal human body temperature (37°C) were 0°N and 12°N
respectively. Obtain the relation between the Newton scale and the Celsius scale.
(10 Marks)
Solution:
Considering Newton scale:
Let 𝑇°𝑁 be the temperature on Newton scale. Since temperature is a linear function of
length of mercury column L,
𝑇°𝑁 = 𝑎𝐿 + 𝑏 (1)
For ice point, 𝐿 = 𝐿 𝑖 ; 𝑇°𝑁 = 0 ᵒ𝑁
0 = 𝑎𝐿 𝑖 + 𝑏 (2)
For normal body temperature, 𝐿 = 𝐿 𝑏 ; 𝑇°𝑁 = 12 ᵒ𝑁
12 = 𝑎𝐿 𝑏 + 𝑏 (3)
12 −12𝐿𝑖
Solving (2) and (3), 𝑎= , 𝑏= (4)
𝐿𝑏 −𝐿𝑖 𝐿𝑏−𝐿𝑖

𝟏𝟐 ( 𝑳−𝑳𝒊 )
Substituting (4) in (1), 𝑻°𝑵 = (5)
𝑳𝒃 −𝑳𝒊

Considering Celsius scale:

Let T o C be the temperature on Celsius scale. Since temperature is a linear function of
length of mercury column L,
𝑇℃ = 𝑎1 𝐿 + 𝑏1 (6)
For ice point, 𝐿 = 𝐿 𝑖 ; 𝑇℃ = 0 ℃
0 = 𝑎1 𝐿 𝑖 + 𝑏1 (7)
For normal body temperature, 𝐿 = 𝐿 𝑏 ; 𝑇℃ = 37 ℃
37 = 𝑎1 𝐿 𝑏 + 𝑏1 (8)

Prof. Saviraj A S, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, GCEM, Bengaluru

 37 −37𝐿𝑖
Solving (7) and (8), 𝑎1 = , 𝑏1 = (9)
𝐿𝑏−𝐿𝑖 𝐿𝑏 −𝐿𝑖

𝟑𝟕 ( 𝑳−𝑳𝒊 )
Substituting (9) in (6), 𝑻℃ = (10)
𝑳𝒃 −𝑳𝒊

From (5) and (10),

𝑇°𝑁 𝑇℃
=
12 37
𝟏𝟐
𝑻°𝑵′ = 𝑻℃ (11)
𝟑𝟕

(11) gives the relation between Newton and Celsius scales.

8. Distinguish between Heat and Work. (04 Marks)

(i) Work is a measure of organized and directed flow of energy whereas, heat is a
non-organized flow of energy of molecular and atomic interaction.
(ii) In case of work, the sole effect external to the system could be reduced to the
raising of mass against gravity. In case of heat, other effects are also observed.
(iii) Heat is energy interaction due to difference in temperature whereas work is
due to reasons other than temperature difference.
(iv) Work is a high-grade energy whereas heat is a low-grade energy.

9. Derive an expression for displacement work in a polytropic process

PV n = constant. Show on a P-V diagram, four expansion process for n = 0, n = 1,
n = 1.4 and n = ∞. Name each of the process. (08 Marks)

For polytropic process, 𝒑𝑽𝒏 = 𝒑𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝒏 = 𝒑𝟐 𝑽𝟐 𝒏 (1)

𝒑𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝒏
𝒑= (2)
𝑽𝒏

Work done in a quasi-static process,

𝑽
𝑾 = ∫𝑽 𝟐 𝒑𝒅𝑽 (3)
𝟏

Substituting (1) in (2),

𝑉2
𝑝1 𝑉1 𝑛
𝑊= ∫ 𝑑𝑉
𝑉𝑛
𝑉1
𝑉2

𝑊 = 𝑝1 𝑉1 𝑛 ∫ 𝑉 −𝑛 𝑑𝑉
𝑉1

Prof. Saviraj A S, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, GCEM, Bengaluru

 𝑉
𝑛 𝑉 1−𝑛 2
𝑊 = 𝑝1 𝑉1 [ ]
1−𝑛 𝑉
1
𝑛
𝑝1𝑉1
𝑊= [𝑉2 1−𝑛 − 𝑉1 1−𝑛 ] (4)
1−𝑛

Using (1) in (4),

𝑝2 𝑉2 𝑛 𝑉2 1−𝑛 − 𝑝1 𝑉1 𝑛 𝑉1 1−𝑛
𝑊=
1 −𝑛
𝒑𝟏 𝑽𝟏 −𝒑𝟐 𝑽𝟐
𝑾= (5)
𝒏−𝟏

(5) is the expression for displacement work during the given process.

Figure shows the four expansion processes on p-V diagram.

10. A spherical balloon has an initial diameter of 25 cm and contains air at 1.2 bar.
When heated the diameter increases to 30 cm. During heating the pressure is
found to be proportional to diameter. Calculate the work done. (08 Marks)
Data:
p1 = 1.2 x 105 Pa
D 1 = 0.25 m
D 2 = 0.3 m
W=?

Solution:
Given, 𝑝 ∝𝐷
𝑝 = 𝐶𝐷, where C is constant of proportionality
𝑝
=𝐶
𝐷
𝑝 𝑝1 𝑝2
= =
𝐷 𝐷1 𝐷2

Prof. Saviraj A S, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, GCEM, Bengaluru

 𝒑𝟏
𝒑= 𝑫 (1)
𝑫𝟏
𝜋
Volume of the spherical balloon, 𝑉 = 6 𝐷 3
𝝅
𝒅𝑽 = 𝟐 𝑫𝟐 𝒅𝑫 (2)
𝑉
Work done by the air, 𝑊 = ∫𝑉 2 𝑝𝑑𝑉 (3)
1

Substituting (1) and (2) in (3),

𝐷2
𝑝1 𝜋
𝑊= ∫( ) 𝐷 𝐷 2 𝑑𝐷
𝐷1 2
𝐷1

𝜋 𝑝1
𝑊= ( ) (𝐷2 4 − 𝐷1 4 )
8 𝐷1
𝜋 1.2 × 105
𝑊= ( ) (0.34 − 0.254 )
8 0.25
𝑾 = 𝟕𝟗𝟎. 𝟓 𝑱 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟗𝟎𝟓 𝒌𝑱

Jan./Feb. 2021
11. Derive the expression for Celsius and Fahrenheit scale and explicitly bring out
their relationship. (10 Marks)
Considering Celsius scale:
Let T o C be the temperature on Celsius scale which is a linear function of length of the
mercury column L,
𝑇℃ = 𝑎𝐿 + 𝑏 (1)
For ice point, 𝐿 = 𝐿 𝑖 ; 𝑇℃ = 0 ℃
0 = 𝑎𝐿 𝑖 + 𝑏 (2)
For steam point, 𝐿 = 𝐿 𝑠 ; 𝑇℃ = 100 ℃
100 = 𝑎𝐿 𝑠 + 𝑏 (3)
100 −100 𝐿𝑖
Solving (2) and (3), 𝑎=𝐿 , 𝑏1 = (4)
𝑠 −𝐿𝑖 𝐿𝑠 −𝐿𝑖

𝟏𝟎𝟎 ( 𝑳−𝑳𝒊 )
Substituting (4) in (1), 𝑇℃ = 𝑳𝒔 −𝑳𝒊

𝑳−𝑳𝒊 𝑻℃
= 𝟏𝟎𝟎 (5)
𝑳𝒔 −𝑳𝒊

Considering Fahrenheit scale:

Let T o F be the temperature on Fahrenheit scale which is a linear function of length of
the mercury column L,

Prof. Saviraj A S, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, GCEM, Bengaluru

 𝑇℉ = 𝐴𝐿 + 𝐵 (6)
For ice point, 𝐿 = 𝐿 𝑖 ; 𝑇℉ = 32 ℉
32 = 𝐴𝐿 𝑖 + 𝐵 (7)
For steam point, 𝐿 = 𝐿 𝑠 ; 𝑇℉ = 212 ℉
212 = 𝐴𝐿 𝑠 + 𝐵 (8)
180 180𝐿𝑖
Solving (7) and (8), 𝐴=𝐿 , 𝐵 = 32 − 𝐿 (9)
𝑠 −𝐿𝑖 𝑠 −𝐿𝑖

𝟏𝟖𝟎 ( 𝑳−𝑳𝒊 )
Substituting (9) in (6), 𝑻℉ = 𝟑𝟐 + (10)
𝑳𝒔 −𝑳𝒊

180 ( 𝑇℃)
Substituting (5) in (10), 𝑇℉ = 32 + 100
𝟓
𝑻℃ = 𝟗 (𝑻℉ − 𝟑𝟐) (11)

(11) gives the relationship between Celsius and Fahrenheit temperature scales.

12. Readings tA and tB of two Celsius thermometer A and B agree at ice point and
steam point but else where they are related by the equation t A = l + mtB + ntB2
where l, m and n are constant when both the thermometer are immersed in oil A
indicates 55 C and B indicates 50 C, determine the values of constant l, m and n
and also the temperature reading on thermometer A when B reads 25  C.
(10 Marks)
Refer solution of Q. No. 2

13. Derive an expression for work done for the following:

(i) Shaft work
(ii) Spring work (10 Marks)

(i) Shaft work:

Consider an engine shaft rotated by means of an external force. The shaft undergoes
an angular displacement θ due to applied torque T.

For a small angular displacement dθ, shaft work is given by,

Prof. Saviraj A S, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, GCEM, Bengaluru

 𝑑𝑊 = 𝑇𝑑𝜃
For finite changes, shaft work
2

𝑊 = ∫ 𝑇𝑑𝜃
1

Shaft power,
2
𝑑𝜃
𝑃 = ∫𝑇( )
𝑑𝑡
1

𝑃 = 𝑇𝜔
𝑑𝜃
where 𝜔 = = angular velocity.
𝑑𝑡

(ii) Spring work:

Consider a spring of cross-section A and length L subjected to tension F. Let dL be the
change in length.
Work done on the spring,
𝑑𝑊 = −𝐹𝑑𝐿 (1)
Stress in the spring,
𝐹
𝜎= = 𝐸𝜀 (2)
𝐴

Where ε is the strain induced and E is Young’s modulus.

Strain induced,
𝑑𝐿
𝑑𝜀 = (3)
𝐿

Substituting (2) and (3) in (1),

𝑑𝑊 = −𝐴𝐸𝐿𝜀𝑑𝜀
For finite change in length,
2
𝑊 = −𝐴𝐸𝐿 ∫ 𝜀𝑑𝜀
1

𝐴𝐸𝐿
𝑊=− (𝜀2 2 − 𝜀1 2 )
2

14. A spherical balloon of 0.5 m diameter contains air at a pressure of 500 kPa the
diameter increases to 0.55 m in a reversible process during which pressure
proportional to diameter. Determine the work done by the air during this
process. (10 Marks)
Refer solution of Q. No. 4

Prof. Saviraj A S, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, GCEM, Bengaluru

 July/August 2022
15. Classify the following into intensive and extensive properties: i) Color ii)
Concentration iii) Enthalpy iv) Entropy v) Density vi) Internal energy vii)
Specific enthalpy viii) Hardness ix) Pressure x) Volume. (10 Marks)
i) Color – Intensive property
ii) Concentration – Intensive property
iii) Enthalpy – Extensive property
iv) Entropy – Extensive property
v) Density – Intensive property
vi) Internal energy – Extensive property
vii) Specific enthalpy – Intensive property
viii) Hardness – Intensive property
ix) Pressure – Intensive property
x) Volume – Extensive property

16. The emf in a thermocouple with the test junction at t o C on gas thermometer
scale and reference junction at ice point is given by  = 0.20t – 5  10–4 t2 mV. The
milli-voltmeter is calibrated at ice point and steam point. What will this
thermometer read in a place where the gas thermometer reads 50  C? (10 Marks)

Solution:
Given,  = 0.20t – 5  10–4 t 2
At ice point, when t = 0 o C, ε = 0
At steam point, when t = 100 o C,
𝜀 = 0.2 × 100 − 5 × 10−4 × 1002 = 15 𝑚𝑉
Now, when t = 50 o C,
𝜀 = 0.2 × 50 − 5 × 10−4 × 502 = 8.75 𝑚𝑉
When gas thermometer reads 50 o C, thermocouple will read,
𝟏𝟎𝟎 × 𝟖. 𝟕𝟓
𝒕= = 𝟓𝟖. 𝟑𝟑 ℃
𝟏𝟓

17. Obtain displacement work for following quasi-static process i) Isobaric process
ii) Isothermal process iii) Adiabatic process. (10 Marks)

Prof. Saviraj A S, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, GCEM, Bengaluru

 i) Isobaric process

Figure shows the p-V diagram for isobaric process (p = C)

Work done in a quasi-static process,
𝑽
𝑾 = ∫𝑽 𝟐 𝒑𝒅𝑽
𝟏
𝑉2

𝑊 = 𝑝 ∫ 𝑑𝑉
𝑉1

𝑉
𝑊 = 𝑝[𝑉 ]𝑉21
𝑊 = 𝑝[𝑉2 − 𝑉1 ] (1)
(1) is the expression for displacement work during isobaric process.

ii) Isothermal process:

Figure shows the p-V diagram for isothermal process (pV = C)

For isothermal process, 𝒑𝑽 = 𝒑𝟏 𝑽𝟏 = 𝒑𝟐 𝑽𝟐
𝒑𝟏 𝑽𝟏
𝒑= (1)
𝑽

Work done in a quasi-static process,

𝑽
𝑾 = ∫𝑽 𝟐 𝒑𝒅𝑽 (2)
𝟏

Substituting (1) in (2),

Prof. Saviraj A S, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, GCEM, Bengaluru

 𝑉2
𝑝1 𝑉1
𝑊= ∫ 𝑑𝑉
𝑉
𝑉1

𝑉2
1
𝑊 = 𝑝1 𝑉1 ∫ 𝑑𝑉
𝑉
𝑉1

𝑊 = 𝑝1 𝑉1 [log 𝑒 𝑉 ]𝑉𝑉21
𝑊 = 𝑝1 𝑉1 [log 𝑒 𝑉2 − log 𝑒 𝑉1 ]
𝑽
𝑾 = 𝒑𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒆 (𝑽𝟐 ) (3)
𝟏

(3) is the expression for displacement work during the given process.

iii) Adiabatic process:

Figure shows the p-V diagram for adiabatic process (pV γ = C)

For adiabatic process, 𝒑𝑽𝜸 = 𝒑𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝜸 = 𝒑𝟐 𝑽𝟐 𝜸 (1)
𝒑𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝜸
𝒑= (2)
𝑽𝜸

Work done in a quasi-static process,

𝑽
𝑾 = ∫𝑽 𝟐 𝒑𝒅𝑽 (3)
𝟏

Substituting (1) in (2),

𝑉2
𝑝1 𝑉1 𝛾
𝑊=∫ 𝑑𝑉
𝑉𝛾
𝑉1
𝑉2

𝑊 = 𝑝1 𝑉1 𝛾 ∫ 𝑉 −𝛾 𝑑𝑉
𝑉1

𝑉
𝑉 1−𝛾 2
𝛾
𝑊 = 𝑝1 𝑉1 [ ]
1−𝛾 𝑉
1

Prof. Saviraj A S, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, GCEM, Bengaluru

 𝑝1𝑉1 𝛾
𝑊= [𝑉2 1−𝛾 − 𝑉1 1−𝛾 ] (4)
1−𝛾

Using (1) in (4),

𝑝2 𝑉2 𝛾 𝑉2 1−𝛾 − 𝑝1 𝑉1 𝛾 𝑉1 1−𝛾
𝑊=
1−𝛾
𝒑𝟏 𝑽𝟏 −𝒑𝟐 𝑽𝟐
𝑾= (5)
𝛾−𝟏

(5) is the expression for displacement work during the adiabatic process.

18. Gas from a bottle of compressed helium is used to inflate an inelastic flexible
balloon, originally folded completely flat to a volume of 0.5 m3 . If the barometer
reads 760 mm of Hg. What is the amount of work done upon the atmosphere by
the balloon? Sketch the system before and after the process. (10 Marks)

Data:
p = 760 mm Hg = 101.325 kPa
V1 = 0
V 2 = 0.5 m3
W=?

Solution:

Line B1 shows the boundary of the system before the process and line B 2 shows the
boundary after the process.
The displacement work,

𝑊 = ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑉

𝑊 = 𝑝(𝑉2 − 𝑉1 ) = 101.325(0.5 − 0)
𝑾 = 𝟓𝟎. 𝟔𝟔 𝒌𝑱

Prof. Saviraj A S, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, GCEM, Bengaluru

 Dec.2019/Jan.2020
19. What is open system, closed system and isolated system? Give examples of each.
(06 Marks)
Refer solution of Q. No. 1

20. Show that to C = 100 (x – xi)/(xs- xi) (06 Marks)

Let T o C be the temperature on Celsius scale which is a linear function of length of the
mercury column x,
𝑇℃ = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 (1)
For ice point, 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑖 ; 𝑇℃ = 0 ℃
0 = 𝑎𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑏 (2)
For steam point, 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑠 ; 𝑇℃ = 100 ℃
100 = 𝑎𝑥 𝑠 + 𝑏 (3)
100 −100 𝑥𝑖
Solving (2) and (3), 𝑎=𝑥 , 𝑏1 = (4)
𝑠 −𝑥𝑖 𝑥𝑠 −𝑥𝑖

𝟏𝟎𝟎 ( 𝒙−𝒙𝒊 )
Substituting (4) in (1), 𝑻℃ = (5)
(𝒙𝒔 −𝒙𝒊 )

21. A resistance thermometer follows an equation R t = R o (1+αt) where R t, Ro are the

values of resistance at temperature tºc and 0ºC respectively α is a constant, the
thermometer is calibrated by immersing it in boiling water and boiling sulphur
which have the temperature values of 100 ºC and 445 ºC at these temperature the
thermometer indicates the resistance values of 14.7 Ω and 29.2 Ω respectively.
Find the temperature of a fluid when the thermometer reads 23.5 Ω. (08 Marks)
Data:
When t = 100 o C, Rt = 14.7 Ω
When t = 445 o C, Rt = 29.2 Ω
For Rt = 23.5 Ω, t = ?

Solution:
Given, 𝑅𝑡 = 𝑅0 (1 + 𝛼𝑡) (1)
When t = 100 o C, Rt = 14.7 Ω
14.7 = 𝑅0 (1 + 𝛼 × 100) (2)
When t = 445 o C, Rt = 29.2 Ω

Prof. Saviraj A S, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, GCEM, Bengaluru

 29.2 = 𝑅0 (1 + 𝛼 × 445) (3)
Dividing (3) by (2),
1 + 445𝛼
= 1.9864
1 + 100𝛼
1 + 445𝛼 = 1.9864 + 198.64𝛼
𝛼 = 0.004
(2) becomes 14.7 = 𝑅0 (1 + 0.004 × 100)
𝑅0 = 10.5 Ω
Substituting for 𝛼 and 𝑅0 in (1),
𝑅𝑡 = 10.5(1 + 0.004𝑡)
For Rt = 23.5 Ω,
23.5 = 10.5(1 + 0.004𝑡)
𝒕 = 𝟑𝟎𝟗. 𝟓𝟐 ℃

22. With the help of neat sketch prove that free expansion has zero work transfer.
(08 Marks)

Consider a rigid vessel divided by a diaphragm as shown in Figure. One comparted

formed by the diaphragm contains a gas whereas the other compartment is evacuated.
When the diaphragm is ruptured, the gas start occupying the evacuated compartment
causing change in volume. This process is known as free expansion.

Work done during the process,

W = work before rupturing the diaphragm + work after rupturing the diaphragm

𝑊 = ∫ 𝑝𝑖 𝑑𝑉 + ∫ 𝑝𝑓 𝑑𝑉

Since before rupturing the diaphragm volume is constant, dV = 0.

Also after rupturing the diaphragm, pressure is zero due to vacuum. P f = 0.

∴ 𝑊 = ∫ 𝑝𝑖 × 0 + ∫ 0 × 𝑑𝑉 = 0

Hence proved.

Prof. Saviraj A S, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, GCEM, Bengaluru

 23. Obtain an expression for work done by the isothermal process. (04 Marks)

Figure shows the p-V diagram for isothermal process (pV = C)

For isothermal process, 𝒑𝑽 = 𝒑𝟏 𝑽𝟏 = 𝒑𝟐 𝑽𝟐
𝒑𝟏 𝑽𝟏
𝒑= (1)
𝑽

Work done in a quasi-static process,

𝑽
𝑾 = ∫𝑽 𝟐 𝒑𝒅𝑽 (2)
𝟏

Substituting (1) in (2),

𝑉2
𝑝1 𝑉1
𝑊= ∫ 𝑑𝑉
𝑉
𝑉1
𝑉2
1
𝑊 = 𝑝1 𝑉1 ∫ 𝑑𝑉
𝑉
𝑉1

𝑊 = 𝑝1 𝑉1 [log 𝑒 𝑉 ]𝑉𝑉2
1

𝑊 = 𝑝1 𝑉1 [log 𝑒 𝑉2 − log 𝑒 𝑉1 ]
𝑽
𝑾 = 𝒑𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒆 ( 𝟐 ) (3)
𝑽𝟏

(3) is the expression for work done during isothermal process.

24. A spherical balloon has a diameter of 20 cm and it contains air at a pressure of

1.5 bar during a certain process the diameter of a balloon increases to 30 cm
during which the pressure in proportional to diameter. Calculate the work done
by the air inside the balloon during this process. (08 Marks)
Data:
p1 = 1.5 x 105 Pa
D 1 = 0.2 m
D 2 = 0.3 m
W=?

Prof. Saviraj A S, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, GCEM, Bengaluru

 Solution:
Given, 𝑝 ∝𝐷
𝑝 = 𝐶𝐷, where C is constant of proportionality
𝑝
=𝐶
𝐷
𝑝 𝑝1 𝑝2
= =
𝐷 𝐷1 𝐷2
𝒑𝟏
𝒑= 𝑫 (1)
𝑫𝟏
𝜋
Volume of the spherical balloon, 𝑉 = 𝐷 3
6
𝝅
𝒅𝑽 = 𝟐 𝑫𝟐 𝒅𝑫 (2)
𝑉
Work done by the air, 𝑊 = ∫𝑉 2 𝑝𝑑𝑉 (3)
1

Substituting (1) and (2) in (3),

𝐷2
𝑝1 𝜋
𝑊= ∫( ) 𝐷 𝐷 2 𝑑𝐷
𝐷1 2
𝐷1

𝜋 𝑝1
𝑊= ( ) (𝐷2 4 − 𝐷1 4 )
8 𝐷1
𝜋 1.5 × 105
𝑊= ( ) (0.34 − 0.24 )
8 0.2
𝑾 = 𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟒. 𝟒 𝑱 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟏𝟒 𝒌𝑱

Aug./Sept. 2020
25. Distinguish the following: (i) Microscopic and Macroscopic approach. (ii)
Intensive and Extensive properties. (06 Marks)
(i) Microscopic and Macroscopic approach
Macroscopic approach Microscopic approach
Concerned with the gross or overall Concerned with the behaviour of the
behaviour of the system system at molecular level
Analysis requires simple mathematical Analysis requires advanced statistical and
formula mathematical methods
Properties can be easily measured by the Properties cannot be easily measured by
instruments the instruments
Few variables required to describe the Large number of variables required to

Prof. Saviraj A S, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, GCEM, Bengaluru

 system describe the system
Approach is simple Approach is complicated
Also called as Classical Thermodynamics Also called as Statistical thermodynamics

(ii) Intensive and Extensive properties

Intensive properties are those properties that are independent of the mass of the
system.
Ex: pressure, temperature, density, velocity, viscosity etc.

Extensive properties are those properties whose value depends on the mass of the
system.
Ex: mass, volume, total energy etc.

Extensive properties are divided by mass to obtain intensive properties.

Ex: specific volume

26. With the help of relevant sketches, explain Quasi-static process. (06 Marks)

Quasi – static process is a succession of equilibrium states and infinite slowness is its
characteristic feature.

Consider a piston moving in a frictionless cylinder as shown in the figure. Let piston
moves a small displacement dx in time interval dt.
Infinitesimal work done by the piston,
𝑑𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑𝑥
Where F is the force acting on the piston
𝑑𝑊 = 𝑝𝐴𝑑𝑥

Prof. Saviraj A S, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, GCEM, Bengaluru

 where p is the piston pressure and A is the piston area.
But Adx = dV, where dV is the volume traversed by the piston
∴ 𝑑𝑤 = 𝑝𝑑𝑉
For finite distance of the piston from state 1 to 2,
𝟐
𝑾𝟏−𝟐 = ∫𝟏 𝒑𝒅𝑽 (1)

(1) Is the expression for displacement work during quasi-static process.

27. A temperature scale of certain thermometer is given by the relation, t = a lnp + b.

where a and b are constants and p is the thermometric property of the fluid in
the thermometer. If at the ice point and steam point the thermometer properties
are found to be 1.5 and 7.5 respectively. What will be the temperature
corresponding to the thermometer property of 3.5 on Celsius scale. (08 Marks)
Data:
when t = 0 o C, p = 1.5
when t = 100 o C, p = 7.5
For p = 3.5, t = ?

Solution:
Given, 𝑡 = 𝑎 𝑙𝑛𝑝 + 𝑏 (1)
For ice point, t = 0 o C, p = 1.5
0 = 𝑎 𝑙𝑛1.5 + 𝑏
0 = 0.4055𝑎 + 𝑏 (2)
For steam point, t = 100 o C, p = 7.5
100 = 𝑎 𝑙𝑛7.5 + 𝑏
100 = 2.015𝑎 + 𝑏 (3)
Solving (2) and (3),
a = 62.13, b = -25.19 (4)
Substituting (4) in (1),
𝑡 = 62.13 𝑙𝑛𝑝 − 25.19
For p = 3.5,
𝑡 = 62.13 𝑙𝑛3.5 − 25.19
𝒕 = 𝟓𝟐. 𝟔𝟒 ℃

Prof. Saviraj A S, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, GCEM, Bengaluru

 28. Derive an expression for work done during the following processes:
(i) Constant temperature process. (ii) Polytropic process. (06 Marks)

i) Constant temperature (isothermal) process:

Figure shows the p-V diagram for isothermal process (pV = C)

For isothermal process, 𝒑𝑽 = 𝒑𝟏 𝑽𝟏 = 𝒑𝟐 𝑽𝟐
𝒑𝟏 𝑽𝟏
𝒑= (1)
𝑽

Work done in a quasi-static process,

𝑽
𝑾 = ∫𝑽 𝟐 𝒑𝒅𝑽 (2)
𝟏

Substituting (1) in (2),

𝑉2
𝑝1 𝑉1
𝑊= ∫ 𝑑𝑉
𝑉
𝑉1
𝑉2
1
𝑊 = 𝑝1 𝑉1 ∫ 𝑑𝑉
𝑉
𝑉1

𝑊 = 𝑝1 𝑉1 [log 𝑒 𝑉 ]𝑉𝑉2
1

𝑊 = 𝑝1 𝑉1 [log 𝑒 𝑉2 − log 𝑒 𝑉1 ]
𝑽
𝑾 = 𝒑𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒆 (𝑽𝟐 ) (3)
𝟏

(3) is the expression for displacement work during the given process.

ii) Polytropic process:

Prof. Saviraj A S, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, GCEM, Bengaluru

 Figure shows the p-V diagram for polytropic process (pV n = C)
For adiabatic process, 𝒑𝑽𝒏 = 𝒑𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝒏 = 𝒑𝟐 𝑽𝟐 𝒏 (1)
𝒑𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝒏
𝒑= (2)
𝑽𝒏

Work done in a quasi-static process,

𝑽
𝑾 = ∫𝑽 𝟐 𝒑𝒅𝑽 (3)
𝟏

Substituting (1) in (2),

𝑉2
𝑝1 𝑉1 𝑛
𝑊= ∫ 𝑑𝑉
𝑉𝑛
𝑉1
𝑉2

𝑊 = 𝑝1 𝑉1 𝑛 ∫ 𝑉 −𝑛 𝑑𝑉
𝑉1

𝑉
𝑛 𝑉 1−𝑛 2
𝑊 = 𝑝1 𝑉1 [ ]
1−𝑛 𝑉
1

𝑝1𝑉1 𝑛
𝑊= [𝑉2 1−𝑛 − 𝑉1 1−𝑛 ] (4)
1−𝑛

Using (1) in (4),

𝑝2 𝑉2 𝑛 𝑉2 1−𝑛 − 𝑝1 𝑉1 𝑛 𝑉1 1−𝑛
𝑊=
1 −𝑛
𝒑𝟏 𝑽𝟏 −𝒑𝟐 𝑽𝟐
𝑾= (5)
𝑛−𝟏

(5) is the expression for displacement work during the polytropic process.

29. Describe the similarities and dissimilarities between heat and work. (06 Marks)
Similarities:
(i) Both work and heat are path functions. They are not properties of the system.
(ii) Both work and heat exist during interactions only.
(iii) Both work and heat transfer occur across the system boundary.
(iv) Both work and heat of a system are transient energy.

Dissimilarities:
(i) Work is a measure of organized and directed flow of energy whereas, heat is a
non-organized flow of energy of molecular and atomic interaction.
(ii) In case of work, the sole effect external to the system could be reduced to the
raising of mass against gravity. In case of heat, other effects are also observed.

Prof. Saviraj A S, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, GCEM, Bengaluru

 (iii) Heat is energy interaction due to difference in temperature whereas work is
due to reasons other than temperature difference.
(iv) Work is a high-grade energy whereas heat is a low-grade energy.

30. 200 kJ of work is supplied to a closed system. The pressure and volume relation
is P = 8 – 5 V. P is in bar and V in m3 . The initial volume is 0.5 m3 . Calculate the
final volume and pressure. (08 Marks)
Data:
W = - 200 kJ
V 1 = 0.5 m3
p = 8 – 5V
V 2 = ? p2 = ?

Solution:
Work done,
𝑉2
𝑊 = ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑉
𝑉1
𝑉2
3 5
−200 × 10 = 10 ∫ (8 − 5𝑉 )𝑑𝑉
0.5
𝑉
−200 × 103 = 105 [8𝑉 − 2.5𝑉 2 ]0.5
2

−200 × 103 = 105 [8(𝑉2 − 0.5) − 2.5(𝑉2 2 − 0.52 ]

−200 × 103 = 105 [8𝑉2 − 4 − 2.5𝑉2 2 + 0.625]
2.5𝑉2 2 − 8𝑉2 + 1.375 = 0
Solving the above equation,
Final Volume, 𝑽𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖𝟐 𝒎𝟑
Final pressure,
𝑝2 = 8 − 5𝑉2 = 8 − 5 × 0.182
𝒑𝟐 = 𝟕. 𝟎𝟗 𝒃𝒂𝒓 = 𝟕. 𝟎𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝑷𝒂

Jan./Feb. 2021
31. Define the following with examples: i) Open system ii) Closed system iii) Isolated
system. And classify the following into open, closed and isolated system i)

Prof. Saviraj A S, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, GCEM, Bengaluru

 Radiator of a car ii) Thermosflask iii) Water pump iv) Pressure cooker. (10
Marks)
(i) Open system: If matter flows into or out of the system, then the system is known
as open system. Thus, in an open system, both mass and energy may cross the
system boundary.

Example: Automobile engine as shown in figure.

(ii) Closed System: It is defined as the system of fixed mass in which only energy
transfer takes place. Thus, in a closed system, mass doesn’t cross the system
boundary even though energy may cross.

Example: piston – cylinder arrangement shown in figure.

(iii) Isolated System: If neither mass nor energy is allowed to cross the boundary, the
system is called as isolated system.

Prof. Saviraj A S, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, GCEM, Bengaluru

 Example: Gas confined in a sealed insulated box as shown in figure.

i) Radiator of a car – Open system

ii) Thermosflask – Isolated system
iii) Water pump - Open system
iv) Pressure cooker – Closed system

32. In 1709, Sir Isaac Newton proposed a new temperature scale. On this scale, the
temperature was a linear function on Celsius scale. The reading on this at ice
point (0 C) and normal body temperature (37 C) were 0 N and 12 N
respectively. Obtain the relation between the Newton scale and the Celsius scale.
(10 Marks)
Refer solution to Q. No. 7

33. A system undergoes a process in which the pressure and volume are related by a
equation of the firm pvn = constant. Derive  expression for displacement work
during this process. (10 Marks)
Refer solution to Q. No. 3

34. 200kJ of work is supplied to a closed system. The pressure and volume relation is
P = 8-5V, P in bar and V is in m3 .The initial volume is 0.5m3 . Calculate final
volume and pressure. (10 Marks)
Refer solution to Q. No. 30

July/August 2022
35. State Zeroth Law of thermodynamics and extract the concept of temperature
from it. (05 Marks)
Refer solution to Q. No. 6

36. What is thermodynamic system? Explain the types of thermodynamic system.

(05 Marks)
Refer solution to Q. No. 5

Prof. Saviraj A S, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, GCEM, Bengaluru

 37. A new temperature scale is proposed by Sir Issac Newton. On this scale, the
temperature was a linear function of Celsius scale. The reading on this at ice
point (0ºC) and normal human body temperature (37ºC) were 0ºN and 12ºN
respectively. Obtain the relation between the Newton Scale and the Celsius scale.
(10 Marks)
Refer solution to Q. No. 7

38. Distinguish between Heat and Work. (04 Marks)

Refer solution to Q. No. 8

39. Derive an expression for displacement work in a polytropic process

PV n = constant. Show on a P-V diagram, four expansion process for n = 0, n = 1,
n = 1.4 and n = ∞. Name each of the process. (08 Marks)
Refer solution to Q. No. 9

40. A spherical balloon has an initial diameter of 25 cm and contains air at 1.2 bars.
When heated the diameter increases 30 cm. During heating the pressure is found
to be proportional to diameter. Calculate the work done. (08 Marks)
Refer solution to Q. No. 10

June/July 2023
41. Distinguish between: (i) Intensive property and Extensive property. (ii)
Microscopic and Macroscopic approach. (iii) Open system and Closed system.
(iv) Thermal equilibrium, Chemical equilibrium and Mechanical equilibrium
(10 Marks)
(i) Intensive property and Extensive property
Intensive properties are those properties that are independent of the mass of the
system.
Ex: pressure, temperature, density, velocity, viscosity etc.

Extensive properties are those properties whose value depends on the mass of the
system.
Ex: mass, volume, total energy etc.

Prof. Saviraj A S, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, GCEM, Bengaluru

 Extensive properties are divided by mass to obtain intensive properties.
Ex: specific volume

(ii) Microscopic and Macroscopic approach

Macroscopic approach Microscopic approach
Concerned with the gross or overall Concerned with the behaviour of the
behaviour of the system system at molecular level
Analysis requires simple mathematical Analysis requires advanced statistical and
formula mathematical methods
Properties can be easily measured by the Properties cannot be easily measured by
instruments the instruments
Few variables required to describe the Large number of variables required to
system describe the system
Approach is simple Approach is complicated
Also called as Classical Thermodynamics Also called as Statistical thermodynamics

(iii) Open system and Closed system

Open system: If matter flows into or out of the system, then the system is known
as open system. Thus, in an open system, both mass and energy may cross the
system boundary.

Example: Automobile engine as shown in figure.

Closed System: It is defined as the system of fixed mass in which only energy
transfer takes place. Thus, in a closed system, mass doesn’t cross the system
boundary even though energy may cross.

Prof. Saviraj A S, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, GCEM, Bengaluru

 Example: piston – cylinder arrangement shown in figure.

(iv) Thermal equilibrium, Chemical equilibrium and Mechanical equilibrium

Thermal equilibrium: The temperature of the system doesn’t change with time and
has same values at all points of the system.

Chemical equilibrium: No chemical reaction takes place in the system and the
chemical composition is same throughout the system.

Mechanical equilibrium: There are no unbalanced forces within the system or

between the system and the surroundings.

42. State zeroth law of thermodynamics. In 1709, Sir Issac Newton proposed a new
temperature scale. On this scale the temperature was a linear function of Celsius
scale. The reading on this at ice point (0 o C) and the normal human body
temperature (37 o C) were 0 o N and 12 o N respectively. Obtain the relation
between the Newton’s scale and Celsius scale and Fahrenheit scale. (10 Marks)

Statement: If two systems A and B are in thermal equilibrium with third system C,
then A and B are in thermal equilibrium with each other.

Considering Newton scale:

Let 𝑇°𝑁 be the temperature on Newton scale. Since temperature is a linear function of
length of mercury column L,
𝑇°𝑁 = 𝑎𝐿 + 𝑏 (1)
For ice point, 𝐿 = 𝐿 𝑖 ; 𝑇°𝑁 = 0 ᵒ𝑁
0 = 𝑎𝐿 𝑖 + 𝑏 (2)

Prof. Saviraj A S, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, GCEM, Bengaluru

 For normal body temperature, 𝐿 = 𝐿 𝑏 ; 𝑇°𝑁 = 12 ᵒ𝑁
12 = 𝑎𝐿 𝑏 + 𝑏 (3)
12 −12𝐿𝑖
Solving (2) and (3), 𝑎=𝐿 , 𝑏= (4)
𝑏 −𝐿𝑖 𝐿𝑏−𝐿𝑖

𝟏𝟐 ( 𝑳−𝑳𝒊 )
Substituting (4) in (1), 𝑻°𝑵 = (5)
𝑳𝒃 −𝑳𝒊

Considering Celsius scale:

Let T o C be the temperature on Celsius scale. Since temperature is a linear function of
length of mercury column L,
𝑇℃ = 𝑎1 𝐿 + 𝑏1 (6)
For ice point, 𝐿 = 𝐿 𝑖 ; 𝑇℃ = 0 ℃
0 = 𝑎1 𝐿 𝑖 + 𝑏1 (7)
For normal body temperature, 𝐿 = 𝐿 𝑏 ; 𝑇℃ = 37 ℃
37 = 𝑎1 𝐿 𝑏 + 𝑏1 (8)
37 −37𝐿𝑖
Solving (7) and (8), 𝑎1 = , 𝑏1 = (9)
𝐿𝑏−𝐿𝑖 𝐿𝑏 −𝐿𝑖

𝟑𝟕 ( 𝑳−𝑳𝒊 )
Substituting (9) in (6), 𝑻℃ = (10)
𝑳𝒃 −𝑳𝒊

From (5) and (10),

𝑇°𝑁 𝑇℃
=
12 37
𝟏𝟐
𝑻°𝑵′ = 𝑻℃ (11)
𝟑𝟕

(11) gives the relation between Newton and Celsius scales.

Considering Fahrenheit scale:

Let T o F be the temperature on Fahrenheit scale. Since temperature is a linear function
of length of mercury column L,
𝑇℉ = 𝑎2 𝐿 + 𝑏2 (12)
For ice point, 𝐿 = 𝐿 𝑖 ; 𝑇℉ = 32 ℉
32 = 𝑎2 𝐿 𝑖 + 𝑏2 (13)
For normal body temperature, 𝐿 = 𝐿 𝑏 ; 𝑇℉ = 98 ℉
98 = 𝑎2 𝐿 𝑏 + 𝑏2 (14)
66 66𝐿𝑖
Solving (13) and (14), 𝑎2 = 𝐿 , 𝑏2 = 32 − 𝐿 (15)
𝑏 −𝐿𝑖 𝑏 −𝐿𝑖

66𝐿 66𝐿𝑖
Substituting (15) in (12), 𝑇℉ = 𝐿 + 32 − 𝐿
𝑏 −𝐿𝑖 𝑏 −𝐿𝑖

Prof. Saviraj A S, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, GCEM, Bengaluru

 𝑳−𝑳𝒊
𝑻℉ = 𝟑𝟐 + 𝟔𝟔 𝑳 (16)
𝒃 −𝑳𝒊

From (5) and (16),

𝑇°𝑁
𝑇℉ = 32 + 66
12
𝟐
𝑻°𝑵 = 𝟏𝟏 (𝑻℉ − 𝟑𝟐) (17)

(17) gives the relation between Newton and Fahrenheit scales.

43. Define work and heat and give the similarities and dissimilarities of the heat and
work. (10 Marks)
Work: According to mechanics, work done on a body is defined as the product of the
force acting on the body and the distance moved in the direction of the force.

Heat: Heat is defined as the form of energy that is transferred between the system and
the surroundings or between two systems by virtue of temperature difference.

Similarities:
(i) Both work and heat are path functions. They are not properties of the system.
(ii) Both work and heat exist during interactions only.
(iii) Both work and heat transfer occur across the system boundary.
(iv) Both work and heat of a system are transient energy.

Dissimilarities:
(i) Work is a measure of organized and directed flow of energy whereas, heat is a
non-organized flow of energy of molecular and atomic interaction.
(ii) In case of work, the sole effect external to the system could be reduced to the
raising of mass against gravity. In case of heat, other effects are also observed.
(iii) Heat is energy interaction due to difference in temperature whereas work is
due to reasons other than temperature difference.
(iv) Work is a high-grade energy whereas heat is a low-grade energy.

44. State the different types of work done. Obtain the expression for the
displacement work in polytrophic process. (10 Marks)
Different types of work done:

Prof. Saviraj A S, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, GCEM, Bengaluru

 i) Electrical work
ii) Shaft work
iii) Paddle work
iv) Work in straining a bar
v) Work in changing the area of a surface
vi) Magnetization work

Work done in polytropic process:

Figure shows the p-V diagram for polytropic process (pV n = C)

For adiabatic process, 𝒑𝑽𝒏 = 𝒑𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝒏 = 𝒑𝟐 𝑽𝟐 𝒏 (1)
𝒑𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝒏
𝒑= (2)
𝑽𝒏

Work done in a quasi-static process,

𝑽
𝑾 = ∫𝑽 𝟐 𝒑𝒅𝑽 (3)
𝟏

Substituting (1) in (2),

𝑉2
𝑝1 𝑉1 𝑛
𝑊= ∫ 𝑑𝑉
𝑉𝑛
𝑉1
𝑉2

𝑊 = 𝑝1 𝑉1 𝑛 ∫ 𝑉 −𝑛 𝑑𝑉
𝑉1

𝑉
𝑛 𝑉 1−𝑛 2
𝑊 = 𝑝1 𝑉1 [ ]
1−𝑛 𝑉
1
𝑛
𝑝1𝑉1
𝑊= [𝑉2 1−𝑛 − 𝑉1 1−𝑛 ] (4)
1−𝑛

Using (1) in (4),

𝑝2 𝑉2 𝑛 𝑉2 1−𝑛 − 𝑝1 𝑉1 𝑛 𝑉1 1−𝑛
𝑊=
1 −𝑛
𝒑𝟏 𝑽𝟏 −𝒑𝟐 𝑽𝟐
𝑾= (5)
𝑛−𝟏

(5) is the expression for displacement work during the polytropic process.

Prof. Saviraj A S, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, GCEM, Bengaluru