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பசித்திரு (Be hungry) தனித்திரு (Be individual) விழித்திரு (Be conscious)

HIGHER SECONDARY SECOND YEAR-PHYSICS

i n
a l.
a d
i
NAME k :

l v 12
a STANDARD : SECTION :

.k SCHOOL :

w EXAM NO :
w
w victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc, M.Phil, B.Ed.,
PG ASST (PHYSICS)
GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502

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12 PHYSICS UNIT – 8 DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION

PART – I 1 MARK MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS 𝑽

wavelength 2λ, the stopping potential is . The threshold wavelength for the
1. The wavelength λe of an electron and λp of a photon of same energy E are 𝟒
related by metallic surface is
5
(a) 𝜆𝑝 ∝ 𝜆𝑒 (a) 4 λ (b) 5 λ (c) λ (d) 3 λ
2
(b) 𝜆𝑝 ∝ √𝜆𝑒 Solution :-
1 ℎ𝑐 ℎ𝑐 1 1 λ𝑜 − λ
(c) 𝜆𝑝 ∝  For stopping potential ‘V’ ; 𝑒𝑉 = − = ℎ𝑐 [ − ]=ℎ𝑐 [ ]
√𝜆𝑒 λ λ𝑜 λ λ𝑜 λ λ𝑜
𝑉 𝑉 ℎ𝑐 ℎ𝑐 1 1 λ𝑜 − 2λ
(d) 𝜆𝑝 ∝ 𝜆𝑒2  For stopping potential
4
; 𝑒 =
4 2λ
−
λ𝑜
= ℎ𝑐 [
2λ
−
λ𝑜
]=ℎ𝑐 [
2 λ λ𝑜
]
Solution :-

n
λ −λ
ℎ𝑐[ 𝑜 ]

i
𝑒𝑉 λ λ𝑜 2 [λ𝑜 − λ]
ℎ ℎ2  Hence, = (or) 4 = (or) 4 λ𝑜 − 8 λ = 2 λ𝑜 − 2 λ
For electron, 𝜆𝑒 = (or) 𝐸 =

l.
 𝑒𝑉/4 ℎ𝑐[
λ𝑜 − 2λ
] [λ𝑜 − 2 λ]
√2 𝑚𝑒 𝐸 2 𝑚𝑒 𝜆𝑒2 2 λ λ𝑜
ℎ𝑐 4 λ𝑜 − 2 λ𝑜 = 8 λ − 2 λ (or) 2 λ𝑜 = 6 λ (or) λ𝑜 = 3 λ
 For photon, 𝐸 = ℎ𝜈 =
𝜆𝑝 Answer (d) 𝟑𝛌
 Since the energy is same,

Answer (d)
ℎ2
2 𝑚𝑒 𝜆𝑒2
=
𝝀𝒑 ∝ 𝝀𝒆𝟐
ℎ𝑐
𝜆𝑝
(or) 𝜆𝑝 = [
2 𝑚𝑒 𝑐
ℎ
] 𝜆𝑒2
a
5. If a light of wavelength 330 nm is incident on a metal with work function
3.55 eV, the electrons are emitted. Then the wavelength of the wave associated

d
with the emitted electron is (Take h = 6.6 × 10–34 Js)
(a) < 2.75 𝑋 10−9 𝑚 (b) ≥ 2.75 𝑋 10−9 𝑚

a
2. In an electron microscope, the electrons are accelerated by a voltage of 14 kV.
If the voltage is changed to 224 kV, then the de Broglie wavelength associated (c) ≤ 2.75 𝑋 10−12 𝑚 (d) < 2.5 𝑋 10−10 𝑚

k
with the electrons would Solution :-

i
(a) increase by 2 times  By Einstein’s equation ; [note : ℎ 𝑐 = 1240 nm eV]
ℎ𝑐 1240 nmeV
(b) decrease by 2 times [𝐾𝐸] = − Φ𝑜 = − 3.55 𝑒𝑉 = 3.757 − 3.55 = 0.207 𝑒 𝑉

v
λ 330 𝑛𝑚
(c) decrease by 4 times

l
 Hence wavelength of electron,
(d) increase by 4 times ℎ 6.6 𝑋 10−34
λ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 2.75 𝑋 10−9 𝑚

a
Solution :- √2𝑚[𝐾𝐸] √2 𝑋 9.1 𝑋 10−31 𝑋 0.207𝑋 1.6 𝑋 10−19
12.27 𝑜 12.27 𝑜 Answer (d) ≥ 𝟐. 𝟕𝟓 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟗 𝒎
 The de Broglei wavelength of electron ; 𝜆1 = 𝐴 and 𝜆2 = 𝐴

.k
√𝑉1 √𝑉2 6. A photoelectric surface is illuminated successively by monochromatic light of
𝜆1 𝑉2 224 𝑋 103 𝜆1 𝛌
 Hence the ratio,
𝜆2
= √ = √
14 𝑋 103
= √16 = 4 (or) 𝜆2 = wavelength 𝛌 and
𝟐
. If the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted
𝑉 1 4
photoelectrons in the second case is 3 times that in the first case, the work

w
Answer (c) decrease by 4 times function of the material is
3. The wave associated with a moving particle of mass 3 X 10–6 g has the same ℎ𝑐 2ℎ𝑐 ℎ𝑐 ℎ𝑐
wavelength as an electron moving with a velocity 6 X 10 6 m s-1 .The velocity of (a) (b) (c) (d)
λ λ 3λ 2λ
the particle is
(a) 1.82 X 10-18 m s-1
w Solution :-
 For case (i) ; 𝐾1 = ℎ 𝜈1 − Φ𝑜 =
ℎ𝑐
− Φ𝑜
λ

w
(b) 9 X 10-2 m s-1 ℎ𝑐 2ℎ𝑐
 For case (ii) ; 𝐾2 = ℎ 𝜈2 − Φ𝑜 = − Φ𝑜 = − Φ𝑜
(c) 3 X 10-31 m s-1 λ
2
λ
(d) 1.82 X 10-15 m s-1  But given that, 𝐾2 = 3 𝐾1 . Hence,
Solution :- 2ℎ𝑐 ℎ𝑐 2ℎ𝑐 ℎ𝑐
− Φ𝑜 = 3 ( − Φ𝑜 ) (or) − Φ𝑜 = 3 − 3 Φ𝑜
 If wavelength is same, then their momentum also same. Hence, 𝑚𝑝 𝑣𝑝 = 𝑚𝑒 𝑣𝑒 λ λ λ λ
ℎ𝑐 ℎ𝑐 ℎ𝑐 ℎ𝑐
𝑚𝑒 𝑣𝑒 9.1 𝑋 10−31 𝑋 𝟔 𝐗 𝟏𝟎𝟔 3 Φ𝑜 − Φ𝑜 = 3 −2 (or) 2 Φ𝑜 = (or) Φ𝑜 =
∴ 𝑣𝑝 = = = 1.82 𝑋 10−15 𝑚 𝑠 −1 λ λ λ 2λ
𝑚𝑝 𝟑 𝐗 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒉𝒄
Answer (d)
Answer (d) 𝟏. 𝟖𝟐 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟓 𝒎 𝒔−𝟏 𝟐𝛌
4. When a metallic surface is illuminated with radiation of wavelength λ, the
stopping potential is V. If the same surface is illuminated with radiation of

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
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12 PHYSICS UNIT – 8 DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
7. In photoelectric emission, a radiation whose frequency is 4 times threshold 10. If the mean wavelength of light from sun is taken as 550 nm and its mean
frequency of a certain metal is incident on the metal. Then the maximum power as 3.8 × 1026 W, then the average number of photons received by the
possible velocity of the emitted electron will be human eye per second from sunlight is of the order of
ℎ𝜈𝑜 6 ℎ𝜈𝑜 (a) 1045
(a) √ (b) √ (b) 1042
𝑚 𝑚
(c) 1054
ℎ 𝜈𝑜 ℎ 𝜈𝑜
(c) 2√ (d) √ (d) 1051
𝑚 2𝑚
Solution :-
Solution :- 𝑛ℎ𝑐
1 2  Total power (i.e.) energy per second ; 𝐸𝑛 = 𝑛 ℎ 𝜈 =

n
 According to Einstein’ s photo electric equation, ℎ 𝜈 = ℎ 𝜈𝑜 + 𝑚𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝜆
2 𝐸𝑛 𝜆 3.8 𝑋 1026 𝑋 550 𝑋 10−9 2090 𝑋 1043

i
1 2  Hence, 𝑛 = = = = 1.055𝑋 1045
 But given that, 𝜈 = 4 𝜈𝑜 . Hence, ℎ (4 𝜈𝑜 ) = ℎ 𝜈𝑜 + 𝑚𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 6.6 𝑋 10−34 𝑋 3 𝑋 108

l.
ℎ𝑐 19.8
2
1 6 ℎ 𝜈𝑜 6 ℎ 𝜈𝑜 Answer (a) 𝟏. 𝟎𝟓𝟓𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟓
2 2
(or) 𝑚𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3 ℎ 𝜈𝑜 (or) 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (or) 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 =√ 11. The threshold wavelength for a metal surface whose photoelectric work
2 𝑚 𝑚

Answer (b) √
𝟔 𝒉 𝝂𝒐
𝒎
8. Two radiations with photon energies 0.9 eV and 3.3 eV respectively are falling
(a) 4125 Å
(b) 3750 Å
(c) 6000 Å
d a
function is 3.313 eV is

on a metallic surface successively. If the work function of the metal is 0.6 eV,
then the ratio of maximum speeds of emitted electrons in the two cases will be

k a
(d) 20625.Å
Solution :-
ℎ𝑐

i
(a) 1:4 (b) 1:3  By definition, work function ; Φ𝑜 = ℎ 𝜈𝑜 =
ℎ𝑐
𝜆𝑜 =
(c) 1:1 (d) 1:9 𝜆𝑜 Φ𝑜

v
Solution :-  Thus threshold wavelength ;
ℎ𝑐 1240 𝑛𝑚 𝑒𝑉

l
1
 For photon -1 ; 𝑚𝑣12 = ℎ 𝜈 − ℎ 𝜈𝑜 = 0.9 𝑒𝑉 − 0.6 𝑒𝑉 = 0.3 𝑒𝑉 𝜆𝑜 = Φ𝑜
= 3.313 𝑒𝑉
= 374.8 𝑛𝑚 ≈ 3750 Å
2
1

a
 For photon -2 ; 𝑚𝑣22 = ℎ 𝜈 − ℎ 𝜈𝑜 = 3.3 𝑒𝑉 − 0.6 𝑒𝑉 = 2.7 𝑒𝑉 Answer (b) 3750 Å
2
𝑣21 0.3 𝑒𝑉 1 𝑣1 1 12. A light of wavelength 500 nm is incident on a sensitive metal plate of

.k
 Hence the ratio ; = = (or) = photoelectric work function 1.235 eV. The kinetic energy of the photo
𝑣22 2.7 𝑒𝑉 9 𝑣2 3
electrons emitted is (Take h = 6.6 × 10–34 Js)
Answer (b) 1:3
(a) 0.58 eV
9. A light source of wavelength 520 nm emits 1.04 × 1015 photons per second

w
(b) 2.48 eV
while the second source of 460 nm produces 1.38 × 10 15 photons per second. (c) 1.24 eV
Then the ratio of power of second source to that of first source is (d) 1.16 eV

w
(a) 1.00 (b) 1.02 Solution :-
(c) 1.5 (d) 0.98  By Einstein’s equation ; [note : ℎ 𝑐 = 1240 nm eV]
Solution :- ℎ𝑐

w
𝑛1 ℎ 𝑐 [𝐾𝐸]𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ℎ 𝜈 − Φ𝑜 = − Φ𝑜
 For source - 1 ; 𝐸𝑛1 = 𝑛1 ℎ 𝜈1 = 1249 𝑛𝑚 𝑒𝑉
λ
𝜆1
𝑛2 ℎ 𝑐
[𝐾𝐸]𝑚𝑎𝑥 = − 1.235𝑒𝑉 = 2.48 − 1.35 = 1.245 𝑒𝑉
500 nm
 For source - 2 ; 𝐸𝑛2 = 𝑛2 ℎ 𝜈2 = 𝜆
2 Answer (c) 1.24 eV
𝐸𝑛2 𝑛2 𝜆1 1.38 𝑋 1015 𝑋 520 𝑋 10−9
 Hence the ratio ;
𝐸𝑛1
= 𝑛2 𝜆2
= 1.04 𝑋 1015 𝑋 460 𝑋 10−9
= 1.5
Answer (c) 1.5

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
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12 PHYSICS UNIT – 8 DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
13. Photons of wavelength λ are incident on a metal. The most energetic electrons
ejected from the metal are bent into a circular arc of radius R by a
PART – II & III 2 AND 3 MARK SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS &
perpendicular magnetic field having magnitude B. The work function of the 1. Why do metals have a large number of free electrons?
metal is  In metals, the electrons in the outer most shells are loosely bound to the
ℎ𝑐 𝑒 2 𝐵2 𝑅2 ℎ𝑐 𝑒𝐵𝑅 2 nucleus.
(a) − 𝑚𝑒 + (b) + 2 𝑚𝑒 [2 𝑚 ]
𝜆 2 𝑚𝑒 𝜆 𝑒  Even at room temperature, due to thermal agitation the loosely bounded
ℎ𝑐 2 𝑒 2 𝐵2 𝑅2 ℎ𝑐 𝑒𝐵𝑅 2 electrons are detached from their orbit and free to move inside the metal in a
(c) − 𝑚𝑒 𝑐 − 2 𝑚 (d) − 2 𝑚𝑒 [2 𝑚 ]
𝜆 𝑒 𝜆 𝑒 random manner. This is the reason for large number of free electrons in the
Solution :- metal.

n
1
 According Einstien’s equation ; ℎ 𝜈 = Φ𝑜 + 𝑚𝑒 𝑣 2 2. Define surface barrier.

i
2
 The potential barrier which prevents free electrons from leaving the metallic

l.
1 ℎ𝑐 1
(or) Φ𝑜 = ℎ 𝜈 −
2
𝑚𝑒 𝑣2𝑚𝑎𝑥 (or) Φ𝑜 = 𝜆
− 2 𝑚𝑒 𝑣2𝑚𝑎𝑥 surface is called surface barrier. It is created by the positive nuclei of the metal
𝑚𝑒 𝑣2 𝐵𝑒𝑅 3. Define electron emission.
 Magnetic Lorentz force is given by ; 𝐵 𝑒 𝑣 = (or) 𝑣 =
 The liberation of electrons from any surface of a substance is called electron

a
𝑅 𝑚𝑒
 Thus from two equations, emission.
ℎ𝑐 1 𝐵𝑒𝑅 2 ℎ𝑐 𝐵𝑒𝑅 2  The material with small work function is more effective in electron emission.

d
Φ𝑜 =
𝜆
− 2 𝑚𝑒 ( 𝑚 ) = 𝜆
− 2 𝑚𝑒 ( 2 𝑚 )
𝑒 𝑒 4. Define work function of a metal. Give its unit.
𝑩𝒆𝑹 𝟐

a
𝒉𝒄  The minimum energy needed for an electron to escape from the metal surface is
Answer (c) − 𝟐 𝒎𝒆 ( )
𝝀 𝟐 𝒎𝒆 called work function of that metal. It is denoted by 𝜙𝑂
14. The work functions for metals A, B and C are 1.92 eV, 2.0 eV and 5.0 eV
respectively. The metal/metals which will emit photoelectrons for a radiation
of wavelength 4100Å is/are
i k
 Its unit is electron volt (eV).
5. Define electron volt (eV)
 One electron volt is defined as the kinetic energy gained by a electron when
(a) A only
(b) both A and B
(c) all these metals
l v accelerated by a potential difference of 1 volt. 𝟏 𝒆𝑽 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟎𝟐 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟗 𝑱
6. What is photo electric effect?
 The ejection of electrons from a metal plate when illuminated by light or any
(d) none

a other electromagnetic radiation of suitable wavelength or frequency is called

.k
Solution :- photo electric effect.
ℎ𝑐 12400 Å 𝐞𝐕
 Energy of photon ; 𝐸 = ℎ𝜈 = = ≅ 3 𝑒𝑉  The ejected electrons are called as photo electrons and the corresponding
𝜆 4100 Å
current is called photo electric current
 Thus both the metals A and B emits photo electrons, but not C
7. What are called photo sensitive materials?
Answer (b) both A and B
15. Emission of electrons by the absorption of heat energy is called
w  The materials which eject photoelectrons upon irradiation of electromagnetic
wave of suitable wavelength are called photosensitive materials.

w
……………emission. (e.g.) Metals like cadmium, zinc, magnesium etc and Alkali metals like lithium,
(a) photoelectric sodium, caesium
(b) field 8. How does photo electric current vary with the intensity of the incident light?
(c) thermionic
(d) secondary
Solution :- w
 When a metal is heated to a high temperature, the free electrons on the surface
of the metal get sufficient energy in the form of thermal energy so that they are
Variation of photo current with intensity :
 Keeping the frequency ( 𝜈 ) and acceleration
potential (V) as constant, the intensity of incident
light is varied and the corresponding photo eletric
current is measured
emitted from the metallic surface .This type of emission is known as  A graph is drawn between intensity along X-axis
thermionic emission. and the photo current along Y-axis.
Answer (c) thermionic  From the graph, the photo current (i.e) the number
of electrons emitted per second is directly
proportional to the intensity of incident light.
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question Papers to [email protected] (OR) Whatsapp - 9385336929
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12 PHYSICS UNIT – 8 DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
9. Define stopping potential.  Each atomic oscillator which vibrates with its characteristic frequency emits or
 The negative or retarding potential given to collecting electrode which is just absorbs electromagnetic radiation of the same frequency.
sufficient to stop the most energetic photoelectrons emitted and make the (i) If an oscillator vibrates with frequency v, its energy can have only certain
photo current zero is called stopping potential or cut - off potential. discrete values,
10. Define threshold frequency. 𝑬𝒏 = 𝒏 𝒉 𝝂 [𝑛 = 1,2,3, … . ]
 For a giver surface, the emission of photo electrons takes place only if the where h  Planck’s constant.
frequency of incident light is greater than a certain minimum frequency called (ii) The oscillators emit or absorb energy in small packets or quanta and the
threshold frequency. energy of each quantum is E = h ν
11. State the laws of photo electric effect.  This implies that the energy of the oscillator is quantized and not continuous
Laws of photo electric effect :
 For a given frequency of incident light, the number of photoelectrons emitted is

i n
This is called quantization of energy.
14. Explain Eienstein’s explanation for the particle nature (quanta ) of light

l.
directly proportional to the intensity of the incident light. The saturation Particle nature of light - Eienstein’s explanation :
current is also directly proportional to the intensity of incident light.  According to Einstein, the energy in light is not spread out over wavefronts but
 Maximum kinetic energy of the photo electrons is independent of intensity of is concentrated in small packets or energy quanta. Therefore, light of frequency
the incident light.
 Maximum kinetic energy of the photo electrons from a given metal is directly
proportional to the frequency of incident light. 
d a
v from any source can be considered as a stream of quanta
 The energy of each light quantum ; E = h ν
The linear momentum of quanta is ; 𝒑 =
𝒉𝝂

a
 For a given surface, the emission of photoelectrons takes place only if the 𝒄
frequency of incident light is greater than a certain minimum frequency called  The individual light quantum of definite energy and momentum can be
associated with a particle. The light quantum can behave as a particle and this is

k
the threshold frequency.

i
called photon.
 There is no time lag between incidence of light and ejection of photoelectrons.
15. Define intensity of light according to the quantum concept.
12. Explain why photoelectric effect cannot be explained on the basis of wave

v
nature of light  According to quantum concept, the intensity of light of given wavelength is

l
Failures of classical wave theory : defined as the number of energy quanta or photons incident per unit area per
unit time with photon having same energy.
 According to wave theory, light of greater intensity should impart greater
kinetic energy to the liberated electrons.

a 16.
 The unit is 𝑾 𝒎−𝟐
What is the nature of light?

.k
But the experiments show that maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons
does not depend on the intensity of the incident light.  The light possesses dual nature that of both wave and particle.
 According to wave theory, if a sufficiently intense beam of light is incident on  Light behaves as a wave during its propagation and behaves as a particle during
the surface, electrons will be liberated from the surface of the target, however its interaction with matter.

w
low the frequency of the radiation is. 17. What is photo electric cell? Give its type.
But photoelectric emission is not possible below a certain minimum frequency  The device which converts light energy into electrical energy is called photo
electric cell or simply photo cell.

w
called threshold frequency.
 Since the energy of light is spread across the wavefront, each electron needs  It works on the principle of photo electric cell
considerable amount of time (a few hours) to get energy sufficient to overcome  Photo cells are classified in to three types.

process w
the work function and to get liberated from the surface.
But experiments show that photoelectric emission is almost instantaneous

13. Explain the concept of quantization of energy.

Quantization of energy :
18.
(1) Photo emissive cell
(2) Photo voltaic cell
(3) Photo conductive cell
What is De Broglie hypothesis?
 Due to the symmetry in nature, de Broglie suggested that if radiation like light
can act as particles at times, then matter particles like electrons should also act
 Max Planck proposed quantum concept in 1900 in order to explain the block
body radiations. as waves at times.
 According to Planck, matter is composed of a large number of oscillating  According to de Broglie hypothesis, all matter particles like electrons, protons,
particles (atoms) which vibrate with different frequencies. neutrons in motion are associated with waves. These waves are called de
Broglie waves or matter waves.

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question Papers to [email protected] (OR) Whatsapp - 9385336929
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12 PHYSICS UNIT – 8 DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
19. What is called matter waves or de Broglie waves? 25. Name an experiment which shows wave nature of the electron. Which
 The waves assoiated with matter particles like electrons in motion is called phenomenon was observed in this experiment using an electron beam?
matter waves or de Broglei waves.  The wave nature of electron (i.e) de Broglie hypothesis of matter waves was
20. Derive the expression of de Broglie wavelength. experimentally confirmed by Davisson and Germer experiment.
De Broglei wavelength :  Diffraction is the important property of waves. So in this experiment, diffraction
 The momentum of photon of frequency ′𝜈′ is, of electron beam was observed when they fall on crystalline solids.
𝐸 ℎ𝜈 ℎ 26. An electron and an alpha particle have same kinetic energy. How are the
𝑝= = = [𝑐 = 𝜆𝜈]
𝑐 𝑐 𝜆 deBroglie wavelengths associated with them related?
ℎ
 The wavelength of a photon is, 𝜆 =  De Broglei wavelength of electron beam,
𝑝

n
ℎ
 According to de Broglie, this equation is applicable to matter particle also. 𝜆𝑒 =
 Let ‘m’ be the mass and ‘𝒗’ be the velocity of the particle, then the wavelength
𝝀=
𝒎𝒗
𝒉
=
𝒉
𝒑

𝜆𝛼 =

l.ℎ
i
√2 𝑚𝑒 𝐾
De Broglei wavelength of alpha particle,

√2 𝑚𝛼 𝐾

a
 This wavelength of the matter waves is known as de Broglie wavelength. 𝝀𝒆 𝒎
21. Write the expression for the de Broglie wavelength associated with a charged ∴ = √ 𝒎𝜶
𝝀𝜶

d
𝒆
particle of charge ‘q’ and mass ‘m’, when it is accelerated through a potential
V. 27. What are called X - rays? Why are they so called?

a
 De Broglie wavelength in terms of potential ‘V’ ,  X - rays are invisible, electromagnetic waves of very short wavelength ranging
𝒉 𝒉 from 0.1 A to 100 A

k
𝝀= =  When a fast moving electrons strike a metal target of high atomic weight, X -
𝒎 𝒗 √𝟐 𝒎 𝒒 𝑽
22. Why we do not see the wave properties of a baseball?
 The de Broglie wavelength of matter is ; 𝝀 =
𝒉

v i rays are produced.

 At the time of discovery, the orgin of this highly penetrating rays were not
known. So they were called as X - rays.

l
𝒎𝒗
 Thus the de Broglie wavelength is inversely proportional to the mass 28. List the properties of X - rays.

a
 Since the mass of base ball is too large as compared with the electron, the de Properties of X - rays :
Broglie wavelength of base ball is negligibly small  They travel in straight line with the velocity of light

.k
 So we do not see the wave property of the baseball  They are not deflected both by electric and magnetic field
23. A proton and an electron have same kinetic energy. Which one has greater de  X - ray photons are highly energetic
Broglie wavelength. Justify.  They pass through materials which are opaque to visible light.
𝒉 29. What factor does the quality and intensity of X - rays were depends?

w
 De Broglei wavelength of proton ; 𝝀𝒑 =
√𝟐 𝒎𝒑 𝑲
𝒉
 The quality of X - rays is measured in terms of its penetrating power which
 De Broglei wavelength of electron ; 𝝀𝒆 = depends on the velocity of the striking electron and the atomic number of target
√𝟐 𝒎𝒆 𝑲

w
 Here the mass of the proton is greater than the mass of the electron (𝒎𝑷 > 𝒎𝒆 ) material.
 Hence the de Broglei wavelength of electron is greater than that of proton (𝝀𝒆 >  The intensity of X - rays is depends on the number of electrons striking the
target

w
𝝀𝑷 )
24. Write the relationship of de Broglie wavelength λ associated with a particle of 30. Write a note on the production of X - rays.
mass m in terms of its kinetic energy K. Production of X - rays :
 De Broglie wavelength in terms of potential ‘V’ ,  X - rays are produced in a Coolidge
𝒉 𝒉 tube which is a discharge tube.
𝝀= 𝒎𝒗
=  Here a tungsten filament ‘F’ is
√𝟐 𝒎 𝒒 𝑽
 Since, q V = K (kinetic energy), we have heated by L.T, so that electrons are
𝒉 emitted from it by thermionic
𝝀= emission.
√𝟐 𝒎 𝑲
 These electrons are accelerated to
very high speeds by H.T
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
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12 PHYSICS UNIT – 8 DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
 The target material like tungsten is embedded in the face of solid copper anode.  During the downward transition, the
 When high speed electrons strike the target, they are decelarated suddenly and energy difference between the levels
lose their kinetic energy. is given out in the form of X - ray
 As a result, X -ray photons are produced. photon of definite wavelength.
 The face of target is inclined at particular angle, so that the X - rays can leave the  Such wavelengths, characteristic of
tube through its side. the target, consitute the line spectrum.
 Since most of the kinetic energy of electrons get converted in to heat, the target  It is evident that K - series of lines in
made of high melting point and a cooling system are usally employed. the X - ray spectrum arise due to the
31. What is X -ray spectra? Give its types. electronic transistions from L, M. N, O,
 The intensity of the X-rays when plotted against its wavelength gives a curve
called X - ray spectrum.
……… shells to K - shell.

i n
 Similarly L - series originates due to

l.
 X - ray spectrum consists of two parts, namely electronic transition from M, N, O, …….
(1) Continuous X -ray spectrum shells to L - shell.
34. Explain the applications of X -rays.

a
(2) Characteristic X - ray spectrum
32. Write a note on continuous X - ray spectrum. (1) Medical diagnosis :
 X - rays can pass through flesh more easily than through bones. Thus X -ray

d
Continuous X - ray spectrum :
 When a fast moving electron penetrates and approaches a target nucleus, it get radiograph containing a deep shadow of the bones and a light shadow of

a
accelerates or decelerates flesh. So X -rays radiographs ae used to detect fractures, foreign bodies,
 It may results in a change of path of the electron. diseased organs etc.,

k
 The radiation produced from such decelerating electron is called (2) Medical therapy :
Bremsstrhlung or braking radiation.
 The energy of the emitted photon (radiation) is equal to the loss of kinetic
energy of the electron.

v i  X - ray can kill diseased tissues. So they are employed to cure skin diseases,
malignant tumours etc.,
(3) Industry :
 So the photons are emitted with all possible energies or frequencies.
 The continuous X -ray spectrum is due to such radiations.
 When an electron gives up all its energy, then the photon is emitted with
a l  They are used to check for flaws in welded joints, motor tyres, tennis balls
and wood,
 At the custom post, they are used for detection of contraband goods.

.k
highest frequency (𝜈0 ) or lowest wavelength (𝜆0 ) (4) Scientific Research :
 The intial kinetic energy of an electron = eV where, V  accelerating voltage  X - ray diffraction is important tool to study the structure of the crystalline
 Thus, materials (i.e) the arrangement of atoms and molecules in crystals.
𝑐 35. Mention the two features of x-ray spectra, not explained by classical
𝑒 𝑉 = ℎ 𝜈0 = ℎ
𝒉𝒄
𝜆0
𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟎
w electromagnetic theory.
 Though classical electromagnetic theory suggests the emission of radiations

w
(𝑜𝑟) 𝝀𝟎 = = 𝑨° from accelerating electrons, it could not explain two features exhibited by x-ray
𝒆𝑽 𝑽
 This relation is known as Duane - Hunt formula. spectra. These features are given below.
(1) For a given accelerating voltage, the lower limit for the wavelength of

w
33. Write a note on characteristic X - ray spectra.
Characteristic X - ray spectra : continuous x-ray spectra is same for all targets. This minimum wavelength
 When the target is hit by fast electrons, the obtained X - ray spectra shows some is called cut-off wavelength.
narrow peaks at some well-defined wavelength. (2) The intensity of x-rays is significantly increased at certain well-defined
 The line spectrum showing these peaks is called characteristic X - ray spectrum. wavelengths
 This X -ray spectrum is due to the electronic transitions within the atoms. 36. What is Bremsstralung?
 For example, when an energetic electron penetrates in to the target atom and  When a fast moving electron penetrates and approaches a target nucleus, it get
removes the electrons in K - shell and create a vacancy in it. accelerates or decelerates. It may results in a change of path of the electron.
 So the electrons from outer orbits jump to fill up the vacancy in K - shell.  The radiation produced from such decelerating electron is called
Bremsstrhlung or braking radiation.

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12 PHYSICS UNIT – 8 DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
 When spark is formed, the charges will oscillate back and forth rapidly and the
PART – IV 5 MARK LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS & ANSWERS electromagnetic waves are produced.
1. What do you mean by electron emission? Explain briefly various methods of  To detect this electromagnetic waves, a copper wire bent in the shape of a circle
electron emission. is used as detector.
Electron emission : Hallwachs’s experiment :
 The liberation of electrons from any surface of a substance is called electron  In Hertz experiment, in order to
improve the visibility of the
emission.
spark, it is exposed to ultra
 The minimum energy needed to liberate the electorns from the metal surface is violet rays which makes the

n
called work function of that metal. spark as more vigorous.
 Depending upon the energy source, the electron emission is classified as four
types which are explained below.
(1) Thermionic emission :
 When a metal is heated to a high temperature, the free electrons on the
 Wilhelm Hallwachs confirmed

l. i
that the strange behaviour of
the spark is due to the photo
electric emission under the
surface get sufficient energy in the form of heat, so that they are emitted
from the metallic surface. This type of emission is known as thermionic
emission. a
action of ultra violet light.
 In Hallwachs experiment, a clean circular plate of zinc is mounted in insulating

d
stand and is attached to a gold leaf electroscope by a wire.

a
 The intensity of the thermionic emission depends on the metal used and its  When uncharged zinc plate is irradiated by ultraviolet light, it becomes
temperature. positively charged and the leaves are open as shown in figure (a)

k
(e.g.) electron microscopes, X-ray tubes  If negatively charged zinc plate is exposed to ultraviolet light, the leaves will

i
(2) Field emission : close as the charges leaked away quickly as shown in figure (b)
 When a very strong electric field is applied across the metal, this strong  If positively charged plate is exposed to uv-light, it becomes more positive and
field pulls the free electrons and helps to overcome the surface barrier of
the metal. This type of emission of electron is called field emission.
(e.g.) Field emission display
l v the leaves are open further as shown in figure (c)
 From these observations, it was concluded that negatively charged electrons

a
were emitted from the zinc plate under the action of uv - light.
(3) Photo electric emission : Lenard experiment :
 When an electromagnetic radiation of suitable frequency is incident on the

.k
 A and C are two metallic plates
surface of the metal, the energy is transferred from the radiation to free placed in an evacuated quartz
electrons. bulb.
 Hence the free electrons gets sufficient energy to cross the surface barrier  Galvanometer G and battery B

(e.g.) photo electric cells, phot diodes

w
and this type is called photo electric emission. are connected in the circuit.
 When uv - light is incident on

w
(4) Secondary emission : plate C, and electric current
 When a beam of fast moving electrons strikes the surface of the metal, the flows in a circuit which is
kinetic energy is transferred to the free electrons on the metal surface. indicated by the deflection in

(e.g.) photo multiplier tube w

 Thus free eletrons get sufficient kinetic energy and emitted from the
surface. This type is called seconday emission.

2. Briefly discuss the observations of Hertz, Hallwachs and Lenard.

Hertz experiment :
the galvanometer.
 But if the plate A is irradiated
by uv - light, no current is
observed in the circuit.
 From these observations, it is concluded that when uv- light falls on the
 Heinrich Hertz successfully generating and detecting the existence of negative plate C, electrons are ejected from it, which are attracted by the
electromagnetic waves. positive plate A.
 He used high voltage induction coil to cause a spark discharge between two  Hence the circuit is completed and the current flows in it.
metallic spheres.  Thus the uv - light falling on the negative plate causes the electron emission
from the surface of the plate.
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12 PHYSICS UNIT – 8 DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
3. Explain the experimental set up for study of photo electric effect  From the graph,
Experiment for study of photo electric effect : (1) When the potential of A increases, the photo current also increases and
reaches a saturation value called saturation current.
(2) When a negative potential is applied to A, the photo current does not
immediately drop to zero, because the photo electrons are emitted wity
some definite and different kinetic energies.
(3) If the negative or retarding potential of A gradually increased, the photo
current starts decreasing and becomes zero at one particular negative
potential 𝑉𝑂

n
(4) The value of negative or retarding potential give to anode A which is just


S is the source of electromagnetic wave of frequency ‘𝜈’ and intensity ‘I’
C is the cathode made up of photo sensitive material and is used to emit
electrons.

l. i
sufficient to stop the most energetic photo electrons emitted and make the
photo current zero is called stopping potential or cut - off potential (𝑉𝑂 )
(5) Here the initial kinetic energy of the fastest electron (0 is equal to the work
done by the stopping potential to stop it. (i.e.)
 A is the anode which collects the emitted electrons
 A and C are placed in an evacuated glass envelope with a quartz window that
permits uv -light and visible light.
 PQ is a potential divider arrangement which is connected through a key K and (𝑜𝑟)
d a𝒗𝒎𝒂𝒙 = √
1
𝑒 𝑉𝑂 = 𝑚 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥
2
𝟐 𝒆 𝑽𝑶
2

= 𝟓. 𝟗𝟑 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟓 √𝑽𝑶
battery B .The voltmeter ‘V’ and micro ammeter ‘A’ also included in this circuit.
 If there is no light incident on the cathode C, no photoelectrons are emitted and

k a 𝒎
5. Explain how frequency of incident light varies with stopping potential.

i
the micro ammeter reads zero. Effect of frequency on photoelectric current :
 When uv - light or visible light is allowed to fall on C, the photo electrons are  Let the intensity of incident light is

v
emitted and are attracted towards anode. kept constant.

l
 As a result, the photo electric current is set up in the circuit which is measured  The variation of photo current with
using micro ammeter. The photo electric current depends following quantities, the Anode potential is studied for
(1) the intensity of incident light
(2) the potential difference between the electrodes
a different incident frequencies.
 A graph is plotted by taking anode

.k
(3) the nature of the material potential along x - axis and photo
(4) frequency of incident light current along y - axis
4. Explain the effect of potential difference on photo electric current.  From the graph,

w
Effect of potential difference on photoelectric current : (1) Stopping potential vary over different frequencies of incident light. (i.e)
 Let the frequency and Greater the frequency, larger the stopping potential
intensity of the incident light (2) Thus as the frequency is increased, the photoelectrons are emitted with
are kept constant.
 Now, the potential of A is
w greater kinetic energies so that the retarding potential needed to stop
thephotoelectrons is also greater.

w
increased and the Variation of stopping potential with frequency :
corresponding photocurrent  From the graph,
is noted. (1) The stopping potential varies
 Simillarly, a negative linealy with frequency.
(retarding) potential is (2) Below a particular frequency
applied to A and again the called threshold frequency (𝝂𝑶 ),
photocurrent is noted. no electrons are emitted.
 Plot a graph by taking anode (3) Hence at threshold frequency
potential along X -axis and stopping potential is zero for that
photo current along Y - axis reason.

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12 PHYSICS UNIT – 8 DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
6. List out the laws of photoelectric effect. where m  mass of the electron and
Laws of photoelectric effect : υ  velocity
 For a given frequency of incident light, the number of photoelectrons emitted is  At threshold frequency, the kinetic energy of ejeced electrons will be zero. (i.e.)
directly proportional to the intensity of the incident light. The saturation current when. 𝜈 = 𝜈0 then 𝐾 = 0 Thus eqn (1) becomes
is also directly proportional to the intensity of incident light. ℎ 𝜈0 = 𝜙0 − − − − (2)
 Maximum kinetic energy of the photo electrons is independent of intensity of the  Put eqn (2) in (1)
incident light. 1
ℎ 𝜈 = ℎ 𝜈0 + 𝑚 𝑣 2 − − − − (3)
 Maximum kinetic energy of the photo electrons from a given metal is directly 2
proportional to the frequency of incident light.  The equation (3) is known as Einstein’s photoelectric equation.
 For a given surface, the emission of photo electrons takes place only if the
frequency of incident light is greater than a certain minimum frequency called

i n
 If the electron does not lose energy by
internal collisions, then it is emitted with

l.
the threshold frequency. maximum kinetic energy Kmax. Then
 There is no time lag between incidence of light and ejection of photoelectrons. 1
ℎ 𝜈 = ℎ 𝜈0 + [ 𝑚 𝑣 2 ]
2

a
(i.e.) phote electric effect is an instantaneous process 𝑚𝑎𝑥
7. Explain the particle nature of light. List the characteristics of photons. 1 2
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑚 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ℎ 𝜈 − ℎ 𝜈0

d
Particle nature of light : 2
 According to Eienstein, the energy in light is not spread out over wavefronts, (𝑜𝑟) 𝑲𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝒉 𝝂 − 𝝓𝟎 − − − − (𝟒)

a
but is concentrated in small packets or energy quanta.  A graph between maximum kinetic energy
 The energy of each light quantum is ; 𝑬 = 𝒉 𝝂 Kmax of the photoelectron and frequency ν

k
 The individual light quantum of definite energy and momentum can be of the incident light is a straight line

i
associated with a particle and this is called photon. 9. Explain experimentally observed facts of photoelectric effect with the help of
Characteristics of photons : Einstein’s explanation.
 Each photon will have energy given by 𝑬 = 𝒉 𝝂 =

𝝀
𝒉𝒄

The energy of a photon is determined by the frequency of the radiation and not
l v Explanation for photo electric effect :
 As each photon liberates one electron, then the increase of intensity of the light
increases the number of electrons emitted there by increasing the photo
by its intensity.
 The photons travel with the velocity of light and its momentum is given by,
a current.
 From, 𝑲𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝒉 𝝂 − 𝝓𝟎 , it is evident that Kmax is proportional to the

.k
𝒉 𝒉𝝂 frequency of the light and is independent of intensity of the light.
𝒑= =
𝝀 𝒄 𝟏
 From, 𝒉 𝝂 = 𝒉 𝝂𝟎 + 𝒎 𝒗𝟐 , there must be minimum energy (equal to the work
 Photons are electrically neutral, and hency they are not deflected ny electric and 𝟐

w
magnetic fields. function of the metal) for incident photons to liberate electrons from the metal
 When photon interacts with matter, the total energy, total linear momentum surface. Below which, emission of electrons is not possible. Correspondingly,
and angular momentum are conserved. there exists minimum frequency called threshold frequency below which there

Einstein’s explanation of photoelectric equation :

w
8. Obtain Einstein’s photoelectric equation with necessary explanation. is no photoelectric emission.
 According to quantum concept, the transfer of photon energy to the electrons is
instantaneous so that there is no time lag between incidence of photons and

w
 When a photon of energy ‘hν’ is incident on a metal surface, it is completely
absorbed by a single electron and the electron is ejected. ejection of electrons.
 In this process, the energy of incident photom is utilized in two ways. 10. Explain photo electric cells and its types.
(1) Part of the photon energy is used for the ejection of the electrons from the Phot electric cell :
metal surface and it is called work function (𝝓𝟎 )  Photo electric cell or photo cell is a device which converts light energy into
(2) Remaining energy as the kinetic energy (K) of the ejected electron. electrical energy.
 From the law of conservation of energy,  It works on the principle of photo electric effect.
ℎ 𝜈 = 𝜙0 + 𝐾  When light is incident on the photosensitive materials, their electric properties
1 will get affected, based on which photo cells are classified into three types. They
(𝑜𝑟) ℎ 𝜈 = 𝜙0 + 𝑚 𝑣 2 − − − − (1) are Phote emissive cell, Phot voltaic cell and Photo conductive cell
2

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12 PHYSICS UNIT – 8 DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
(1) Photo emissive cell :  Hence the speed of the electron is.
 Its working depends on the electron emission from a metal cathode due to 2𝑒𝑉
𝑣2 =
irradiation of light or other radiations. 𝑚
(2) Photo voltaic cell : 2𝑒𝑉
 Here sensitive element made of semiconductor is used which generates 𝑣= √ − − − − (1)
voltage proportional tothe intensity of light or other radiations. 𝑚
(3) Photo conductive cell :  The de Broglie wavelength of electron is
 In this, the resistance of the semiconductor changes in accordance with the ℎ ℎ
𝜆= =
radiant energy incident on it. 𝑚𝑣 2𝑒𝑉

n
11. Give the construction and working of photo emissive cell. 𝑚√
𝑚
Photo emissive cell :
 It consists of an evacuated glass or quartz bulb in
which two metallic electrodes a cathode and an
anode are fixed. where,
𝝀=

l. i
𝒉
√𝟐 𝒎 𝒆 𝑽
ℎ = 6.626 𝑋 10 −34
𝐽𝑠
− − − (2)

 The cathode C is semi-cylindrical in shape and is

coated with a photo sensitive material.
 The anode A is a thin rod or wire kept along the

d a
𝑒 = 1.6 𝑋 10−19 𝐶
𝑚 = 9.11 𝑋 10−31 𝑘𝑔
𝟏𝟐. 𝟐𝟕 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟐. 𝟐𝟕 𝒐

a
axis of the semi-cylindrical cathode. ∴ 𝝀= = 𝑨
√ 𝑽 √𝑽
 A potential difference is applied between the
14. Describe briefly Davisson – Germer experiment which demonstrated the wave
anode and the cathode through a galvanometer G.
Working :
 When cathode is illuminated, electrons are
i k
nature of electrons.
Davisson - Gerner experiment :

v
 De Broglie hypothesis of matter
emitted from it.

l
waves was experimentally
 These electrons are attracted by anode and hence confirmed by Clinton Davisson and

a
a current is produced which is measured by the Lester Germer in 1927.
galvanometer.
 They demonstrated that electron

.k
 For a given cathode, the magnitude of the current depends on beams are diffracted when they fall
(1) the intensity to incident radiation and on crystalline solids.
(2) the potential difference between anode and cathode.
 Since crystal can act as a three-
12. Give the application of photo cells .

w
dimensional diffraction grating for
Applications of photo cells :
matter waves, the electron waves
 Photo cells have many applications especially as switches and sensors. incident on crystals are diffracted

w
 Automatic lights that turn on when it gets dark use photocells, as well as street off in certain specific directions.
lights that switch on and off according to whether it is night or day.  The filament F is heated by a low
 Photo cells are used for reproduction of sound in motion pictures

w
tension (L.T.) battery so that
 They are used as timers to measure the speeds of athletes during a race. electrons are emitted from the hot
 Photo cells of exposure meters in photography are used to measure the filament by thermionic emission.
intensity of the given light and to calculate the exact time of exposure.  They are then accelerated due to the potential difference between the filament
13. Derive an expression for de Broglie wavelength of electrons. and the anode aluminium cylinder by a high tension (H.T.) battery.
De Boglie wavelength of electrons :  Electron beam is collimated by using two thin aluminium diaphragms and is
 An electron of mass m is accelerated through a potential difference of V volt. allowed to strike a single crystal of Nickel.
 The kinetic energy acquired by the electron is given by  The electrons scattered by Ni atoms in different directions are received by the
1
𝑚 𝑣2 = 𝑒 𝑉 electron detector which measures the intensity of scattered electron beam.
2

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
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12 PHYSICS UNIT – 8 DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
 The detector is rotatable in the Principle :
plane of the paper so that the  The wave nature of the electron is used in the construction of microscope called
angle 𝜃 between the incident electron microscope.
beam and the scattered beam can  The resolving power of a microscope is inversely proportional to the
be changed at our will. wavelength of the radiation used.
 The intensity of the scattered  Thus higher resolving power can be obtained by employing the waves of
electron beam is measured as a shorter wavelengths.
function of the angle θ.  De Broglie wavelength of electron is very much less than (a few thousands less)
 The graph shows the variation of that of the visible light.
intensity of the scattered
electrons with the angle θ for the accelerating voltage of 54V.

i n
 As a result, the microscopes employing de Broglie waves of electrons have very
much higher resolving power than optical microscope.

l.
 For a given accelerating voltage V, the scattered wave shows a peak or  Electron microscopes giving magnification more than 2,00,000 times are
maximum at an angle of 50° to the incident electron beam. common in research laboratories.
 This peak in intensity is attributed to the constructive interference of electrons

a
Working :
diffracted from various atomic layers of the target material.  The construction and working of an electron microscope is similar to that of an
 From the known value of interplanar spacing of Nickel, the wavelength of the

d
optical microscope except that in electron microscope focussing of electron
electron wave has been experimentally calculated as 1.65Å. beam is done by the electrostatic or magnetic lenses.

a
 The wavelength can also be calculated from de Broglie relation for V = 54 V as  The electron beam passing across a suitably arranged either electric or
12.27 𝑜 12.27 𝑜 magnetic fields undergoes divergence or convergence thereby focussing of the
𝝀= 𝐴 = 𝐴 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕 𝐀
√𝑉 √54
 This value agrees well with the experimentally observed wavelength of 1.65Å.
 Thus this experiment directly verifies de Broglie’s hypothesis of the wave
i k beam is done
 The electrons emitted from the source are accelerated by high potentials.
 The beam is made parallel by magnetic condenser lens.
nature of moving particles.
15. Briefly explain the principle and working of electron microscope.

l v  When the beam passes through the sample whose magnified image is needed,
the beam carries the image of the sample.

a
Electron microscope :  With the help of magnetic objective lens and magnetic projector lens system,
the magnified image is obtained on the screen.

.k
 These electron microscopes are being used in almost all branches of science.

w
w
w
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question Papers to [email protected] (OR) Whatsapp - 9385336929