MARTHANDAM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

K.K. DISTRICT

INTERNAL EXAM - I ANSWER KEY

Academic Year : 2023 – 2024 (Even)

Course code & Name : MX3089 – Industrial Safety
Programme Code & Name : Common to All Branches
Year/Semester : III Year / VI Semester
Name of the Faculty :

Part – A (2 x 10 = 20 Marks)

1) Define Safety.
Safety is the state of being "safe", the condition of being protected from harm or other
non-desirable outcomes.

2) What is mean by Risk?

Risk associated with industrial processes can be defined as a measure of probability of
harmful event such as death, injury, loss, etc. arising from exposure to chemical or physical
agent may occur under the specific conditions of manufacture.

3) What is mean by Hazard?

Hazard is a term associated with a substance that is likelihood to cause an injury in a
given environment or situation.

4) What is mean by Industrial Safety?

• Industrial safety is primarily a management activity which is concerned with reducing,
controlling and eliminating hazards from the industries or industrial units.
• Industrial safety refers to the protection of workers from the danger of industrial
accidents.

5) What are the objectives of Industrial Safety?

• To prevent accidents in the plant by reducing the hazard to minimum.
• To eliminate accident caused work stoppage and lost production.
• To prevent loss of life, permanent disability and the loss of income of worker by
eliminating causes of accidents.

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 6) What are the different types of Hazards?
• Chemical hazard
• Physical hazard
• Biological hazard
• Ergonomic hazards

7) What is the procedure for Hazard analysis?

• Examine the job and determine the components
• Identify tasks likely to present hazards
• Identify and assess hazards
• Determine and devise controls measures

8) What is mean by Health and Safety Audit?

A health and safety audit is a process that helps ensure your business or organization
is in accordance with regulatory health and safety regulations while also evaluating how well
you follow certain processes and the overall performance of your business.

9) What is called Indian factories act 1948?

The Factories Act of 1948 provides protection for workers’ health, ensures workplace
safety when using machines, enhances the physical environment of the workplace, and offers
welfare facilities.

10) What is code of practice IS 15656:2006?

IS 15656:2006 is called as “Hazard Identification and Risk Analysis – Code of Practice”.
It provides detailed guidance on Quantitative & Qualitative Procedures.

Part – B (2 x 14 = 28 Marks)

11. a) Explain about Hazards, its types and hierarchy of Hazard control measures.

What Is Hazard?
A hazard can be anything that can cause harm or damage to people, property, or the
environment. It is important to note that a hazard does not necessarily have to be physical; it
can also be chemical, biological, or psychological. Hazardous substances and conditions can
exist in both natural and man-made environments.

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Types Of Hazards and Examples
There are four main types of hazards:
1. Physical hazards
2. Chemical hazards
3. Biological hazards
4. Psychological hazards

1. Physical Hazards & Control Measures

Physical hazards refer to the dangers a substance or object poses due to its physical
properties. These hazards can be either visible or invisible or naturally occurring or man-
made. Many different types of physical hazards can be present in the workplace.

Some of the most common include:

• Falls from heights are among the most common causes of severe injury and
death in the workplace.
• Workers may be exposed to harmful chemicals, dust, or fumes while working.

Physical hazards are present in many workplaces. Workers need to be aware of the potential
hazards and take steps to avoid them.

2. Chemical Hazards & Control Measures

Many different types of chemical hazards can be present in the workplace. Some of
these hazards are more common than others, and others can be more dangerous. It is
important to be aware of all the different types of chemical hazards that could be present in
your workplace so that you can take steps to protect yourself and your coworkers.
a) Asbestos
b) Lead
c) Acids and Bases
d) Flammable Liquids

3. Biological Hazards & Control Measures

Biological hazards can cause harm or damage to people, property, or the environment
due to exposure to a biological agent.
a) Bacteria
b) Viruses

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 4. Psychological Hazards & Control Measures
Psychological hazards can cause harm or damage to people, property, or the
environment due to exposure to a psychological stressor.

a) Harassment
While sexual harassment is the most common form of workplace harassment, there are other
types. These include but are not limited to racial harassment, religious harassment, and
disability-based harassment. Workplace harassment can have a severe impact on an
individual’s mental health. It can lead to anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress
disorder.

b) Stress
Stress is the number one psychological hazard in the workplace. It can lead to various
problems, including anxiety, depression, gastrointestinal disorders, headaches, heart disease,
sleep disorders, and stroke. A number of things can cause stress in the workplace, including
long hours, tight deadlines, heavy workloads, job insecurity, and conflict with co-workers.

There are several things you can do to manage stress in the workplace;
• Taking breaks during the day
• Eating healthy foods
• Exercising regularly
• Getting enough sleep
• Avoiding caffeine and alcohol
• Practicing relaxation techniques such as yoga or meditation.

(or)

b) Explain about the Health and Safety Policies in India.

Introduction
The importance of workplace safety and health cannot be overstated, as it has a direct
impact on the well-being and productivity of workers. In India, there are a number of laws
and regulations aimed at promoting workplace safety and health. This analysis will examine
the key provisions of these laws, their effectiveness in ensuring workplace safety and health,
and the challenges that remain in this area. The primary legislation governing occupational
safety and health in India is the Factories Act, 1948. All factories, including those that

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manufacture, process, and produce items, are subject to this law. It addresses topics including
working conditions, young people’s employment, and worker health, safety, and welfare. The
fundamental law governing workplace safety and health in India is the Factories Act, 1948,
however its application and enforcement have lagged.

The International Labour Organisation (ILO) estimates that just 10% of India’s workforce
is covered by the Factories Act, and many small and medium-sized businesses are free from
its requirements. Furthermore, even in factories that are subject to the legislation, inadequate
compliance with its requirements is common.

Existing Laws
In addition to the Factories Act, there are other major laws and regulations that address
occupational safety and health in India. These includes;
1. The Mines Act, 1952: This law governs the safety, health, and welfare of workers
employed in mines.
2. The Dock Workers (Safety, Health and Welfare) Act, 1986: This law governs the safety,
health, and welfare of workers employed in ports and docks.
3. The Building and Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and
Conditions of Service) Act, 1996: This law provides for the welfare and safety of workers
employed in building and construction activities.
4. The Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970: This law governs the
conditions of work and employment of contract labourers.
5. The Inter-State Migrant Workmen (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of
Service) Act, 1979: This law provides for the welfare and safety of inter-state migrant
workers.
6. The Factories Act, 1948: The Factories Act, 1948 is the major legislation in India that
addresses workplace safety and health.
7. The Mines Act, 1952: The Mines Act, 1952 lays down rules and regulations for the
benefit, health, and safety of mine workers.
8. The Building and Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and
Conditions of Service) Act, 1996: aims to regulate building and other construction workers’
jobs and working conditions.

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12. a) Explain about Indian Factories Act 1948

Objectives of Factories Act, 1948

• To protect the health and safety of workers
• To ensure that factories adhere to global best practices in the factories
• To provide a fair and decent livelihood for all working-class people
• To reduce any social or industrial tensions

Explanation;
The act lays down rules and regulations for safety, health, and welfare of workers
employed in factories. The act defines a factory as any premises where ten or more workers
are engaged in manufacturing process using power, or where twenty or more workers are
engaged in manufacturing process without power. Every factory must have a safety
committee, which must include both management and employee representatives, according
to the laws. The committee is in charge of detecting workplace risks and creating plans to
eliminate or control them. The statute mandates that each factory employ a competent safety
officer who is in charge of putting safety and health plans into effect and performing regular
safety audits. The Factories Act also establishes guidelines and requirements for certain
aspects of health and safety, including sanitation, lighting, ventilation, and machinery
safety. Additionally, the legislation calls for the hiring of factory inspectors, who are tasked
with checking factories and confirming that safety and health laws are being followed.

Provisions of Factories Act, 1948

Factories Act, 1948, limits work hours to 48 hours a week, and overtime work should
not be more than nine hours a day. Factory Schedule Rules specify that a limited working day
shall not exceed ten consecutive hours; this regulation does not apply during a public holiday
or when an emergency requires immediate action and substantial loss has occurred.

The Factories Act, 1948, sets the safety standards for workers employed in factories.
It is applied to manufacturing goods, including weaving, knitting of hosiery and other
knitwear, clothing and footwear production, dyeing and finishing textiles, etc.

Period of Application
The Factories Act was implemented in India following the general elections held in
1951 for the Legislative Assembly of States and Union Territories that fall under the Indian
Union, with effect from June 15, 1951.

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 The Factories Act, 1948, was further amended in 1951, 1960, 1961, and 1972. In
addition to this amendment, the Rules of 1951, 1960, and 1961 have been amended. The
Factories Act was applied to the newly formed States in 1965 by the Chief Secretaries of
these States.
It applies only to certain factories employing ten or more workers (including apprentices).

(or)

b) Explain about the code ISO 45001:2018

ISO 45001 health and safety management standard

ISO 45001 is an international standard for health and safety at work developed by
national and international standards committees independent of government.

Implementing ISO 45001 may help your organisation demonstrate compliance with
health and safety law. But, in some respects, it goes beyond what the law requires, so
consider carefully whether to adopt it.
If your organization already has a developed health and safety management structure, or
you're familiar with other management standards, it may be straightforward for you to adopt
ISO 45001. However, if your organization is small, with less formal management processes,
you may find it difficult to:
▪ interpret what the standard asks for
▪ gauge what proportionate implementation looks like
This may particularly be the case if you're adopting management standards to meet supply
chain requirements of customers or contracting bodies.

It is important to carefully consider:

▪ the practical implementation of the standard, including audit and certification
▪ whether it can be easily tailored to work effectively for for the size and
complexity of your organization in a way that's in proportion to the risks you
must control

Contracting bodies and customers should therefore ask themselves whether the supplier
really needs certification to 45001, or whether they can demonstrate competence in managing
health and safety using other means.

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 HSE inspectors will continue to rely on a wide range of evidence and observations when
assessing an organization’s compliance with health and safety law, not just whether they
claim to meet the ISO 45001 standard or not.

Your organization can apply the standard to your activities (in full, or in part) to help
provide evidence of good health and safety management, and improvements made, without
getting certification. However, you can only claim to conform to the standard if it's
implemented fully.

Part – C (1 x 12 = 12 Marks)

13. a) Explain the Responsibilities of Safety Officers and Safety Representatives.

Safety Officer:

A Safety Officer is appointed to perform the main health and safety duties in the
workplace. He is responsible for ensuring that there is a safe working environment for
employees and other relevant parties.

• The Health and Safety Officer is responsible for tasks such as:
• Developing, implementing, and improving the health and safety plans, programmes
and procedures in the workplace.
• Ensuring compliance with relevant health and safety legislation.
• Identifying OHS-related training needs in the workplace.
• Conducting safety inspections and risk assessments.
• Investigating workplace accidents.
• Reporting on OHS-related activities.
• Supervising junior health and safety employees.
• The role of Health and Safety Officer is usually a full-time job, and in order to be
appointed as a Health and Safety Officer.

Safety Representatives:
A Safety Representatives are required to be designated in terms of the Occupational
Health and Safety Act in workplaces where the employer employs more than 20 employees.
Health and Safety Representatives often act as the liaison between senior management and
employees, and may be responsible for:

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 • Assisting the Health and Safety Officer.
• Attending Health and Safety Committee meetings.
• Identifying hazards and risks in the workplace.
• Listening to and investigating OHS-related complaints from employees.
• Assisting with the investigation of accidents that occur in the workplace.
• Making OHS-related suggestions to senior management and/or the Health and Safety
Officer.
• The role of Safety Representative is not a full-time job. This means that Safety
Representatives sometimes take on the above-mentioned responsibilities in addition to
their regular full-time jobs.
• While Safety Representatives are also required to undergo relevant training to assist
them in carrying out their responsibilities, they do not necessarily need to study
toward formal OHS qualifications.

(or)

b) What is Safety Incentive Program? Explain the benefits of Safety Incentive Programs.

Safety incentives are rewards given to the employees for their achievements in
reporting injuries, newly detected potential safety hazards and recommendations or
suggestions for safety improvements in the workplace and workplace procedures.

In short, safety incentive programs work by setting goals and protocols and rewarding
employees that follow them. This could be as simple as recognizing an employee that
actually washes their hands for the allotted time or celebrating a team that experiences zero
workplace accidents during a month, quarter, or year.

Here's the step-by-step process for building a safety incentive program that works:
• Establish Clear and Measurable Goals
• Create (and Publicize) Meaningful Rewards
• Communicate and Encourage Employee Involvement
• Track Performance and Feedback Regularly
• Evaluate and Adapt Your Program

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Benefits Of Safety Incentive Programs

Improved Safety Awareness:

One of the primary benefits of such programs is heightened awareness about safety protocols
and practices. As employees are motivated to follow safety measures, there’s a continuous
reinforcement of the importance of staying safe.

Reduction in Workplace Accidents:

Incentive programs motivate employees to adhere strictly to safety protocols, which can lead
to a notable reduction in workplace accidents, injuries, and near misses. Fewer accidents
translate to fewer disruptions, less downtime, decreased costs related to medical care, and lost
productivity.

Cost Savings:
In the long run, investing in a safety incentive program can save companies significant
amounts. This is due to reduced medical expenses, lower insurance premiums, fewer
compensation claims, and less production downtime resulting from accidents.

Promotion of Continuous Learning:

Safety incentive programs often encourage employees to attend training, workshops, and
seminars. This culture of continuous learning ensures that the workforce remains updated
with the latest safety standards and practices.

Fosters a Culture of Safety:

Over time, these programs can help teach a strong safety culture where every individual, from
top management to the newest recruit, places a high priority on safety. This culture can
permeate every aspect of the organization, making safety a core value.

Positive Work Environment:

A safe workplace is often a happier workplace. When employees feel secure and know their
well-being is a priority, it can lead to a more positive, collaborative, and productive work
environment.

Faculty in charge HOD

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