Relations, Functions, and Graphs
Quantitative Reasoning I
1. Introduction to Relations
1.1 Ordered Pairs and Cartesian Products
• An ordered pair is a pair of elements written as (a, b) where the order matters.
• The Cartesian product of sets A and B is: A × B = {(a, b) | a ∈ A, b ∈ B}.
Example: If A = {1, 2} and B = {x, y}, then: A × B = {(1, x), (1, y), (2, x), (2, y)}
1.2 Definition of a Relation
A relation from set A to set B is any subset of A × B.
Example 1: Let A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {4, 5, 6} A possible relation is: R = {(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)}
Example 2 (Real-Life): Let A = {students} and B = {marks} A relation: {(Ali, 85), (Sara, 90)}
1.3 Domain and Range
• Domain: All the first elements of the pairs.
• Range: All the second elements of the pairs.
Example: R = {(2, 5), (3, 6), (4, 7)} Domain = {2, 3, 4}, Range = {5, 6, 7}
1.4 Types of Relations
• Reflexive: (a, a) ∈ R for all a ∈ A
• Symmetric: If (a, b) ∈ R, then (b, a) ∈ R
• Transitive: If (a, b), (b, c) ∈ R, then (a, c) ∈ R
Example: R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2), (2, 1)} is reflexive and symmetric.
Task:
• Define three relations from your daily life and specify domain/range.
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2. Understanding Functions
2.1 What is a Function?
A function is a relation in which each element in the domain maps to exactly one element
in the range.
Notation: f : A → B
Example: f (x) = x2 If A = {1, 2, 3}, then f (A) = {1, 4, 9}
2.2 Checking if a Relation is a Function
Vertical Line Test: If a vertical line intersects a graph in more than one place, it is not a
function.
Examples:
• R = {(1, 2), (2, 4), (3, 6)} → Yes, it’s a function.
• R = {(1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 4)} → No, not a function.
2.3 Types of Functions
• Constant Function: f (x) = c
• Linear Function: f (x) = ax + b
• Quadratic Function: f (x) = ax2 + bx + c
• Piecewise Function
2.4 Real-Life Applications
• Salary: f (x) = hourly rate × x
• Temperature conversion: f (C) = 95 C + 32
• Mobile billing: f (x) = 100 + 2x
Example (Mobile Billing): For x = 0 to x = 5:
Minutes (x) Bill f(x)
0 100
1 102
2 104
3 106
4 108
5 110
Task:
• Write 3 real-world functions (wage, population, speed).
• Make a table and sketch the graph.
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3. Graphs of Functions and Interpretation
3.1 Cartesian Plane
The plane formed by two perpendicular number lines:
• Horizontal: x-axis
• Vertical: y-axis
• Point: (x, y)
3.2 Plotting Linear Functions
Example: f (x) = 2x + 3 Points: (0, 3), (1, 5), (2, 7), (3, 9)
3.3 Non-linear Graphs
• Quadratic: f (x) = x2
• Absolute Value: f (x) = |x|
Example: Plot f (x) = x2 for x = −3 to x = 3:
Points: (−3, 9), (−2, 4), (−1, 1), (0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 4), (3, 9)
3.4 Graphs in Daily Life
• Temperature vs Day: Use weather data for 7 days and plot.
• Distance vs Time: Driving a car at constant speed.
Real-Life Example: Distance Travelled A car travels 60 km/hr: f (x) = 60x Plot
for x = 0 to x = 5 hours.
3.5 Piecewise Function Example
(
2x + 1 if x < 0
f (x) =
x2 if x ≥ 0
Plot the function over x ∈ [−3, 3]
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Figure 1: Graphs of linear, quadratic, absolute value, and piecewise functions
Home Task: Relations, Functions, and Graphs
Instructions: Attempt all questions. Show working where required. Use graph paper for
plotting where necessary.
1. Relations
1. List all the ordered pairs in the relation R = {(x, y) | x + y = 5}, x, y ∈ N, x ≤ 5.
2. Let A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {4, 5}. Find the Cartesian product A × B and determine the
number of ordered pairs.
3. If R = {(a, b) | a, b ∈ Z, a − b is even}, list five elements of R.
4. Given a relation R = {(2, 4), (3, 6), (4, 8)}, determine its domain and range.
5. Draw a mapping diagram for the relation R = {(x, y) | y = x2 }, x ∈ {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2}.
2. Types of Relations
1. Is the relation R = {(a, a) | a ∈ N, a ≤ 5} reflexive? Explain.
2. Prove whether R = {(a, b) | a − b is divisible by 3} is an equivalence relation.
3. Is R = {(x, y) | xy > 0} on R \ {0} symmetric?
4. Construct a relation on A = {1, 2, 3} that is reflexive and transitive but not symmetric.
5. Given R = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (1, 3)}, check if it is transitive.
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3. Functions
1. Determine whether each relation is a function:
• {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4)}
• {(1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 4)}
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2. Identify the domain and range of the function f (x) = x−2
.
3. Is the mapping from students to roll numbers a function? Justify.
4. Sketch the mapping diagram for f (x) = x2 + 1, for x ∈ {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2}.
5. Use the vertical line test to check if the following are functions:
• y = x2
• y2 = x
4. Types of Functions
1. Identify the type of each function:
• f (x) = 2x + 3
• f (x) = x2 − 5x + 6
• f (x) = 7
• f (x) = x
2. Find the slope and intercepts of f (x) = −3x + 6.
3. Sketch the graph of f (x) = |x − 2|. Find domain and range.
4. Define the following as a piecewise function:
(
2x + 1 if x < 0
f (x) =
x2 if x ≥ 0
5. Real-Life Applications
1. A taxi charges Rs. 100 as base fare and Rs. 10 per km. Write the function f (x) and
find total fare for 5 km and 12 km.
2. The area of a square is a function of its side. If side = x, write the function and sketch
the graph.
3. Profit P on selling x items is P (x) = 50x − 300. Find break-even point.
4. Water flows into a tank at 10 L/hour. Graph volume (liters) vs. time (hours) from 0
to 5 hours.
5. A person burns 5 calories per minute while walking. Write a function C(x) and find
calories burnt after 15, 30, and 45 minutes. Graph the function.
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6. Graphing Functions
1. Sketch the graph of f (x) = 2x + 1 for x ∈ [−3, 3].
2. Plot the graph of f (x) = x2 − 4.
3. Sketch the graph of f (x) = |x|. Label key points.
4. For f (x) = x1 , sketch the graph and discuss domain, range.
5. Graph the piecewise function:
(
x + 2 if x < 0
f (x) =
x2 if x ≥ 0
1 Note
This lecture serves as a foundational guide and can be further enriched by incorporating
additional examples and explanations for deeper understanding.
