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SL No TOPIC PAGE NUMBER

1 ARTICLES: A, AN, THE - USE AND RULES 1-5
2 PARTS OF SPEECH 6 - 15
3 1. NOUN (संज्ञा) 6-7

4 2. PRONOUN (सर्वनाम) 8-9

5 3. VERB (क्रिया) 10 - 11
6 4. ADJECTIVE (क्रर्शे षण) 12 - 13

7 5. ADVERB (क्रिया क्रर्शे षण) 14

8 6. PREPOSITION (पूर्वसर्व) 15

9 7. CONJUNCTION (समु च्चयबोधक) 16

10 8. INTERJECTION (क्रर्स्मयाक्रिबोधक) 17

11 PRACTICE SENTENCES: 18 - 20
12 USE OF MODAL VERBS 21 - 40
13 USE OF "CAN" 21 - 22
14 USE OF "COULD" 23 - 24
15 USE OF "MAY" 25 - 26
16 USE OF "MIGHT" 27 - 28
17 USE OF "SHALL" 29 - 30
18 USE OF "SHOULD" 31 - 32
19 USE OF "WILL" 33 - 34
20 USE OF "WOULD" 35 - 36
21 USE OF "OUGHT TO" 37 - 38
22 USE OF "USED TO" 39 - 40
23 USE OF "NEED" 41 - 42
24 USE OF "MUST" 43 - 44
25 USE OF "DARE" 45 - 46
26 PREPOSITION REVIEW 47 - 49
27 ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE 50 - 52
28 ACTIVE VOICE USAGE 50 - 51
29 PASSIVE VOICE (क्रनष्क्रिय र्ाक्य) 52

30 NARRATION 53 - 55

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ARTICLE A, AN, THE USE AND RULES

Articles in English: A, An, The (Rules in Hindi with Examples)

Articles are words used before nouns to clarify whether the noun is specific or general. In
English, there are three articles: A, An, The.

1. Indefinite Articles: A, An

"A" और "An" का उपयोर् क्रकसी अक्रनक्रित (unspecific) चीज़, व्यष्क्रि, या स्थान के क्रिए क्रकया जाता
है ।

Rules:
1. A
Use A before words that start with a consonant sound.
Examples:

A car (एक कार)

A teacher (एक क्रशक्षक)

A house (एक घर)

2. An:
Use An before words that start with a vowel sound (a, e, i, o, u) or a silent "h."
Examples:

An apple (एक सेब)

An orange (एक सं तरा)

An honest man (एक ईमानिार आिमी)

Important Note: "A" और "An" का चुनाव शब्द की आवाज़ (sound) के आधार पर होता है ,
न कक उसके अक्षर के आधार पर।
Examples:

A university ("यू" की आर्ाज़ consonant है , इसक्रिए "A" िर्ा।)

An umbrella ("अ" की आर्ाज़ vowel है , इसक्रिए "An" िर्ा।)

2. Definite Article: The

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"The" का उपयोग ककसी कवशेष (specific) या पहले से ज्ञात वस्तु, व्यक्ति, या स्थान के कलए
ककया जाता है।
Rules:

1. एकमात्र चीज़ों (Unique things) के क्रिए:

The sun (सूरज)

The earth (पृथ्वी)

The Taj Mahal (ताजमहि)

2. पहले से जानी हुई चीज़:

I saw a dog. The dog was barking.

(मैंने एक कुत्ते को िे खा। र्ह कुत्ता भ क

ं रहा था।)

3. Superlative adjectives के साथ:

The best player (सबसे अच्छा ष्क्रखिाडी)

The tallest building (सबसे ऊंची इमारत)

4. संगीत वाद्य यंत्र के साथ:

He plays the guitar. (र्ह क्रर्टार बजाता है ।)

5. समूह (Groups) के कलए:

The poor (र्रीब िोर्)

The rich (अमीर िोर्)

Differences Between A, An, and The
Practice Examples

1. I saw a bird in the tree.

मैंने एक पक्षी को पेड में िे खा।

2. The bird was colorful.

र्ह पक्षी रं र्ीन था।

3. She bought an orange from the market.

उसने बाजार से एक संतरा खरीिा।

By following these rules and practicing, you will gain confidence in using articles
effectively!

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PART OF SPEECH
Parts of Speech in English (Detailed Explanation with Hindi and English Examples)

In English grammar, Parts of Speech are categories that describe the roles and functions of
words in a sentence. There are 8 main parts of speech: Noun, Pronoun, Verb, Adjective,
Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction, and Interjection. Below is a comprehensive guide with
rules and examples.

1. Noun (संज्ञा)

A noun names a person, place, thing, or idea. It is the subject or object in a sentence.
Types of Nouns:

1. Proper Noun (व्यक्तिवाचक): Names of specific people, places, or objects.

Examples:

Ram is my friend. (राम मेरा िोस्त है ।)

Delhi is the capital of India. (क्रिल्ली भारत की राजधानी है ।)

2. Common Noun (जाकतवाचक): General names of people, places, or objects.

Examples:

Boys are playing in the park. (िडके पाकव में खेि रहे हैं ।)

This is a book. (यह एक क्रकताब है ।)

3. Collective Noun (समूहवाचक): Names of groups of people, animals, or things.

Examples:

The team is practicing. (टीम अभ्यास कर रही है ।)

A flock of birds is flying. (पक्रक्षयों का झुंड उड रहा है ।)

4. Abstract Noun (भाववाचक): Names of ideas, emotions, or qualities.

Examples:

Honesty is the best policy. (ईमानिारी सबसे अच्छी नीक्रत है ।)

Happiness is priceless. (खुशी अनमोि है ।)

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5. Material Noun (पदाथथवाचक): Names of substances or materials.

Examples:

Gold is expensive. (सोना महं र्ा है ।)

This chair is made of wood. (यह कुसी िकडी की बनी है ।)

2. Pronoun (सवथनाम)
A pronoun replaces a noun to avoid repetition.
Types of Pronouns:
1. Personal Pronouns: I, You, He, She, It, We, They
Examples:

He is my brother. (र्ह मेरा भाई है ।)

They are coming to the party. (र्े पाटी में आ रहे हैं ।)
2. Possessive Pronouns: Mine, Yours, His, Hers, Ours, Theirs
Examples:

This book is mine. (यह क्रकताब मेरी है ।)

Is this house yours? (क्या यह घर तु म्हारा है ?)

3. Reflexive Pronouns: Myself, Yourself, Himself, Herself, Itself, Ourselves, Themselves
Examples:

She hurt herself. (उसने खुि को चोट पहं चाई।)

I made this myself. (मैंने यह खुि बनाया।)

4. Demonstrative Pronouns: This, That, These, Those
Examples:

This is my car. (यह मेरी कार है ।)

Those are her books. (र्े उसकी क्रकताबें हैं ।)

5. Relative Pronouns: Who, Whom, Which, That, Whose
Examples:

The boy who won the race is my friend. (िडका क्रजसने ि ड जीती, मेरा िोस्त है ।)

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3. Verb (किया)
A verb expresses an action, state, or condition.

Types of Verbs:
1. Action Verbs (किया): Describe physical or mental actions.

Examples:

She is running. (र्ह ि ड रही है ।)

He thinks deeply. (र्ह र्हराई से सोचता है ।)

2. Helping Verbs (सहायक किया): Support the main verb (e.g., is, am, are, was, were,
will).
Examples:

She is reading. (र्ह पढ़ रही है ।)

We will go tomorrow. (हम कि जाएं र्े।)

3. Linking Verbs (संबंधसूचक किया): Connect the subject with information about it (e.g.,
seem, become, appear).
Examples:

He seems tired. (र्ह थका हआ िर्ता है ।)

4. Adjective (कवशे षण)

An adjective modifies or describes a noun or pronoun.

Types of Adjectives:
1. Descriptive Adjectives: Describe quality.
Examples:

The sky is blue. (आसमान नीिा है ।)

She is a kind woman. (र्ह एक ियािु मक्रहिा है ।)

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2. Quantitative Adjectives: Describe quantity.

Examples:

I have three pens. (मेरे पास तीन पेन हैं ।)

There is enough water. (काफी पानी है ।)

3. Demonstrative Adjectives: This, That, These, Those
Examples:

This book is mine. (यह क्रकताब मेरी है ।)

5. Adverb (किया कवशेषण)

An adverb modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb.

Types of Adverbs:
1. Adverbs of Manner: How? (Slowly, Quickly)

Example: She sings beautifully. (र्ह सुंिर र्ाती है ।)

2. Adverbs of Time: When? (Now, Yesterday)

Example: I will meet you tomorrow. (मैं तुमसे कि क्रमिूंर्ा।

3. Adverbs of Place: Where? (Here, There)

Example: He is standing there. (र्ह र्हां खडा है ।)

6. Preposition (पूवथसगथ)
A preposition shows the relationship of a noun/pronoun to another word.
Examples:

The cat is on the table. (क्रबल्ली मेज पर है ।)

He went to the market. (र्ह बाजार र्या।)

7. Conjunction (समुच्चयबोधक)
A conjunction connects words, phrases, or clauses.
Examples:
1. Coordinating Conjunctions: And, But, Or, So

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Example: I like tea and coffee. (मुझे चाय और कॉफी पसंि है ।)

2. Subordinating Conjunctions: Because, Although, Since

Example: She stayed because it was raining. (र्ह रुकी क्योंक्रक बाररश हो रही थी।

8. Interjection (कवस्मयाकदबोधक)
An interjection expresses sudden feelings or emotions.
Examples:

Wow! What a beautiful view! (र्ाह! क्रकतना सुंिर दृश्य है ।)

Alas! He is no more. (हाय! र्ह अब नहीं रहा।)

Practice Sentences:
1. Noun: The dog is barking. (कुत्ता भ क
ं रहा है।)

2. Pronoun: She is my friend. (वह मेरी दोस्त है।

3. Verb: He writes a letter. (वह एक पत्र कलखता है।)

4. Adjective: It is a red apple. (यह एक लाल सेब है।)

5. Adverb: He runs fast. (वह तेज द ड़ता है।)

6. Preposition: The book is on the table. (ककताब मेज पर है।)

7. Conjunction: I will come if it stops raining. (मैं आऊंगा अगर बाररश रुक जाए।)

8. Interjection: Wow! What a performance! (वाह! क्या प्रदशथन है।)

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Model Verb
Use Of “Can”
"Can' is used to express the possibility of something happening. It indicates that
something is possible, though not guaranteed.
Examples:

English: It can rain tomorrow. Hindi. कल बाररश हो सकती है।

English: Anyone can make a mistake.

Hindi: कोई भी गलती कर सकता है।

In these examples, 'can" shows that there is a possibility of the event happening.

4. Can for Requests (अनुरोध के कलए "Can') "Can" is used to make requests. When asking
for help or a favor, 'can" is used to politely request something.
Examples:
English: Can you help me with this problem?

Hindi: क्या आप मेरी इस समस्या में मदद कर सकते हैं ?

English: Can you open the window, please? Hindi: क्या आप क्तखड़की खोल सकते हैं ,

कृपया?
In these cases, "can" is used to politely ask for help or to request an action

5. Can in Negative Form (नकारात्मक रूप में "Can") The negative form of 'can' is "cannot"
or "can't". It is used to show that something is not possible or that someone does not
have the ability to do something.
Examples:
English: I can't swim.

Hindi: मैं तैर नही ं सकता।

English: You can't go to the party without permission.

Hindi: आप कबना अनुमकत के पार्टी में नही ं जा सकते।

'Can't' is used to indicate the inability. to do something or to express prohibition.

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6. Can for Offers (पेशकश के कलए "Can")

"Can" is used when offering help or assistance. It is a way of saying that you are willing to
do something for someone.
Examples:

English: Can I help you with your homework? Hindi: क्या में आपकी होमवकथ में मदद कर
सकता हूँ?

English: Can I carry your bag? Hindi: क्या मैं आपका बैग ले सकता हूँ ?
Here, 'can" is used to offer assistance or help.

7. Can for Future Possibility (भकवष्य में संभावना के कलए 'Can")

"Can' can also be used to talk about
the future possibility of an event or

action happening, although it is not as common as "may" or "might" for expressing future
possibility.
Examples: English: It can get very cold in the mountains.

Hindi: पहाड़ों में बहुत ठं ड हो सकती है।

English: She can arrive anytime

tomorrow. Hindi: वह कल कभी भी पहुूँच सकती है।

In these sentences, "can" expresses the possibility of something happening in the future.

8. Can for General Truths or Facts (सामान्य सत्य या तथ्ों के कलए "Can")
"Can' is used to state general truths or facts that are true in a broad sense or that apply to
everyone.
Examples: English: Birds can fly.

Hindi: पक्षी उड़ सकते हैं।

English: People can be very kind. Hindi: लोग बहुत दयालु हो सकते हैं।
In these cases, "can" expresses

general abilities or qualities that apply universally.

9. Can in Questions (प्रश्न में 'Can")

"Can" is commonly used in questions to ask about someone's ability, permission, or to

make requests.

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Examples: English: Can you help me?

Hindi क्या आप मेरी मदद कर सकते हैं ? English: Can I go to the party?

Hindi: क्या में पार्टी में जा सकता हूँ ?

In these examples, 'can' is used to ask about ability, permission, or to make requests.
Important Points to Remember About "Can':
Can is always followed by the base form of the main verb, not the past or future form.
Example:
Correct: I can speak. Incorrect: I can speaks.
Can does not change according to the subject of the sentence. Example:
I can run. You can run.
He can run.
"Can' is informal: In more formal settings, we often use "may" instead of "can" to ask for
permission. Example:
Formal: May I leave early?
Informal: Can I leave early?

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USE OF COULD
"Could" is a modal verb that is used in different ways in English. Here's a brief explanation of
its main uses:

1. Past Ability (अतीत में क्षमता)

"Could" is used to talk about an ability that someone had in the past, but may not
necessarily have now.
Example:
English: I could swim when I was a child.

Hindi: जब मैं बच्चा था, तो मैं तैर सकता था।

2. Polite Requests (कवनम्र अनुरोध)

"Could" is used to make polite requests or ask for something in a more formal or respectful
way.
Example:
English: Could you please pass the salt?

Hindi: क्या आप कृपया नमक िे सकते हैं ?

3. Possibility (संभावना)

"Could" is used to express a possibility or something that may happen in the present or
future.
Example:
English: It could rain later.

Hindi: बाि में बाररश हो सकती है ।

4. Suggestions (सुझाव)
"Could" can be used to make suggestions about what is possible or a good idea.
Example:
English: You could try calling her.

Hindi: आप उसे कॉि करने की कोक्रशश कर सकते हैं ।

5. Past Polite Requests (अतीत में कवनम्र अनुरोध)

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"Could" is used for polite requests in the past, often to ask for permission or to make a
suggestion.
Example:
English: When I was younger, I could ask my parents for anything.

Hindi: जब मैं छोटा था, तो मैं अपने माता-क्रपता से कुछ भी पूछ सकता था।

6. Conditional Sentences (कंडीशनल वाक्य)

"Could" is used in conditional sentences to talk about things that are possible under certain
conditions.
Example:
English: If I had more time, I could help you.

Hindi: अर्र मेरे पास ज्यािा समय होता, तो मैं आपकी मिि कर सकता था।

USE OF MAY
"May" is a modal verb in English that is used to express permission, possibility, and wishes.
Here’s a detailed explanation of its uses:

1. Permission (अनुमक्रत के क्रिए "May")

"May" is used to ask for or give permission, especially in formal or polite contexts.
Example:
English: May I leave early today?

Hindi: क्या मैं आज जल्दी जा सकता हूँ ?

English: You may go now.

Hindi: आप अब जा सकते हैं ।

In these examples, "may" is used to ask for or give permission.

2. Possibility (संभावना के कलए "May")

"May" is used to express possibility or something that could happen in the future.
Example:
English: It may rain tomorrow.

Hindi: कि बाररश हो सकती है ।

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English: She may come to the party tonight.

Hindi: र्ह आज रात पाटी में आ सकती है ।

In these examples, "may" expresses a possible event or action that may happen in the
future.

3. Wishes (इच्छा के कलए "May")

"May" is often used to express a wish or hope for something in the present or future. It is
used in formal or traditional contexts, especially when giving blessings or expressing good
wishes.
Example:
English: May you have a happy birthday!

Hindi: आपकी सािक्रर्रह मुबारक हो!

English: May all your dreams come true.

Hindi: आपकी सभी इच्छाएूँ पूरी हों।

In these sentences, "may" expresses a hope or a blessing.

4. Formal Permission (औपचाररक अनुमकत के कलए "May")

In formal or official contexts, "may" is often preferred over "can" for asking for or giving
permission.
Example:
English: May I ask a question?

Hindi: क्या मैं एक सर्ाि पू छ सकता हूँ ?

English: Students may leave after the bell rings.

Hindi: छात्र घंटी बजने के बाि जा सकते हैं ।

5. Negative Form of "May"

The negative form of "may" is "may not", used to express that something is not allowed or
that something is impossible.
Example:
English: You may not enter the room without permission.

Hindi: आप क्रबना अनुमक्रत के कमरे में नहीं जा सकते।

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English: She may not come to the meeting today.

Hindi: र्ह आज मीक्रटंर् में नहीं आ सकती।

6. "May" in Conditional Sentences (संभाव्यता के क्रिए "May")

"May" can also be used in conditional sentences to indicate a possible outcome depending
on the condition.
Example:
English: If you study hard, you may pass the exam.

Hindi: अर्र तुम मेहनत से पढ़ाई करोर्े, तो तु म परीक्षा में पास हो सकते हो।

In this case, "may" shows that passing the exam is a possible outcome if the condition is
met.
Conclusion

"May" is a modal verb used to express permission, possibility, and wishes. It is more formal
than "can" and is often used in polite requests, giving blessings, or discussing events that
might happen. Whether you are seeking permission, expressing possibility, or giving well-
wishes, "may" is a versatile verb that is commonly used in various contexts.

Use of might
"Might" is a modal verb in English, commonly used to express possibility, permission, and
hypothetical situations. Here’s a detailed explanation of its uses:

1. Possibility (संभावना के कलए "Might")

"Might" is often used to express a possibility or something that could happen, but is less
certain than "may". It suggests that something is possible but not definite.
Examples:
English: It might rain later.

Hindi: बाि में बाररश हो सकती है ।

English: She might come to the party if she finishes her work.

Hindi: र्ह पाटी में आ सकती है अर्र र्ह अपना काम खत्म कर िेती है ।
In these examples, "might" expresses something that is possible but not certain.

2. Hypothetical Situations (काल्पकनक क्तस्थकतयों के कलए "Might")

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"Might" is used to talk about hypothetical situations or things that could happen under
certain conditions.
Examples:
English: If I had more time, I might visit you.

Hindi: अर्र मेरे पास ज्यािा समय होता, तो मैं आपसे क्रमिने आ सकता था।
English: I might go to the gym if I finish my work early.

Hindi: अर्र मैंने जल्दी काम खत्म क्रकया, तो मैं क्रजम जा सकता हूँ ।
Here, "might" is used to talk about a possibility that depends on a condition.

3. Polite Suggestions or Requests (कवनम्र सुझाव या अनुरोध के कलए "Might")

"Might" is also used to make polite suggestions or requests in English, especially in formal or
respectful situations.
Examples
English: You might want to take an umbrella with you.

Hindi: आपको अपने साथ छाता िे जाना चाक्रहए।

English: You might want to try a different approach.

Hindi: आपको एक अिर् तरीका अपनाने की कोक्रशश करनी चाक्रहए।

In these sentences, "might" is used to suggest something gently or respectfully.

4. Permission (अनुमकत के कलए "Might")

Although less common than "may", "might" can be used to ask for permission in a more
formal or tentative way. It can also be used to express a more polite or less certain form of
granting permission.
Examples:
English: Might I ask you a question?

Hindi: क्या मैं आपसे एक सर्ाि पूछ सकता हूँ ?

English: You might use my laptop if you need it.

Hindi: अर्र आपको जरूरत हो तो आप मेरा िैपटॉप इस्तेमाि कर सकते हैं ।

Here, "might" is used to ask for permission or give it in a more tentative, polite manner.

5. "Might" in the Past (अतीत के कलए "Might")

"Might" can also be used to talk about something that was a possibility in the past, often in
conditional statements or to reflect a missed opportunity.

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Examples:
English: He might have gone to the store, but I'm not sure.

Hindi: र्ह िु कान र्या हो सकता था, िेक्रकन मुझे यकीन नहीं है ।
English: She might have missed the bus if she didn't hurry.

Hindi: अर्र र्ह जल्दी नहीं करती, तो र्ह बस छूट सकती थी।

In these cases, "might" indicates something that could have happened in the past, but
isn't confirmed.

6. "Might" in Conditional Sentences (कंडीशनल वाक्य में "Might")

"Might" is often used in conditional sentences to show that something is possible under
specific conditions.
Examples:
English: If we leave now, we might catch the bus.

Hindi: अर्र हम अब क्रनकिें, तो हम बस पकड सकते हैं ।

English: If she works harder, she might get a promotion.

Hindi: अर्र र्ह ज्यािा मेहनत करती है , तो उसे प्रमोशन क्रमि सकता है ।
"Might" is used here to express a possibility that depends on a condition.

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Use of "Shall"
"Shall" is a modal verb in English, used primarily in formal contexts. It is often used to
express future intentions, offers, suggestions, promises, and obligations. Below is a
detailed explanation of its uses:

1. Future Intention or Action (भकवष्य की योजना या किया)

"Shall" is used to express a future intention or action, often in formal or legal contexts. It
is typically used with the first person (I, we).
Examples:
English: I shall call you when I arrive.

Hindi: जब मैं पहुूँचूूँगा, तो मैं आपको कॉल करू

ूँ गा।
English: We shall complete the project by Friday.

Hindi: हम शुिवार तक पररयोजना पूरा कर दें गे।

In these examples, "shall" indicates an action that will take place in the future.

2. Offering or Suggesting (पेशकश या सुझाव दे ना)

"Shall" is used to make offers or suggestions, often in formal or polite contexts. It is

commonly used with the first person (I, we).
Examples:
English: Shall I help you with your luggage?

Hindi: क्या मैं आपकी सामान में मदद करू

ूँ ?
English: Shall we go to the park?

Hindi: क्या हम पाकथ चलें ?

Here, "shall" is used to offer assistance or make a suggestion.

3. Asking for Instructions or Permission (कनदे श या अनुमकत पूछना)

"Shall" is sometimes used in questions to ask for instructions, permission, or advice,

especially in formal contexts.
Examples:
English: Shall I open the window?

Hindi: क्या मैं क्तखड़की खोल दू ूँ ?

English: Shall we start the meeting now?

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Hindi: क्या हम बैठक अब शुरू करें ?

In these cases, "shall" is used to politely ask for permission or make decisions.

4. Offering to Do Something (ककसी चीज़ को करने का प्रस्ताव)

"Shall" is used to make offers, especially in formal contexts or when the speaker is
offering to do something for someone.

Examples:
English: Shall I bring you some water?

Hindi: क्या मैं आपको पानी लाकर दे दू ूँ ?

English: Shall I take care of that for you?

Hindi: क्या मैं वह आपके कलए कर दू ूँ ?

Here, "shall" is used to offer help or assistance.

5. Formal Suggestions (औपचाररक सुझाव)

"Shall" is used to make formal suggestions, especially in business or legal contexts.
Examples:
English: Shall we begin the discussion on the new project?

Hindi: क्या हम नए पररयोजना पर चचाथ शुरू करें ?

English: Shall we proceed with the plan?

Hindi: क्या हम योजना के साथ आगे बढें ?

In these cases, "shall" is used to make a polite, formal suggestion.

6. Strong Determination or Obligation (दृढ संकल्प या दाकयत्व)

"Shall" is sometimes used in legal, formal, or contractual language to express obligation or

commitment to do something.
Examples:
English: The company shall provide training for all employees.

Hindi: कंपनी सभी कमथचाररयों को प्रकशक्षण प्रदान करे गी।

English: You shall complete the task by tomorrow.

Hindi: आपको कल तक कायथ पूरा करना होगा।

Here, "shall" indicates a strong obligation or commitment.

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7. "Shall" for Making Promises (वादा करना)

"Shall" can also be used to make promises or indicate firm intentions, often in formal
contexts.
Examples:
English: I shall never forget your kindness.

Hindi: मैं आपकी दयालुता को कभी नही ं भूलूूँगा।

English: We shall do our best to help you.

Hindi: हम आपकी मदद करने के कलए अपना सवथश्रेष्ठ करें गे।

In these examples, "shall" is used to make a promise or commitment.

8. "Shall" in Legal or Official Documents (कानूनी या आकधकाररक दस्तावेज़ों में "Shall")

In legal and official language, "shall" is used to indicate a mandatory action or
requirement. It is used to give instructions or set rules.
Examples:
English: The tenant shall pay rent on the first of each month.

Hindi: ककरायेदार प्रत्येक महीने की पहली तारीख को ककराया भरे गा।

English: The applicant shall submit the required documents by the deadline.

Hindi: आवेदनकताथ को कनधाथररत समय सीमा तक आवश्यक दस्तावेज़ जमा करने होंगे।
In these cases, "shall" is used to set rules or obligations in legal contexts.

Use of "Should"
"Should" is a modal verb in English used to express advice, suggestions, obligations,
expectations, and probability. It is a versatile word that can be used in many different
contexts. Below is a detailed explanation of the uses of "should."

1. Giving Advice or Suggestion (सुझाव दे ना)

"Should" is often used to give advice or make a suggestion. It is more polite and less direct
than saying "must."
Examples:
English: You should eat more vegetables.

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Hindi: आपको ज्यादा सक्तियाूँ खानी चाकहए।

English: I think you should talk to your teacher about it.

Hindi: मुझे लगता है कक आपको इस बारे में अपने कशक्षक से बात करनी चाकहए।
In these examples, "should" is used to suggest actions that are considered good or helpful.

2. Expressing Obligation or Duty (कतथव्य या बाध्यता व्यि करना)

"Should" can be used to express obligation or duty. It suggests that something is the right
thing to do but is often not as strong as "must."
Examples:
English: You should pay your bills on time.

Hindi: आपको अपनी कबलों का समय पर भुगतान करना चाकहए।

English: All employees should follow the company’s rules.

Hindi: सभी कमथचाररयों को कंपनी के कनयमों का पालन करना चाकहए।

Here, "should" indicates that there is an expectation or a recommendation to do

something.

3. Expressing Expectations (अपेक्षाएूँ व्यि करना)

"Should" is used to express an expectation that something will happen or that someone
will do something. It can suggest that something is likely or probable.
Examples:
English: The train should arrive at 10 AM.

Hindi: र्टरेन सुबह 10 बजे आनी चाकहए।

English: She should finish her work by now.

Hindi: वह अब तक अपना काम पूरा कर लेनी चाकहए।

In these examples, "should" is used to express an expected or probable outcome.

4. Expressing a Suggestion in a Polite Way (कवनम्र तरीके से सुझाव दे ना)

"Should" is used to offer suggestions in a more polite or respectful manner. It is often

softer than directly telling someone what to do.
Examples:
English: You should try this restaurant; the food is amazing.

Hindi: आपको यह रे स्तरां आजमाना चाकहए; खाना बहुत अच्छा है।

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English: We should leave early to avoid the traffic.

Hindi: हमें र्टरैकिक से बचने के कलए जल्दी कनकलना चाकहए।

These sentences suggest actions that are recommended in a polite and friendly manner.

5. Giving a Warning or Advice (चेतावनी या सलाह दे ना)

"Should" can also be used to give a warning or emphasize that something is the right or
sensible course of action.
Examples:
English: You should be careful when crossing the road.

Hindi: आपको सड़क पार करते समय सावधान रहना चाकहए।

English: He should avoid eating too much sugar.

Hindi: उसे बहुत ज्यादा चीनी खाने से बचना चाकहए।

In these cases, "should" is used to give advice or a gentle warning about something that is
important for safety or well-being.

6. Expressing a Past Obligation (अतीत में कतथव्य व्यि करना)

"Should" can also be used to talk about past obligations or actions that were expected but
did not happen.
Examples:
English: You should have called me earlier.

Hindi: आपको मुझे पहले कॉल करना चाकहए था।

English: She should have studied harder for the exam.

Hindi: उसे परीक्षा के कलए ज्यादा मेहनत करनी चाकहए थी।

In these examples, "should" is used to express something that was expected or required
in the past but did not happen.

7. Expressing Hypothetical Situations (काल्पकनक क्तस्थकतयाूँ व्यि करना)

"Should" can be used in conditional or hypothetical situations, often to express an action

that would be the right thing to do in a given situation.
Examples:
English: If you should see him, tell him I’m looking for him.

Hindi: अगर आप उसे दे खें, तो उसे बताएं कक मैं उसे ढू ूँ ढ रहा हूँ।
English: Should you need help, don’t hesitate to ask.

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Hindi: अगर आपको मदद चाकहए हो, तो पूछने में संकोच न करें ।

In these sentences, "should" expresses a hypothetical situation and gives advice for that
situation.

8. Polite Requests or Suggestions (कवनम्र अनुरोध या सुझाव)

"Should" is sometimes used in polite requests or suggestions to gently advise someone on

what to do.
Examples:
English: You should visit the doctor if you’re not feeling well.

Hindi: अगर आप ठीक महसूस नही ं कर रहे हैं , तो आपको डॉक्टर से कमलना चाकहए।
English: You should talk to her about the issue.

Hindi: आपको इस मुद्दे के बारे में उससे बात करनी चाकहए।

In these examples, "should" offers a suggestion in a polite manner.

9. Expressing Probability or Likelihood (संभावना व्यि करना)

"Should" can be used to express something that is likely to happen, based on what is
expected or probable.

Examples:
English: The meeting should end by 4 PM.

Hindi: बैठक 4 बजे तक खत्म होनी चाकहए।

English: The weather should improve by tomorrow.

Hindi: म सम कल तक सुधरना चाकहए।

Here, "should" expresses a high probability or expectation of an event happening in the

future.

Use of "Will"
"Will" is one of the most commonly used modal verbs in English. It is used to express
future intentions, promises, decisions, offers, and predictions. It is a versatile verb that
can convey certainty or willingness depending on the context.

1. Expressing Future Action or Intention (भकवष्य की किया या इरादा)

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"Will" is used to express actions or events that are certain or planned to happen in the
future. It is the most common way to indicate that something will occur after the present
moment.
Examples:
English: I will call you tomorrow.

Hindi: मैं कल आपको कॉल करू

ूँ गा।
English: She will arrive by noon.

Hindi: वह दोपहर तक पहुूँच जाएगी।

In these examples, "will" expresses a clear intention or plan for the future.

2. Making Promises (वादा करना)

"Will" is commonly used to make promises. When someone uses "will," they are often
committing to doing something in the future.
Examples:
English: I will help you with your homework.

Hindi: मैं तुम्हारी होमवकथ में मदद करू

ूँ गा।
English: We will not forget your birthday.

Hindi: हम तुम्हारा जन्मकदन नही ं भूलेंगे।

In these cases, "will" indicates a commitment to a future action.

3. Expressing Willingness (इच्छा व्यि करना)

"Will" is used to express willingness to do something, often in response to a request or
offer.
Examples:
English: I will do it if you need help.

Hindi: अगर तुम्हें मदद चाकहए, तो मैं इसे कर दू ूँ गा।

English: They will be happy to assist you.

Hindi: वे आपकी मदद करने के कलए खुश होंगे।

Here, "will" expresses a willingness or readiness to do something.

4. Making Predictions (पूवाथनुमान या भकवष्यवाणी करना)

"Will" is used to express predictions about the future, often based on the speaker's
expectations or knowledge of the situation.

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Examples:
English: It will rain tomorrow.

Hindi: कल बाररश होगी।

English: The company will grow over the next few years.

Hindi: कंपनी अगले कुछ वषों में बढे गी।

In these examples, "will" is used to predict or forecast an event based on available

information.

5. Expressing a Decision Made at the Moment of Speaking (तत्काल कनणथय लेना)

"Will" is also used to express a decision made right at the moment of speaking, often
when someone volunteers to do something or makes an offer.
Examples:
English: I will help you clean the house.

Hindi: मैं तुम्हारी मदद करू

ूँ गा घर साि करने में।
English: She will take care of the arrangements.

Hindi: वह व्यवस्थाओं का ध्यान रखेगी।

In these cases, "will" is used to express a spontaneous decision or offer.

6. Giving Commands or Instructions (आदे श दे ना)

In more formal or authoritative contexts, "will" can be used to issue a command or

instruction, especially in formal or legal language.
Examples:
English: The driver will stop at the next station.

Hindi: चालक अगले स्टे शन पर रुकेगा।

English: You will submit the report by Friday.

Hindi: आपको शुिवार तक ररपोर्टथ जमा करनी होगी।

Here, "will" is used to express an obligation or requirement.

7. In Offers or Invitations (प्रस्ताव या कनमंत्रण में )

"Will" is used to make offers or invitations, often to express a willingness to do something
for someone else.

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Examples:
English: Will you join us for dinner tonight?

Hindi: क्या आप आज रात हमारे साथ कडनर करें गे ?

English: I will take you to the airport.

Hindi: मैं आपको एयरपोर्टथ ले जाऊूँगा।

In these examples, "will" is used to offer help or extend an invitation.

8. Expressing a Future Habit or Action (भकवष्य में आदत या किया)

"Will" can also describe a future action that is expected to become a regular part of
someone's routine or habit.
Examples:
English: She will go to the gym every day after work.

Hindi: वह हर कदन काम के बाद कजम जाएगी।

English: They will have lunch at noon from now on.

Hindi: वे अब से दोपहर में लंच करें गे।

Here, "will" expresses a habitual a…

Use of "Would"
"Would" is a modal verb in English that is used in various contexts to express politeness,
hypothetical situations, requests, offers, preferences, and past actions. It is the past form
of "will," but it is also used in many different ways in modern English. Below is a detailed
explanation of the uses of "would."

1. Expressing a Hypothetical Situation (काल्पकनक क्तस्थकत)

"Would" is often used to express hypothetical or unreal situations, typically in conditional

sentences. It is used when talking about situations that are imagined or not real.
Examples:
English: If I were rich, I would travel the world.

Hindi: अगर मैं अमीर होता, तो मैं दु कनया भर में यात्रा करता।
English: She would help you if she had the time.

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Hindi: अगर उसके पास समय होता, तो वह आपकी मदद करती।

In these examples, "would" is used to express actions that would happen under certain
hypothetical conditions.

2. Making Polite Requests (कवनम्र अनुरोध करना)

"Would" is commonly used to make polite requests. It softens the tone, making the
request more formal and polite.

Examples:
English: Would you like some coffee?

Hindi: क्या आप कुछ कॉिी लेंगे?

English: Would you mind helping me with this?

Hindi: क्या आप मुझे इसमें मदद करें गे ?

In these examples, "would" makes the requests sound more polite and less direct.

3. Expressing a Polite Offer (कवनम्र प्रस्ताव दे ना)

"Would" is used to offer something politely. It makes the offer sound more courteous.
Examples:
English: Would you like to join us for dinner?

Hindi: क्या आप हमारे साथ कडनर करना चाहेंगे?

English: I would be happy to assist you.

Hindi: मैं आपकी मदद करने के कलए खुश होऊूँगा।

Here, "would" is used to offer help or make a suggestion in a polite manner.

3. Expressing Past Habit (अतीत की आदत)

"Would" can be used to describe past habitual actions, especially actions that were
repeated regularly in the past.
Examples:
English: When we were children, we would play outside every day.

Hindi: जब हम बच्चे थे, हम हर कदन बाहर खेलते थे।

English: She would visit her grandmother every summer.

Hindi: वह हर गमी में अपनी दादी से कमलने जाती थी।

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In these sentences, "would" describes something that used to happen regularly in the
past.

5. Expressing Preferences (पसंदगी व्यि करना)

"Would" is used to express preferences or desires in a polite or formal way.
Examples:
English: I would prefer to stay home tonight.

Hindi: मुझे आज रात घर पर रहना पसंद होगा।

English: They would rather go to the beach than stay in the city.

Hindi: उन्हें शहर में रहने से ज्यादा समुद्र तर्ट पर जाना पसंद है।
Here, "would" is used to express a preference for one option over another.

6. Making a Suggestion (सुझाव दे ना)

"Would" can also be used to make a suggestion, particularly in a polite or formal way.
Examples:
English: I think you would enjoy the concert.

Hindi: मुझे लगता है कक आपको कॉन्सर्टथ अच्छा लगेगा।

English: Would you like to come over for a movie?

Hindi: क्या आप मूवी दे खने के कलए हमारे पास आना चाहेंगे?

In these examples, "would" is used to politely suggest something to the listener.

7. Expressing Future in the Past (अतीत में भकवष्य)

"Would" is used to express future events from the perspective of the past, especially in
reported speech or when reflecting on past plans or expectations.
Examples:
English: He said he would finish the work by 5 PM.

Hindi: उसने कहा कक वह काम 5 बजे तक पूरा करे गा।

English: They promised they would help us.

Hindi: उन्होंने वादा ककया कक वे हमारी मदद करें गे।

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Here, "would" is used in reported speech to indicate something that was expected or
planned in the past.

8. Giving Advice or Suggestions (सलाह या सुझाव दे ना)

"Would" can be used to give advice or make a suggestion. It often suggests that
something is a good idea or the best course of action.
Examples:
English: You would do well to study harder for the exam.

Hindi: आपको परीक्षा के कलए ज्यादा मेहनत से पढाई करनी चाकहए।

English: I would recommend taking the earlier train to avoid traffic.

Hindi: मैं र्टरैकिक से बचने के कलए पहले वाली र्टरेन लेने की कसिाररश करू
ं गा।
In these cases, "would" suggests that a certain action is a good or sensible idea.

9. Expressing Willingness or Volunteering (इच्छा व्यि करना या स्वेच्छा से काम करना)

"Would" can express willingness to do something, especially when volunteering or

offering help.
Examples:
English: I would be happy to help you with that.

Hindi: मैं इस काम में आपकी मदद करने के कलए खुश होऊूँगा।
English: She would love to join us for the party.

Hindi: वह हमारी पार्टी में शाकमल होने के कलए खुश होगी।

In these examples, "would" shows a willingness to do something.

10. Expressing a Wish or Desire (इच्छा या चाहत व्यि करना)

"Would" is also used to express a wish or desire. It is commonly used with verbs like "like"
or "love" to talk about things someone wants or hopes for.
Examples:
English: I would love to go on a vacation next month.

Hindi: मुझे अगले महीने छु कियों पर जाने की इच्छा होगी।

English: He would like a cup of coffee.

Hindi: वह एक कप कॉिी कपएगा

Here, "would" expresses a desire for something that may or may not happen.

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Use of "Ought to"

"Ought to" is a modal verb in English that is used to express advice, obligation, duty, or
expectations. It is similar in meaning to "should" but is often used in more formal or
slightly stronger contexts. It is used to indicate that something is the right thing to do, or
that it is recommended or expected.

1. Giving Advice (सलाह दे ना)

"Ought to" is commonly used to give advice or suggestions about what is considered the
right or best course of action.
Examples:
English: You ought to study harder for your exams.

Hindi: आपको अपनी परीक्षा के कलए ज्यादा मेहनत से पढाई करनी चाकहए।
English: She ought to see a doctor if she is feeling unwell.

Hindi: अगर उसे तकबयत खराब महसूस हो रही है , तो उसे डॉक्टर को दे खना चाकहए।
In these cases, "ought to" suggests that the action is advisable or recommended.

2. Expressing Obligation or Duty (कतथव्य या कजम्मेदारी)

"Ought to" can be used to express a sense of obligation or duty, indicating that something
should be done because it is morally or socially right.
Examples:
English: You ought to respect your elders.

Hindi: आपको अपने बड़ों का सम्मान करना चाकहए।

English: He ought to apologize for what he said.

Hindi: उसे जो उसने कहा, उसके कलए मािी मांगनी चाकहए।

Here, "ought to" expresses an obligation to perform an action based on moral or social
responsibility.

3. Expressing Expectation or Probability (अपेक्षा या संभावना व्यि करना)

"Ought to" can also be used to express something that is expected to happen or is likely to
happen based on the current situation.

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Examples:
English: The train ought to arrive in a few minutes.

Hindi: र्टरेन कुछ ही कमनर्टों में आनी चाकहए।

English: He ought to be here by now.

Hindi: उसे अब तक यहाूँ आ जाना चाकहए था।

In these cases, "ought to" indicates a strong expectation that something should occur.

4. Expressing Strong Recommendation (मजबूत कसिाररश)

"Ought to" can be used to give a strong recommendation, implying that it is the right thing
to do.
Examples:
English: You ought to try the new restaurant; it's really good.

Hindi: आपको नया रे स्तरां ज़रूर र्टराई करना चाकहए; यह सच में अच्छा है।
English: They ought to consider all options before making a decision.

Hindi: उन्हें कनणथय लेने से पहले सभी कवकल्पों पर कवचार करना चाकहए।
In these examples, "ought to" strongly suggests the recommended action.

5. Expressing a Criticism or Complaint (आलोचना या कशकायत)

"Ought to" is sometimes used to express criticism or a complaint, implying that someone
should have done something but failed to do so.
Examples:
English: He ought to have finished the project by now.

Hindi: उसे अब तक प्रोजेक्ट पूरा कर लेना चाकहए था।

English: You ought to have told me about the problem earlier.

Hindi: आपको मुझे समस्या के बारे में पहले बताना चाकहए था।

In these cases, "ought to" expresses that something was expected but didn't
happen.
6. Giving Moral or Ethical Advice (नैकतक या आचार संबंधी सलाह)
"Ought to" is often used to provide advice based on moral or ethical considerations.
Examples:

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English: We ought to help those in need.

Hindi: हमें ज़रूरतमंदों की मदद करनी चाकहए।

English: You ought to be honest, even when it's difficult.

Hindi: आपको ईमानदार रहना चाकहए, भले ही यह मुक्तिल हो।

Here, "ought to" is used to suggest actions based on what is morally or ethically right.

7. Expressing Regret or Disappointment (पश्चाताप या कनराशा व्यि करना)

"Ought to" can also be used to express regret about something that should have
happened but didn't.
Examples:
English: I ought to have studied more for the test.

Hindi: मुझे र्टे स्ट के कलए ज्यादा पढाई करनी चाकहए थी।
English: She ought to have told the truth earlier.

Hindi: उसे पहले सच्चाई बोलनी चाकहए थी।

Here, "ought to" is used to show regret about an action that wasn't taken.
8. Expressing a Necess…

Use of "Used to"

"Used to" is a phrase in English that expresses past habits, regular actions, or situations
that are no longer true. It is used when talking about something that happened repeatedly
or continuously in the past but no longer occurs in the present. It is also used to refer to a
state or condition that has changed over time.

1. Describing Past Habits or Repeated Actions (अतीत की आदतें या बार-बार होने वाली
कियाएूँ )

"Used to" is most commonly used to talk about actions or events that were habitual in the
past but do not happen anymore. It emphasizes that something was regularly done in the
past.

Examples:
English: I used to play football every Saturday.

Hindi: मैं हर शकनवार को िुर्टबॉल खेलता था।

English: She used to visit her grandmother every summer.

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Hindi: वह हर गमी में अपनी दादी से कमलने जाती थी।

In both examples, "used to" describes an activity that was habitual or regular in the past
but no longer happens.

2. Talking About Past States or Situations (अतीत की क्तस्थकतयाूँ या हालात)

"Used to" is also used to describe situations or conditions that were true in the past but
have changed over time.
Examples:
English: There used to be a park here.

Hindi: यहाूँ एक पाकव हआ करता था।

English: I used to be afraid of dogs when I was a child.

Hindi: जब मैं बच्चा था, तो मुझे कुत्तों से डर िर्ता था।

In these examples, "used to" refers to something that was true in the past but is no longer
true or has changed.

3. Negative Form of "Used to" (नकारात्मक रूप)

To express something that did not happen regularly or did not exist in the past, we use the
negative form "didn't use to."
Examples:
English: I didn't use to like coffee when I was young.

Hindi: मुझे जब मैं छोटा था, तो कॉफी नहीं पसंि थी।

English: She didn't use to watch television much.

Hindi: र्ह ज्यािा टीर्ी नहीं िे खती थी।

Here, "didn't use to" emphasizes that the action or state did not occur or was not true in the
past.

4. Emphasizing a Change Over Time (समय के साथ बदलाव को जोर दे ना)

"Used to" helps emphasize that something has changed over time, such as a past habit
that no longer exists, or a past state that no longer applies.

Examples:
English: He used to be very shy, but now he's quite confident.

Hindi: वह बहुत संकोची हुआ करता था, लेककन अब वह कािी आत्मकवश्वासी है।
English: They used to live in a small apartment, but now they have a big house.

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Hindi: वे एक छोर्टे से अपार्टथ मेंर्ट में रहते थे, लेककन अब उनके पास एक बड़ा घर है ।
In both examples, "used to" highlights a change over time from the past to the present.

5. "Used to" vs. "Be Used to" (Used to और Be Used to में अंतर)
It is important to distinguish between "used to" and "be used to".
"Used to" refers to past actions or states that no longer happen or are no longer true.
"Be used to" refers to being accustomed to something, i.e., something that is familiar or
routine in the present.
Examples of "Used to":
English: I used to live in New York.

Hindi: मैं न्यूयॉकथ में रहता था।

Examples of "Be Used to":
English: I am used to living in New York now.

Hindi: अब मैं न्यूयॉकथ में रहने का आदी हूँ।

"Used to" refers to a past habit, while "be used to" refers to being accustomed to
something in the present.

6. Asking Questions with "Used to" (प्रश्न पूछने में "Used to" का उपयोग)

When asking questions about past habits or situations, we use "used to" along with the
auxiliary verb "did."
Examples:
English: Did you used to play with dolls when you were a child?

Hindi: क्या आप जब बच्चे थे, तो गुकड़यों के साथ खेलते थे ?

English: Did he used to live in this city?

Hindi: क्या वह इस शहर में रहता था?

Here, "did" is used to form questions with "used to," indicating past habits or situations

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Use of "Need"
"Need" is a verb in English that is used to express necessity, requirement, or obligation. It
can be used to talk about things that are required or important to do, or things that are
necessary for a particular situation or condition.

1. Expressing Necessity or Requirement (आवश्यकता या जरूरत)

"Need" is commonly used to express something that is necessary for a person to do, have,
or experience.
Examples:
English: You need to study for your exams.

Hindi: आपको अपनी परीक्षाओं के कलए पढाई करनी चाकहए।

English: I need a glass of water.

Hindi: मुझे एक कगलास पानी चाकहए।

In these examples, "need" expresses that something is necessary or required.

2. Expressing Obligation or Duty (कतथव्य या कजम्मेदारी)

"Need" can also be used to express a sense of obligation or duty, especially when it is
essential to take an action.
Examples:
English: You need to finish your homework before going out.

Hindi: आपको बाहर जाने से पहले अपना होमवकथ पूरा करना चाकहए।
English: She needs to take care of her health.

Hindi: उसे अपनी सेहत का ख्याल रखना चाकहए।

In these examples, "need" expresses something that is essential to do because it is

required or expected.

3. "Need" in Negative Sentences (नकारात्मक वाक्य में "Need")

In negative sentences, "need" expresses that something is not required or necessary.
Examples:
English: You don't need to bring anything to the party.

Hindi: आपको पार्टी में कुछ भी लाने की जरूरत नही ं है।

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English: She doesn't need to worry about the test.

Hindi: उसे र्टे स्ट की कचंता करने की जरूरत नही ं है।

Here, "don't need" (or "doesn't need") is used to show that something is unnecessary or
not required.

4. "Need" in Questions (प्रश्नों में "Need")

"Need" can also be used to ask whether something is necessary or required.

Examples:
English: Do you need any help with your project?

Hindi: क्या आपको अपने प्रोजेक्ट में ककसी मदद की ज़रूरत है ?

English: Does he need to buy more food?

Hindi: क्या उसे और खाना खरीदने की जरूरत है ?

In these examples, "need" is used to ask if something is required or necessary.

5. "Need" for Giving Advice or Suggestions (सलाह दे ने में "Need")

"Need" can also be used to give advice or suggestions, implying that something should be
done for the best result.
Examples:
English: You need to get more sleep if you're feeling tired.

Hindi: अगर आप थके हुए हैं , तो आपको ज्यादा नी ंद लेनी चाकहए।

English: She needs to be more careful when crossing the road.

Hindi: उसे सड़क पार करते समय ज्यादा सावधान रहना चाकहए।
Here, "need" expresses a suggestion or recommendation for action.

6. "Need" as a Modal Verb in the Negative (नकारात्मक रूप में सहायक किया के रूप में
"Need")

When "need" is used as a modal verb in the negative form, it is followed by the base verb
without "to". It is often used to mean that something is unnecessary.
Examples:
English: You need not worry about the meeting tomorrow.

Hindi: आपको कल की मीकर्टं ग की कचंता नही ं करनी चाकहए।

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English: He need not have gone to the office today.

Hindi: उसे आज ऑकिस जाने की जरूरत नही ं थी।

In these cases, "need not" means there is no necessity or obligation to do something.

7. "Need" in the Past (अतीत में "Need")

"Need" can also be used in the past tense to express something that was necessary in the
past. In such cases, "needed" is used.
Examples:
English: I needed help with my homework yesterday.

Hindi: मुझे कल अपने होमवकथ में मदद चाकहए थी।

English: She needed a break after working for hours.

Hindi: उसे घंर्टों तक काम करने के बाद एक ब्रेक चाकहए था।

Here, "needed" expresses something that was necessary or required in the past.

8. "Need" for Expressing Lack of Necessity (आवश्यकता की कमी व्यि करना)

"Need" is used to express that something is not necessary or required.
Examples:
English: You need not worry about the details.

Hindi: आपको कववरणों की कचंता नही ं करनी चाकहए

English: He need not have come if he was feeling sick.

Hindi: अगर उसे बुखार था, तो उसे आने की जरूरत नही ं थी।
In these examples, "need not" emphasizes the lack of necessity or obligation.

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Use of "Must"
"Must" is a modal verb in English that is used to express necessity, obligation, strong
recommendations, or logical conclusions. It is a powerful modal verb that conveys a sense
of something that is very important, essential, or required. "Must" can also be used to
indicate that something is certain based on reasoning

1. Expressing Necessity or Obligation (आवश्यकता या कजम्मेदारी)

"Must" is used to express something that is necessary or required to do. It shows a strong
sense of obligation.
Examples:
English: You must wear a helmet while riding a bike.

Hindi: आपको साइककल चलाते समय हेलमेर्ट पहनना चाकहए।

English: She must finish her homework before going out.

Hindi: उसे बाहर जाने से पहले अपना होमवकथ पूरा करना चाकहए।
In these cases, "must" emphasizes the necessity of performing an action.

2. Giving Strong Advice or Recommendations (मजबूत सलाह या कसिाररश)

"Must" can also be used to give strong advice or recommendations, suggesting something
is highly recommended or necessary for the best outcome.
Examples:
English: You must try the new restaurant; the food is amazing.

Hindi: आपको नया रे स्तरां जरूर र्टराई करना चाकहए; खाना बहुत अच्छा है।
English: If you’re ever in Paris, you must visit the Eiffel Tower.

Hindi: अगर आप कभी पेररस जाएं , तो आपको एकिल र्टॉवर जरूर दे खना चाकहए।
Here, "must" emphasizes that something is highly recommended or considered essential.

3. Expressing Logical Conclusions (ताककथक कनष्कषथ )

"Must" is used when making a logical conclusion or deduction based on the available
information. It expresses certainty or strong likelihood.
Examples:
English: She’s wearing a coat, so it must be cold outside.

Hindi: वह कोर्ट पहने हुए है , तो बाहर ठं ड होना चाकहए।

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English: He didn’t answer his phone; he must be in a meeting.

Hindi: उसने अपना िोन नही ं उठाया; वह मीकर्टं ग में होना चाकहए।

In these sentences, "must" expresses the speaker's certainty about the situation based on
reasoning or evidence.

4. Giving Strong Prohibition or Banning (कड़ा कनषेध या प्रकतबंध)

"Must not" or "mustn't" is used to indicate something that is strictly forbidden or

prohibited.
Examples:
English: You must not smoke in this area.

Hindi: आपको इस क्षेत्र में धूम्रपान नही ं करना चाकहए।

English: You mustn't lie to your friends.

Hindi: आपको अपने दोस्तों से झठ

ू नही ं बोलना चाकहए।
In these examples, "must not" expresses a strong prohibition or rule against something.

5. Giving Instructions (कनदे श दे ना)

"Must" is used to give clear instructions, especially in formal or authoritative contexts. It

implies that the action is not optional.
Examples:
English: All passengers must present their tickets before boarding.

Hindi: सभी यात्री को बोकडिं ग से पहले अपना कर्टकर्ट कदखाना चाकहए।

English: You must sign the form before submitting it.

Hindi: आपको िॉमथ जमा करने से पहले उस पर हस्ताक्षर करना चाकहए।

Here, "must" indicates a mandatory action that must be followed.

6. Expressing a Sense of Urgency or Importance (आपातकालीन क्तस्थकत या महत्व व्यि

करना)
"Must" can be used to indicate urgency or something that is of great importance.
Examples:
English: You must hurry up, or we will miss the flight.

Hindi: आपको जल्दी करना चाकहए, नही ं तो हम फ्लाइर्ट कमस कर दें गे।

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English: He must be at the hospital by now.

Hindi: वह अब तक अस्पताल पहुं च जाना चाकहए।

In these sentences, "must" emphasizes the urgency or critical importance of completing

an action.

7. Asking Questions with "Must" (प्रश्न पूछने में "Must")

"Must" can also be used in questions to ask about necessity or obligation, or to inquire
about logical conclusions.
Examples:
English: Must I finish this report by tomorrow?

Hindi: क्या मुझे यह ररपोर्टथ कल तक पूरा करना चाकहए?

English: Must she attend the meeting today?

Hindi: क्या उसे आज मीकर्टं ग में शाकमल होना चाकहए?

Here, "must" is used to ask if something is necessary or obligatory.

8. Negative Form of "Must" (नकारात्मक रूप में "Must")

When used in the negative form as "must not" or "mustn't," it expresses a strong
prohibition or something that is not allowed.
Examples:
English: You must not talk during the exam.

Hindi: आपको परीक्षा के द रान बात नही ं करनी चाकहए।

English: He mustn't drive without a license.

Hindi: उसे कबना लाइसेंस के गाड़ी नही ं चलानी चाकहए।

In these examples, "must not" or "mustn't" emphasizes a strict rule against something.

9. "Must" vs. "Have to" (Must और Have to में अंतर)

"Must" and "have to" are often used interchangeably to express necessity or obligation,
but there is a slight difference in their usage.

"Must" is typically used to express personal feelings of necessity or

obligation, often based on the speaker’s opinion or sense of urgency.

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"Have to" is usually used when the necessity comes from an external source, such as a
rule, law, or other people’s expectations.
Examples:
English: I must finish this project today (personal urgency).

Hindi: मुझे आज इस प्रोजेक्ट को पूरा करना चाकहए (व्यक्तिगत तात्काकलकता)।

English: I have to finish this project today (external requirement).

Hindi: मुझे आज इस प्रोजेक्ट को पूरा करना है (बाहरी आवश्यकता)।

Use of "Dare"
"Dare" is a modal verb in English that is used to express courage, bravery, or the lack of
courage to do something. It is commonly used in both positive and negative forms to
show defiance, challenge, or to question someone’s ability or willingness to ta

"Dare" can also function as a regular verb, particularly when talking about challenging
someone to do something. The meaning changes slightly depending on whether it is used
as a modal verb or a regular verb.

1. As a Modal Verb (सहायक किया के रूप में "Dare")

When "dare" is used as a modal verb, it does not require "to" after it, and it is often used
in negative sentences and questions to express the idea of being brave enough to do
something.
Examples:
English: I dare not speak to her.

Hindi: मैं उससे बात करने की कहम्मत नही ं करता।

English: How dare you speak to me like that?

Hindi: तुम मुझसे इस तरह बात करने की कहम्मत कैसे करते हो?
In these examples, "dare" is used to indicate a lack of courage or to express a challenge.

2. Negative Form of "Dare" (नकारात्मक रूप में "Dare")

When used in the negative form, "dare" shows that someone is too afraid or lacks the
courage to do something. It is often used in expressions of shock or disbelief when
someone does something considered bold or disrespectful.
Examples:
English: He dared not open the door.

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Hindi: वह दरवाजा खोलने की कहम्मत नही ं करता था।

English: She doesn’t dare to challenge him.

Hindi: वह उसे चुन ती दे ने की कहम्मत नही ं करती।

Here, "dare not" or "doesn’t dare" shows that the person is afraid or reluctant to do
something.

3. "Dare" as a Regular Verb (साधारण किया के रूप में "Dare")

As a regular verb, "dare" is followed by the base form of the verb with "to". It is used to
talk about a challenge or when someone asks or dares another person to do something.
Examples:
English: I dare you to jump into the pool.

Hindi: मैं तुम्हें पूल में कूदने के कलए चुन ती दे ता हूँ।

English: He dared me to tell her the truth.

Hindi: उसने मुझे उसे सच्चाई बताने की चुन ती दी।

In these cases, "dare" is used in the sense of challenging someone to do something that
may be risky or difficult.

4. "Dare" in Questions (प्रश्नों में "Dare")

When used in questions, "dare" is used to ask if someone has the courage or boldness to
do something.
Examples:
English: Dare you to argue with him?

Hindi: क्या तुम उससे बहस करने की कहम्मत करते हो?

English: How dare she speak to me like that?

Hindi: वह मुझसे इस तरह बात करने की कहम्मत कैसे करती है?

These questions use "dare" to ask if someone is brave or foolish enough to perform an
action.

5. "Dare" in Affirmative Statements (सकारात्मक वाक्यों में "Dare")

Although "dare" is typically used in negative and question forms, it can also appear in
affirmative sentences, especially when talking about challenging actions or bravery.
Examples:
English: He dared to speak the truth in front of everyone.

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Hindi: उसने सबके सामने सच बोलने की कहम्मत कदखाई।

English: She dared to defy the rules.

Hindi: उसने कनयमों को चुन ती दे ने की कहम्मत की।

Here, "dared" in affirmative sentences expresses that someone did something bold or
brave.

6. "Dare" as an Expression of Defiance (नकारात्मक या चुन तीपूणथ अकभव्यक्ति)

"Dare" can be used in a more defiant or challenging way, often implying that someone is
being bold enough to break the rules or confront authority.
Examples:
English: He dared to speak out against the injustice.

Hindi: उसने अन्याय के क्तखलाि बोलने की कहम्मत कदखाई।

English: No one dares to oppose him.

Hindi: कोई भी उसका कवरोध करने की कहम्मत नही ं करता।

In these examples, "dare" expresses a form of bold defiance or courage.

7. "Dare" vs. "Dare to" (Dare और Dare to में अंतर)

When "dare" is used as a modal verb, it is not followed by "to" (e.g., "How dare you?").
However, when "dare" is used as a regular verb, it is often followed by "to" (e.g., "I dare
to challenge you").
Examples:
English: I dare not tell her the truth.

Hindi: मैं उसे सच नही ं बता सकता।

English: I dare to challenge you to a race.

Hindi: मैं तुम्हें द ड़ में चुन ती दे ता हूँ।

Here, "dare" is used in two different ways: as a modal verb without "to," and as a regular
verb with "to."

8. Using "Dare" in Literature and Poetry (साकहत्य और ककवता में "Dare")

In literature and poetry, "dare" can be used for dramatic or emotional effect to highlight
courage or defiance.

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Example:
English: Who dare disturb my peace?

Hindi: क न मेरी शांकत को चुन ती दे ता है ?

In this example, "dare" adds a tone of seriousness or challenge, which is often seen in
dramatic or poetic language.

Preposition
What are Prepositions? (अव्यय क्या हैं ?)

A preposition is a word used to show the relationship between a noun or pronoun and
other parts of a sentence. It helps describe time, place, direction, cause, manner, or other
relationships.

In Hindi, prepositions are often called अव्यय (Avyay) or संबंधबोधक शब्द

(Sambandhbodhak Shabd). Unlike English, prepositions in Hindi typically follow the noun
or pronoun, making them postpositions.

Types of Prepositions (अव्ययों के प्रकार)

Prepositions are categorized based on the kind of relationship they show. Below are the
types with detailed explanations and examples:

1. Place/Position Prepositions (स्थान संबंधी अव्यय)

These prepositions describe the location or position of something. They answer the
question "Where?" (कहाूँ ?).
Examples:

1. पर (par) → on

Hindi: ककताब मेज पर है।

English: The book is on the table.

2. में (mein) → in

Hindi: पेन बैग में है।

English: The pen is in the bag.

3. के पास (ke paas) → near

Hindi: कुसी के पास एक कुत्ता है।

English: There is a dog near the chair.

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4. के नीचे (ke neeche) → under

Hindi: ककताब मेज के नीचे है।

English: The book is under the table.

5. के ऊपर (ke upar) → above

Hindi: पंखा कसर के ऊपर है।

English: The fan is above the head.
Practice Example:

Hindi: बच्चा पेड़ के नीचे खेल रहा है।

English: The child is playing under the tree.

2. Time Prepositions (समय संबंधी अव्यय)

Time prepositions indicate the relationship between actions and time. They answer the
question "When?" (कब?).
Examples:

1. से (se) → since/from

Hindi: वह सुबह से पढ रही है।

English: She has been studying since morning.

2. तक (tak) → until

Hindi: दु कान रात 9 बजे तक खुली रहती है।

English: The shop remains open until 9 PM.

3. के बाद (ke baad) → after

Hindi: वह खाना खाने के बाद सो गया।

English: He slept after eating.

4. के पहले (ke pehle) → before

Hindi: स्कूल जाने के पहले होमवकथ करना चाकहए।

English: Homework should be done before going to school.

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Practice Example:

Hindi: मैं सुबह 7 बजे से काम कर रहा हूँ।

English: I have been working since 7 AM.

3. Direction/Movement Prepositions (कदशा संबंधी अव्यय)

These prepositions indicate movement from one place to another or direction. They
answer the question "Where to?" (कहाूँ तक?).
Examples:

1. की ओर (ki or) → towards

Hindi: वह स्कूल की ओर जा रहा है।

English: He is going towards the school.

2. तक (tak) → to/until

Hindi: वह मंकदर तक गया।

English: He went to the temple.

3. से होकर (se hokar) → through

Hindi: वह जंगल से होकर शहर गया।

English: He went to the city through the forest.

4. के कलए (ke liye) → for

Hindi: यह तोहिा तुम्हारे कलए है।

English: This gift is for you.
Practice Example:

Hindi: हम नदी से होकर गांव गए।

English: We went to the village through the river.

4. Cause/Reason Prepositions (कारण संबंधी अव्यय)

These prepositions explain the reason or cause behind something.
Examples:

1. के कारण (ke kaaran) → because of

Hindi: बाररश के कारण मैच रद्द हो गया।

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English: The match was canceled because of the rain.

2. के कलए (ke liye) → for

Hindi: यह पुरस्कार मेहनत के कलए है।

English: This award is for hard work.

3. की वजह से (ki wajah se) → due to

Hindi: वह दे र की वजह से नही ं आ पाया।

English: He couldn’t come due to being late.
Practice Example:

Hindi: वह बीमारी के कारण घर पर है।

English: He is at home because of the illness.

5. Instrumental Prepositions (साधन संबंधी अव्यय)

These prepositions describe the tool or means used to perform an action.
Examples:

1. से (se) → with/by

Hindi: वह चाकू से िल कार्टता है ।

English: He cuts the fruit with a knife.

2. द्वारा (dwaara) → through/by

Hindi: यह संदेश पोस्ट द्वारा भेजा गया।

English: This message was sent by post.

3. के माध्यम से (ke madhyam se) → through

Hindi: समस्या का समाधान इं र्टरनेर्ट के माध्यम से कमला।

English: The solution to the problem was found through the internet.
Practice Example:

Hindi: वह र्टरेन से यात्रा करता है।

English: He travels by train.

Important Points to Remember (महत्वपूणथ बातें):

1. Position in Hindi and English:

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In English, prepositions come before the noun (e.g., "on the table"), but in Hindi, they
come after (e.g., "मेज पर").
2. Common Errors:
Many learners mistakenly translate Hindi prepositions directly, leading to errors. Example:
Incorrect: "She is in home."
Correct: "She is at home."
3. Context Matters:
The same preposition can have multiple meanings based on context. For example:

से (se):

वह कदल्ली से आया। (He came from Delhi.)

उसने चाकू से िल कार्टा। (He cut the fruit with a knife.)

4. Practice and Usage:
Prepositions are best learned through regular practice and observation in sentences.

Reading books or watching videos in English and Hindi can help reinforce their correct
usage.

Exercise (अभ्यास):
Translate the following sentences from Hindi to English:

1. वह कमरे में है।

2. वह सुबह 8 बजे से काम कर रहा है।

3. स्कूल जाने के पहले नाश्ता करो।

4. बाररश के कारण सड़क गीली है।

5. हम गांव तक पैदल गए।

Active voice and passive voice

What is Voice in Grammar? (व्याकरण में वॉयस क्या है ?)

Voice refers to the form of a verb that shows whether the subject of a sentence performs
the action or receives the action.

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1. Active Voice (सकिय वाच्य): The subject performs the action.

Example (Hindi): राम ने खाना बनाया।

Example (English): Ram cooked the food.

2. Passive Voice (कनक्तिय वाच्य): The subject receives the action.

Example (Hindi): खाना राम द्वारा बनाया गया।

Example (English): The food was cooked by Ram.

Active Voice (सकिय वाक्य)

In active voice, the subject of the sentence is the doer of the action. This makes the
sentence direct and clear.
Structure of Active Voice
Subject + Verb (action) + Object
Examples:

1. Hindi: मोहन ने दरवाजा खोला।

English: Mohan opened the door.
Subject: Mohan
Verb: opened
Object: the door

2. Hindi: वह ककताब पढती है।

English: She reads a book.

3. Hindi: बच्चे पाकथ में खेल रहे हैं।

English: The children are playing in the park.

Passive Voice (कनक्तिय वाक्य)

In passive voice, the focus shifts to the action or the object of the action. The subject
receives the action, and the doer is mentioned optionally.
Structure of Passive Voice
Object + Helping Verb (is/am/are/was/were) + Past Participle (Verb-3) + by + Subject
Examples:

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1. Hindi: दरवाजा मोहन द्वारा खोला गया।

English: The door was opened by Mohan.
Object: The door
Helping Verb: was
Verb-3: opened

2. Hindi: ककताब उसके द्वारा पढी जाती है।

English: The book is read by her.

3. Hindi: पाकथ में बच्चों द्वारा खेला जा रहा है।

English: The park is being played in by the children.
Key Differences Between Active and Passive Voice
Why Use Active and Passive Voice?

Use of Active Voice:

1. To make sentences clear and concise.
Example: He wrote a letter.
2. To focus on the subject performing the action.
Example: The scientist discovered a new species.
Use of Passive Voice:
1. When the doer of the action is unknown.
Example: The car was stolen. (Who stole it is unknown.)
2. To emphasize the action or object.
Example: The painting was admired by everyone.
3. In formal or scientific writing.
Example: The experiment was conducted in a lab.
How to Convert Active Voice to Passive Voice
Follow These 5 Simple Steps:
1. Identify the Subject, Verb, and Object
Example (Active): He writes a story.

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Subject: He
Verb: writes
Object: a story
2. Make the Object the Subject
New Subject: A story
3. Change the Verb to Past Participle (Verb-3)
writes → is written
4. Add the Correct Helping Verb
Helping verbs depend on the tense:
Present Simple: is/am/are
Past Simple: was/were
Future Simple: will be
5. Add "by + Subject" (Optional)
Passive: A story is written by him.
Tense-Wise Conversion from Active to Passive
1. Present Simple Tense
Active: She sings a song.
Passive: A song is sung by her.

Hindi: वह गाना गाती है।

Passive: गाना उसके द्वारा गाया जाता है।

2. Past Simple Tense
Active: He completed the work.
Passive: The work was completed by him.

Hindi: उसने काम पूरा ककया।

Passive: काम उसके द्वारा पूरा ककया गया।

3. Future Simple Tense
Active: They will build a house.
Passive: A house will be built by them.

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Hindi: वे एक घर बनाएं गे।

Passive: एक घर उनके द्वारा बनाया जाएगा।

4. Present Continuous Tense
Active: She is writing a letter.
Passive: A letter is being written by her.

Hindi: वह एक पत्र कलख रही है।

Passive: पत्र उसके द्वारा कलखा जा रहा है।

5. Past Continuous Tense
Active: He was reading a book.
Passive: A book was being read by him.

Hindi: वह एक ककताब पढ रहा था।

Passive: एक ककताब उसके द्वारा पढी जा रही थी।

6. Present Perfect Tense
Active: She has cooked dinner.
Passive: Dinner has been cooked by her.

Hindi: उसने खाना बनाया है।

Passive: खाना उसके द्वारा बनाया गया है।

7. Past Perfect Tense
Active: They had finished the project.
Pass…

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Narration
Narration: Direct and Indirect Speech

Narration refers to the way we report someone's words. In English grammar, it is

categorized into two forms: Direct Speech and Indirect Speech. Let’s understand these
concepts in detail with their rules and examples.

1. Direct Speech (प्रत्यक्ष वाक्य)

In direct speech, we use the exact words spoken by the speaker and enclose them within
quotation marks (“ ”). The speaker's words are written as they are spoken without any
changes.
Structure of Direct Speech
Subject + Said/Asked/Exclaimed + “Quoted Words”
Example in Hindi and English

Hindi: राम ने कहा, “मैं किकेर्ट खेल रहा हं।”

English: Ram said, “I am playing cricket.”
Here, the exact words of Ram are directly quoted within quotation marks.

2. Indirect Speech (अप्रत्यक्ष वाक्य)

In indirect speech, the speaker's words are reported without using quotation marks. The
words are changed according to the rules of grammar, tense, and pronouns to fit the
context.
Structure of Indirect Speech
Subject + Said/Told/Asked + That + Modified Words
Example in Hindi and English

Hindi: राम ने कहा कक वह किकेर्ट खेल रहा था।

English: Ram said that he was playing cricket.

Here, Ram's words are conveyed without quotation marks, and the tense has been
changed accordingly.
Rules for Converting Direct Speech into Indirect Speech
To transform direct speech into indirect speech, several grammatical rules need to be
followed. Let’s explore them in detail.

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1. Changes in Pronouns
Pronouns in the reported speech change depending on the subject and object of the
reporting verb.
Direct Speech: He said, “I will go to the market.”
Indirect Speech: He said that he would go to the market.
(Here, “I” changes to “he” to match the subject.)
2. Changes in Tense
The tense of the reported speech usually changes if the reporting verb is in the past tense.
Present Simple → Past Simple
Direct: She said, “I work hard.”
Indirect: She said that she worked hard.
Present Continuous → Past Continuous
Direct: He said, “I am reading a book.”
Indirect: He said that he was reading a book.
Present Perfect → Past Perfect
Direct: She said, “I have finished my homework.”
Indirect: She said that she had finished her homework.
Past Simple → Past Perfect
Direct: He said, “I went to the park.”
Indirect: He said that he had gone to the park.
Future (Will) → Would
Direct: She said, “I will call you tomorrow.”
Indirect: She said that she would call me the next day.
3. Changes in Time and Place Words
Certain time and place words in direct speech change when converted to indirect speech.
Example
Direct: He said, “I will meet you here tomorrow.”
Indirect: He said that he would meet me there the next day.
4. Reporting Questions

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When converting questions, the sentence structure changes from interrogative to

assertive.
Yes/No Questions
For yes/no questions, use if or whether in indirect speech.
Direct: She asked, “Do you like tea?”
Indirect: She asked if I liked tea.
Wh-Questions
For Wh-questions (what, where, when, etc.), retain the question word but change the
sentence into a statement.
Direct: He asked, “Where are you going?”
Indirect: He asked where I was going.
5. Reporting Commands, Requests, and Exclamations
Special verbs like requested, advised, ordered, or exclaimed are used to report
commands, requests, or exclamations.
Commands and Requests
Direct: He said, “Please help me.”
Indirect: He requested me to help him.
Direct: The teacher said, “Do your homework.”
Indirect: The teacher ordered us to do our homework.
Exclamations
Direct: She said, “What a beautiful view!”
Indirect: She exclaimed that it was a beautiful view.
Examples of Hindi to English Conversion

1. Direct Speech (Hindi): उसने कहा, “मुझे भूख लगी है।”

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