1

1 Compound X has the following composition by mass.

H, 3.66%; P, 37.80%; O, 58.54%

Calculate the empirical formula of compound X.

empirical formula = ........................... [2]

[Total: 2]

2 When potassium is added to water, it reacts vigorously and a coloured flame is seen.

The equation for the reaction is shown.

2K(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2KOH(aq) + H2(g)

3
(a) Calculate the volume, in cm , of hydrogen gas formed when 2.34 g of potassium is added to
excess water at room temperature and pressure.

Use the following steps.

(i) Calculate the number of moles of potassium added.

= .......................................................mol [1]

(ii) Determine the number of moles of hydrogen gas formed.

= .......................................................mol [1]
 2

(iii) Calculate the volume of hydrogen gas formed.

3
volume = ..........................................cm [1]

[Total: 3]

3 A student prepares magnesium sulfate crystals, MgSO4, by adding excess magnesium to dilute
sulfuric acid.

Magnesium sulfate crystals have the formula, MgSO4•xH2O, where x is a whole number of molecules
of water.

The student heats the crystals to remove the molecules of water.

MgSO4•xH2O(s) → MgSO4(s) + xH2O(g)

The student heats a sample of MgSO4•xH2O and finds it has lost 0.140 moles of H2O and has
2.40 g of MgSO4 remaining.

Determine the value of x .

Use the following steps.

(a) Calculate the Mr of MgSO4.

Mr = .................................. [1]

(b) Determine the number of moles of MgSO4 formed.

moles of MgSO4 formed = ........................... [1]

 3

(c) Determine the value of x in MgSO4•xH2O.

x = .................................... [1]

[Total: 3]

4 Calcium nitrate crystals are hydrated and have the formula Ca(NO3)2•xH2O where x is a whole
number of molecules of water.

The student heats the crystals to remove the molecules of water.

Ca(NO3)2•xH2O(s) → Ca(NO3)2(s) + xH2O(g)

The student heats a sample of Ca(NO3)2•xH2O and forms 2.46 g of Ca(NO3)2 and 0.0600 moles
of H2O.

Determine the value of x. Use the following steps.

(a) Calculate the Mr of Ca(NO3)2.

Mr = ................................................ [1]

(b) Determine the number of moles of Ca(NO3)2 formed.

moles of Ca(NO3)2 formed = ........................ [1]

 4

(c) Determine the value of x in Ca(NO3)2•xH2O.

x = .................................................. [1]

[Total: 3]

5 Sodium reacts vigorously with water to form aqueous sodium hydroxide, NaOH, which is a strong
base.

The equation for the reaction is shown.

2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)

3
Calculate the concentration of NaOH(aq) formed, in g / dm , when 0.345 g of sodium is added to
3
50.0 cm of distilled water. Assume there is no change in volume.

Use the following steps.

(a) Calculate the number of moles of Na added.

= ............................... mol [1]

(b) Determine the number of moles of NaOH formed.

= ............................... mol [1]

3
(c) Calculate the concentration of NaOH in mol / dm .

3
concentration of NaOH = .......................... mol / dm [1]
 5

3
(d) Determine the Mr of NaOH and calculate the concentration of NaOH in g / dm .

3
concentration of NaOH = .............................. g / dm [2]

[Total: 5]

6 Ester Y has the following composition by mass:

C, 58.82%; H, 9.80%; O, 31.37%.

Calculate the empirical formula of ester Y.

empirical formula = ........................... [3]

[Total: 3]

7 Dilute hydrochloric acid, HCl(aq), reacts with aqueous sodium carbonate, Na2CO3(aq).

The chemical equation for the reaction is shown.

2HCl + Na2CO3 → 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O

3
A 25.0 cm portion of Na2CO3(aq) was placed in a conical flask with a few drops of a suitable
3
indicator. It was titrated against HCl(aq) of concentration 0.180 mol / dm .
3
20.0 cm of HCl(aq) was required to reach the end-point.
3
Calculate the concentration of the Na2CO3(aq), in mol / dm , using the following steps.

(a) Calculate the number of moles of HCl used in the titration.

.....................................mol [1]
 6

3
(b) Calculate the number of moles of Na2CO3 contained in the 25.0 cm portion of Na2CO3(aq).

.....................................mol [1]
3
(c) Calculate the concentration of the Na2CO3(aq) in mol / dm .

..................................... [1]

[Total: 3]

8 Ammonia reacts with oxygen as shown.

4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) → 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)

3 3
Calculate the volume of oxygen at room temperature and pressure, in dm , that reacts with 4.80 dm
of ammonia.

3
volume = .....................................dm [3]

[Total: 3]
 7

9 An organic compound made from sodium azide has the composition by mass: 49.5% carbon,
7.2% hydrogen and 43.3% nitrogen.

Calculate the empirical formula of the organic compound.

[3]

[Total: 3]

10 Hydrochloric acid produces salts called chlorides.

Magnesium carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce magnesium chloride.

MgCO3 + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2O + CO2

3 3
A student used 50.00 cm of 2.00 mol / dm hydrochloric acid in an experiment to produce
magnesium chloride.
3
Calculate the mass, in g, of magnesium carbonate needed to react exactly with 50.00 cm of
3
2.00 mol / dm hydrochloric acid using the following steps.
3 3
(a) Calculate the number of moles of HCl present in 50.00 cm of 2.00 mol / dm HCl.

........................... mol [1]

3 3
(b) Determine the number of moles of MgCO3 which would react with 50.00 cm of 2.00 mol / dm
HCl.

........................... mol [1]

(c) Calculate the relative formula mass, Mr, of MgCO3.

Mr of MgCO3 = ........................... [1]

 8

3 3
(d) Calculate the mass of MgCO3 needed to react exactly with 50.00 cm of 2.00 mol / dm HCl.

mass = ........................... g [1]

[Total: 4]

11 Copper(II) sulfate crystals, CuSO4.5H2O, are hydrated.

Copper(II) sulfate crystals are made by reacting copper(II) carbonate with dilute sulfuric acid.

The equation for the overall process is shown.

CuCO3 + H2SO4 + 4H2O → CuSO4.5H2O + CO2

3 3
step 1 Powdered solid copper(II) carbonate is added to 50.0 cm of 0.05 mol / dm sulfuric acid until
the copper(II) carbonate is in excess.

step 2 The excess of copper(II) carbonate is separated from the aqueous copper(II) sulfate.

step 3 The aqueous copper(II) sulfate is heated until the solution is saturated.

step 4 The solution is allowed to cool and crystallise.

step 5 The crystals are removed and dried.

Calculate the maximum mass of the copper(II) sulfate crystals, CuSO4.5H2O, that can form using
the following steps.
3 3
(a) Calculate the number of moles of H2SO4 in 50.0 cm of 0.05 mol / dm H2SO4.

........................... mol [1]

 9

(b) Determine the number of moles of CuSO4.5H2O that can form.

........................... mol [1]

(c) The Mr of CuSO4.5H2O is 250.

Calculate the maximum mass of CuSO4.5H2O that can form.

........................... g [1]

[Total: 3]

12 Some car airbags contain sodium azide.

When a car airbag is used the sodium azide, NaN3, decomposes.
The products are nitrogen and sodium.

The equation for the decomposition of sodium azide is shown.

2NaN3(s) → 2Na(l) + 3N2(g)

3
Calculate the mass, in g, of sodium azide needed to produce 144 dm of nitrogen using the following
steps.
3
(a) Calculate the number of moles in 144 dm of N2 measured at room temperature and pressure.

moles of N2 = .....................................mol [1]

 10

(b) Determine the number of moles of NaN3 needed to produce this number of moles of N2.

moles of NaN3 = .....................................mol [1]

(c) Calculate the relative formula mass, Mr, of NaN3.

Mr = ..................................... [1]
3
(d) Calculate the mass of NaN3 needed to produce 144 dm of N2.

.....................................g [1]

[Total: 4]

13 Titanium is extracted from an ore called rutile. Rutile is an impure form of titanium(IV) oxide, TiO2.

Calculate the volume of chlorine gas, Cl2(g), at room temperature and pressure, that reacts
completely with 400 g of TiO2(s) using the following steps.

TiO2(s) + 2Cl2(g) + 2C(s) → TiCl4(g) + 2CO(g)

(a) Calculate the relative formula mass, Mr, of TiO2.

Mr of TiO2 = ........................... [1]

 11

(b) Calculate the number of moles in 400 g of TiO2.

........................... mol [1]

(c) Determine the number of moles of Cl2 that react with 400 g of TiO2.

moles of Cl2 = ........................... mol [1]

(d) Calculate the volume of Cl2 that reacts with 400 g of TiO2.

3
volume of Cl2 = ........................... dm [1]

[Total: 4]

14 Dilute sulfuric acid reacts with aqueous sodium hydrogencarbonate in a neutralisation reaction.

H2SO4(aq) + 2NaHCO3(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) + 2CO2(g)

3 3
In a titration, 0.200 mol / dm aqueous sodium hydrogencarbonate was used to neutralise 20.0 cm
3
of dilute sulfuric acid of concentration 0.150 mol / dm .

(a) Calculate the number of moles of dilute sulfuric acid used in the titration.

.....................................mol [1]
 12

(b) Calculate the number of moles of sodium hydrogencarbonate needed to neutralise the dilute
sulfuric acid.

.....................................mol [1]
3 3
(c) Calculate the volume, in cm , of 0.200 mol / dm aqueous sodium hydrogencarbonate needed
to neutralise the dilute sulfuric acid.

3
.....................................cm [1]

[Total: 3]

15 Iron(II) sulfate decomposes when heated strongly.

2FeSO4(s) → Fe2O3(s) + SO2(g) + SO3(g)

15.20 g of FeSO4(s) was heated and formed 4.80 g of Fe2O3(s).

[Mr, FeSO4 = 152; Mr, Fe2O3 = 160]

Calculate the percentage yield for this reaction.

........................... % [3]

[Total: 3]
 13

3 3
16 In a titration, a student added 25.0 cm of 0.200 mol / dm aqueous sodium hydroxide to a conical
flask. The student then added a few drops of methyl orange to the solution in the conical flask.
Dilute sulfuric acid was then added from a burette to the conical flask. The volume of dilute
3
sulfuric acid needed to neutralise the aqueous sodium hydroxide was 20.0 cm .

2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O

(a) What was the colour of the methyl orange in the aqueous sodium hydroxide?

........................................................................................................................................... [1]
3
(b) Determine the concentration of the dilute sulfuric acid in g / dm .

Calculate the number of moles of aqueous sodium hydroxide added to the conical
flask.

........................... mol

Calculate the number of moles of dilute sulfuric acid added from the
burette.

........................... mol
3
Calculate the concentration of the dilute sulfuric acid in mol / dm .

3
........................... mol / dm
3
Calculate the concentration of the dilute sulfuric acid in g / dm .

3
........................... g / dm [4]

[Total: 5]
 14

17 A teacher heated 18.8 g of copper(II) nitrate.

The equation for the reaction is shown.

2Cu(NO3)2 → O2 + 4NO2 + 2CuO

(a) Calculate the number of moles of copper(II) nitrate present in the 18.8 g.

.....................................mol [2]

(b) Calculate the maximum number of moles of oxygen that can be made by heating 18.8 g of
copper(II) nitrate.

.....................................mol [1]
3
(c) Calculate the maximum volume of oxygen at room temperature and pressure, in cm , that can
be made by heating 18.8 g of copper(II) nitrate.

3
.....................................cm [1]

[Total: 4]
3
18 A 0.095 g sample of gaseous element Y occupies 60.0 cm at room temperature and pressure.
3
(a) Determine the number of moles of element Y in 60.0 cm .

moles of element Y = ........................... mol [1]

 15

(b) Calculate the relative molecular mass of element Y and hence suggest the identity of element
Y.

relative molecular mass = ...........................

identity of element Y = ........................... [2]

[Total: 3]

19 Another oxide of phosphorus has the empirical formula P2O3.

One molecule of this oxide of phosphorus contains four atoms of phosphorus.

Calculate the mass of one mole of this oxide of phosphorus.

mass = ........................... g [2]

[Total: 2]
 16

20 A 1.68 g sample of phosphorus was burned and formed 3.87 g of an oxide of phosphorus.

Calculate the empirical formula of this oxide of phosphorus.

empirical formula = ........................... [4]

[Total: 4]

21 Many organic compounds, such as alcohols, carboxylic acids and esters, contain the elements
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only.

Compound R has the following composition by mass: C, 60.00%; H, 13.33%; O, 26.67%.

Calculate the empirical formula of compound R.

empirical formula = ..................................... [2]

[Total: 2]
 17

22 Many organic compounds, such as alcohols, carboxylic acids and esters, contain the elements
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only.

Compound S has the empirical formula C2H4O and a relative molecular mass of 88.

Calculate the molecular formula of compound S.

molecular formula = ..................................... [2]

[Total: 2]

23 Nickel(II) iodide crystals are hydrated. A sample of hydrated nickel(II) iodide crystals has the
following composition by mass: Ni, 14.01%; I, 60.33%; H, 2.85%; O, 22.81%.

Calculate the empirical formula of the hydrated nickel(II) iodide crystals.

empirical formula = ..................................... [2]

[Total: 2]

24 Calcium chlorate(V), Ca(ClO3)2, is made by reacting calcium hydroxide with chlorine gas.

6Ca(OH)2 + 6Cl2 → Ca(ClO3)2 + 5CaCl2 + 6H2O

3
8.88 g of calcium hydroxide and 7200 cm of chlorine gas are mixed together.

(a) How many moles is 8.88 g of calcium hydroxide?

..................................... mol [2]

 18

3
(b) How many moles of chlorine gas is 7200 cm ?

..................................... mol [1]

(c) What is the maximum number of moles of calcium chlorate(V) that can be made from 8.88 g
3
of calcium hydroxide and 7200 cm of chlorine gas?

..................................... mol [1]

(d) What is the maximum mass of calcium chlorate(V) that can be made from 8.88 g of
3
calcium hydroxide and 7200 cm of chlorine gas?

..................................... g [2]

[Total: 6]

25 Copper(II) oxide reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid.

CuO(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CuCl2(aq) + H2O(l)

3 3
6.00 g of copper(II) oxide were added to 50.0 cm of 1.00 mol / dm hydrochloric acid. This was an
excess of copper(II) oxide.

(a) Calculate the number of moles of copper(II) oxide added to the hydrochloric acid.

moles of copper(II) oxide = ........................... mol [2]

 19

(b) Calculate the number of moles of hydrochloric acid used.

moles of hydrochloric acid = ........................... mol [1]

(c) Calculate the mass of copper(II) oxide that did not react.

mass of copper(II) oxide that did not react = ........................... g [2]

[Total: 5]

26 Crystals of hydrated copper(II) chloride are obtained from a solution.

The crystals have the following composition by mass: Cl, 41.52%; Cu, 37.43%; H, 2.34%; O,
18.71%.

Calculate the empirical formula of the crystals.

........................... [2]

[Total: 2]
 20

27 Ethanol, C2H5OH, can be made by fermentation.

Ethanol can also be made by the catalytic hydration of ethene. The equation for the reaction is
shown.

C2H4 + H2O → C2H5OH

(a) Name a suitable catalyst for this reaction.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Calculate the maximum mass of ethanol that can be made from 56 g of ethene.

maximum mass of ethanol = ........................... g [2]

[Total: 3]

28 The equation for the reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid is shown.

CaCO3(s) + 2HCl (aq) CaCl 2(aq) + H2O(I) + CO2(g)

3
How many moles of calcium carbonate will give 24 cm of carbon dioxide when reacted with an
excess of the acid?

A 1 mol B 0.1 mol C 0.01 mol D 0.001 mol

[1]

[Total: 1]

29 A compound, X, contains 40.0 % carbon, 6.7 % hydrogen and 53.3 % oxygen by mass.

The relative molecular mass, Mr, of X is 60.

What is the molecular formula of X?

A CH2O B CH4O C C2H4O D C2H4O2

[1]

[Total: 1]
 21

3 3 3
30 25 cm of 0.1 mol / dm hydrochloric acid exactly neutralises 20 cm of aqueous sodium hydroxide.

The equation for this reaction is shown.

NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O

What is the concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution?

3
A 0.080 mol / dm
3
B 0.800 mol / dm
3
C 0.125 mol / dm
3
D 1.25 mol / dm
[1]

[Total: 1]