GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1

The
MOLE
Concept
The Mole Concept and Atoms
• Atoms are exceedingly small
– Unit of measurement for mass of an atom is
atomic mass unit (amu) – unit of measure for
the mass of atoms
• carbon-12 assigned the mass of exactly 12 amu
• 1 amu = 1.66 x 10-24 g
• Periodic table gives atomic weights in amu
 Mass of Atoms
• What is the atomic weight of one atom of
fluorine? Answer: 19.00 amu
• What would be the mass of this one atom
in grams?
19.00 amu F 1.66110-24 g 3.15610−23 g F
 =
F atom 1 amu F F atom
• Chemists usually work with much larger
quantities
– It is more convenient to work with grams
than amu when using larger quantities
The Mole and Avogadro’s Number
• A practical unit for defining a collection
of atoms is the mole

1 mole of atoms = 6.022 x 1023 atoms

• This is called Avogadro’s number

– This has provided the basis for the concept
of the mole
 The Mole
• To make this connection we must define
the mole as a counting unit
– The mole is abbreviated mol

• A mole is simply a unit that defines an

amount of something
– Dozen defines 12
– Gross defines 144
 Atomic Mass
• The atomic mass of one atom of an element
corresponds to:
– The average mass of a single atom in amu
– The mass of a mole of atoms in grams
– 1 atom of F is 19.00 amu 19.00 amu/atom F
– 1 mole of F is 19.00 g 19.00 g/mole F

19.00 amu F 1.66 10−24 g F 6.0221023 atom F

 
1 atom F 1 amu F 1 mol F
=19.00 g F/mol F or 19.00 g/mol F
 Molar Mass
• Molar mass - The mass in grams of 1 mole of atoms
• What is the molar mass of carbon?
12.01 g/mol C

• This means counting out a mole of Carbon atoms

(i.e., 6.022 x 1023) they would have a mass of 12.01
g
• One mole of any element contains the same
number of atoms, 6.022 x 1023, Avogadro’s number
Calculating Atoms, Moles, and Mass

• We use the following conversion factors:

• Density converts grams – milliliters
• Atomic mass unit converts amu –
grams
• Avogadro’s number converts moles –
number of atoms
• Molar mass converts grams – moles
 Strategy for Calculations
• Map out a pattern for the required conversion
• Given a number of grams and asked for number
of atoms

• Two conversions are required

• Convert grams to moles
1 mol S/32.06 g S OR 32.06 g S/1 mol S
• Convert moles to atoms
mol S x (6.022 x 1023 atoms S) / 1 mol S
Interconversion Between Moles,
Particles, and Grams
 Practice Calculations
1. Calculate the number of atoms in 1.7
moles of boron.
2. Find the mass in grams of 2.5 mol Na
(sodium).
3. Calculate the number of atoms in 5.0 g
aluminum.
4. Calculate the mass of 5,000,000 atoms
of Au (gold)
 4.2 The Chemical Formula,
Formula Weight, and Molar Mass
• Chemical formula - a combination of
symbols of the various elements that make up
the compound
• Formula unit - the smallest collection of
atoms that provide two important pieces of
information
– The identity of the atoms
– The relative number of each type of atom
 Chemical Formula
Consider the following formulas:
• H2 – 2 atoms of hydrogen are chemically bonded
forming diatomic hydrogen, subscript 2
• H2O – 2 atoms of hydrogen and 1 atom of oxygen, lack
of subscript means one atom
• NaCl – 1 atom each of sodium and chlorine
• Ca(OH)2 – 1 atom of calcium and 2 atoms each of
oxygen and hydrogen, subscript outside parentheses
applies to all atoms inside
 Chemical Formula
Consider the following formulas:
• (NH4)3SO4 – 2 ammonium ions and 1 sulfate ion
– Ammonium ion contains 1 nitrogen and 4 hydrogen
– Sulfate ion contains 1 sulfur and 4 oxygen
– Compound contains 2 N, 8 H, 1 S, and 4 O

• CuSO4.5H2O
– This is an example of a hydrate - compounds containing one
or more water molecules as an integral part of their structure
– 5 units of water with 1 CuSO4
 Formula Weight and Molar Mass
• Formula weight - the sum of the atomic weights of all
atoms in the compound as represented by its correct formula
– expressed in amu
• What is the formula weight of H2O?
– 16.00 amu + 2(1.008 amu) = 18.02 amu
• Molar mass – mass of a mole of compound in grams /
mole
– Numerically equal to the formula weight in amu
• What is the molar mass of H2O?
– 18.02 g/mol H2O
 Formula Unit
• Formula unit – smallest collection
of atoms from which the formula
of a compound can be established
• When calculating the formula
weight (or molar mass) of an ionic
compound, the smallest unit of the
crystal is used
What is the molar mass of (NH4)3PO4?
3(N amu) + 12(H amu) + P amu + 4(O amu)=
3(14.01) + 12(1.008) + 30.97 + 4(16.00)= 149.10
g/mol (NH4)3PO4
Calculate the molar mass
1. H2SO4
2. CaCO3
3. HCN
4. CCl4
5. Na2S2O7
 Percentage Composition
•
Calculate the Percentage
Composition
1. CO2
2. H2SO4
3. CaCO3
4. HCN
5. CCl4
6. Na2S2O7
 Empirical Formula
• Based on the result of the
experiment
• Gives the smallest whole number
ratio of atoms in the
compound/molecule
• Simplest form of the formula
Determining Empirical Formula

• Involves the percentage

composition of a
compound/molecule
• Also, the conversion of mass
(grams) into mole and mole to
mass (grams)
 Sample Problem

1. A nine gram sample of an

unknown liquid was found to
contain 1.0 g Hydrogen and 8.0 g
of Oxygen , what is the empirical
formula of the compound?
 Solution:
ATOM MASS MOLAR MOLE MOLE
(grams) MASS RATIO
(g/mol)

H 1.0 1.0 1.0 2

O 8.0 16.0 0.5 1
To determine the mole, divide mass by its
molar mass.
The determine the mole ratio, divide the
mole values by the smallest mole value.
H2O
Mole ratio values becomes the subscript.
 Let’s have another!
2. Elemental analysis of a sample
of an ionic compound showed
2.82 g of Na, 4.35 g of Cl, and
7.83 g of O. What is the empirical
formula and name of the
compound?
ATOM MASS MOLAR MOLE MOLE
MASS RATIO
Na 2.82 23 0.12 1
Cl 4.35 35 0.12 1
O 7.83 16 0.49 4

NaClO4
3. An unknown compound was
analyzed to contain 52.94 %
Aluminum and 47.06% oxygen.
Find its empirical formula.
atom % mass Molar mole Mole
mass ratio
Al 52.94 52.94 27 1.96 (1)(2) =
2
O 47.06 47.06 16 2.94 (1.5)(2)
=3

Al2O3
If in the mole ratio value, you obtain
decimals such as:
• 0.33, 1.33 multiply all mole ratios by 3
• 0.25, or 1.25 multiply all mole ratios by 4
• 0.5, 1.5 or 2.5 multiply them by 2
To make it whole number
• A compound was found to
contain 3.60 g of carbon,
0.61 g of hydrogen and
38.07 g of iodine. What is
the empirical formula of
the compound?
ATOM MASS MOLE MOLE
RATIO

C 3.60 0.30 1
H 0.61 0.61 2
I 38.07 0.30 1

•CH2I
• KUNG TAMA ANG
SAGOT, 10 POINTS.
• KUNG MALI, 2 points.
• A compound was found to
have the following percentage
composition: Lead = 70.19%,
C = 8.14% and O = 21.67%.
What is the empirical formula
of the compound?
ATOM MASS MOLE MOLE
RATIO
Pb 70.19 0.34 1
C 8.14 0.68 2
O 21.67 1.35 4

•PbC2O4
 Molecular Formula
• Gives the actual number of the
atoms present in a
compound/molecule
• Always a whole number
multiple of the empirical
formula
 Determining Molecular Formula

•
 Sample Problem

1. The empirical formula

of a compound is CH. If its
molar mass is 78 g/mol,
what is the molecular
formula?
Get the EF mass of CH:
C: (1)(12) = 12
H: (1) (1) = 1 therefore: 13 g/mol
Get the value of X
X = 78/13 = 6
Then, Molecular Formula
MF = (EF)X
MF = (CH)6
MF = C6H6
2. During physical activity, lactic acid
(MM= 90.08 g/mol) forms in muscle
tissue and is responsible for muscle
soreness. Elemental analysis shows
that this compound contains 40.00%
by mas carbon, 6.71% by mass
hydrogen, and 53.3% by mass
oxygen. Determine the molecular
formula.
ATOM MASS MOLE MOLE
RATIO
C 40 3.33 1
H 6.71 6.71 2
O 53.3 3.33 1

EF: CH2O • EF mass: (12X1)+(1X2) + (16X1)

= 30 g/mol
• X = molar mass/ EF mass
• = 90.08/30 = 3
• MF = (EF)X
• = (CH2O)3 = C3H6O3
3. Cortisol (mm= 362.47 g/mol), one of
the major steroid hormones, is a key
factor in the synthesis of protein. Its
profound effect on the reduction of
inflammation explains its use in the
treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
Cortisol is 69.6% C, 8.34% H, and
22.1% O by mass. What is its molecular
formula?
 atom mass mole Mole ratio
C 69.6 5.80 4
H 8.34 8.34 6
O 22.1 1.38 1

• EF: C4H6O • EF mass: 70 g/mol

• X = 362.47/70 = 5
• MF = (EF)X = (C4H6O)5 = C20H30O5
• Prepare ¼ sheet of paper.
• Solve the following
completely.
• Encircle/ box your final
answer.
• You have five minutes to
finish two items in this
activity.
• You don’t need to copy
the problem, just show
your complete solution.
 Empirical Formula
1. A 20.882 grams of an ionic
compound is found to
contain 6.072 g of Na, 8.474
g of S, and 6.336 g of O.
What is its simplest formula?
 Molecular Formula
2. Lysine is an essential amino acid.
One experiment showed that each
molecule of lysine contains two
nitrogen atoms. Another experiment
showed that lysine contains 49.3% C,
9.64% H, 19.2% N and 21.9% O by
mass. What is the molecular formula
of lysine?
• Okay, tapos na ang inyong oras ng
pagsagot.
• Magpalitan ng papel.
• Kung tama ang sagot, sampung puntos.
• Kung mali naman ay dalawang puntos.
 answer
1. Na2S2O3

2. C6H14N2O2
Average Relative
Atomic Mass

48
 Atomic Masses
Mg has 3 isotopes.
The mass (weight)
shown in the
24Mg 78.99% 23.985 amu
periodic table is the
25Mg 10.00% 24.986 amu
mass of the element
26Mg 11.01% 25.983 amu
as its occurs
naturally.
weighted average of Mg:
0.7899x23.985 18.946
If the element has 0.1000x24.986 2.499
more than one 0.1101x25.983 +2.861
isotope, the mass 24.31 amu
shown is the
weighted average of atomic weight of Mg based on natural
the masses of the abundance: 24.31 amu
isotopes.
49
To calculate the atomic mass multiply the atomic
mass of each isotope by its percent abundance and
add the results.
Average
Isotopic mass Abundance
Isotope atomic mass
(amu) (%)
(amu)
63
29 Cu 62.9298 69.09
65
29 Cu 64.9278 30.91 63.55

(62.9998 0.6909 = 43.48

amu)
(64.9278 0.3091 = amu
20.07
amu) amu
63.55
50

amu
 Isotopes and Atomic Weights

Bromine is composed of 79Br, 78.9183 amu,

and 81 Br, 80.9163 amu. The percent
composition of a sample is 50.69% Br-79
and 49.31% Br-81. Based on this sample,
calculate the atomic weight of bromine.
 Isotopes and Atomic Weights

The atomic weight of copper is 63.546

amu. The two naturally occurring
isotopes of copper have the following
masses: 63Cu, 62.9298 amu; 65Cu,
64.9278 amu. Calculate the percent of
63Cu in naturally occurring copper.
 QUIZ NO. 2
1. Silver consists of two naturally occurring
isotopes: 107Ag, which has a mass of
106.90509 amu, and 109Ag, which has a mass
of 108.9047 amu. The atomic weight of
silver is 107.8682 amu. Determine the
percent abundance of each isotope in
naturally occurring silver.
2. Calculate the atomic weight of nickel
from the following information:
ISOTOPE ISOTOPIC %
MASS (amu) ABUNDANCE
Ni-58 57.9353 67.88
Ni-60 59.9332 26.23
Ni-61 60.9310 1.19
Ni-62 61.9283 3.66
Ni-64 63.9280 1.08
 ANSWER:

1.Ag-107 : 51.8351% (3
pts) Ag-109 : 48.1649%
(3 pts)

2. 58.7290 amu (5 pts)

•Prepare ½ crosswise
•Work with a partner
 1. Calculate the
percentage composition
of Zinc hydroxide
2. Determine the mass
of oxygen in 10.0 g
sample of Aluminum
nitrate.
 3. How many
molecules of water is
present in a 2.5 moles
of water sample?
 1. Calculate the
percentage composition
of CaCl2.
2. Determine the mass
of oxygen in 10.0 g
sample of Copper
(II)sulfate.
3. How many molecules
of ammonia is present
in a 2.5 moles of
ammonia sample?