1.
Types and Components of Computer Systems
1.1 Hardware and Software
Hardware: Physical components of a computer (e.g., keyboard, monitor).
Software: Programs that control hardware and perform tasks (e.g., word
processors, operating systems).
1.2 Main Components of Computer Systems
CPU (Central Processing Unit): Processes data and instructions.
Memory: Temporary (RAM) and permanent (ROM) storage.
Input Devices: Devices that allow users to input data (e.g., keyboard,
mouse).
Output Devices: Devices that display or output data (e.g., monitors, printers).
1.3 Operating Systems
Operating System (OS): Software that manages hardware and software
resources (e.g., Windows, Linux).
Functions: File management, multitasking, security, user interface.
1.4 Types of Computers
Supercomputers: Used for complex calculations (e.g., weather forecasting).
Personal Computers (PCs): General-purpose computers for individual use.
Laptops, Tablets, Smartphones: Portable devices with varying computing
power.
1.5 Emerging Technologies
AI (Artificial Intelligence): Machines that mimic human intelligence.
VR (Virtual Reality): Immersive virtual environments.
Blockchain: Secure digital ledger technology.
2. Input and Output Devices
2.1 Input Devices and Their Uses
Keyboard: Input text and commands.
Mouse: Navigates graphical user interfaces.
Scanner: Converts physical documents into digital form.
2.2 Direct Data Entry (DDE) Devices
Barcode Reader: Scans barcodes for product identification.
Optical Mark Reader (OMR): Reads marked data from paper, like exam
sheets.
Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR): Used in banking to read checks.
2.3 Output Devices and Their Uses
Monitor: Displays images and data to the user.
Printer: Produces physical copies of digital documents.
Speaker: Outputs sound.
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3. Storage Devices and Media
3.1 Magnetic Media
Hard Disk Drive (HDD): Large storage capacity using magnetic storage
technology.
3.2 Optical Media
CD/DVD: Used for storing data, videos, and music.
Blu-ray: Higher capacity optical discs for HD content.
3.3 Solid-State Media
Solid-State Drive (SSD): Faster, more reliable storage with no moving parts.
USB Flash Drive: Portable solid-state storage for transferring files.
3.4 The Future of Storage Devices
DNA Storage: Emerging technology with massive data capacity and
durability.
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4. Networks and the Effects of Using Them
Network: A collection of connected computers and devices that share
resources.
LAN (Local Area Network): Covers a small area (e.g., a home or office).
WAN (Wide Area Network): Covers a large geographic area (e.g., the
internet).
Network Protocols: Rules for communication (e.g., TCP/IP).
Positive Effects: Easy communication, file sharing, and resource sharing.
Negative Effects: Security risks (hacking, malware), privacy concerns.
5. The Effects of Using IT
Social: Easier communication but can lead to social isolation.
Economic: Increases productivity but can result in job loss due to
automation.
Environmental: E-waste and energy consumption are concerns.
