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Random documents with unrelated
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 LAMMERGEYER.

The Eagle and Vulture Aviary stands in an open glade, but well
surrounded by forest trees, in Bird Valley, between the Aquatic Bird
House and the new Zebra House. It is a commodious and pleasant
installation, well adapted to exhibit the Society’s collection of
rapacious birds. Its length over all is 210 feet. It has seven very large
flight cages and six smaller ones. The largest cages are 24 feet wide,
33 feet deep and 31 feet high. In the rear of the great wire structure
will stand a very comfortable brick building to serve as a winter
shelter for the tropical birds of the collection; but it will not be open
to the public.
Now that our eagles and vultures are to be brought together, visitors
will find that the collection is a large one, and contains many fine
species.

The Condor, (Sarcorhamphus gryphus), of the Andes, is the largest

of the birds of prey, having a wing-spread of over nine feet. It feeds
entirely on carrion, rarely attacking living animals. In the male, the
head is adorned with a large fleshy comb, much like that of a barn-
yard cock. The Society at present possesses several specimens of this
great bird.

The King Vulture, (Gypagus papa), is as its proud name implies,

the one member of the Vulture Family which really is clad in 144
royal robes, and color-decked to match. Its range extends
from Mexico and Central America to Trinidad and Brazil. The visitor
should not fail to see this gorgeously caparisoned body of white,
cream-yellow and black, and head of orange, purple and crimson.

Black Vulture, (Catharista urubu).—These ill-favored but very useful

birds are quite abundant, and even semi-domesticated, in some of
our southern cities. This is due to the protection accorded them,
because of their valuable services as scavengers. They are said to
devour every particle of exposed organic refuse, and in a warm
climate these services are of more value than we in the north can
realize.

The Yellow-Headed Vulture, (Cathartes urobitinga), of northern

South America, is a much handsomer bird than its two preceding
relatives. It has much the same feeding habits, but is very rare and
delicate in captivity.

The California Condor, (Gymnogyps californianus).—This is one of

the rarest, and to all Americans the most interesting, bird of prey in
the Park. The species is confined to a very small area in the rugged
mountains of southern and lower California, and beyond all doubt,
the skin-collecting ornithologists will exterminate it within the next
twenty years, or less.
The Griffon Vulture, (Gyps pulvus), and the Kolbe Vulture, (G.
kolbi), are Old World birds and although more closely related to the
eagles than to the vultures of the New World, resemble the latter in
general habits.

Differing strongly from its congeners in general appearance, is the

Eared Vulture, (Otogyps auricularis). This rare bird is a native of
North Africa, where it feeds on such carrion as it is able to find. Its
bare, wrinkled head and neck and great bill give it a decidedly
gruesome appearance.

The Red-Tailed Hawk, (Buteo borealis).—The “Hen Hawk,” or

“Chicken Hawk,” is one of our commonest birds of prey. It hardly
merits its common name, as its favorite food is mice and other small
mammals. This is the hawk seen, in the fall of the year, going south
in flocks, sometimes of one hundred or more.

One of the most splendid members of the collection is the Harpy

Eagle, (Thrasaetus harpyia), of South America. The remarkably large
legs and claws indicate the great strength which enables the bird to
prey upon sloths, monkeys, and other fairly large animals.

145
KING VULTURE.
 BLACK VULTURE.

The Lammergeyer or Bearded Vulture, (Gypaetus barbatus), is

now probably extinct in Europe, but is still found in parts of Asia. It
feeds largely on lambs.

A nearly cosmopolitan bird is the Golden Eagle, (Aquila chrysaetos).

It is equally at home in the highlands of Scotland and the mountains
of North America, nesting on the highest cliffs.

The Bateleur Eagle, of Africa, (Helotarsus ecaudatus), has narrowly

missed the distinction of being the most beautiful of all birds of prey.
Its plumage is charmingly colored but it is out of proportion. Its tail is
so absurdly short that its wings quite conceal it, and make it appear
as if altogether tailless.
HARPY EAGLE.
 GRIFFON VULTURE.

Bald Eagle, (Haliaëtus leucocephalus).—The appearance of 146

the adult Bald Eagle, our National emblem, with its
conspicuous white head and tail, is familiar to all; but the immature
birds, as shown by several of the specimens, lack the white in their
plumage. These birds are found usually near water, and their food is
chiefly fish. These they sometimes catch for themselves, but if
ospreys are found in the vicinity, they are watched by the eagles, and
often robbed of their hard-earned prey.

Perhaps the fiercest among all the hawks is the White Gyrfalcon,
(Falco islandus). A native of the far north, it descends to a more
equable clime only when forced to do so by scarcity of food. It is so
swift of wing that it is able to capture a duck in full flight.
Sea snakes form the rather unusual food of the White-Breasted
Sea Eagle, (Haliaëtus leucogaster), of the East Indies, while the
strikingly-colored Vulturine Sea Eagle, (Gypohierax angolensis), a
native of Africa, feeds on fish, crabs, and the fruit of the oil palm.

THE WILD TURKEY ENCLOSURE, No. 33.

At the northern end of Squirrel Ridge, where the Alligator Walk
intersects the Rodent Walk, an ideal quarter of an acre, of oak and
hickory trees, underbrush, and bare rock, has been dedicated to the
king of game birds.

The Wild Turkey, (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris), is a bird of

magnificent size and presence, and the splendid metallic luster of his
plumage—a mixture of burnished bronze copper, lapis lazuli, and fire
opal iridescence—backed up by a great bulk of savory flesh, all
combine to make this the finest game bird on earth. It was once
fairly abundant throughout the eastern United States, and still is
found in Pennsylvania, southern Ohio, Virginia and other southern
states as far west as Texas. Three other species of Meleagris are now
recognized—one in Florida, one in southern Texas and northeastern
Mexico, and the fourth in Mexico, extending to western Texas and
Arizona.

THE LARGE BIRD-HOUSE, No. 7.

On the northwest quarter of Baird Court stands the largest and the
most generously equipped home for perching birds now in existence.
This is not an unnecessary boast, but merely a brief 147
statement of a fact which the visitor has a right to know. It
was designed on our long-established principle that every captive
wild creature is entitled to life, exercise and happiness. Our principle
of very large cages, with many birds in each cage, is just the reverse
of the views that have prevailed in the older zoological gardens, even
down to the present day. To an important extent, the cage equipment
of this building represents a new departure. There are many
zoologists with experience longer than ours who believe that small
birds thrive better and live longer when installed in small cages, with
only one or two birds in each.

WILD TURKEY.

The Large Bird-House, specially designed for Passerine birds, was

developed on the strength of experiments previously made in the
Aquatic-Bird House, and in community cages outside. After three
years’ experience with the new building, and a careful tabulation of
diseases and death rates within it, we are able to state that this
installation is a complete and gratifying success.
The Large Bird-House is an L-shaped building, with an all-glass house
in its angle. The main hall extends east and west, and it is 60 feet
long by 50 feet wide. This great room contains the foreign song-
birds, many tropical doves and pigeons, and such tropical varieties
and oddities as the great crowned pigeons, tinamous, 148
toucans, giant king-fishers and hornbills. In the great central
flying cage there is perhaps the most remarkable omnium-gatherum
of small tropical birds—swimmers, waders, upland game birds and
perchers—ever brought together in one cage. The bottom of the L is
the Parrots’ Hall, 65×30 feet. It contains the parrots, macaws,
cockatoos, and a few other species.

SERIEMA.
 SECRETARY BIRD.

In the angle of the main building stands a structure almost wholly

composed of metal and glass, which is known as the Glass Court. It
was designed especially for North American song-birds. The visitor
should not overlook the fact that there are cages filled with birds all
along both the eastern and western sides of the Large Bird House.

Nearly all the cages of both the exterior and interior of the Main and
Parrots’ Halls, are accessible from the back by passage-ways; a
convenience that greatly facilitates the work of the keepers in caring
for their various charges.

The capacity of this installation as a whole may be judged from the

following memorandum of cages:
 149

APPROXIMATE SIZES OF CAGES OF THE LARGE BIRD-HOUSE

INDOORS.
Main Hall Central Flying Cage 15×36×20 feet high 1
Side Cages 5×5×9 35
End Cages 5×12×9 2
Parrot Hall Side Cages 6×8×9 21
Glass Court West Cages 8×9×9 6
East & North Cages 5×6×8 16
OUTDOORS.
Northeast Cages 7×12×10 2
East Cages 6×8×10 10
Southeast Circular Flight Cage 20×20×2 1
South Cages 6×8×10 3
Large Western Cages 15×15×15 3
Smaller Western Cages 6×9×10 14
Total number of cages 114

Regarding the state of health and spirits of the birds in this building,
the visitor must be left to judge for himself. It is only fair to state,
however, that the death rate here and indeed amongst the birds of
the Park generally, is very low.

In view of the great number of avian species inhabiting the Large

Bird-House, it is a practical impossibility to give more than a general
outline of the groups and leading features of the collection.

As the visitor enters at the south door, nearest the Lion House, he is
greeted by a discordant chorus of ear-piercing shrieks and squawks,
joyous but very raucous, and at times too persistent. Loudest are the
voices of the gorgeously-plumaged Blue-and-Yellow Macaw, (Ara
ararauna); the Red-and-Blue Macaw, (Ara macao), and the Great
Green Macaw. Around their cages there is no such thing as
stagnation or somnolence. The soft-hued Rosella Parakeets, the flock
of mostly-green Cuban Parrots, the Leadbeater Cockatoos and the
White Cockatoos all join in their voices, to the limit of their respective
abilities, but against macaws which can be heard a mile, their best
efforts seem tame. The members of the Order Psittaciformes (as
above) have been beautifully colored by Nature, and their harsh
voices seem strangely out of harmony with their plumage.

The indoor cages along the western side of the Large Bird-House
(both halls included), contain an extensive series of tropical Pigeons
and Doves, which are well worth some attention.

The most startling exhibit in this group is the Bleeding Heart Pigeon
(Phlogoenas luzonica), from the Philippines, whose creamy-white
breast seems to have been recently stabbed with a stiletto. It is no
wonder that now and then a sympathetic visitor seeks the curator, or
a keeper, and reports that a bird has been injured, and is 150
bleeding from a wound in its breast.
 GREAT CROWNED PIGEON.

The Flying Cage in the center of the Main Hall contains a pool of
running water, some small trees, an imitation rock, and the floor is
covered with a comfortable layer of sand. Hopping or flying about,
and perching on the trees, is a really remarkable medley of birds.
There are the Wood Duck and Mandarin Duck, Black Skimmers,
Common and Sooty Terns, several species of Teal, Curlews,
Gallinules, Coots, Lapwings, Snipe, Ruffs, Quail, Francolins, Senegal,
Turtle, Wonga-wonga and other Pigeons and Doves, Skylarks, Robins,
Orioles, Cardinals, Woodpeckers, Java, Fox, Tree, and other Sparrows
and Weavers.

The south side of the Main Hall is devoted to miscellaneous rare birds
from the tropics, regardless of the Orders to which they belong. The
largest are the Great Crowned Pigeons,—Victoria and Common,—the
oddest are the Concave-Casqued Hornbills and the Toucans (eight
species). The Rufous Tinamou, of South America, is a species which,
through lack of use for its wings, is rapidly losing the power of flight.
The Giant Kingfisher is the “Laughing Jackass” of Australia, and its
cry is strangely like the mirthless horse-laugh of a man who has few
smiles and seldom uses one. The Himalayan Jay-Thrush is so
confirmed a murderer of birds smaller than himself, it is necessary to
quarter that species with other birds abundantly able to 151
defend themselves against its attacks.
SULPHUR CRESTED COCKATOO.
 TOCO TOUCAN.

On the northern side of the Main Hall there will be found a very
interesting group of Cuban birds, another of birds of the Bahamas, a
fair-sized collection of Finches, Weavers, Canaries, Trogons, and
other small species of foreign lands. Here also is the rare and
beautifully-plumed Greater Bird of Paradise, (Paradisea apoda).

The visitor is reminded that for all cages that contain more than one
species, the picture labels quickly furnish a key for identification of
each.

In the Glass Court and around it, the Curator of Birds, Mr. C. William
Beebe, has scored a gratifying success in the installation of the Order
Passeres. The birds are arranged by Families, and all of the twenty-
one families of eastern North American perching birds are
represented. These Families are as follows: Flycatchers, Swallows,
Wrens, Mockingbirds and Catbirds, Thrushes, Kinglets, Vireos,
Waxwings, Shrikes, Chickadees, Nuthatches, Brown Creepers,
Warblers, Pipits, Horned Larks, Sparrows, Honey Creepers, Tanagers,
Blackbirds and Orioles, English Starling, Crows and Jays. It is only
those who have attempted to form and install such a collection who
can appreciate the effort which that collection has cost, or the
difficulties involved in the maintenance of so large a number of
insect-eating birds. The birds in this section of the Bird-House 152
are especially interesting to the teachers of pupils of the
public schools of this city.

The large circular flying cage, at the outer corner of the Glass Court,
is filled with Robins, Bluebirds, Thrushes and Woodpeckers which
winter there very comfortably, because they are fed and watered,
and sheltered from the worst storms.

Along the western wall of the Large Bird-House, outside, fourteen

large cages are filled with members of the Crow and Blackbird
Families (Corvidae and Icteridae), such as the Ravens, Crows, Jays,
Magpies, Blackbirds, Meadowlarks, Cowbirds and Grackles, beside
which appear our old friends the Yellow-Shafted Flicker and Red-
Headed Woodpecker.

The following is a systematic enumeration of the Orders of birds

represented in the Zoological Park on April 1, 1913:

LIST OF BIRDS, APRIL 1, 1913.

ORDERS. Species. Specimens.
Rheiformes Rheas 2 2
Struthioniformes Ostriches 2 2
Casuariiformes Emeus and Cassowaries 2 3
Tinamiformes Tinamou 5 5
Galliformes Quail and Pheasants 88 204
Turniciformes Hemipodes 1 2
Ptericlidiformes Sand Grouse 1 1
Columbiformes Pigeons and Doves 57 183
Ralliformes Coots and Gallinules 15 35
Lariformes Gulls and Terns 17 54
Charadriiformes Plovers and Sandpipers 18 48
Gruiformes Cranes, Seriema 13 30
Ardeiformes Ibises, Storks and 35 85
Herons
Palamedeiformes Screamers 3 4
Phoenicopteriformes Flamingoes 2 5
Anseriformes Swans, Geese and Ducks 72 712
Pelecaniformes New World Vultures 9 30
Cathartidiformes Cormorants and Pelicans 8 27
Serpentariiformes Secretary Birds 1 2
Accipitriformes Hawks and Eagles; Old 28 48
World Vultures
Strigiformes Owls 20 47
Psittaciformes Parrots, Macaws and 86 194
Cockatoos
Coraciiformes Kingfishers and Hornbills 12 15
Trogoniformes Trogons 1 1
Cuculiformes Touracos and Cuckoos 10 18
Scansoriforme Toucans and Barbets 8 13
Piciformes Woodpecker 9 26
Passeriformes Thrushes, Sparrows and 378 1242
all perching birds
Totals 903 3038
153

WILD-FOWL POND,
Heretofore Called the Aquatic Mammals’ Pond.
As the birds on this pond have been transferred from the Duck
Aviary, the interest of this exhibit is of special character, and greatly
enjoyed by hosts of visitors. This is the nursery of the ducks and
geese, where, in the tangle of long grass, briars and underbrush
along the east side of the pond, the nests are built in early spring,
the eggs are laid and patiently incubated. Finally the broods of
ducklings are led to the water, to feed to repletion, throughout the
summer, on the worms, bugs and insects so dear to the appetite of
these amusing little fellows.

Cope Lake is the especial province of the nesting pairs of Canada

geese, and sometimes as many as eight golden-colored goslings are
hatched in one nest on the small island.

The Mallard Duck, (Anas boschas), is one of our finest swimming

birds, the joy of the sportsman who finds it in its haunts, the delight
of the epicure who finds it on the bill of fare. Sluggish indeed must
be the blood which does not beat faster at the sight of a flock of wild
Mallards, free in Nature, and ready to leap into the air and away at
the slightest alarm. After the pintail and the wood duck, this is one of
the handsomest ducks of North America, and also one of the finest
for the table. Its range covers practically the whole of the western
continent down to Panama, and even extends to the Azores, north
Africa, and northern India. The drakes are readily recognized by the
splendid irridescent green of the head.

The Green-Winged Teal, (Nettion carolinensis), and Blue-Winged

Teal, (Querquedula discors), are very delicate birds, and therefore
rather difficult to maintain in captivity. A flock of each will be found in
the Flying Cage.

The Pintail Duck, (Dafila acuta), is specially commended to the

notice of visitors because of its great beauty, both in color and form.
Its colors form an exquisite harmony of soft brown and gray 154
tones which fairly rival the more gaudy color-pattern of the
wood duck. The species is yet found occasionally along the Atlantic
Coast, but like all other edible birds, its numbers are rapidly
diminishing. A large flock of these birds will be found on the Wild-
Fowl Pond.

DUCKS FEEDING: WILD FOWL POND.

The Gadwall, (Chaulelasmas strepera), is a handsome gray bird,

well known to gunners along the Mississippi Valley, but rarely seen
along the Atlantic coast. Its chief breeding grounds are in the great
marshes of central Canada.
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