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CHECKLIST OF SNAKES FOUND IN MAVAL TALUKA, PUNE, MAHARASHTRA,

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CIBTech Journal of Zoology ISSN: 2319–3883
Online, International Journal, Available at http://www.cibtech.org/cjz.htm
2022 Vol.11, pp.182-192/Solanki et al.
Research Article (Open Access)

CHECKLIST OF SNAKES FOUND IN MAVAL TALUKA, PUNE,

MAHARASHTRA, INDIA
1
Solanki Jigar, 2Khare Rounak and 3Andhale Atmaram Vitthal*
Department of Zoology, Modern Education Society’s Nowrosjee Wadia College Pune (MS) India.
1
2
Be-Wild Forum, Talegaon Dabhade, Mawal, Pune, (MS) India
* Department of Zoology, Modern Education Society’s Nowrosjee Wadia College Pune, Savitribai Phule
3

Pune University Pune-411001, (MS), India

*
Author for Correspondence: [email protected]

ABSTRACT
Snakes are the most common wild animal found in human settlements on a regular basis, our study
presents a checklist of snake species found in Maval Taluka, dis. Pune, Maharashtra. We recorded 36
species out of which 8 were venomous and the rest non and semi venomous. Data was recorded by NGOs,
naturalists, snake rescuers, road kills and field surveys. Majority of snakes were encountered in human
settlements, there were some rare observations too while the study. Number of non-venomous species is
higher than venomous. Calliophis nigrescens, Liopeltis calamaria, Hebius beddomei. Lycodon
flavomaculatus Lycodon travancoricus were found rarely during the study.

Keywords: Snakes, Venomous, Big four, Pune, Maval Taluka

INTRODUCTION
The Western Ghats Mountain range of southwestern India is one of the last remaining stretches of the
biodiverse tropical wet evergreen rainforests in Peninsular India and is home to unique and endemic
species of biota which makes it a global biodiversity hotspot (Ganesh et al., 2012). Reptiles are cold-
blooded animals and are found in almost all the parts of the world, except the very cold regions. In India,
all of the three orders of living reptiles have their representatives - Crocodylia (crocodiles), Testudines
(turtles and tortoises) and Squamata (lizards and snakes) (Aengals et al., 2018). There are around 4000+
species of snakes around the world of which more than 413 species of snakes are found in India(Uetz et
al., 2021). Only four of them are thought to be responsible for the majority of life-threatening snakebites
in India, spectacled cobra (Naja naja), Russell’s viper (Daboia russelii), common krait (Bungarus
caeruleus), and saw-scaled viper (Echis carinatus), the so-called Big Four. The available antivenom in
India targets the bites of these four snake species. While it is true that these four species are the most
medically important Indian snakes, the challenge of saving lives from snakebite is much more complex.
India has four species of Cobras, eight species of Kraits, and two subspecies of Saw-scaled vipers, all of
which must be considered medically important. Additionally, several other species like king cobra, some
sea snakes, and at least two pit viper species can be classed as medically important based on their clinical
records of fatalities from their bites (Whitaker and Martin, 2015; Whitaker, 2006). Depending on their
habitat, they may be aquatic snakes, burrowing and arboreal snakes, Snakes are found in various sizes,
shapes and colour. Snakes inhabit a wide range, which includes fields, forests, wetland, ponds, lakes,
streams, rocky hillsides, farmland, vacant plots and residential areas also. Due to many superstitions,
myths and false beliefs, people either avoid them or want to kill them to avoid snakebite (S. Bansode and
More 2018) The snake’s prey on rodents, amphibians, birds, mammals, all reptiles, insects, eggs and
young ones of birds. It indicates the variation in food selectivity of these creatures. Since ancient times
the snakes have been one of the successful vertebrates on the earth. Most of the snake species are found in
the arid zone of the world(Jadhav et al., 2018.). Snake bite is an acute life-threatening time limiting
medical emergency, an occupational hazard often faced by farm laborers and farmers. It is in endemic
form all over tropical countries like India. In India there are 2.5 lakhs snake bites out of which 35,000 to

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2022 Vol.11, pp.182-192/Solanki et al.
Research Article (Open Access)

50,000 deaths per year due to snake bites. Snakebite deaths in Maharashtra have a high mortality rate up
to 2000 deaths per year; there is a high mortality rate in the rural population (Sirsat et al., 2016). The
kraits are all well known to possess very toxic venoms, but so far, anti-snake venom is only made for the
widely distributed common krait, Bungarus caeruleus found in probably all parts of India. Over 285
known species of snakes in India, over 50 species have the venom toxicity and capability of delivering a
harmful or fatal bite to a human in defence (Whitaker and Martin 2015). Bites from Russell’s viper and
saw-scaled viper generally occur when the snake is trod upon, usually after dark, the maximum activity of
these species of snakes. Cobra bites often occur in agricultural fields during various activities like
weeding or harvesting (Whitaker and Martin 2015).
Factors causing reptiles' decline are habitat loss, unsustainable removal, environmental contamination,
climate change, invasive species, diseases and parasitism. Recent reports of declines in global snake
population have now received little attention. Most snakes have specialized habitat requirements, which
makes them particularly susceptible to habitat loss or degradation. Many taxonomic groups of snakes
have slow growth and reproductive rates, especially European and Asian vipers which makes them
particularly susceptible to overharvesting and less able to recover from the short-terms population
declines(Sparling et al., 2010). Amphibians and reptiles inhabiting the urban and suburban environments
are exposed to a wide variety of contaminants, which includes pesticides, metals, and pharmaceuticals
that have the potential to affect the health and survival of these species. Toxicological threats may pose a
bigger risk in urban settings because these animals face various stresses associated with living in
disturbed ecosystems. Interactions between various biotic and abiotic factors such as pollutants, pH
fluctuations, fragmented habitats, sewage disposal, and recreational water use, may negatively affect
amphibians and reptiles (Croteau et al., 2008).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

For the checklist, we have compiled data of past few years, year-round field surveys between 2019 and
2022, attended 500+ snake rescue calls with local NGOs, and observations by other snake rescuers, forest
department, biodiversity register, local news reports, photographers, naturalists talking to enthusiastic
people we meet during seminars arranged by NGOs for environmental and wildlife awareness, etc. The
collected data consisted of a common and scientific name of snake, photograph, GPS location, date, and
time and some useful notes or observations which were recorded based on structured questionnaire and
interviews with the help of on Google forms and discussions with NGO members, local authorities, forest
department officials and also with – labours, and forest guards. The data was then analysed on a
spreadsheet giving various outputs on data that are later described in scope of study. Habitat types were
classified as “developed”, “agricultural”, or “natural” based on the level of urbanization or alteration of
land for development. Areas where roads and buildings occupied in majority were considered
“developed”. Lands consisting of farms, crop fields, big gardens or farmhouses were considered
“agricultural” and those which were largely unaltered, surveys in forested areas, nature trails, mountains
and parts of resorts that are connected to or contain natural forests were considered “natural”. Snakes
were identified using field guides e.g., Indian Snakes A Field guide, Common Indian Snakes: A Field
Guide,(Whitaker 2006; Khaire 1996) —as well as literature on recent taxonomic studies, newly described
species and more observations studied in recent years.
Study Area: Maval taluka is a taluka from sub-division of Maval in Pune district, Maharashtra. As per the
census of 2011 it comprises around 187 villages, Maval taluka is from the outskirts of Pune city and
mostly consists of rural areas.
Coordinates: It is hilly terrain and part of western ghats in Maharashtra region. It belongs to Pune
Division. It is located around 59 Km towards west from District headquarters Pune. lots of snakebite
victims we saw during our study. The main reason for snakebite was while working in the field, bite
while sleeping on the floor.

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2022 Vol.11, pp.182-192/Solanki et al.
Research Article (Open Access)

RESULTS
A total 36 species of snakes comprising 9 families are found in Maval taluka (Table 1). Some species like
Hebius beddomei, Calliophis nigrescens were rarely found on the border areas of Mulshi and Maval
Taluka but not found in the rest of Maval Taluka. Out of 36 species Indotyphlops braminus,
Coelognathus helena Helena, Platyceps plinii, Ptyas mucosa, Oligodon tillacki sp.nov., Lycodon aulicus,
Fowlea piscator, Rhabdhopis plumbicolor, Amphiesma stolatum, Bungarus caeruleus, Naja naja, Daboia
russelii are commonly found in and around dense human settlements. Python molurus, Coelognathus
helena monticollaris, Dendrelaphis tristis, Ahaetulla oxyrhyncha, Craspedocephalus gramineus, Echis
carinatus were found near human settlements connected to forest. Uropeltis macrolepis, Eryx johnii, Eryx
conicus are most of the times found in farmlands or big gardens. Grypotyphlops acutus, Sibynophis
subpunctatus, Platyceps gracilis, Oligodon taeniolatus, Boiga forsteni, Boiga beddomei, Boiga trigonata,
Bungarus sindanus walli these were mainly found in forest patches and very rarely in human settlements.
Calliophis melanurus, Wallophis brachyura, Liopeltis calamaria, Lycodon flavomaculatus, Lycodon
travancoricus these species were rarely recorded.

Table 1: List of snake species found in Maval taluka

Sr. No. Family Scientific name Common name
Non-venomous
1 Typhlopidae Indotyphlops braminus Brahminy Worm Snake
2 Grypotyphlops acutus Beaked worm snake
3 Uropeltidae Uropeltis macrolepis large scaled shieldtail
4 Pythonidae Python molurus Indian rock python
5 Boidae Eryx johnii Red sand boa
6 Eryx conicus Common sand boa
7 Sibynophiidae Sibynophis subpunctatus Dumerils black headed snake
8 Coelognathus helena helena Common trinket snake
9 Coelognathus helena monticollaris Montane trinket snake
10 Ptyas mucosa Indian Rat snake
11 Platyceps plinii Banded racer
12 Platyceps gracilis Slender racer
13 Wallophis brachyura Indian Smooth Snake
14 Oligodon tillacki sp.nov. Tillacks kukri
15 Oligodon taeniolatus Variegated Kukri
16 Dendrelaphis tristis Common bronze back tree snake
17 Lycodon aulicus Common wolf snake
18 Lycodon travancoricus Travancore wolf snake
Colubridae
19 Lycodon flavomaculatus Yellow-spotted wolf snake
20 Liopeltis calamaria Calamaria Reed Snake

21 Hebius beddomei Beddome’s keelback

22 Amphiesma stolatum Striped keelback
23 Natricidae Rhabdhopis plumbicolor Green keelback
24 Fowlea piscator Checkered keelback

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Research Article (Open Access)

Sr. No. Family Scientific name Common name

Mildly-venomous

25 Boiga forsteni Forsten's cat snake

26 Boiga beddomei Beddome’s cat snake
27 Boiga trigonata Common cat snake
28 Colubridae Ahaetulla oxyrhyncha Long-nosed vine snake

Venomous

29 Bungarus caeruleus Common Indian krait

30 Bungarus sindanus walli Wall’s Sindh krait
31 Naja naja Spectacled cobra
32 Calliophis nigrescens Striped coral snake
33 Elapidae Calliophis melanurus Slender coral snake

34 Daboia russelii Russell’s viper

35 Echis carinatus Saw-scaled viper
36 Viperidae Craspedocephalus gramineus Bamboo pit viper

DISCUSSION
Diversity and Distribution of Snakes in Panvel, Navi Mumbai was studied by (Meshram 2020) they
recorded 25 species of snake from Panvel. Snake species from Nanded city, Maharashtra were recorded
by (Jadhav et al., 2018). Checklist of reptiles of India helped a lot to know about the number of snake
species recorded in India (Aengals et al., 2018). Checklist of the snakes of Bengaluru Urban District,
Karnataka, India by (Kalki et al., 2021) they recorded around 33 species of snakes. Checklist of snakes
from Maval taluka was not done before which made us curious to find out the number of venomous and
non-venomous snake species found in the area. As per (Whitaker and Martin, 2015) they listed some
medically important snakes in India, 5 snakes out of them are found in our study area which is a key point
of the study. As it is rural area snakebites are common, most of the people here get panicked after a
snakebite and kills the snake, proper education is needed to make them aware of venomous and non-
venomous snakes so as to conserve snakes as well as to aware people about the benefits of snakes in
ecosystem which is also a crucial part of food chain in controlling rodents’ population.

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Research Article (Open Access)

Figure 1: Venomous Snakes

A- Naja naja, B- Bungarus caeruleus, C- Daboia russelii, D-Echis carinatus, E- Calliophis nigrescens, F-
Calliophis melanurus, G- Bungarus sindanus walli, H- Craspedocephalus gramineus

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Research Article (Open Access)

Figure 2: Mildly-Venomous
A- Boiga beddomei, B- Boiga trigonata, C- Ahaetulla oxyrhyncha, D- Boiga forsteni

Many NGOs, scientists, naturalists etc, are working towards snake conservation and to spread awareness
among people to co-exist with snakes. There’s a need for future study so as to conserve the species which
were rarely recorded during the study. Most snakes intervene within human settlements due to loss of
habitat, scarcity of food, deforestation and many other anthropogenic activities which causes snakes to
slither within human settlements which causes a risk of life for both snake as well as the human beings.
Present study was done from Maval Taluka we have recorded 36 species of snakes out of it 24 species of
snakes were non-venomous and 12 of them were semi-venomous and venomous. Ptyas mucosa was
found most of the time followed by Naja naja, Daboia russelii, Coelognathus helena helena, Fowlea
piscator these were the snakes frequently found near human settlements recorded feeding on rats/rodents
and toads. Amphiesma stolatum this snake (striped keelback) was most of the times found during the rainy
season and more than 2-3 snakes at the same place. Python molurus (Indian rock python) was mostly
found during rainy seasons and sometimes in winter. Number of Daboia russelii found during winter was
quite high. Some rare species also came across during the study Hebius beddomei, Calliophis nigrescens
and Lycodon travancoricus were found very rarely found on the borders of Maval and Mulshi Taluka.
Liopeltis calamaria was recorded only once. Due to rural areas many snakebite cases were seen during
the study and most of the snake bites took place while working and also during sleeping not all were
lethal.
Due to anthropogenic activities as well as improper waste management many snakes were found inside
human settlements, loss of habitat for tree snakes resulted in high human-snake conflict which included
Dendrelaphis tristis, Ahaetulla oxyrhyncha were also found inside human settlements.

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Research Article (Open Access)

Figure 3: Non- Venomous

A-Lycodon aulicus, B-Fowlea piscator, C-Ptyas mucosa, D-Wallophis brachyura, E- Amphiesma
stolatum, F- Platyceps plinii, G-Oligodon tillack, H-Uropeltis macrolepis

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Research Article (Open Access)

Figure 4: Non-Venomous
A- Hebius beddomei, B- Sibynophis subpunctatus, C- Dendrelaphis tristis, D- Eryx conicus, E-Platyceps
gracilis, F- Eryx johnii, G- Indotyphlops braminus, H-Lycodon flavomaculatus
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Research Article (Open Access)

Figure 5: Non-Venomous
A- Grypotyphlops acutus, B-Rhabdhopis plumbicolor, C-Coelognathus helena helena, D- Coelognathus
helena monticollaris, E- Python molurus, F-Liopeltis calamaria (photo credit Ninad Kakade), G-
Oligodon taeniolatus. Liopeltis calamaria , H-Lycodon travancoricus
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Research Article (Open Access)

CONCLUSION
The present study reveals that the number of snakes species found in Maval Taluka were 36 species, out
of its non-venomous species of snakes found in the study area is higher than the venomous species, this
can be helpful to convince people that not all snakes are venomous and not all snake bites are lethal. Only
8 species are found venomous in the study area out of which 5 species are rarely found and other 4
species encountered are higher; those are called the ‘Big Four’ to which anti-snake venom is available in
hospitals in case of venomous snakebite. This would help to reduce the killing of snakes due to fear and
lack of awareness. Further monitoring on snakes within human settlements is required to reduce human
and snake conflict.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Special thanks to my guide Dr. A.V. Andhale, Assistant Professor of Nowrosjee Wadia College (Zoology
department) for giving us the opportunity to work and guide us and find necessary material, research
papers and books.
Acknowledgement to Dr. Rahul Mungikar, Conservation Biologist and Expert Member, High Level
Monitoring Committee Mahabaleshwar - Pachgani ESZ; the Assistant Director BNHS (Policy Cell),
Mumbai.
Special thanks to the Forest department, Wildlife Rescuer of Maval, Be Wild Forum and Shivdurg Mitra
Lonavala for their valuable inputs.

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