Applied Ceramic Technology Vol 1 77th Edition Sacmi

download pdf

https://ebookfinal.com/download/applied-ceramic-technology-vol-1-77th-
edition-sacmi/

Visit ebookfinal.com today to download the complete set of

ebook or textbook!
Here are some recommended products that we believe you will be
interested in. You can click the link to download.

Glass Ceramic Technology Second Edition Wolfram Holand

https://ebookfinal.com/download/glass-ceramic-technology-second-
edition-wolfram-holand/

Progress in Nanotechnology Processing Progress in Ceramic

Technology 1st Edition The American Ceramic Society

https://ebookfinal.com/download/progress-in-nanotechnology-processing-
progress-in-ceramic-technology-1st-edition-the-american-ceramic-
society/

Applied and Computational Complex Analysis Vol 1 Power

Series Integration Conformal Mapping Location of Zeros
Peter Henrici
https://ebookfinal.com/download/applied-and-computational-complex-
analysis-vol-1-power-series-integration-conformal-mapping-location-of-
zeros-peter-henrici/

Advances on methodological and applied aspects of

probability and statistics Vol 1 1st Edition International
Indian Statistical Association. Conference
https://ebookfinal.com/download/advances-on-methodological-and-
applied-aspects-of-probability-and-statistics-vol-1-1st-edition-
international-indian-statistical-association-conference/
Advances in Applied Mechanics Vol 42 1st Edition Hassan
Aref

https://ebookfinal.com/download/advances-in-applied-mechanics-
vol-42-1st-edition-hassan-aref/

Komi Can t Communicate Vol 1 Volume 1 Tomohito Oda

https://ebookfinal.com/download/komi-can-t-communicate-
vol-1-volume-1-tomohito-oda/

Bleach Vol 1 10th Edition Tite Kubo

https://ebookfinal.com/download/bleach-vol-1-10th-edition-tite-kubo/

Applied Analysis Mathematics for Science Technology

Engineering 3rd Edition Takashi Suzuki

https://ebookfinal.com/download/applied-analysis-mathematics-for-
science-technology-engineering-3rd-edition-takashi-suzuki/

Handbook of offshore engineering Vol 1 1. ed Edition

Subrata K Chakrabarti

https://ebookfinal.com/download/handbook-of-offshore-engineering-
vol-1-1-ed-edition-subrata-k-chakrabarti/
Applied Ceramic Technology Vol 1 77th Edition Sacmi
Digital Instant Download
Author(s): SACMI
ISBN(s): 9788888108483, 8888108483
Edition: 77
File Details: PDF, 21.88 MB
Year: 2005
Language: english
Applied Ceramic Technology

10
Applied Ceramic Technology

10
 Applied
Ceramic
Technology

Volume I
Copyright 2005 SACMI IMOLA
Via Selice Provinciale 17/A - 40026 Imola (BO) Italy
Tel. 0542/607111 - Fax 0542/642354
www.sacmi.it
e-mail: [email protected]

Not for sale

All rights reserved. Translation, electronic storage, reproduction or adaptation by any means
(microfilm and photocopy included), whole or partial, is prohibited.

ISBN 88-88108-48-3

Editrice La Mandragora s.r.l.

Via Selice 92 - Cas. Post. 117 - 40026 Imola (Bo) Italy
Tel. 0039-0542/642747 - Fax 0039-0542/647314
e-mail: [email protected]
CONTENTS

To the reader................................................................................................................................. 9
Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 11
The production process ........................................................................................................... 22

Chapter I – Identification and characterisation of ceramic raw materials ....... 25

Sampling ...................................................................................................................................... 26
Chemical analysis ....................................................................................................................... 27
Mineralogical (or crystallographic) analysis ...................................................................... 32
Thermal analyses ....................................................................................................................... 33
Plastic, semi-plastic and non-plastic raw materials .......................................................... 41

Chapter II – Rocks .................................................................................................................. 45

The rock cycle ............................................................................................................................ 45
Magma .......................................................................................................................................... 47
Clays and rocks .......................................................................................................................... 47
Primary rocks ............................................................................................................................. 48
Main minerals in the earth’s crust ........................................................................................ 51
Structure of clayey minerals .................................................................................................. 52
Characteristics of the main clayey minerals ...................................................................... 58

Chapter III – Raw materials for ceramic bodies.......................................................... 59

Kaolinite ....................................................................................................................................... 59
Illite ............................................................................................................................................... 67
Montmorillonite (smectite) ..................................................................................................... 74
Chlorite......................................................................................................................................... 80
Talc ................................................................................................................................................ 86
“Non-plastic” materials ............................................................................................................ 92
Silica ............................................................................................................................................. 92
Feldspathic minerals ................................................................................................................. 99
Pyrophyllite ............................................................................................................................. 105
Wollastonite ............................................................................................................................. 109
Carbonates ................................................................................................................................ 112
Accessory minerals present in ceramic raw materials .................................................. 118
Halloysite .................................................................................................................................. 118
Attapulgite, Sepiolite, Vermiculite ..................................................................................... 122
Micas .......................................................................................................................................... 126
Mineral hydroxides ................................................................................................................ 128
Soluble salts ............................................................................................................................. 129
Vegetable substances and reducers .................................................................................... 134
Sulphur and sulphides (alunite)........................................................................................... 136
Vitreous materials .................................................................................................................. 137

Chapter IV – Raw materials for frits and glazes ...................................................... 139

Raw materials for melting of frits ..................................................................................... 139
Technological aspects of frits and glazes ........................................................................ 141
Standard raw materials and their influence on the characteristics of glass .......... 145
Types of frit ............................................................................................................................ 150
Classification of ceramic glazes .......................................................................................... 156
Traditional double-firing ...................................................................................................... 160
Fast double firing .................................................................................................................... 162
Porous single firing wall tiling ........................................................................................... 166
Silk-screen printing products .............................................................................................. 167
Single firing floor tiling ........................................................................................................ 169
Dry-application grains .......................................................................................................... 171

Chapter V – Physical and structural properties of ceramic raw materials .... 175
Particle size distribution ....................................................................................................... 176
How water influences ceramic systems............................................................................. 186

Chapter VI – Rheology: basic concepts ....................................................................... 191

Rheology of clays ................................................................................................................... 201
Mineralogy and rheology of clays .................................................................................... 202
Rheology of ceramic bodies ................................................................................................ 204
Influence of grinding water ................................................................................................ 205
The wet grinding process and spray drying of the ceramic bodies from
a rheological standpoint ........................................................................................................ 206
Rheological additives ............................................................................................................. 213
Inorganic deflocculants ......................................................................................................... 215
Organic deflocculants ............................................................................................................ 217
Main additive classes ............................................................................................................. 220
Ceramic spray drying bodies ............................................................................................... 221
Ceramic glazes ......................................................................................................................... 223
Glazes: non-rheological side effects ................................................................................... 227
Most commonly used additives ........................................................................................... 228

Chapter VII – The removal of water ............................................................................ 231

The water-clay system and how it affects moulding ..................................................... 231
Removing the water ............................................................................................................... 232

Chapter VIII – Description of ceramic products .................................................... 245

Interpreting the behaviour of ceramic bodies ................................................................ 248

Chapter IX – Wall tiles ...................................................................................................... 255

Aesthetic features ................................................................................................................... 258
Raw materials for bodies ....................................................................................................... 260
Characteristics of raw materials for bodies ..................................................................... 261
Plastic raw materials .............................................................................................................. 261
Complementary raw materials ............................................................................................ 263
Body composition ................................................................................................................... 263
Product features ...................................................................................................................... 265
Raw materials for glazes ....................................................................................................... 266
Basic technological parameters ........................................................................................... 270
Plant engineering solutions ................................................................................................. 280
Machines ................................................................................................................................... 282
Weighing systems .................................................................................................................. 283
Mills ........................................................................................................................................... 283
Spray driers .............................................................................................................................. 285
Presses ....................................................................................................................................... 285
Driers ......................................................................................................................................... 286
Glazing machines ................................................................................................................... 287
Kilns ........................................................................................................................................... 288
Sorting ....................................................................................................................................... 290
Handling and storage systems ............................................................................................ 290
Conclusions .............................................................................................................................. 290

Chapter X – Floor tiles ...................................................................................................... 293

The market ............................................................................................................................... 294
Product classification ............................................................................................................. 296
Technical features ................................................................................................................... 296
Aesthetic features ................................................................................................................... 298
Raw materials for bodies ....................................................................................................... 299
Body composition ................................................................................................................... 300
Raw materials for glazes ....................................................................................................... 303
Basic technological parameters ........................................................................................... 304
Plant engineering solutions ................................................................................................. 308
Machines ................................................................................................................................... 311

Chapter XI – Porcelain tiles ............................................................................................. 321

Technical characteristics ...................................................................................................... 322
Commercial specifications .................................................................................................... 323
Raw materials for bodies ....................................................................................................... 327
Compositions ........................................................................................................................... 329
Basic technological parameters ........................................................................................... 333
Production technology .......................................................................................................... 336
The production process ........................................................................................................ 336
Technical outlook ................................................................................................................... 345
Aesthetic outlook .................................................................................................................... 346
Conclusions .............................................................................................................................. 347

Chapter XII – Accessories and trims ............................................................................ 349

The market ............................................................................................................................... 350
 Applied Ceramic Technology

Technology .............................................................................................................................. 352

Materials ................................................................................................................................... 356
Organisation ............................................................................................................................. 358
Trims ......................................................................................................................................... 358
Production line ........................................................................................................................ 360
Machines ................................................................................................................................... 365
The production process ........................................................................................................ 366
Decoration ................................................................................................................................ 366
Firing ......................................................................................................................................... 369
Sorting ....................................................................................................................................... 370
Cutting the material ............................................................................................................... 370

Appendix 1 – Standards ..................................................................................................... 373

Appendix 2 – Tables and figures .................................................................................... 379

Bibliography ........................................................................................................................... 443

8
 Introduction

TO THE READER

The creation of a systematic compendium providing information on ceramic production technolo-

gy, with a clear focus on pressed tiles, is something of challenge as readers of such a publication are
likely to come from a wide range of fields and backgrounds, spanning both the academic and
industrial.
Such a work might be thought of as an introductory manual providing descriptions of work cycles
and machines, leaving aside more detailed understanding of the relevant materials and problems
or, vice versa, as an in-depth text on technological procedures, the results of which are taken for
granted. Readers with a technical-scientific background would, perhaps, like to see information on
innovative and original scientific developments – or at least a collection of information that would
be unavailable in a more compact publication. On the other hand, readers with a technical-manu-
facturing background would be more interested in a troubleshooting manual to help them deal with
the day-to-day problems that affect production lines. The young technician – a newcomer to the
complexities of a production process about which he has learnt little or nothing during his academ-
ic studies – would probably require an overview packed with everything he needs to know about
what happens in the “factory”, from delivery of raw materials through to packaging of the fin-
ished product.
To say that this first volume (and the forthcoming Volume II, which illustrates the production
process), attempts to reconcile all these different needs is not as presumptuous as it might sound,
although to state that it has actually succeeded in doing so certainly would be. What has been made,
though, is a serious attempt to provide a succinct – yet in-depth – description of the production line
without ignoring the descriptive and scientific foundations of the topic in hand: the result is this
first volume which offers the reader an explanation of what happens during each individual stage
of the production cycle, placing emphasis on the importance of correctly defining the nature of the
raw materials, their significance in a ceramic body and the problems they can cause. An overview of
possible products as a function of their technological characteristics is also provided.
A brief introduction outlines the main subject areas, subsequently dealt with in more detail. Volume
II, instead, aims to clarify the technological aspects of the individual stages of the production cycle:
rather than providing a description of specific machines that would inevitably and quickly become
obsolete, such clarification aims to explain the purpose and work cycle of each machine as regards
the creation of the final product. A substantial part of the book is dedicated to explanations of the
defects that can arise at each stage of the production cycle and there is also a clear overview of the
correlation between finished tile defects and the stage of the production process in which such defect
was generated. This first volume, as mentioned above, largely focuses on the manufacture of pressed
tiles, yet the reader will also find facts and figures on other products and technologies where this
aids understanding of reaction mechanisms.
A detailed appendix of standards, tables and figures completes the volume.

9
Applied Ceramic Technology

10
 Introduction

INTRODUCTION

When speaking of CERAMIC TECHNOLOGY it is important to introduce a

few key definitions that will provide us with useful reference points later on. The
first thing that needs to be defined is exactly what the word CERAMIC refers to.

Just what is a ceramic material? While dozens of definitions are possible, it can
effectively be described as “any product, having a form, made up of non-metallic inor-
ganic raw materials (whether mineral or artificial), which, from an incoherent powdery
state, are transformed, via various processes, into a semi-finished item, which, through fir-
ing, becomes a solid object of partially crystalline and partially vitreous structure”.

Virtually all the transformations and/or mixings become permanent after firing.
When speaking of inorganic raw materials it is necessary to bear in mind the level
of abundance of the most common elements in the earth’s crust, as it will obviously
be convenient and advantageous to manufacture ceramic items using the most widely
available and economic raw materials.
Fig. 1 (below) shows that these essentially include silicon and aluminium oxides

Fig. 1. The most common elements in the earth’s crust (from Kingery: Introduction to Ceramics - Wi-
ley).

11
 Applied Ceramic Technology

having different Fe, Ca, Mg, Na and K contents: these are, effectively, the 7 most
common elements in nature and are always present in a ceramic body.

Observing the Periodic Table (Tab. 1),

PERIODIC TABLE

INERT
GASES

Atomic number
Chemical symbol
Atomic weight

it can be seen just how few ceramic-relevant elements there are (Al, Si, Ca, Mg, Fe,
Ti, Na e K). Even when the main constituents of glazes (e.g. Pb, Zn, Sn, Zr, Cr, Ni,
Cr, V, B etc.) are taken into account it is evident that the assortment of elements
characterising a TRADITIONAL CERAMIC material is a restricted one.

In keeping with the general, introductory nature of this chapter, it can be said
that, where these materials are concerned, the field of study is limited to products
normally made up of natural oxides such as:
– TILES.
– SANITARYWARE.
– TABLEWARE.
– BRICK.
– CERTAIN REFRACTORY ITEMS.

Another approach is required where SPECIAL or ADVANCED ceramic materi-

als – generally made up of non-oxides or special oxides – are concerned: bioceramic
items, electrical and technical porcelains, electronic industry ceramics, catalysts,
special refractory items etc.

12
 Introduction

A better insight into the composition of a traditional ceramic material can be

attained by taking a look at a “standardised” tile body, bearing in mind that with the
appropriate modifications, similar observations can be made with regard to other
traditional ceramic materials. The base body, then, is generally made up of:
– CLAYEY MATERIALS, which provide the plasticity needed to obtain a defined
form. These include Al, Si and a proportion of Ca, Fe, Ti.
– FLUXING MATERIALS such as feldspars, nepheline etc., which, during firing,
produce vitreous phases that act as particle-particle adhesives and promote sol-
id-solid reactions; these contribute Na, K, Al and Si.
– OTHER MATERIALS such as talc, silica, pyrophyllite, CaCO3 etc. (the so-called
“INERT” MATERIALS), used to obtain a certain type of performance: these
largely contribute Ca, Mg and Si.
– ADDITIVES, largely employed to improve the rheology of aqueous solutions;
these may be inorganic or organic and only limited amounts (< 1%) are intro-
duced into the bodies.

In summing up the main effects of each chemical component in a tile body, we

can state that the presence of oxides confers:

Al2O3 refractory characteristics and plasticity (where associated

with the presence of clayey materials).
SiO2 structure, framework, including neo-formed phases.
Fe2O3 and TiO2 colour and, sometimes, fluxing properties.
CaO and MgO shrinkage control, via the formation of calcium and magne-
sium silicates.
K2O and Na2O fluxes which form vitreous phases.

Despite this description of the ceramic characteristics that the chemical compo-
sition confers on the bodies, it is a well known fact that chemical analysis of a
ceramic body or raw material is not in itself the most important aspect of product
characterisation: it can easily be demonstrated that products with greatly differing
performance and fields of use, such as low water-absorption floor tiles, sanitary-
ware items, bricks etc. all have very similar chemical composition.

The quantity of Ca and Mg is significant as these will influence shrinkage

during firing and subsequent water absorption. The higher the content of these
elements the lower the degree of shrinkage, because calcium and magnesium sil-
icates form; these increase in volume as temperature rises, thus opposing the shrink-
age caused by the collapse of the silicate phases. Fig. 2b provides an example of
the tertiary diagrams used to establish equilibrium between the various compo-
nents.
A good example of such behaviour is given in the subsequent tertiary diagrams
(Figs. 3-8), which show compositions for product types such as majolica (low-shrink-
age wall tiles), cottoforte (intermediate behaviour owing to high water absorption)
and gres (high shrinkage and low water absorption).

13
 Applied Ceramic Technology

Tab. 2a. Composition and characteristics of different body types.

14
 Introduction

[Remember that, for a system in equilibrium, tertiary diagrams illustrate the composi-
tion of systems consisting of 3 components. They display the relative percentages account-
ed for by each component as shown in the diagram below (Fig. 2b): any point within the
triangular area of the diagram is effectively an intersection of the lines running parallel
to the sides of the triangle and the point at which these lines converge gives the percentage
values of the components in the system. The percentage content of component A is read
off on the left-hand side of the triangle, component B on its base and component C on its
right-hand side.
For example, in fig. 2b point P represents a system where component A accounts for 30%
of the material (point E), B accounts for 20% (point F) and C the remaining 50% (point
G)].

Fig. 2b. How to read off composition percentages on the axes of a tertiary diagram.

15
 Applied Ceramic Technology

Fig. 3. SiO2/Al2O3/Fe2O3 tertiary diagram showing the compositional fields for majolica, cottoforte
and red gres bodies (Vincenzini and Fiori, 1977, vol. 2).

G = red gres
C = cottoforte
M = majolica

Fig. 4. Fe2O3/Na2O + K2O/MgO + CaO tertiary diagram showing the compositional fields for ma-
jolica, cottoforte and red gres bodies (Vincenzini and Fiori, 1977, vol. 2).

16
 Introduction

GBp = potassium white gres

GBs = sodium white gres

GR = red gres

Fig. 5. SiO2/Al2O3/TiO2 + Fe2O3 + MgO + CaO + Na2O + K2O diagram showing the composition-
al fields for red gres and potassium and sodium white gres bodies (Fabbri and Fiori, 1983, vol. 1).

GBp = potassium white gres

GBs = sodium white gres

GR = red gres

Fig. 6. Al2O3/Na2O/K2 tertiary diagram showing the compositional fields for potassium and sodium
white gres and red gres (Fabbri and Fiori, 1983, vol. 1).

17
 Applied Ceramic Technology

GBp = potassium white gres

GBs = sodium white gres

GR = red gres

Fig. 7. Al2O3/Na2O + K2O/TiO2 + Fe2O3 + MgO + CaO2 tertiary diagram showing the composi-
tional fields for red gres and potassium and sodium white gres bodies (Fabbri and Fiori, 1983, vol. 1).

1 red gres clays

2 cottoforte clays
3 majolica clays

Fig. 8. SiO2/Al2O3 + TiO/Fe2O3 + MgO + CaO + Na2O + K2O tertiary diagram showing the compo-
sitional fields for majolica, cottoforte and red gres clays (Sandrolini and Palmonari, 1974, vol. 2).

18
 Introduction

To provide an effective description of a raw material or a ceramic body and give

information on its technological behaviour it is much more convenient to make use
of mineralogical (or crystal) analysis and particle size analysis.
To understand the usefulness of these techniques it is necessary to bear in mind
how a clayey raw material acts within a body, giving it plasticity during the produc-
tion process. In relatively simple terms, it can be said that a clay is made up of an
association of tetrahedral SiO4 repetition units (T symbol) associated with octahe-
dral units having an Al(OH)6 base (O symbol) as illustrated in Figs. 9-10.

Oxygen
Silicon

Aluminium, Magnesium etc.

Silicon
Oxygen

Fig. 9. Phyllosilicate repetition units: SiO4-4 tet- Fig. 10. Two-dimensional projection of oc-
rahedrons and Al(OH)63- octahedrons. tahedral structural units.

These form two-dimensional particles, the distance between two identical struc-
tural repetition units varying as a function of the type of material, as illustrated in
Fig. 11.
The interlayer space between two particles, micelles or two strings of particles
etc. may, by way of this repetition unit arrangement, vary from a minimum of 2.7
(in kaolinite) to a maximum of 8 (in chlorites) or more Angstroms [1Å = 10-8 cm],
thus determining whether or not extraneous molecules or ions can infiltrate the
structure.

19
 Applied Ceramic Technology

(A) Na-montmorillonite
(B) Ca-montmorillonite

(A) Vermiculite
(B) Tri-octahedral chlorite

(A) Muscovite (B) Illite

Fig. 11. Examples of the different inter-lattice spacings that characterise clayey raw materials.

20
Random documents with unrelated
content Scribd suggests to you:
 Fres. ⎨ 'áthar (U.)
⎩
attár

hhemrūr (U.)
⎧
⎪ hhomrūr (M.)
⎪ la'fā' (W.)
Cadia varia l'Her. ⎨
⎪ lotā (W.)
⎪ qaddī (H.)
⎩
rotā (W.)

Caesalpinia elata Sw. (= ⎰ ranf (W. T.)

Poinciana) ⎱ runf (A. T.)

Cajanus flavus D.C. qischta (H.)

Campanula edulis Forsk. 'asnab (U.)

Caralluma cicatricosa ⎰ qusma (M.)

Defl. (= Boucerosia) ⎱ drā'et-el-kelbe (W.)

Canavalia gladiata D.C. lubia-hindi (B.)

Canavalia polystachya ⎰ ssēf-er-robáhh (H.)

(F.) Schwf. ⎱ ssōreq (W.)

Canna indica L. ⎧ chórege (U.)

⎨
jussr (H.)
⎩
 schénef-ed-dīk (Hodj.)
Capparis decidua ssodād (T.)
(Forsk.) Pax.

⎰ látssaf (A. M. W. H.)

Capparis galeata Fres.
⎱ nutssáf (Hodj.)

Capsicum frutescens L. birbāss, bissbä́ ss (H.)

Carica Papaya L. dabba-el-hind, dubbe-el-hind, (W.)
la' (W.)
⎧
la'dh (H.)
⎪
Carissa edulis V. ⎨ la'ja (W.)
⎪
lāss (W.)
⎩
lū' (U.)
Carthamus tinctorius L. qúrttum (S.)
Cassia Absus L. tuschmá' (H.)
Cassia angustifolia V. ssö́ na (H.)

⎰ 'éschreq (Chal. T.)

Cassia obovata Coll.
⎱ 'éschereq (T.)

Cassia Tora L. qúrqul (W.)

⎧ fischūghe (H.)
⎪ hhadeg-mōdeg (teste Ehrbg.)
Cassytha filiformis L. ⎨
⎪ schubbóta (U.)
⎩ toschóm (W.)

Catha edulis Forsk. qāth (M. W. S.)

Caucanthus edulis ⎰ qa'uqa' (H.)
 Forsk. ⎱
qu' (U.)

Celosia cristata L. var. ⎰ güll-ahhmar (H.)

castrensis Mq.T. ⎱ güll-en-nār (T.)

Celosia trigyna L. sséllebe (H.)

Centaurea maxima ssenjām, ssunjām (H.)
Forsk.

⎰ charrūb (S.)
Ceratonia Siliqua L.
⎱ chórnub (H.)

Chara foetida L. chábaq (M.)

Chenopodium foetidum uólla' (W.)
Schrad.
Chenopodium behhssēn (H.)
opulifolium Schrad.
Chrozophora obliqua tenūn (Schugra, Südküste)
A.Juss.

⎰ chúmel (U.)
Cissus rotundifolia V.
⎱ hhálatss (T.)

⎰ chúmel (M.)
Cissus digitata Lam.
⎱ hháluaq (U.)

Cissus quadrangularis L. ssela' (U. T.)

⎰ bortuqān-hhālib (H. M.)

Citrus Aurantium Risso.
⎱ schīmisch (S.)

Citrus Bigaradia Lois. ⎧ chommēsch (T. W.)

⎨
tibbä' (W.)
⎩
 tibba'i (H.)
Citrus Limonum Risso. limūn (S.)
Citrus Limonum Risso. līm-hhālib (W.)
var. dulcis Moris.
Citrus Limonum Risso. līm (M. W.)
var. pusilla Risso.
Citrus medica Risso. tturúng (W. S.)

Citrullus Colocynthis ⎰ hhándal (B.)

Schr. ⎱ gehēd (T.)

Citrullus edulis Schrad. batt.ttīch (S.)

Cocos nucifera L. nargīl (S.)

⎰ hhälál (H.)
Clematis orientalis L.
⎱ qúmmuda (M. U.)

Cleome brachycarpa V. chosám (H.)

Cleome Schweinfurthii énneme (U.)
Gilg.

⎰ moglagidí (H.)
Clitoria ternatea L.
⎱ hérrige (W.)

dóber (U.)
⎧
Clutia Richardiana
⎨ lāch, lachāch (H.)
Müll.Arg.
⎩
ssán, ssén (M.)
Cnicus lanceolatus W. schōk-el-'agūs (M. W.)
Coccinia Moghadd (F.) ⎧ ga'der-taēl (M.)
Aschers. ⎨
hámaq-er-robách (H.)
⎩
 mserrä' (W.)

⎰ tturǟch (T.)
Cocculus Leaeba G.P.
⎱ ssāq-el-ghorāb (H.)

hádal (U.)
⎧
hérrige, hérije (H. W.)
⎪
Cocculus villosus D.C. ⎨ lúa (Hodj.)
⎪
mschéttera (W.)
⎩
schiruaī (W.)
Coffea arabica L. bunn (S.)
Coleus barbatus Bth. beijdé, begde (H.)
Coleus Zatarhendi Bth. medān (U.)

Colocasia antiquorum ⎰ sandj, sang (U.)

Schott. ⎱ kúrkum (H. W.)

'assm (Hodj.)
⎧
Combretum trichanthum
⎨ 'ássam (W.)
Fres.
⎩
'esme (H.)
u'lān (U. W.)
⎧
Commelina Forsskalii V. ⎨ gelēf, gelīf (H.)
⎩
qoscham-er-robach (W.)

Commiphora abyssinica ⎰ chádasch (Hodj.)

Engl. ⎱ qafal (B.)

Commiphora kataf (F.) ⎰ káttaf (W.)

Engl. ⎱ qáfal (B. U.)
Commiphora Myrrha 'ugé (B. T.)
Engl.
Commiphora bischām (B. Chal. T.)
Opobalsamum (F.)
Engl.
Commiphora Schimperi káttaf (U.)
Engl.
Convolvulus glomeratus lú' (U.)
Choisy.
Conyza Dioscoridis Df. kūsch (W.)
Conyza Hochstetteri gādab (U.)
Sz.B.
Conyza pyrrhopappa gúbusse (U.)
Sz.B.
Corchorus olitorius L. muluhhīje (S.)
Cordia ovalis R.Br. ⎱ ssehhēl (U. W.)
Cordia gharaf (F.) Ehrbg. ⎰ ssuhhēl, ssuhhāle (H.)
Cordia abyssinica R.Br. tténeb (H. U. Hodj.)

⎰ ttúfluq (M.)
Cotyledon Barbeyi Schf.
⎱ ttifeléq (H.)

Crepis Rueppellii Sz.B. gaschíb (H.)

Crossandra sahr-el-'Asīs (H.)
infundibuliformis
Nees.
Crotalaria retusa L. gulgul, qulqul (W.)
Croton lobatus L. ⎰ abu-thalāt (T.)
⎱
 ssabī'-el-benāt (W.)

Cucumis ficifolius R. var. ⎰ hhádaq (W.)

echinophorus Naud. ⎱ schírue (H.)

Cucumis melo L. var. ⎰ jaqttīn (S.)

chate Forsk. ⎱ ssemíll (B.)

Cucumis pustulatus Hk.f. hámak-el-hhomr (U.)

⎰ qara'-rūm (Hodj.)
Cucurbita Pepo L.
⎱ qara' (S.)

Cuscuta palaestina B. beschér (W.)

Cyamopsis psoralioides híndija (A.)
Del.
Cydonia vulgaris Pers. sseférgel (S.)
Cymodocea ciliata (F.) surām (Hodeida)
Ehrbg.
Cynara Cardunculus L. schōk-el-hhamīr (S.)
Cynara Scolymus L. hharschūf (S.)
Cynodon Dactylon Pers. 'ōbel (H.)
Cynoglossum hassaq (M.)
lanceolatum Forsk.
Cyperus articulatus L. chaség (U.)
Cyperus flabelliformis kuf-el-mä' (H.)
Rottb.
Cyperus leptophyllus schīle (U.)
Hoch.
 D

Dactyloctenium kerrsi (H.)

aegyptiacum W.
Datura fastuosa L. var. benge (B.)
alba Nees.
Daucus Carota L. gasar (S.)
Debregeasia bicolor ássanab (H.)
Wedd.
máti (W.)
⎧
Desmodium gangeticum
⎨ metēn (H.)
D.C.
⎩
orqäss (B.)

⎰ sahr-es-sirr (H.)
Dianthus caryophyllus L.
⎱ qurúnful (S.)

esfīh (U.)
⎧
Dichrostachys nutans
⎨ gensīr (H.)
Bth.
⎩
kúschkusch (W.)
Diospyros mespiliformis bissēss (W.)
H.
Dobera glabra Juss. dáber (T.)

⎰ rummách (U.)
Dodonaea viscosa Jacq.
⎱ schāth (W.)

Dolichos Lablab L. kischt (W.)

Dombeya Schimperiana ⎰ dhāhhnab (M.)
R. ⎱
dhāhhnass (M.)

⎧ qotssēr (W.)
⎪ qutssēr-er-robbáhh (U.)
Dorstenia foetida (F.)
⎨
Schwf. (= Kosaria)
⎪ sengebīl-er-robách (H.)
⎩ sengebīl-achddar (H.)

fillä' (H.)
⎧
Ecbolium Linneanum
⎨ mdä'da (H.)
Krz. (= Justicia)
⎩
sebíbet-el-asfari (U.)
gholáthi (H.)
⎧
Echidnopsis penicillata
⎨ ghaleth (W.)
(Defl.) Schwf.
⎩
ghálath, ghálaf (U.)
Echium Rauwolfii Del. létssige, létssiqe (M.)
Ehretia abyssinica R.Br. mgēïf (Hodj.)
Ehretia obtusifolia H. mesk, missūk (H.)
Eleusine coracana kéneb (Schugra, Südküste)
Gaert.
Eleusine floccifolia Spr. chássere (M.)
Enhalus acoroides surām (Hodeida)
Steud.
Eragrostis megastachya ssechége (U.)
Lk.
Eragrostis pungens Bth. schöcham (T.)
Hk.
Erucastrum arabicum F. 'assb-el-biss (H.)
Mey.

Erythrococca abyssinica ⎰ asnāb (U.)

Pax. ⎱ hhenet-el-baqar (M.)

⎰ bus.sé, bis.sé (H.)

Euclea Kellau Hochst.
⎱ chassāss, chosséss (U.)

'ámmak (U.)
⎧
Euphorbia Ammak Schf. ⎨ 'ámmak-ferssi (M.)
⎩
'ámmak-abjadd (H.)

Euphorbia Cactus ⎰ 'ámmak (U.)

Ehrbg. ⎱ kélach (H.)

⎰ qatssur (M.)
Euphorbia fruticosa F.
⎱ schēchab (M.)

⎰ lebbēna (B.)
Euphorbia granulata Fk.
⎱ umm-el-lebbēn (U.)

⎰ rúmmude (U.)
Euphorbia helioscopia L.
⎱ ssa'ade (M.)

ssujēb (H. W. Ch. U.)

⎧
Euphorbia inarticulata
⎨ sseijāb (H.)
Schwf.
⎩
télahh (T.)
Euphorbia monticola subēsse (Hodj.)
Hochst.
Evolvulus alsinoides L. glīt (U.)

Ficus capensis Thbg. chóntssur, chantssūr (H.)

Ficus Carica L. béless (B.), tīn (S.)

⎰ bédahh (W.)
Ficus glumosa Del.
⎱ médahh, muddáhh (H.)

⎰ dhúruf, dháraf (U.)

Ficus ingens Miq.
⎱ bédahh (W.)

Ficus palmata Forsk. béless-el-hhēge (U.)

athāb, athēb (M. H. B.)
⎧
Ficus salicifolia V. ⎨ dharaf (H.)
⎩
tha'b (el-Hami, Südküste)
Ficus serrata Forsk. cháschraf, hháschraf (H.)
burra' (T.), búrrä' (W.)
⎧
Ficus Sycomorus L. ⎨ cháness (H. S.)
⎩
ssúqum (el-Hami, Südküste)
Ficus vasta Forsk. ttōlaq, ttōluq (H. Hodj.)
Filices sp. kufa'ān (H.)
Flueggea obovata Wall. ⎰ hhémele (H.)
 ⎱ hhennet-el-baqar (U.)

Foeniculum capillaceum ⎰ schámar (H.)

Gil. ⎱ schumár (S.)

Forsskaolea tenacissima letssāq, létssiqe (U.)

L.

Geranium simense H. (= hhómmadda (M.)

G. arabicum F.)
kurad (W.)
⎧
Gomphocarpus
⎨ kusché (W.)
fruticosus R.Br.
⎩
ssebī', ssibbǟ', ssubā' (H.)

Gossypium vitifolium ⎰ 'ottb (H. W.)

Cav. ⎱ quttn (S.)

hhommǟ'd (H.)
⎧
Grewia bicolor Juss. ⎨ nischām, nuschám (H.)
⎩
tombak (H.)
Grewia mollis Juss. nischām (Hodj.)

⎧ bórttom (H. U. W.)

⎪ schaúchat (U.)
Grewia Schweinfurthii
⎨
Burr.
⎪ schohhāb (H.)
⎩ schoqāb, schuqāb (W.)
Grewia tembensis Fres. chaddār, choddār (H. T. Hodj.)
bórriqe, bérriqe (H.)
⎧
Grewia villosa W. ⎨ burruqai (H.)
⎩
birq-el-'agūs (U.)
ttarāh (H.)
Gymnosporia ⎧
senegalensis Loes. (= ⎨ tterān (H.)
Celastrus) ⎩
ttarrār (W.)
ttra' (W.)
⎧
Gymnosporia serrata
⎨ gerōm (H.)
Loes. (= Celastrus)
⎩
negerān (U.)

Haemanthus arabicus R. batssal-el-hhánnesch (M.)

Sch.
Halophila ovalis Hk.f. surām (Hodeida)

Heeria insignis O.Kze. (= ⎰ ruǟdh (H.)

Rhus) ⎱ thélaba (U.)

Helichrysum foetidum hhoddä'-fil-umm (H.)

Cass.
Heteromorpha ssāq-el-ghorāb (M.)
arborescens Ch. Schl.
Hibiscus Abelmoschus misk (H.)
L.
⎧
⎨
Hibiscus Deflersii Schwf. ⎧ qilloé' (U.)
⎨
qilnet-er-rāi' (U.)
⎩
sóhat (H. W.)
Hibiscus esculentus L. bāmije (S.)
Hibiscus micranthus L.f. osáru (T.)
da'da' (H.)
⎧
Hibiscus vitifolius Cav. ⎨ 'udeda'ān (H.)
⎩
hhodeda' (H.)
Hordeum vulgare L. scha'īr (M. S.)
Hordeum vulgare L. var. scha'īr-hhadhūri, scha'īr-hhabb-hhuri
distichum Al. f. (M.)
deficiens St.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. scha'īr-maissāni (M.)
hexastichum L. f.
brachyurum K.
Huernia Penzigii Bak. drā'et-el-kelāb, drā'et-el-kelbe (H.)
Hypodematium hheridhe (H.)
crenatum (F.) Kze.
Hyphaene thebaica Del. dūm (S.)

Hypoestes paniculata ⎰ ssaúrab (U.)

(F.) Schwf. ⎱ mudhēda (H.)

I
Indigofera argentea L. ⎰ hhúer, hhōuer (U.)
⎱
hháuer (W.)
Indigofera oblongifolia hhatssár (H. W. T.)
Forsk. (= I. paucifolia
Del.)
Indigofera spinosa L. hhell (B. H. T.)
Ipomoea triflora (F.) schurä́ ' (H.)
Schwf. (= I. obscura
Ch.)

Jasminum gratissimum ⎰ qajān (H.)

Defl. ⎱ ssuēd (W.)

qēn (H.), qīn (S.)

⎧
Jasminum officinale L. ⎨ scherchāt (M.)
⎩
ssīss (S.), qéruan (U.)
full-korēschi (H.)
⎧
Jasminum Sambac L. ⎨ moglagidí, moghlogidi (H.)
⎩
sanbaq (S.)
Jatropha lobata (F.) tubakschi-ghulghul (H.)
Müll.Arg.

⎰ bä'dr-ess-ssimssim (A.)
Jatropha spinosa (F.) V.
⎱ dima' (Schugra, Südküste)
Jatropha villosa (F.) ⎰ dima' (Schugra, Südküste)
Müll.Arg. ⎱
'obāb (T.)

Ionidium suffruticosum ⎰ ghassl-er-rass (M.)

D.C. ⎱ ssibǟ' (H.)

Juglans regia L. gōs (S.)

Justicia debilis V. schechāch-kelbi (U.)

Justicia flava (Nees) ⎰ géissam (U.)

Schwf. (= Adhatoda) ⎱ uossér (W.)

Kalanchoe glaucescens ⎰ schēhh (W.)

Britt. ⎱ scho'ūss (U.)

Kalanchoe lanceolata ⎰ hherg (U. W.)

Pers. ⎱ schjēhh (H. W.)

Kanahia Forsskalii Dcne. gurr (U.)

Kedrostis foetidissima charre'ä (H.)
⎰
Cogn. (=
⎱ gehhēfe, ge'ēfe (M.)
Rhynchocarpa)

L
Lactuca sativa L. hhass.ss (S.)
Lagenaria vulgaris Ser. dabbe-dubbe (B. S.)

Laggera pterodonta ⎰ 'abd-er-rahhmān (W.)

Sz.B. ⎱ titímme (U.)

hhaschaf (H.)
⎧
Lantana salviiifolia Jacq. ⎨ sebīb-atssfar (H.)
⎩
sebīb-ghénem (W.)
Lathyrus sativus L. gulbān (S.)
'attáqa (H.)
⎧
Lavandula pubescens
⎨ 'hhauuéss (M.)
Dcne.
⎩
'onssif (U.)
Lavandula spica Cav. gusāme (S.)

⎰ hhinne (W.)
Lawsonia inermis Lam.
⎱ tamar-hhenne (S.)

Lemna gibba L. belessinān (M.)

Lens esculenta Mch. belssīm, belssīn (U.)
Lepidagathis aristata ghobēra (H.)
Nees.
Leptadenia arborea (F.) qarínne (H.)
⎰
Schwf. (= L.
⎱ qarénna (B.)
abyssinica Dcne.)
Linaria scalarum Schwf. 'ánatss (U.)
Loranthus curviflorus schēqer (T.)
Bth.
Loranthus globiferus R. ⎱ hhaddāl (M.)
Loranthus regularis St. ⎰

Loranthus Schimperi H. 'oddār (H.)

Luffa cylindrica Roem. ttūria (B.)
Lycopersicon tumātum (S.)
esculentum Mill.

Maerua crassifolia F. sserrhh (A. Hodeida. B.)

Maerua oblongifolia R. qotssēf (W. U. Hodj.)
Maerua triphylla R. fileq-el-bárram (H.)
Maesa lanceolata Forsk. mā'tss (M.)
Malva parviflora L. qā'ra (U.)

⎰ chobbēsa (W.)
Malva verticillata W.
⎱ tómalle (M.)

'anba, 'anba-ssaua (H.)

⎧
Mangifera indica L. ⎨ 'anbai-hindi (M.)
⎩
'embe-ssuāq (H.)
Matricaria Chamomilla L. babūnag (S.)
Medicago hispida W. uénem (M.)

⎰ qádhub (el-Hami, Südküste)

Medicago sativa L.
⎱ qadhb, qaddb (M.)

Melhania velutina Forsk. ⎰ 'annātss (H.)

 ⎱
gorhho'd (H.)
Melia Azedarach L. ssīle-asadiracht (S.)
Melilotus alba L. remān, reimān (M.)

⎰ na'ōdh (M.)
Mentha sylvestris L.
⎱ no'ōdh (U. H.)

⎰ na'nā' (U.)
Mentha piperita L.
⎱ na'nā'-filfil (S.)

⎰ júbusse (U.)
Micromeria biflora Bth.
⎱ schummésa (W.)

Mimusops Schimperi H. lebach (H.)

⎰ qúmahh (H.)
Momordica balsamina L.
⎱ múkahh (T.)

Morus nigra L. hhubūn-el-malūk (S.)

Monechma imbricatum schechách-kelbe (U.)
N.
Musa paradisiaca L. mōss (S.)
Myrsine africana L. qatám (H. M.)
Myrtus communis L. chádder, cháddes (H.)

Nepeta Deflersiana fre'ūge (M.)

Schwf.
Nicotiana Tabacum L. tuttūn-assuud (H.)
Nigella sativa L. gáhhta (M.)

⎰ rémma, rumma (U.)

Nuxia dentata R.Br.
⎱ sénna (W.)

⎰ bis.sé (H.)
Ochna inermis Forsk.
⎱ hesimbil (H.)

⎧ hhibāg (Hadhram.)
⎪ lesāb (M.)
Ocimum basilicum L. ⎨
⎪ rihhān (H. S.)
⎩ schoger (Hadhram.)

Ocimum cylindrostachys hhábbaqa (U.)

Schwf.

⎰ hhabóqboq (H. T.)

Ocimum menthifolium H.
⎱ uusāb (W.)

⎰ dōsch (W. H.)

Ocimum sanctum L.
⎱ uúsab, uús.sab (W.)

⎰ 'athum (U.)
Olea chrysophylla Lam.
⎱ 'ottúm (H.)

Oncoba spinosa Forsk. hhaúgam (U.)

Origanum Majorana L. ⎰ lesāb (M.)
Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a
vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to
specialized publications, self-development books, and children's
literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding
knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade

Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and

personal growth!

ebookfinal.com