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Strategic Management For Tourism

The document outlines the structure and content of a comprehensive text on strategic management specifically tailored for the hospitality and tourism sectors. It includes chapters on the introduction to strategy, the industry context, organizational dynamics, various levels of strategies, and the strategy process. The text aims to provide insights into creating competitive advantages and effectively implementing strategies within hospitality and tourism organizations.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
22 views7 pages

Strategic Management For Tourism

The document outlines the structure and content of a comprehensive text on strategic management specifically tailored for the hospitality and tourism sectors. It includes chapters on the introduction to strategy, the industry context, organizational dynamics, various levels of strategies, and the strategy process. The text aims to provide insights into creating competitive advantages and effectively implementing strategies within hospitality and tourism organizations.

Uploaded by

ayele setie
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Strategic Management for

Hospitality and Tourism


Fevzi Okumus
Levent Altinay
Prakash Chathoth

AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON •NEW YORK • OXFORD •PARIS


SAN DIEGO •SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO
Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier
Contents

PR EF AC E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x i i i

Part I Introduction to Strategy


CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Strategic Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Historical Origins of Strategy and Strategic Management . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Schools of Thought on Strategic Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Overall Aims of Strategic Management: Creating a Competitive
Advantage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Defining Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
The Book’s Approach and Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Study Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
References and Further Readings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

CHAPTER 2 Strategic Management in Hospitality and Tourism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19


Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Defining the Hospitality and Tourism Context. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Types of Hospitality and Tourism Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Characteristics of Hospitality and Tourism Organizations. . . . . . . . . . . . 25
The Case for Strategic Management in H&T Organizations. . . . . . . . . . . 30
Applying Strategic Management in the H&T Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Strategy Research in the Hospitality and Tourism Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Study Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Small Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
References and Further Readings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

vii
viii Contents

Part II Strategy Context


CHAPTER 3 The Hospitality and Tourism Industry Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Characterising the External Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Understanding the Macro Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
The Task Environment and Influence of Industry Structure. . . . . . . . . . . 54
The Dynamics of Competition and Strategic Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Environmental Scanning and the Hospitality/Tourism Firm. . . . . . . . . . . 60
The External Environment in the International Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Study Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
References and Further Readings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

CHAPTER 4 The Organisational Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67


Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Identifying Different Stakeholders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Organisational Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
The Influence of Organisational Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Influence of Leadership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Influence of Organisational Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
The Organisational Context in the International Perspective . . . . . . . . . . 83
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Study Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
References and Further Readings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

Part III Strategy Content


CHAPTER 5 Business-Level Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
The Parameters of Competitive Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
What is the Basis of a Good Strategy? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Positioning and Generic Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
The Industry Life Cycle and Competitive Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Resources, Capabilities, and Competencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Business-Level Strategy in the International Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Study Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
References and Further Readings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Contents ix

CHAPTER 6 Corporate-Level Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109


Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Corporate Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
The Portfolio Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Corporate Strategy and Adding Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
The Core Competence Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Creating and Sustaining the Multibusiness Advantage . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Corporate-Level Strategy in the International Perspective. . . . . . . . . . . 121
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Study Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
References and Further Readings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

CHAPTER 7 Network-Level Strategies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127


Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Strategic Alliances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Franchising. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Management Contracts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Joint Ventures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Wholly Owned Subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Strategic Alliance Formation in the International Context. . . . . . . . . . . 140
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Study Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
References and Further Readings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

Part IV The Strategy Process


CHAPTER 8 Strategy Formation—Strategy Formulation and Implementation . . . . . . 149
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Strategy Formation—Strategy Formulation and Implementation . . . . . . 153
Strategy Formation in the International Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Study Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
References and Further Readings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

CHAPTER 9 Strategy Implementation and Change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171


Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Previous Implementation Frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
x Contents

Toward an Implementation Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174


Barriers and Resistance to Strategy Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Strategy Implementation and Change in the International Context . . . . 183
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Study Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
References and Further Readings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

Part V Synthesis
CHAPTER 10 Conclusions: Relating Content, Context, and Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
The Challenge of Strategic Management in the H&T Context . . . . . . . . 192
The Dynamics of Content, Context, Process, and Outcome . . . . . . . . . . 195
Sustaining Competitiveness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Managing Change and Creating Learning Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Strategic Management in an International Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
References and Further Readings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

Part VI Case Studies


CASE STUDY 1 Ocean Park: In the Face of Competition from Hong Kong
Disneyland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
The Tourism Industry in Hong Kong . . . . . . .... .... ..... . . . . 207
Ocean Park . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... .... ..... . . . . 209
Competition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... .... ..... . . . . 215
Impact of Competition on Ocean Park. . . . . .... .... ..... . . . . 223
Ocean Park’s Positioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... .... ..... . . . . 224
Cash Strapped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... .... ..... . . . . 229
Master Plan Put to Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... .... ..... . . . . 233

CASE STUDY 2 Six Flags: Is Recovery on the Horizon?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235


Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
The Amusement Park Industry in the United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Six Flags, a Proud Past. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Recovery on the Horizon or a State of Flux? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Six Flags—a Thrilling Future? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Discussion Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Contents xi

CASE STUDY 3 The Implementation Process of a Revenue Management Strategy in


Britco Hotels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Strategic Content. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Environmental Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Internal Context. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Implementation Process of the YMP Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Outcomes of the YMP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Discussion Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Appendix 1: Strategic Context in Britco Hotels and the
Implementation Process of the Yield Management Project
between 1990 and 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

CASE STUDY 4 Global Hotels and Resorts: Building Long-Term Customer


Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
The Early Years of Global Hotels and Resorts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Developing Relationships with Business Travelers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
The Global Hotel Industry in the 1990s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Organisational Structure from 1994 to 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Marketing and Sales Organisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
Managers in GHR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
The Initial Implementation of the KCMP: 1994–1997 . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Project Rollout. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Implementation Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
The Implementation Process between 1995 and 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . 294
Implementation under New Ownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Outcomes of the Key Client Management Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Discussion Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298

CASE STUDY 5 Entrepreneurship and Leadership in Hospitality: Insights and


Implications for Hospitality and Tourism Education . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Process and Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Interview Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Mr. Rosen on Entrepreneurship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
xii Contents

Mr. Rosen on His Hotel Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304


Mr. Rosen on Management Philosophy and Style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Mr. Rosen on Leadership. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
Mr. Rosen on Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Mr. Rosen on Industry-Oriented Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Mr. Rosen on Philanthropy (‘‘Responsible Capitalism’’) . . . . . . . . . . 316
Conclusions and Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Appendix A: Background of Mr. Harris Rosen, President and CEO
of Rosen Hotels and Resorts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Appendix B: Rosen Hotels and Resorts Portfolio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Appendix C: Rosen Hotels & Resorts Employee Programs: Work/Life
Balance Week . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
Appendix D: Mr. Rosen’s Philanthropic Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Appendix E: Mr. Rosen’s Awards and Recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327

I N DE X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 9

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