01 008

02 014

03 022
04 030
05 036
06 042

07 050
08 056
09 062
10 068
11 076
12 082
13 088
14 094

100
104
112
120
01
02
 1
A

N_2+3H_2  2NH B

200 500 600 *C
C H O
N S F Cl Br I

C 4
C 1 4

C H
CO_2 H_2O
CH_4 C_2H CH

CH_4
H

C
H H

LNG
CNG
C CO C_2H OH
2C+O_2  2CO H
CO Fe_2O Fe H
H
Fe_2O +3CO  2Fe+3CO_2 O
C
C
H H
H

00
 1단계

CH COOH
×
O

H C
C H
H O
H
17 °C
H^+

HCHO

C 1
H H

C H

CH COCH

H C H
C
C H
H
H H

H_2O C_2H
NH C H N_4O_2
C H _2O NaCl

PVC PET

HCHO

LNG

CH COCH

00
2단계

A
대표 유형

20

대표 유형

N_2+3H_2  2NH
CH_4+2O_2  +2H_2O
Fe_2O +3CO  2Fe+

0 0
B O

대표 유형
H C H
C
C H
4 H
H H

1 4

대표 유형

H
H
H
O O
C
C
H H
H

대표 유형

H O
O
H C
C
C H H C
H H
H H O
H H

LPG
17 °C

1 4

0
2단계

NH3, HCHO, CH3COOH, NaCl

? ?

NaCl CH COOH
HCHO NH
HCHO NaCl
CH COOH NH
CH COOH NaCl

대표 유형

CH_4 CNG

CH COOH

C_2H OH H^+

CH COCH

HCHO

0
3단계

Fe_2O C

A B

A B

H2O, CH4, C2H5OH A B A B

LNG LNG
LPG LPG
LPG

H2O

0
 2
A 0 °C 1
H_2 O_2 CO_2

6.02\10 6.02\10 6.02\10

12 C 2g 32 g 44 g
22.4 L 22.4 L 22.4 L

0 °C 1
H O
C 1 H 12 C 4 O 3 g L
mol = = =
6.02\10 mol g mol 22.4 L mol

H 1 O 16 B

H_2O

O H H O
H H 1 H_2 O_2
2 H_2O
16 1 2 18

2 +
H_2+O_2  H_2O

NaCl
Na+ 3
Cl-
1
2H_2+O_2  2H_2O

23 35.5 4 s l g aq
23 35.5 58.5 2H_2 g +O_2 g  2H_2O g

= =
C 12 g
6.02\10
2H_2 g + O_2 g  2H_2O g

1 mol =6.02\10

1 g
2 1 2
C1 =12 g H_2O 1 =18 g
2 1 2
0 °C 1 2×22.4 L 22.4 L 2×22.4 L
2×2 g 32 g 2×18 g

1 0 °C 1 1
22.4 L

0
 1단계

H=1
C=12 N=14 O=16 Na=23
HCl 70 mL NH CO_2
HCl CH_4 NaOH
CaCO
CaCO3

CaCO g 1.0 2.0 3.0

12
g 0.4 0.9 1.3

CaCO HCl 1
CaCO s +2HCl aq  CaCl_2 aq +H_2O l +CO_2 g
CO_2
CO_2 0 °C 1 1 L
CaCO CO_2 mol 1L mol
g
mol =
g mol
CaCO 100 CO_2 44

CaCO mol 0.01 0.02 0.03

0 °C 1 CO_2 11.2 L
CO_2 mol 0.009 0.02 0.03
C=12 O=16
CaCO CO_2 1 1
CO_2 CO_2 g
C mol O mol

CH_4
C H=1 C=12 O=16

1L mol
CH_4 g +aO_2 g  CO_2 g +bH_2O l
mol
M= mol L M
L
a b
0 °C 1 4g
0.1 M L
0 °C 1 4g
NaCl 5.85 g
g
1L

NaCl 5.85 g NaCl 58.5 NaOH 4 g NaOH

5.85 g 0.1 100 mL M NaOH
40

mol
1.2 M NaCl 500 mL
NaCl g NaCl
mol = mol L × L
58.5

0 5
2단계
대표 유형

A 0 °C 1
C=12 O=16
대표 유형
O_2 32 g
CH_4 22.4 L
C 4 X 3 X 2 Y 1
NaCl 1
CO_2 44 g
H_2 6.02\10

X Y X_2Y
C 12 X Y
대표 유형

0 °C 1 A∼C
28 44 64
96 120 g L
A 8 11.2
B 44 5.6
C 64 6.4

A B AB A_2B
A B
B C
AB A_2B B

30 44

B AB_2

25 °C 1
H O_2 CH_4

H
C =12 1.008 CH4
20 L
H =1 1.000 O2
10 L

H= 1
C=12 O=16
C 1
H H_2 =1 2
C H CH_4 16 g =1 2
=1 5
=1 4
=2 1

0
 대표 유형

A B

2 30
X
3 46

Y
A B A B

A B X Y

1g A >
0 °C 1 1g >
X_2+2Y_2  2XY_2

X_2

B
대표 유형

Li H_2O

Al HCl
2Li s +2H_2O l  xLiOH aq +

aAl s +bHCl aq  cAlCl aq +dH_2 g

x

0.2 Al HCl H_2

x 2 g a∼d H
O_2 g 1

CH

NH
C H g +aO_2 g  3CO_2 g +bH_2O l

N_2 g +3H_2 g  2NH g a b H=1 C=12

O=16

H=1 N=14
a+b 9
N_2 g H_2 g NH g C H 22 g H_2O 18 g
= 1 3 2 C H 22 g O_2
= 14 3 17 0 °C 1 44.8 L
= 1 3 2
= 1 3 2
= 1 3 2

0
2단계
대표 유형

CaCO HCl C
대표 유형

NaCl

HCl
HCl
CaCO CaCO3 NaCl 11.7 g 50 mL
w g

100 mL A
A

A
X w_2 g

C=12 O=16 Ca=40

X CO_2
w
CaCO mol mol A
100
w_2
X 0 °C 1 mol×
100 A NaCl
22.4 L mol Na=23 Cl=35.5

A NaCl
1M
2M
3M
1M
2M

NaHCO CH COOH
X_2 Y_2
XY

NaHCO s +CH COOH aq 

CH COONa aq +CO_2 g +H_2O l
XY3 17

0.1 M CH COOH 100 mL

NaHCO g
( )

g
3 Y2 (g) NaHCO 84
X Y X Y

1 3 3 1 14 1 4.2 g NaHCO 0.1 M

14 3 17 3 CH COOH L

0
3단계

A_2 B_2 A B C
A B

A 1.2
1.0 2A g +B g  C g
0.8
0.6
( )

g
0.4
0.2
A B A B
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 mol mol g g mol
B (g)
5 84 0 8

A B 14 16
B 32
30 76

18
A B 1 1
A 28
A_2B
A B
4 B_2
48 g
B_2 32 g

Mg HCl

0.1 g
CO 0.2 g 0.3 g
2.8 g O_2 0.1

CO 2.8 g Mg g 0.1 0.2 0.3

O2 0.1
H_2 mL 95 190 285

2CO g +O_2 g  2CO_2 g mol

C=12 O=16

2.8 g
0.1
1.6 g
1
0.2

0
03
04
05
06
 3
A
1886
1897
- +
+
-

+ +

+
- -
1932 Be
-

- +

1911
He ^+

1 +1
1 0
1
1837 -1

= =
= +

0
 Na
11
A

Z X 23
11
11
K L M N

12
K<L<M<N

N
M N
L M
K
L

H
K

( 11 H ) ( 21 H ) 3 ( 31 H )

Cl 75.77 % Cl 24.23 %

35\75.77+37\24.23
35.5
100

400 500 600 410 434 486 656

(nm) (nm)

0
 1단계

s p
d f
s p
10
pp pp pp 9 X X ^-

p A∼C
p p

A B C
7 7 8

n
7 9 8

A∼C
A∼C
l A∼C
n
0 1 2 n-1 n
l=0 s l=1 p ×
l=2 d l=3 f
m
l -l K
l 2l+1
1 p -1
0 +1 p p p
K L M
1
n 1 2 3
l 0 0 1 0 1 2
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d
-2
-1 -1 -1 2
0 0 0 0 0 0
m
+1 +1 +1
+2
1 1 3 1 3 5
s 1 p 3 d 5
m

+ -
p

0
2단계

A X

C
A
B

-
+

+ -

∼ B
C

대표 유형

대표 유형

+
+ a
-

b
+
- c
-

A B

A B
A B
b

0 5
2단계

B
Cl
17 17 18
g C 17 17 35
1.673\10^- +1.6\10^- 17 18 17
1.675\10^- 0 18 18 17
9.109\10^- -1.6\10^- 18 17 35

A B
+1.6\10^- C 20
X 10

A B

A B

A∼D
A∼D A B
B A
A B C D
3 3 6
4 6
3 2 6 6
7 12 13

대표 유형
∼
X∼Z
21 22 23
24 25

대표 유형 X Y Z

A∼D
X∼Z

B X Y
D Z
C D X Z 3 5

0
 C

C C C

1g

대표 유형

대표 유형

A∼E N
Z 2 A
N
Z C D
Z
B
1 E
A B

0 1 3 6 Z
A∼E
A
A B A L
C D A B
D

K M

% N K

35 75 L K
M K
37 25

X 36
2
X_2 <

0
2단계

s
z z z z
y y y y

x x x x
s p d
2s 2px 2py 2pz

>

2 5

대표 유형
대표 유형

M p
n l
m m

n l m m
1s 2s 2p
2 0 +2 +

2p 2 1 +1 -
1s 2s
3 0 0 +

2s 2p 3 1 -1 +
1s 2s
3 1 +2 -

0
3단계

X X X Y 1 2
a∼c

a b c
X 8 8 8
X 8 10 8
Y 10 8

a
8
Y Y

A
B C

H_2 Cl_2
A

100 å
B
50
(

% % C
)

50
25

2 3 4 70 72 74

H_2 Cl_2

X
1.5

%
HCl
10
36 10.8
11

0
 4
A

6s
1s<2s=2p<3s=3p=3d<4s=4p=4d=4f<… 5p
5s 4d
5(O)
4p
4s 3d
4(N)
3p
3(M) 3s
2p
2(L) 2s
s p
1s
p d 1(K)
n

1s<2s<2p<3s<3p<4s<3d<4p<…

6 6 4p 2
5 4s 4p 4d 5 3d
4 4 4s
3p
3s 3p 3d
3 3 3s
2p
2s 2p
2 2 2s 1
2
1
1s
1
1s 1
n n
1s 2s 2p
6 C

2p

B 7N

n 1 2 3
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d
1 1 3 1 3 5
1 4 9
1s 2s 2p
2 8 18
2n

K L M N

2px2 Li

O
1s
1s
2s
2s 2p
K 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s

0 0
 1단계

1s 2s 2p
N
7
2p p <p <p

d p

1s 2s 2p
7N :
1 2 2
:

8 He

_2Mg 1s 2s 2p 3s
_2Mg ^+ 1s 2s 2p Ne
1s 2s 2p
4 Be

6 C

O 1s 2s 2p 7N
O ^- 1s 2s 2p Ne

X Y
K L M
1s 2s 2p
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p X
He 2 1s2
Li 3 1s2 2s1 Y
2 2 1
B 5 1s 2s 2p
×
C 6 1s2 2s2 2p2
X Y
N 7 1s2 2s2 2p3
O 8 1s2 2s2 2p4 X Y
F 9 2 2
1s 2s 2p 5 X Y
Ne 10 1s2 2s2 2p6 Y Y^-
Na 11 2 2 6
1s 2s 2p 3s 1
X Y
Mg 12 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
Al 13 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1
S 16 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4
Cl 17 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5
Ar 18 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 O Na
_2 Mg ^+ P ^-

0
2단계

A B

H p

1s=2s=2p =2p =2p

np
1s<2s=2p =2p =2p
1s=2s<2p =2p =2p
n
1s<2s<2p =2p =2p
n a
1s<2s<2p <2p <2p
b

대표 유형

X 6 4p
5 4s 3d
4 3p
3s
3
2p
2s
2
X
p 1s
1
p =p =p n
1s 2p 1s 2s 2p
1s 2s 2p 2p 1s 2s 2p 2p
n=2 s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d

대표 유형

N
1 2
1s 2s 2p
z z z z
y y y y

x x x x

2 2 2 3

0
 대표 유형

A∼C A∼C
1s 2s 2p 3s
1s 2s 2p A

A
B

B
C

A∼C
A∼C
B
A B C
A C
C

N^-
1s 2s 2p
1s 2s 2p
1s 2s 2p
1s 2s 2p
1s 2s 2p

대표 유형

A∼D

2p 2p

2s 2s

1s 1s

A B

2p 2p X

2s 2s

1s 1s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p

C D
X
A∼D

4
A 2
B C 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
C D

0
2단계

A∼E X X ^+

A 1s 2s B 1s 2s 2p
C 1s 2s 2p D 1s 2s 2p 3s 1s 2s 2p
E 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
X
A∼E
X 2
A D X 3
C X 2
D E
E
B C

X X

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
A∼C

s p

A 6 6 a
B 4 b 3
C c 4 2
X X ^+
a+b+c A∼C
X 2
4 5 6
7 8

대표 유형
대표 유형

A ^+ B ^-

A 1s 2s B 1s 2s 2p
C 1s 2s 2p D ^+ 1s 2s 2p
A ^+ B ^-
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
A∼D
A∼D A B
A B
A∼D
C D A>B
D B A>B
2 A>B

0
3단계

2 A∼D 2 A∼C s
p

B Y
3 Y
X Y
A C X X
2

D A B C
1
A∼C
0
2

X p
A
A∼D
C
B 2
n=6
B 3
D n+1
C>B

1s 2s 2p

2 3 A∼D

A B C D
p
s
1 1 1.5 1.5

0 2 3 0

A∼D

A B
C

1s 2s 2p
B D

0 5
 5
A
1817

°C g cm

73.4 800 5.5 EsO_2

Es

Li +K
Na = 72.6 958 5.32 GeO_2
2 Ge
7+39 =
= 23 1913
2

Li 7 Ca 40
Na 23 Sr 88
K 39 Ba 137

1865
8
B

1869
63

1
1 18

1 H He
2 13 14 15 16 17

2 Li Be H B C N O F Ne

3 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr

5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe

6 Cs Ba La* Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn

7 Fr Ra Ac** Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og

Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr

0
 1단계

1∼18
×

18
2 2
15 5
1∼7

1
1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

1 1
1 H 2He
2 2 1 16
3Li 4Be 5B 6C 7N 8O 9F 10Ne

3 3
11Na 12Mg 13Al 14Si 15P 16S 17Cl 18Ar
1∼18
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
A G
B D E

C F

×
A∼G

B D E
H
E F
A B C
G
25 °C
F O
Hg Br

A∼E
A∼E

A 1s B 1s 2s
C 1s 2s 2p D 1s 2s 2p
E 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p

1
2 17
18

0
2단계

A
대표 유형

∼
B

대표 유형

1∼20

A∼C 7 B D
6
5
4
A B C 3
2
7 39 1
0
A C

A∼C
A∼D
B 46
A∼C A B
A∼C B D
A C B D

0
 대표 유형

Li Na K

B D
C

A E B C 2
D

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p

6
3

16
6

대표 유형

A∼D

1s 2s 2p 3s
A
H, Li, F, Na

C ?

D
? ?

A∼D

A D
A∼D 2

H Li Na Li
Li H H Na
F Na

0
2단계
대표 유형

A∼D E

C N Mg
A 1s 2s 2p B 1s 2s 2p P Cl
C 1s 2s 2p 3s D 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p

A∼D A∼D

A∼E
A B
A D
B A B D
C B A B
E

X X ^+

A∼F
1s 2s 2p

X 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

2 1 A B

2 C D
2 3 E
12 4 F

1s 2s 2p

A∼E A B C
D E
1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

1 A

2 B C
대표 유형
3 D E
A∼F

A F
B D
C 6
A B A C B C C D
B D C E C E

0 0
3단계

1s 2s 2p
A
1 H 2He

B 3 Li 4 Be

5 B 6C 7 N 8 O 9 F 10 Ne
C-
11 Na 12 Mg
2+
D 13 Al 14 Si 15 P 16 S 17 Cl 18 Ar

A∼D

2 B C
A C
A B D

Mg Ca 2

A∼D

1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

B C
C D
1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18
D A
2 Li Be B C N O F Ne

A∼D 3 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

18
A B A C
B C B D
C B

0
 6
A

1+ 3+ 11+ 19+

H Li Na K
1

250

200 K
Na Ca
150 Mg
Li

(
pm Al Si P S Cl
100
)
Be B F
C N O
50
H
0
1 2 13 14 15 16 17
b
a c
3+ 4+
a<c<b

Li Be

7 Ar
Cl
6 S
P Ne
5 Al Si F
4 Mg O
3 Na N
C
2 B
1 Be
Li
0
1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18
2 3
11+ 11+ 9+ 9+

B Na Na+ F F-

3+ 4+ 5+ 6+

Li Be B C
2 O ^-> F^-> Na^+> _2 Mg ^+

0
 1단계

C
×
1
1

M g +E  M^+ g +e^- E

496 kJ/mol

11+ 11+

Na Na+
Na g +496 kJ mol  Na^+ g +e^-
Na Li Na Li Be
K K^+ O O ^-
Mg ^+ O ^-

2500 He Ne
2000
Ar
1500 N F
P
1000 H Be C O Cl
Mg S Ca
(

kJ 500 B Si
mol 0 Li Na Al K
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
)

Li F Na K
Be B P S

2 >13 15 >16 1∼20

1s 2s 2p 1s 2s 2p
Be(2 ): N(15 ): H He

B(13 ): O(16 ): Li Be B C N O F Ne

p 16 p Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
13 p K Ca
s 2 15
×

1
K
H
M g +E_1  M^+ g +e^- E_1 1 Ar
M^+ g +E_2  M ^+ g +e^- E_2 2 Ca
M ^+ g +E_3  M ^+ g +e^- E_3 3
2 Ne
E <E_2<E <

0
2단계

A
대표 유형 Mg>Ca Mg>Na

H Be Li^+>Li F^->Na^+
Cl>Cl^-

1+ a 4+ c

H Be

A∼D
H +1
1s 2s 2p 3s
c +4
A
c b a
B

A∼D

Li Be D
D
a A
b c
3+ 4+

Li Be

a>b>c a>c>b b>a>c

b>c>a c>a>b

B
대표 유형

Li>Li^+ Na^+>Mg ^+
O ^->F^- F^->F

0
대표 유형

3 A∼D 2 3

N O F Na Mg Al
0.2
3.83 4.45 5.10 2.51 3.31 4.10
(

nm
)

pm 75 73 71 154 130 118

0.1

0
A B C D

Al N
A∼D

A B
D
D

C
대표 유형

2 Li F

Li>F
Li<F
Li>F
Li>F
대표 유형 Li^+<F^-
2 16 A∼D

A
B
1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

1 1 A
C D
2 B C

0 3 D E
10 18

A∼E
A∼D

D
D
D E
C D
C D
A B

0 5
2단계
대표 유형

1∼20 2

2500
C
2000
E
1500
1000 A
(

kJ 500 B
mol D
0
)

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

A∼E ∼
A∼E

D
B C
C E

2 3

A
B

2 3
A B
대표 유형

A∼D 1

1H 2He
A B C D A B C D
3 Li 4 Be 5 B 6C 7 N 8O 9 F 10 Ne

11 Na 12 Mg 13Al 14 Si 15 P 16 S Cl
17 18 Ar

19 K 20 Ca A∼D Li N O F

∼ D Li
C
B A

12 21 22 31 40

0
3단계

3 A∼D 2 A∼C

C
A
B C

A∼C
A B C D

C
A∼D C
A B
C B

B A
C D
C D

7∼13

0.2 Na
N3- Mg
O2- F-
(

nm Al
)

2 3 1 0.1
+
Na
Mg2+
N O F Ne
Al3+
2000 0
7 8 9 10 11 12 13
C
1500 A B
F^->Na^+ O ^->O
1000
(

kJ
500
mol
)

0
2

∼ 15∼17 A∼C 2500

2000
1500 C
A D
3 1000
(

kJ
500 B
B>A mol
)

C>B 0
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

A>B C>D

0
07
08
09
10
 7 이온 결합
A

11+ 11+

+ -
H_2O H_2O
H_2O 1 Na+ Cl-
O_2 H_2

Cl^- Na^+
NaCl 17+ 17+
Cl_2 Na

Na_2SO_4 Na2SO4

r=a

0
- + r a
2 1
r a
2H_2O  2H_2+O_2
r a
a (r)

0
X ^+ Y ^- XY

× + × =0

Na^++Cl^-  NaCl
Mg ^++2Cl^-  MgCl_2
B

NaCl CuSO_4

Na_2CO CaO

CaCO AgNO
8

050
 1단계

- +

Na^+ F^- Na^+ S ^-

Al ^+ SO_4 ^- Mg ^+ Cl^-

A B C
0
A B C

A∼C

pm °C pm °C

NaF 235 996 MgO 212 2825

NaCl 283 801 CaO 240 2613 NaCl<NaF NaF<MgO
NaF>NaCl MgO>CaO

CaO>NaF

LiF NaF KCl CaO

CaCO Ca ^+ CO ^-

NaHCO Na^+ HCO ^-

NaOH Na^+ OH^-

05
2단계

A B
대표 유형

Na2SO4 H F Na F C O
K Ne K Mg
A B

Na_2SO_4 A∼E
-

A B C D E
A B 2 1
pm 123 136 73 203 99
pm 60 65 140 133 181

A∼E

A B A D B C
B D C E

NaCl H_2O
대표 유형

A B
NaCl
Na2SO4
NaCl

A B

A B
A B

-
B A
AB
A B

05
 A∼C Na^+ Cl^- NaCl

1s 2s 2p
A:

B:
r0
0
C:
A C

A∼C E0
B

대표 유형
B

A
A C
A Na^+ Cl^-
B Na^+ Cl^-
C

대표 유형

NaCl Na_2O MgO

MgF_2 Al O_2
Li^+ F^- LiF
r E

r E

A∼E
A∼E

A 1s B 1s 2s
C 1s 2s 2p 3s D 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
E 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p

A D B C A E
B E D E

대표 유형

BE CD_2 AE_2
BD_2 C_2E

05
2단계
대표 유형 대표 유형

MgO>NaF
LiCl>KCl
SrO>CaO

0
t ( C)

X t *C
X
X + -

A E

1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

1 A

2 D E

3 B C

LiF<NaF LiF<MgO
CaO<LiCl MgO<CaO
NaCl<KCl
A E
BE CD
B D B_2D

A∼D

A B C D
2 6 1 7
10 10 10 10

A∼D BE

A
A D AD_2
A B C D

05
3단계

A∼E 1 XF 2
YO
A 1s 2s
B 1s 2s 2p 3000
C 1s 2s 2p 3s A

(
C
D 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p

)
2000

E 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
1000
B

A∼E 3 4 5

C B CB_2 X Y 1 2
A D -
A
A E C B 2 YO

A B

NaX NaY

0
NaY
nm
NaX

1 2 16 17

X Y F Cl O2- 0.14 F - 0.13

Na+ 0.10 Cl- 0.18

X F
K+ 0.15 Ca2+ 0.10
NaY NaX
NaX NaY
2

055
 8 결합 결합
A

C C SiO_2
Si 1 O
C 1 C 1 C
4
C 4 3

1+ 1+ 1+ 1+
Si
O

H H H2 C
C

1+ 17+ 1+ 17+

H Cl HCl
HCl B
2 2

8+ 6+ 8+ 8+ 6+ 8+

O C O CO2
CO_2 2
3 3

1+ 6+ 7+ 1+ 6+ 7+

H C N HCN
HCN 3

H_2O CO_2 I_2

05
 1단계

HCN HCN

1+ 6+ 7+

+
-

4440
A∼D A∼D
( )

C 2613
2054
842 660 A B C D
0 *C 114 801 3730 1500

> >
> >

05
2단계

A AB_2 CB

a+ b-

2 2
AB2 CB

1 4
A∼C

a 2
AB_2 2
A

O F Na Cl Li F 대표 유형

C O Na Fe He Ne A_2 BC

+ -

A2 BC

A∼C
대표 유형

A C
A B
B
(O)

8+
8+

1+ 1+ 1+ 1+

(H) (H) (H2O)

05
 A∼E

A 1s 2s
B 1s 2s 2p
C 1s 2s 2p 3s
(C) (CO2)
D 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
E 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p

A∼E
1
B D
A C
AE DE_2

B
대표 유형

A
A B
대표 유형
B -
A B

A A A A A+ B- A+ B- B B
A A A A B- A+ B- A+ B
A A A A A+ B- A+ B- B
A A A A B- A+ B- A+ BB
A AB B2

B_2
A
AB B_2

05
2단계

A∼C

1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

A B C 1 A

× × 2 B C

× 3 D E

× A∼E

A B A C
B BC_2
C D E

1 A∼D
대표 유형 ×

A B C D

*C 114 801 3730 1500

NaCl, , I2 , Fe × × ×
× ×

대표 유형

A∼D

A C
B
I2 Fe NaCl C
D
∼
D

A∼D

0 0
3단계

A∼D 1 A B

1500 A B
B
A *C 114 730
1000
C
(

kJ D
500
mol
)

0
50 100 150 200
(pm)
0 0

A∼D N O Na Mg A B

A B
B_2 D
A
A B
B
A C
A B

1 A∼C

*C *C ∼

A 801 1456
Na+
B -182 -164 C
C 1200 2124 Cl-

A C
A

0
 9 결합 이
A

F 4.0
+q -q
H Cl r
=q×r

18 3 3
2
F 4.0 >O 3.5 >N 3.0 >C 2.5 >H 2.1 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
4.0
3.0 F
2.0 H O 4.0
N 3.5
2.1 C 3.0
1.0 B 2.5 Cl
0 Be 2.0 S 3.0
P 2.5 CO2
Li 1.5
1 1.0 Si
Al 1.8 2.1 Se Br
Mg 2.8
2 Na Fe Co Ni Cu 1.5 As 2.4
0.9
1.2
Ti V Cr Mn 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 Zn Ga Ge 2.0 I
Sc 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.5 Ru Rh Pd Ag 1.6 1.6 1.8 Te
3 K 1.0 1.3Ca Tc 2.2 2.2 2.2 1.9 Cd In Sn Sb 2.1 2.5
0.8 Zr Nb Mo1.8 1.9 Au 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.9 At
Y 1.4 1.6 Os Ir Pt H2O
4 Rb Sr 1.2 Re 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.4 Hg Tl Pb Bi Po 2.2
0.8 1.0 Hf Ta W 1.7 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.9
2.0 NH3
5 Cs Ba La 1.1 1.3 1.5
0.7 0.9
6 Fr Ra Ac 1.1
0.7 0.9
7

0.7 ~ 1.1 1.2 ~ 1.6 1.7 ~ 2.1 2.2 ~ 2.6 2.7 ~ 4.0 B

H_2 Cl_2

1 2 13 14 15 16 17

1 H

H H H H 2 Li Be B C N O F

3 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
HCl

Cl
H
H Cl H Cl ^+
Cl
^-

0
 1단계

-
×

F
F F F F F F
F_2

^+

H_2 HF CO_2 C_2H_4

HHH H HHH H
HHHHHH
HHHHFF H
H F FOOOCCOCOOCO O CC CCCCC C
HHH H HHH H
HHH H HHH H
HHHHHHH HH
HHFFHF O
FOOCCOCOOCO O CC CCCCC C N_2 HCl Cl_2 NH
HHH H HHH H

O O O
H F HO H
F C F O OC H
CO OH H H H H

H
H H
H H H
H H
H HH H
H H
H_2 HH HH HH HHH HH
O
O H
O HO H
H
O H
H
H HO
H H O O
O O OO OO HH
HH
H HHOO
H_2O HH O OO H
H
H H
H
HH HH
N NH
N N
N H H
H H H
H N
H N
N
HHHH
H
NN HH
N NHH
NH NN N H HH HH NN NN
HHHH
H
H H
H H HH
HH HH
C
CO_2 C CO
C C O O
O O O
O O
O C
C C
O
C O
C
O O
O O
CC CCOO OO OO C
OO C OO
C OC
O
- -
--
++ +
++ --
Na
Na Na
NaClNa Cl
NaCl Cl
Cl Cl Na
Na+ +++Na
Na Cl
NaCl
Cl
-
Cl
++ Cl
-- --
Na Na
Cl
Na Na Cl Cl
Cl Na
Na Na Na
Cl
Cl ClCl
22-- -
222--
2+ 2+
CaO Ca
Ca CaO
Ca Ca O O
O O Ca 2++
Ca
Ca2+222Ca
Ca +
+
22++ 22-
O
O
O 2-2O
2+ O
2+
-
- 2-
2- H N O
Ca CaOO OO
Ca Ca Ca
Ca Ca CaOO OO

H 1 C 4 N 3 O 2

O_2
H_2 H_2O NH CO_2

1 2 3 4
N_2
0 2 1 4

H_2 NH CH_4

0
2단계
대표 유형

O_2 CH_4
H H_2O H_2N-NH_2

18

X∼Z H F O O

X Y X Z Y Z
O C O
C
H H
X Z X∼Z

X>Y>Z X>Z>Y Y>X>Z

Y>Z>X Z>Y>X

대표 유형

A∼D
대표 유형

4.0 X_2 XY
3.5

X Y
X X
1.2
0.9 X2 XY
0
A B C D

X Y
A∼D O F Na Mg
X Y
A Mg XY X_2
AD A D X_2 XY
C D CD

0
 H

H_2 N_2 H_2O

H-X H-Y H-Z O_2 CO_2
0.0 0.9 1.9

X∼Z H F Cl

H-X 대표 유형
H-Y Y 2 A∼D A∼D
Z Y

HA BH CCl H_2D
1 3 3 2
3 1 0 2

A∼D

A
2
B

H F O O O C O

O Cl B Cl
H C H Cl

A_2 A_2C BC_2 A∼C

1s 2s 2p
대표 유형 A

B
H_2S BCl CH_4
NH H_2O C

A∼C

A_2
A_2C
BC_2
2
O_2 CO_2 CH_2O
C_2H_4 HCN

0 5
2단계
대표 유형 대표 유형

2 A∼D

BCl CO_2 HCN

A B C D

A∼D

D 5
A
C

1 2 A∼D A∼E

A B C D E
1+ 7+ 8+ 9+

A∼E
A B C D

BA_2 B_2
A∼D D A E A
CB_2
AD D
B_2>C_2>D_2
A_2C

B C B

2 A∼C

대표 유형
A B A C A C
X

2
A∼C
4
=1 C

B C BC_4
X

HF N_2 CO_2
OF_2 CF_4

0
3단계

AB CD W∼Z ∼

2+ 2-

W Y Y W
X Z X X
A B C2+ D2-
4 1

A D=1 1 B D=2 1

W∼Z H N O F ∼

A∼D

B >

W Z 1 3
=5

2 X Y ∼

X_2H_2 Y_2H_2 HYX

4 5

CO_2 HCN COCl_2

X Y

X Y
4

0
 0
A BeF_2 CO_2

F Be F F Be FF O C O O C O
180
180 180

F Be F O C O

2 3 4 3
120°
BCl CH_2O

Cl B Cl Cl B ClCl O O
Cl Cl H C H H C H
180 120
109.5 Cl Cl O
B
120 122
C
Cl H H
116

4
109.5°
CH_4 CH Cl

H H Cl Cl
H C H H C H H C H H C H
H H H H
H H H H

H Cl
109.5
109.5
C C
H H
H H
H H

180°
HF O_2 N_2

H F H F O O O O N N N N
180 180
NH H_2O
180 180 180
H N H H N H O H O H
H F O O N N
H H H H

N O
H H H
2
H 107 H 104.5
180* 2
3 1

0
 1단계

B
×

O
H H

0
0

CH_4 BCl NH
0 CF_4 BeCl_2

Cl H

O C O B C
H
Cl Cl H
H

0 0 0
∼

N C O
H H H
H
H H
H H

NH CO_2 H_2O

NH CH_4 NH

0
2단계

A ∼

대표 유형 Cl H H
Cl B Cl H C H H N H
H

CO_2 H_2S
SiH_4 NH

대표 유형

2 X∼Z

NH BCl CH_4
X H Y H Z
BeF_2 H_2O H H H
H H H

X∼Z

대표 유형

X Z X
2 > >
A

3
B C 2 A∼D

1 4 1
D
A B C D

2
E

A∼D
HCN PH H_2O

HCN PH H_2O BD
A B D BD CD_2
A D E AD_2 CD_2
B C D
B C E
C D E

0 0
 BCl NH

H H O Cl B Cl H N H
H N C C O H Cl H
H

> > > > > >

> > > >

대표 유형

∼ ∼

C_2H_4 N_2H_4 N_2H_2 H_2O BeH_2 CO_2

BCl NH

2
3

1 2 A∼E
A∼E

B A B C D E
대표 유형

2 X∼Z

H_2X YH ZH_4
AE BE_4 A_2D
2 3 4 CA DE_2
2 0

A∼E
X∼Z

1 AE A_2D
A_2D A_2
YH ZH_4 BE_4 CA

0
2단계
대표 유형

2
∼

CH4 , BCl3 , NH3 , H2O

H2O NH3 BCl3 CH4

대표 유형

XCl YCl A B
A
B

A B

A B

A
A
∼ A
B
B

NF BCl CH_4
HCN CO_2
130*

CCl4

CCl_4

NF BCl CH_4
HCN CO_2

0
3단계

2 A∼D 2 W∼Z
∼

WCl_2 XCl_2 YCl ZCl

ACl_2 BCl_4 CCl DCl
X Z
Y

A∼D

D W∼Z

XCl_2 YCl
WCl_2

ZCl

A∼C

A B C
H H H H H

H H H

A
2 X∼Z ∼ ∼C
X∼Z

XCl YOCl_2 ZCl_2

∼ H _2 O CCl _4
X∼Z 2 I_2

I2 I2

0
11
12
13
14
 1 이온
A

NO_2 N_2O_4
A+B  C+D
NO_2

A+ B  C+D

CoCl_2 6H_2O

CoCl_2+6H_2O CoCl_2·6H_2O
NO_2

2NO_2 g N_2O_4 g
NO_2 N_2O_4
N_2O_4
NO_2

H^+ OH^-

HCl aq  NaOH aq 
H^+ aq +Cl^- aq Na^+ aq +OH^- aq

H^+ OH^-

H^+ H^+
H^+ H^+
+
H
H
N H
Cl H H H N Cl-
H H H
HCl NH3 NH4+ Cl-

0
 1단계

H_2O HS^- HCO ^- H_2PO_4^- HPO_4 ^- H_2O l H_2O g

N_2 g +3H_2 g 2NH g
HCl g +H_2O l  Cl^- aq +H O^+ aq
HCl aq +KOH aq  H_2O l +KCl aq
H_2O l +NH g  OH^- aq +NH_4^+ aq

H^+ H O^+
OH^-
H+
H+ NO_2
H 2NO_2 g N_2O_4 g
O O O O H
H H H H H H

H2O H2O H3O+ OH-

K ×
H O^+ OH^-

K = H O^+ OH^- HCl H^+

H_2O
25 °C K =1.0\10^-

H O^+ OH^-
25 °C H O^+ = OH^- =1.0\10^- M

pH
H_2O NH
pH H^+

H H
O N
N O H
1 H H H H
H
pH=À =-À H O^+ H H
H O^+
H2O NH3 NH4+ OH-

pOH OH^-

1
pOH=À =-À OH^- 25 °C K = H O ^+ OH ^- =
OH^-
pH+pOH=
pH pOH pH+pOH=14 25 °C pH 4 pH 6
pH pOH 25 °C
pH pOH

H O^+ >1.0\10^- M> OH^- pH<7 pOH>7

25 °C 0.1 M HCl
H O^+ =1.0\10^- M= OH^- pH=7 pOH=7
H O^+ M OH^- M
H O^+ <1.0\10^- M< OH^- pH>7 pOH<7
pH pOH

0
2단계

A 25 °C

H_2 g +I_2 g 2HI g

CH_4 g +2O_2 g  CO_2 g +2H_2O l

H_2 I_2
HI

O t

대표 유형

t
t

대표 유형

> >

0
대표 유형 대표 유형

NO_2
N_2O_4 NO_2
HF(aq +H_2O(l  F^-(aq +H O^+(aq
N_2O_4
NH_4^+(aq +OH^-(aq  NH (aq +H_2O(l
H_2O(l +SO_4 ^-(aq  OH^-(aq +HSO_4^-(aq
2NO_2 g N_2O_4 g
HCO ^-(aq +H O^+(aq  H_2CO (aq +H_2O(l
H_2PO_4^-(aq +H_2O(l  HPO_4 ^-(aq +H O^+(aq

N_2O_4

S ^- HS^- HCO ^-
HPO_4 ^- H_2O

B
대표 유형

대표 유형

HCl NH H_2O

HCl g +H_2O l  H O^+ aq +Cl^- aq

NH g +H_2O l  NH_4^+ aq +OH^- aq

H^+
H_2O
NH NH
H_2O

0
2단계

25 °C pH

H+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
H+
pH
H
O O O O H
H H H H H H

H2O H2O H3O+ OH-

25 °C K =
1.0\10^-

H O^+ OH^- 3
25 °C H O^+ + OH^- =1.0\10^- M
25 °C H O^+ >1.0\10^- M> OH^- 1000

25 °C NaOH 1 g
25 °C 500 mL pH pOH
NaOH 40 À2=0.3

B+ OH- B+ A- H+ A-

OH- B+ A- B+ A- H+

∼ pH A B
25 °C A∼C 0.1
1L pH

pH
13

0
대표 유형 A B C

pH

25 °C pH 0
H^+ pH A [H^+]=1\10^- M
H^+ B [H^+]<[OH^-]
pH 9 C

pH 1 pH 3 H^+ 100

0 0
3단계

Cl 35 37 25 °C pH
Cl NaCl 58 60 H^+ OH^-

pH H^+ M OH^- M
1.0\10^-
58 NaCl
4.0
60 NaCl
1 5.0\10^-

Cl^- 1.0\10^-

35 37 Cl^- 25 °C K =1.0\10^- À2=0.3

100 pH pH
NaCl 58.5
NaCl
pH
58 60 NaCl
58 NaCl 60
NaCl

2 X∼Z
X∼Z H ∼
X∼Z 1 H

H
3 3

2 2

1 1

0 0
X Y Z

X∼Z 15∼17

Y H O^+ aq +HCO ^- aq  H_2O l +H_2CO aq

HCO ^- aq +H_2O l  CO ^- aq +H O^+ aq

0
 2
A
H^+ OH^- mol
H^+ OH^-

+  + H^+ mol >OH^- mol

H^+ mol =OH^- mol
H^+ mol <OH^- mol

HCl NaOH

- + +
Na+ H2O
Cl- Na
+ B
Cl H OH Na-
- - -
H + Cl Na+ OH H2O Cl

HCl NaOH

HCl aq  H^+ aq +Cl^- aq

NaOH aq  Na^+ aq +OH^- aq
HCl aq +NaOH aq  H_2O l +NaCl aq H^+ OH^- mol

H^+ HCl BTB

OH^- H_2O NaOH

H^+ aq + OH^- aq  H_2O l

HCl NaOH Na^+ Cl^-

NaOH

HCl

H^+ OH^- 1 1 HCl

H_2O HCl
H^+
mol OH^- mol 1∼2
NaOH HCl

n1 n2
M1 M2
HCl
V1 V2

H^+ mol = OH^- mol NaOH

n_1M V =n_2M_2V_2
n_1M V =n_2M_2V_2
1 H^+ OH^- mol HCl

0
 1단계

5 mL
1∼2 0.1 M NaOH

NaOH
H^+ OH^-

NaOH
H^+ OH^- 1 1

+
0.1 M
NaOH
40 mL
HCl NaOH

CH COOH M CH COOH
x
1×x×5 mL=1×0.1 M×40 mL x=0.8 M H^+ 1 HCl OH^- 0.5
CH COOH mol mol = mol L
\ L 0.8 M 5 mL CH COOH
KOH
0.004 mol

NaOH HCl

Na+ OH- Na+ OH- Na+ OH-

+
×
H2O Na
H2O Na+ +
Na - H2O
-
H2O Cl- H2O OH
H+ Cl Na+ - H+ Cl- + Cl- -
Cl- H+ Cl Na Cl- Na+ Cl

H ^+ H^+ H ^+ OH ^- OH ^- H^+ mol OH^-

mol

Na+
-
Cl

H+
OH-
HCl 100 mL
0.1 M Ba OH _2 100 mL
O NaOH
HCl M
OH^-
H^+

Cl^-
HNO
Na^+ KOH

H^+
OH^-
O KOH

0
2단계

HCl aq +KOH aq  l +KCl aq

H_2SO_4 aq +2NaOH aq 
2 l +Na_2SO_4 aq
BTB
H^+ OH^- 1 1
H_2O

HCl

Cl-
H+ Cl-
-
Cl Cl-
H+

HCl
KOH

OH^-
Cl- Cl- K+ K+ Cl-
Cl-
H+ H2O Cl^-
+ K+
K
H2O H2O Cl- Cl- H2O
pH

K+ OH- K+ H2O Cl-

H2O
H2O Cl-
K+ Cl- +
H2O OH H2O K
-

대표 유형

HCl NaOH

대표 유형
HCl aq
HCl Ca OH _2 mL
10 10 15 30
NaOH aq
mL
10 15 20 20

2HCl aq +Ca OH _2 aq  2H_2O l +CaCl_2 aq

pH
H^+ OH^- BTB
CaCl_2
H^+ OH^- 2 1
Ca OH _2 1 H_2O 1
Ca ^+ aq +2Cl^- aq  CaCl_2 aq

0
대표 유형

HA 10 mL BOH B
10 mL
대표 유형

HCl KOH

A- A- H^+
H+
K^+ Cl^-
B+ A- B+

H ^+ aq + OH ^- aq  H _2 O l
HA BOH

B^+
HA
CH COOH
BOH

5 mL
1∼2
0.1 M NaOH

NaOH

HCl 10 mL NaOH
NaOH

HCl aq mL 10 10
NaOH aq mL 20 30
대표 유형

5 mL NaOH
45 mL CH COOH
M

0 5
2단계
대표 유형

0.1 M NaOH 20 mL
HCl 10 mL NaOH
X
HNO
X

H+ H+
O HNO3
Cl- Cl-
Na+ H2O
Na+ -
OH- H2O +
Cl- Na Cl- X OH^-
OH-Na+OH Na+ Cl- Na+ H2O

Na^+
pH H^+
HCl 0.1 M

HCl KOH

Cl^- pH

대표 유형

대표 유형 HCl 10 mL NaOH
HCl 20 mL KOH
20 mL

A
N B
KOH
20 mL

C
D

0 5 10 15 20 25
NaOH (mL)

A B
K^+ pH
HCl KOH
2 HCl NaOH =2 1

0
3단계

HCl NaOH HA BOH

KOH
BOH

2
HCl aq 10 20
NaOH aq 10 40 P
mL 1
KOH aq 20 20

0
HA(aq)(mL) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
BOH(aq)(mL) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

P
Q
K^+ A^- B^+=2 1
HA =1 2
=
2 5

HCl NaOH

mL
HCl aq NaOH aq
10 40 2N
20 30 3N
30 20 2N HCl Ca OH _2
OH^-

HCl NaOH OH-

=1 2

=
2 3
O Ca(OH)2

0
 3
A

NaCl Na +1 Cl -1

2CuO s +C s  2Cu s +CO_2 g

H_2O O -2 O
O
H +1 H H

Cu s  Cu ^+ aq +2e^- 2Ag^+ aq +2e^-  2Ag s

NO_2 N +4 NH N -3
2Ag^+ aq +Cu s  2Ag s +Cu ^+ aq

H_2 N_2 Na
0 0
Mg ^+ Mg +2
Cl^- Cl -1

SO_4 ^- +6 + -2 ×4=-2
S O

H_2O +1 ×2+ -2 =0
0 H O

F -1
HF F -1

CuSO_4 Zn Zn
H +1
Cu HCl H +1
Zn NaH H -1
-1
Zn Zn2+
Zn O -2 CO_2 O -2
Zn2+ 2e-
Cu2+ Cu
Cu -1 H_2O_2 O -1
Cu2+ CuSO_4
+2 OF_2 O +2
Zn Zn Zn ^+
Zn s  Zn ^+ aq +2e^-
CuSO_4 Cu ^+ Cu
Cu ^+ aq +2e^-  Cu s
Zn Cu ^+
Zn s +Cu ^+ aq  Zn ^+ aq +Cu s

2KI aq +Cl_2 g  2KCl aq +I_2 s

-1 0 -1 0

0
 1단계

0 0 +2 -2
Mg s +S s  Mg S s

SO_2

+4 0 +6 -1
SO_2 g +2H_2O l +Cl_2 g  H_2SO_4 aq +2HCl aq
×

+4 -2 0
SO_2 g +2H_2S g  2H_2O l +3S s

H +1

NH HNO
CH_4 H_2SO_4
1 Cr_2O ^- KMnO_4
MnO_4^- aq +H^+ aq +Sn ^+ aq 
+7 -2 +1 +2
Mn ^+ aq +H_2O l +Sn ^+ aq
+2 +1-2 +4

2
2
MnO_4^- aq +H^+ aq +Sn ^+ aq 
Mg s +2HCl aq  MgCl_2 aq +H_2 g
Mn ^+ aq +H_2O l +Sn ^+ aq
5

3 H_2S g +Cl_2 g  S s +2HCl g

2\5
2MnO_4^- aq +H^+ aq +5Sn ^+ aq 
2Mn ^+ aq +H_2O l +5Sn ^+ aq
5\2

4
2MnO_4^- aq +16H^+ aq +5Sn ^+ aq  Fe s +2HCl aq  FeCl_2 aq +H_2 g
2Mn ^+ aq +8H_2O l +5Sn ^+ aq Fe_2O s +3CO g  2Fe s +3CO_2 g
2NaBr aq +Cl_2 g  2NaCl aq +Br_2 g

Fe_2O s +3CO g  2Fe s +3CO_2 g Fe s +AgNO aq  Ag s +Fe NO _2 aq

Fe_2O 1 CO 3 HNO aq +H_2S g  NO g +S s +H_2O l

0
2단계

A Fe AgNO

대표 유형

AgNO3

Fe Ag

2AgNO aq +Fe s  2Ag s +Fe NO _2 aq

Ag Fe

Fe
대표 유형

CuSO_4 Zn

Zn Zn
Cu
CuSO4

Cu ^+
Zn ^+

B
대표 유형

0
0

HCl Zn H2 Zn

H+ Cl-
H+
+
Zn2 HCl
Cl-

Zn
Cl^-
Zn H^+
대표 유형

H_2O_2 OF_2 HClO

Mn_2O Na_2CrO_4

0 0
 N Na_2Cr_2O C

NO NO_2 N_2O HNO Na_2Cr_2O s +2 C s 

Cr_2O s +Na_2CO s +CO g

N
NO_2 N +4
O
N NO
C
N HNO
Cr +6 +3

대표 유형

2KI aq +Pb NO _2 aq  PbI_2 s +2KNO aq

2AgNO aq +Cu s  2Ag s +Cu NO _2 aq
MnO_2 s +4HCl aq 
MnCl_2 aq +2H_2O l +Cl_2 g

2Cu +O_2 g  2CuO s

2KI aq +Cl_2 g  2KCl aq +I_2 s
Fe s +H_2SO_4 aq  FeSO_4 aq +H_2 g

Zn s +2HCl aq  ZnCl_2 aq +H_2 g

Zn H Zn H
1 1 1 1 NO
2 1 2 2
2 2
2NO g +2CO g  N_2 g +2CO_2 g
2NO g +2H_2 g  N_2 g +2H_2O g

N_2 g +3H_2 g  2NH g CO

SO_2 g +2H_2O l +Cl_2 g  N
H_2SO_4 aq +2HCl aq NO H_2
6CO_2 g +6H_2O l  C H _2O s +6O_2 g

0
2단계
대표 유형

Fe

2C s +O_2 g  2CO g
Fe_2O s +3CO g  b
2Fe s +3CO_2 g Cu s +HNO aq 
Cu NO _2 aq +NO g +H_2O l
a

3Cu s +2HNO aq 
C 3Cu NO _2 aq +2NO g +H_2O l
CO
O 3Cu s +cHNO aq 
3Cu NO _2 aq +2NO g +dH_2O l

a∼d

a b c d
3 2 4 2
2 3 4 2
2 3 8 4
대표 유형
3 2 4 2
SO_2
2 3 8 4

SO_2 g +H_2O l  H_2SO aq

SO_2 g +2H_2S g  3S s +2H_2O l AgNO Cu

SO_2 g +2H_2O l +Cl_2 g 

H_2SO_4 aq +2HCl aq
2AgNO aq +Cu s  2Ag s +Cu NO _2 aq

0.1 M AgNO 200 mL Cu

mol
S
SO_2
Cl_2
H_2SO I_2

H_2SO aq +I_2 s +H_2O l 

H_2SO_4 aq +2I^- aq +

a∼d
2H^+ aq
a+b+c+d I_2
I_2 1 H_2SO 2

aCo ^+ aq +MnO_4^- aq +bH^+ aq 

cCo ^+ aq +Mn ^+ aq +dH_2O l

0
3단계

2 X Y XH_4 YH Y Mg
YF 0.24 g 0.1 M AgNO
AgNO3
100 mL Mg
Ag Mg
XH_4 YH YF
-4 a b
Mg 24

X Y Mg
Mg 1 Ag^+ 2

a b 0 Mg 0.12 g
X XF_4 X +4
Y YO_2 2YO_2  2YO+O_2
Y 2

AB C_2 AC B

A A
1
C
0

1
B
2

2H_2 g +O_2 g  2H_2O g

2H_2O_2 l  2H_2O l +O_2 g
A∼C
H O

AB x=2
C
A

0
 4
A B

c 1g 1 °C
J g·°C
C 1 °C
J °C

C= c× m

Q
HCl NaOH
Zn HCl

NaOH Q= c× m× t
= C× t
HCl

Zn
HCl

HCl aq +NaOH aq  Zn s +2HCl aq 

H_2O l +NaCl aq + ZnCl_2 aq +H_2 g +

Q=
=c\m\ t
c m t

NaHCO
Ba OH _2·8H_2O
NH_4NO

NaHCO
Ba OH _2·8H_2O
+NH_4NO

Ba OH _2·8H_2O s +
2NaHCO s +  2NH_4NO s + 
Na_2CO s +H_2O l +CO_2 g Ba NO _2 aq +10H_2O l +
2NH g

0
 1단계

Q= +
= c \m \ t + C \ t
c m t
C
HCl NaOH

NaHCO

200 g
×
t
CaCl_2 10 g
t_2

CaCl2

t t_2

°C 25 33

CaCl_2 J
4.2 J g·°C
CH_4
Q=cm t=4.2 J g·°C×210 g×8 °C=7056 J
CaCl_2 Jg H_2SO_4
NH_4NO
7056 J
=705.6 J g 732.4 J g Fe
10 g

CaCl_2

1g 1 °C

w ×
100 g
×
t
×
t_2
w_2

g °C

w w_2 t t_2

2 0.5 25 47

J 4.2 J g·°C
Q=cm t=4.2 J g·°C×100 g×22 °C=9240 J
Jg

9240 J
=6160 J g 20300 J g
1.5 g
98 g NaOH 2 g
6 °C
NaOH J g
4.2 J g·°C

0 5
2단계

A NaHCO

대표 유형
NaHCO3

NH_4NO
NH_4NO

NH_4NO s +  NH_4^+ aq +NO ^- aq

대표 유형
NH_4NO
Ba OH _2·8H_2O
NH_4NO

Ba OH _2·8H_2O NH_4NO

HCl
Zn
HCl

Zn

NaOH

0
 대표 유형

B kJ g

대표 유형

CaCl_2

100 g t

CaCl_2 10 g
t_2

t t_2
°C 25 39 4.2 J g·°C

J 4.2 J g·°C

CH OH J g

CH OH

100 g
CH3OH

3 ∼4
A g 8.0
°C 12.0
°C 16.0
CH OH J g
kJ kg·°C 4.2
kg 2.0
4.2 J g °C\100 g\ A
B kJ °C 11.6

A B

A B A
80.0 kJ
A 10.0 kJ g
CH OH
CH OH
CH OH

0
3단계

CH_4 C H _2O

C H _2 O 1
14.0 kJ 2860 kJ mol
2.0 °C C H _2O 180
CH_4 3.2 g
24.0 °C 70 kg C H _2O 45 g

70 kg
286 kJ °C C H _2 O
20 %
7.0 kJ °C
168.0 kJ CO_2 3
CH_4 168.0 kJ g C H _2O 715 kJ
C H _2O 0.5 °C

CH

C H g +aO_2 g  bCO_2 g +cH_2O l C_2H OH

C_2H OH 100 g

O_2 1 Q
CO_2 3 Q_2 °C C_2H OH g

Q Q_2 a∼c 25 44 62 61.7

C_2H OH kJ g
1 5 2 5 3 5 4.2 J g·°C
5 1 5 2

0
100

104

112

120
 1

X∼Z

X 4 Y 3 Y 7 Z 4

X∼Z

X Z 7 3
XY Z
1g X

0 °C 1 He
44.8 L H_2 2g

OO O OO O
HH H OO
OO HH HH H
CC C HH
CC C CC H
H H He H2
CC HH H HH
HH H HH H 44.8 L 2g
HH HH HH

OO O
OO O OO
HH H OO
HH H HH
H
H CC HH H CC C HH H
C CC C CC HH
CC CC HH He=4 H=1
CC C CC C
HH H FH
H F CC CC
HH OO O H FH
FH
F
HH HHH
O HH HHH
O H H
HH HH HH HH
HH H
HH H
HH HH 2
CC C OO O 8
CC OO H
H
H H H H
C
HH C
CC HH
C
HH
HH H HHH
HH

00
 1회

0 °C 1 A_2 BA_2 C_2A KClO_3

A_2 BA_2 C_2A

L 0.56 1.12 2.24
2KClO_3 s  2KCl s +aO_2 g
g 0.8 2.2 1.8
KClO_3

A∼C 150.0 g
보기

A B C=16 12 1
146.8 g
BA_2 C_2A A
A_2
a O 16
보기

a 3
O_2 0.1
KClO_3 0.15

0.1 M NaHCO_3 1L

C_3H_8 1 O_2 8
NaHCO_3

1L A

3
/
2
C3H8 1 ? A
O2 8

NaHCO_3 84
보기

A
보기 NaHCO_3 0.1 M
O_2 5
< 250 mL A NaHCO_3
=9 10 NaHCO_3 2.1 g

101
 2회

^1^2C 12.00

20 100

∼ 보기

보기

1
0 °C 1

O
O
H C
C C H
H O
H H
H

보기

H=1 C=12 O=16

보기

1 2
1g C 2

102
 2회

0 °C 1 A B 0.05
A B
NaN_3 N_2

A A
16
46 B B
30 8 2NaN_3 s  2Na s +3N_2 g
( )

( )

g g
0 22.4 0 7
(L) (g) 25 *C 1 N_2 50 L
NaN_3

A B
보기
N=14 O=16
N_2
보기
NaN_3
A B
25 °C 1 N_2 1
1 A B= 2 3

N O A B=1 2

Na_2CO_3 HCl

Na_2CO_3 s +aHCl aq 

C 12 g bNaCl aq +H_2O g +

O_2 32 g
O2 32 g 0.1 M HCl 1.06 g Na_2CO_3
C 12 g Na_2CO_3
C=12 O=16 a b
Na_2CO_3 106
보기
보기 a+b 3
O_2 CO_2 CO_2 g
Na_2CO_3 0.1 M HCl
20 mL

103
 1회

A∼D

A 8 8 17
B 8 8 16
C 9 9 19
D 11 12 10

A∼D
보기

A B
33
B D

^2_1^7_3Al^3^+
10 13 13
10 14 10
13 14 10
13 14 13
14 27 14

A∼E Z N
Z

N
Z 2 A

X∼Z C
1.25 D
1 E
B

0 1 3 8 Z
X Y Z

A∼E
X∼Z 보기
보기 A B
B E D
Y Z 1
Z 1g X

104
 1회

K L

1 1 3

A B C
보기

보기

B
A
A B C B

A∼C

1s 2s 2p
A

A∼C
보기

A
B C
K L

A∼D

A 1s^2 2s^2 2p^3 B 1s^2 2s^2 2p^5

C 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^1 D 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^1

보기

> A∼D

>
A B
B 7
C D
C
A

105
 1회

A B C

15 16 17 18
A B C 2 N O F Ne
a b c *C -210 -218 -223 -248
NH_3 H_2O HF -
3 P S Cl Ar
A∼C
*C 590 119 -101
보기
PH_3 HCl -
b=c-a

A∼C 보기

S H_2S
Ar Ne
Ar Cl

X X^2^+

1s^2 2s^2 2p^6

2 2
12 3 A∼C

200
A
(

pm 100
C
)

B
1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

1 A B 0 100 200
(pm)
2 C D

3 E
A∼C
A∼E 보기

B C
A 3

1 B C

A B C
D E

106
 1회

2 A∼D A∼D

A B C D
pm 152 113 64 66 A 2 1
pm 60 31 136 140 B 4 2
C 5 2
D 5 3
A∼D
보기

A B A∼D
C 보기
D C A∼D
D
C

보기

Na>Na^+ F<F^- Mg^2^+<O^2^-

2 A∼
D

A∼D 1

0
A 1s^2 2s^2 2p^1 B 1s^2 2s^2 2p^5 A B C D
C 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 D 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^1

A∼D A<B<C<
A∼D D
보기 보기

A D B C
B C D C
B D D>B>C>A

107
 2회

X Y

%
-
^7^9X
+ X 80
^8^1X
^3^5Y 75
Y
^3^7Y 25

A B
X Y
보기 보기
A B ^8^1X ^7^9X
A B Y 36
A B 0 XY

23 +1.76\10^-^1^8 C
X
1 +1.6\10^-^1^9 C
보기

12
12
12

Z Z
보기
보기

b-a
b a-b
b a

108
 2회

1s 2s 2p
M
A
s
p s B

C
d p

D2+

A∼D
보기

A D
C C^-
B D

1s 3s 2p 2p

보기

2p 2p

_6 C

1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18
1s 2s 2p
1

2 A B C

3 D E

A∼E

보기

1s^2 2s^2 2p^6

1

A B C
D E

109
 2회

A∼E

1s 1 H 2 He

2s 3 Li 4 Be A 17 18 18
B 18 22 18
2p 5B 6C 7 N 8 O 9 F 10Ne
C 19 20 19
3s 11 Na 12 Mg
D 19 19 19
3p Al Si P S Cl Ar
13 14 15 16 17 18
E 19 20 18

A∼E
보기
4s
4s
4s 19
19
19
K
K
K 20
20
20
Ca
Ca
Ca A E
C E
4p
4p K
K
19 20Ca
Ca 21Sc
Sc Ti
Ti V
V Cr
Cr
24 C
4p K
19
19
20
20Ca 21
21Sc 22
22
22 Ti 23
V
23
23 Cr
24
24

3d
3d K
K
19 20Ca
Ca 21Sc
Sc Ti
Ti V
V Cr
Cr
24 Mn
Mn
25 Fe
Fe 27 Co
Co Ni
Ni
28
3d K
19
19
20
20Ca 21
21Sc 22
22
22 Ti 23
V
23
23 Cr
24
24 Mn
25
25
26
26
26 Fe 27
27 Co Ni
28
28

3d
3d 19 K
K 20 Ca
Ca
3d 19
19 K 20
20 Ca

4s
4s K
K
19 20Ca
Ca 21Sc
Sc Ti
Ti V
V Cr
Cr
24
4s K
19
19
20
20Ca 21
21Sc 22
22
22 Ti 23
V
23
23 Cr
24
24

X∼Z
1 H 2He

3 Li 4Be 5 B 6 C 7N 8 O 9 F 10 Ne

X^2^+ 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 11 Na 12 Mg 13Al 14 Si 15 P 16 S 17 Cl 18 Ar

Y^- 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 19 K 20 Ca
Z^2^- 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6
∼

X∼Z
보기 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6
X Z ∼
Y 2 17
∼
Y^- X^2^+ 3 4

4 9 12
14 18

110
 2회

2 A∼D A∼D

1s 2s 2p 3s
A

A∼D
A B C D

A
A∼D Li Be O F C
보기 C
B C
D A D

3 A∼C

A∼C

2p 2p 2p

2s 2s 2s

1s 1s 1s
A B C
A B C

A∼C A∼C Mg Al Cl
보기 보기

A>B>C A
A<B<C B
C>A C

111
 1회

Na2SO4

A B

Mg^2^+ Cl^- Mg_2Cl

2 3
보기

A B=1 2 pm °C

- 2 AX 231 993
AY 276 804
A_2Z 223 1132
BZ 210

A B X∼Z
보기

1132
B A
B X 993 °C

A∼D

A B C D
A r0 7 2 6 1
0
10 10 10 10

E0

A∼D
보기
보기
A B 2 1
r_0
A C
A
A D B C
E_0

112
 1회

KNO_3 CaCl_2 H_2SO_4

MgSO_4 Na_2CO_3

X∼Z XY_2 ZX_2 보기

XY2 ZX2

X∼Z
보기

X
X∼Z
XY_2 2

NaCl, , , Fe

A_2 BC

2 2

A2 BC

A∼C
보기 보기

A C
C_2 2
A B BA_2

113
 1회

A A A B C+ B-

A∼C
보기

H_2O NH_3 CH_4

H_2O BCl_3 CH_4
CO_2 BCl_3 H_2O
CO_2 NH_3 H_2O
BeH_2 PH_3 NH_3

A∼E
A∼E

A B C D E

BA_2 D_2 CB_2

DA_3 EA_3
∼

2 4 4 b
a 0 0 1

보기 보기

EA_3>DA_3 a+b=5
BA_2 CA_4 CO_2
CA_4 CB_2

114
 1회

CH_4 CO2 , BCl3 , HCN , OF2

CO2 HCN OF2 BCl3

보기

180°
2

CH_4 NH_3 BCl_3

H_2O CH_2Cl_2

WX_2Y YZ_2 WY_2

W∼Z H C O F 4 A D
X CCl_4
∼ CuSO_4
I_2

A B C D
보기
CCl_4 CCl_4
Z
CuSO_4 I_2 CuSO_4 I_2

A B A D B C
B D C D

115
 2회

NaCl H_2O

MgCl NaO CaO

NaCl KCl_2 AlCl_2
Na2SO4
NaCl

A B AB
보기
+ 2
2

- =1 2
+

AB

A B
보기

A B
AB A B
AB

r0
0 LiF LiCl MgO CaO
pm 207 255 210 240
E0 °C 870 613 2614

보기 보기

NaCl NaF r_0 2614

MgO NaF E_0 LiBr 613 °C
r_0
LiF MgO

116
 2회

0
t ( C)
보기

t °C X
X
NaCl X
보기

XY_2 ZY

2 2

XY2 ZY

X∼Z
보기

X∼Z
XY_2 2 2
XY_2 Y_2

A∼D

A B C D
*C 114 801 3730 1500
A
× × ×
B
× ×

보기 ×
Mg B A 2 보기

A B

A B D
+ -

117
 2회

1 2 A∼D
∼

B
B A B
A B C D
C C

A D A C A C A B C
A∼C
4 4 4 3
보기

A<B<C
A∼D
보기

CO_2 OF_2 BeF_2

HCN NH_3

2 X∼Z

2 A∼D
H

X Y Z
A B C D H H H H H

H H H

A∼D 보기
보기 XH_4 H_2Y
AD_4 > >
BD_3 H_2Y
B_2 C_2

118
 2회

H 2 X Y ∼
H C O N H
H H

X, F X, F Y F
보기
6 5 4
alpha>beta
6 4 4

3
∼
보기

∼ 2
∼

2 ∼

4 3 2 3
0 1 2 0

보기

AX_2 BX_3 CX_3

AX2 BX3 CX3

A∼C X
보기

H_2O NH_3 BCl_3 AX_2 CX_3

CH_4 BeF_2 BX_3
HCN CO_2 BX_3

1 2 3
4 5

119
 1회

+H_2O l  H_3O^+ aq +Cl^- aq

+HBr aq  CH_3OH_2^+ aq +Br^- aq
CH_3 _2NH aq + 
CH_3 _2NH_2^+ aq +OH^- aq

보기

>
<

H_2
I_2 2H_2O l  H_3O^+ aq OH^- aq

HI
K

H_2 g +I_2 g  2HI g °C 10 25 40

K 0.29\10^-^1^4 1.00\10^-^1^4 2.87\10^-^1^4

보기 보기

25 °C pH=7
HI 40 °C H_3O^+ OH^-
HI pH

120
 1회

AOH BOH 25 °C NaOH 20 mL

2 HCl 10 mL HCl HCl

0 10 20 30
AOH +HCl BOH +HCl HCl (mL)

보기

OH^-
보기

AOH BOH =5 4 pH 7
NaOH HCl

H_2SO_4

H_2SO_4 25 mL
2∼3
0.1 M KOH

0.1 M KOH
10 mL x M HCl KOH 25 mL
10 mL
K+

보기
보기

KOH

HCl x=0.2 H_2SO_4 0.1 M

121
 1회

25 °C 0.1 M HCl 10 mL SO_2 MnO_4^-

2 NaOH
NaOH
aSO_2 g +bMnO_4^- aq +2H_2O l 
cSO_4^2^- aq +dMn^2^+ aq +4H^+ aq

A B
a∼d
보기
0 10 20
NaOH (mL) SO_2
Mn +7 +2
a
=5
b
보기

NaOH 2
pH A B
Na^+ A B

NH_3 g +H_2O l  NH_4^+ aq +OH^- aq

6NO_2 g +8NH_3 g  7N_2 g +12H_2O l
HNO_3 aq +NaOH aq  NaNO_3 aq +H_2O l

1M HCl 100 mL Zn
H_2
Mg Mg

CH_3OH CuO

Zn>Mg
H O 보기

H C O H CuO H C H Cu H2O H_2 0.1

H Mg

4 2
2 4

122
 1회

NaHCO3 A
NaHCO_3

A g 6.0
°C 12.0
°C 16.0
kJ kg·°C 4.2
보기
kg 2.0

A kJ mol

보기

3 0.1 M
HCl 0.1 M NaOH

A B C

HCl 6 mL HCl 10 mL HCl 14 mL

NaOH NaOH NaOH

14 mL 10 mL 6 mL

A
kJ mol

보기 보기

A
B

123
 2회

A
A
A CH_3COOH aq +H_2O l 
CH_3COO^- aq +H_3O^+ aq
NH_3 g +HCl g  NH_4Cl s
HCN aq +H_2O l  CN^- aq +H_3O^+ aq
A

보기
CH_3COOH NH_3 HCN
A
CH_3COOH HCl H_2O
A
CH_3COOH HCl HCN
>
H_2O NH_3 H_2O
H_2O HCl HCN

25 °C NaOH

NaOH 4 g 100 mL
A_2 B_2
1L

A_2 g +B_2 g  2AB g

NaOH 40
보기 보기

NaOH 0.1 M
A_2 B_2 NaOH 1L 0.1
AB NaOH pH 1

124
 2회

HCl Ba OH _2 CH_3COOH

2HCl aq +Ba OH _2 aq  2H_2O l +BaCl_2 aq

1
/
1
0 NaOH

20 mL
보기

2
1∼2
HCl Ba OH _2 2 1
0.1 M
NaOH
Cl^-

NaOH

NaOH 22 mL

CH_3COOH M

0.022 M 0.11 M 0.22 M

1.1 M 2.2 M

HA 20 mL BOH
HCl KOH 10 mL 2

HA BOH BOH
20 mL 10 mL 10 mL
HCl aq 20 20
?
mL KOH aq 20 10

K^+ Cl^-
3 2 x y

HA BOH
보기 보기

HCl KOH H^+

=2 3
x y=3 4 HA
BOH

125
 2회

HCl 10 mL NaOH

HNO_3 aq +NaOH aq 
b
3N NaNO_3 aq +
a 2NaOH aq +Cl_2 g 
2N
NaCl aq + +

0 10 20 30
NaOH (mL) 보기

H_2O l
보기
Cl +1
HCl NaOH
=2 1
a N
b Na^+

NO_2 ∼

H2
Fe

Fe s +CuSO_4 aq  FeSO_4 aq +Cu s NH3 H2O NO2 HNO3 NO

Fe_2O_3 s +3CO g  2Fe s +3CO_2 g
N2O4
4Fe OH _2 s +O_2 g +2H_2O l  4Fe OH _3 s
H2O

보기 보기

Fe H_2
CO NO_2
H_2O N NH_3

126
 2회

Cu HNO_3 100 g
CH_3OH

aCu s +8HNO_3 aq 
CH3OH
bCu NO_3 _2 aq +cNO g +4H_2O l

보기
°C 25 65
HNO_3 N +5
g 50 49.2
a+b+c=8
H_2O 1 2 CH_3OH kJ g
4.2 J g·°C
16.8 kJ g 21 kJ g
168 kJ g 210 kJ g
1680 kJ g

CaCl _2 NaOH
NH_2 _2CO

X Y
3 90 g t_1

CaCl_2 NaOH NH_2 _2CO 10 g

100 g t_1
X1g t_2
t_2 t_2
Y1g

CaCl_2 NaOH NH_2 _2CO

t_1 °C t_2 °C t_2-t_1 °C 16 1 22 -5
X 25 27
Y 25 21
4.2 J g·°C NH_2 _2CO
60
보기

보기 CaCl_2
X NaOH 4.2 J g·°C
Y \90 g\22 °C
X Y 1g Y NH _2 _2 CO 1
X 12.6 kJ mol

127
memo
 1 화학과 우리 생활 Fe

CO_2

1단계 14 4
1 4
× 4

CH_3COOH C_2H_5OH

C_2H_5OH

C H O N CH_4
S F Cl Br I
H_2O
CH_3COCH_3
NH_3 NaCl

CH_3COOH 3
CO_2 3
C_2H_5OH

2단계 C_2H_5OH CH_3COCH_3

CH_3COOH HCHO

C_2H_6 2

HCHO CH_4
NH_3 N_2 H_2
CH_3COOH
17 °C

LNG CNG
LPG

PET

SiO_2 Na_2CO_3
CaCO_3

NH_3 CH_3COOH
C_2H_5OH
CH_3COCH_3
LNG CH_4 CH_4 HCHO

01
 2 물질의 양과 화학 반응식
NH3, HCHO, CH3COOH, NaCl

C
?
C
1단계
HCHO CH_3COOH NH_3 NaCl
17 44 16 40 ^1^2C 6.02\10^2^3
?
? 22.4 M mol L
3.01\10^2^3 22 g 0.5 mol 1 mol a=2 b=2
11.2 L 9g 1M 35.1 g

CH_3COOH HCHO NH_3 NaCl

NH_3 =14+ 1×3 =17
CO_2 =12+ 16×2 =44
CH_4 =12+ 1×4 =16
NaOH =23+16+1=40

0 °C 1 1 22.4 L
0 °C 1 CO_2 11.2 L 0.5
3단계 1 6.02\10^2^3 CO_2 0.5 3.01\10^2^3

CO_2 1 CO_2 g 44 g
CO_2 0.5 22 g
Fe_2O_3 C CO_2 1 C 1 O 2
CO_2 0.5 C 0.5 O 1

CH_4 g +2O_2 g  CO_2 g +2H_2O l

g 4g
CH_4 4 g = =0.25 mol
g mol 16 g mol
CH_4 C_2H_5OH CH_4 0.25 O_2 0.5
H_2O O_2 0.5 0.5 mol\22.4 L mol=11.2 L
CH_4 4 g 0.25 H_2O 0.5
CH_4 CH_4 H_2O 0.5 0.5 mol\18 g mol=9 g

4g
NaOH 4 g =0.1 mol NaOH
40 g mol
C_2H_5OH C_2H_5OH 0.1 mol
= = =1 M
1 0.1 L
1 mol = ×
1 NaCl 1.2 mol L×0.5 L=0.6 mol NaCl 0.6
0.6 mol\58.5 g mol=35.1 g
LNG

2단계
B 16 AB_2 46

100
0.6 g
70
0.84 g 0.5 L
30

02
 C 4 X 3 X 1 1
16 X 2 Y 1
Y 32 X_2Y =16×2 12+1×4=2 1
X_2Y =X ×2 +Y =64 1 g
O _2
A A_2B-AB=44-30=14 CH_4=2 1 =1 2
B AB-A=30-14=16 =1 1
AB_2 A+ B\2 =14+ 16\2 =46
16
A 16 B 14 AB
A_2B A 2 B

^1^2C 12.000 1
12.000 1.008=x 1.000 x 11.905 CH_4 1g 3
/
1
0 4
/
1
6

1g A 3
/
1
0 4
/
2
6
CH_4
CH_4
H_2 2.016 0 °C 1 1g 1g
2.000

1 4 2 3 2
x=2 H_2 g
2Li s +2H_2O l  2LiOH aq +H_2 g

= =
0 °C 1 11.2 L A
0.5 0.5 8g 1
16 g 1 g
A 16
g L mol N_2 H_2 NH_3=1 3 4
A 16 8 11.2 0.5
B 44 11 5.6 0.25 0 °C 1 X_2 2 Y_2 4 XY_2
4
5.6 L B
C 64 6.4 2.24 0.1 0.25 1 X_2 Y_2 XY_2=1 2 2
44 g 0.25
C 1 64 g 11 g
6.4 g 0.1 0 °C 1 X_2+2Y_2  2XY_2
0.1 2.24 L

A 16 B 44
A B Y_2 X_2 XY_2
8g 11 g 6.4 g
= A= B= C=
11.2 L 5.6 L 2.24 L
C a=c b=3c=2d
0 °C 1 1 22.4 L a=2 b=6 c=2 d=3
1 2Al s +6HCl aq  2AlCl_3 aq +3H_2 g
C 0.2 Al
HCl 0.3 H_2 H 1
H_2 0.3 0.6 g
=10 L 20 L=1 2
a=5 b=4 a+b=9
=1 2 C_3H_8 g +5O_2 g  3CO_2 g +4H_2O l
O_2 2 CH_4 5 C_3H_8 44 C_3H_8 22 g 0.5
=1 2 C_3H_8 0.5
=2 10=1 5 H_2O 2 36 g

03
 C_3H_8 0.5 O_2 2.5 A
56 L 0.7 0.8 0.7 1.2
B= =1 1 A B= =2 3
14 16 14 16
CaCO_3 HCl 30 AB
CaCO_3 s +2HCl aq  CaCl_2 aq +H_2O l +CO_2 g 76 A_2B_3
w_1 AB B_2 A_2B_3
CaCO_3 mol = mol
100 4AB+B_2  2A_2B_3 4 AB
w_2
CO_2 mol = mol B_2 1 32 g
44
w_2 CO O_2 CO_2=2 1 2
X 0 °C 1 mol\
44 CO O_2 CO_2=2 1 2
22.4 L mol CO 28 CO 2.8 g 0.1 CO
0.1 O_2 0.05 CO_2
0.1
O_2 0.1 0.05 O_2 0.05
X_2
XY_3 Y_2 1.6 g
14 g 0.2 0.15
XY3 17
( )

g
3 Y2 (g) O_2 0.05
CO_2 0.1 0.15
X_2 Y_2 XY_3

X_2+3Y_2  2XY_3
X_2 Y_2 1 3 X_2 2A g +B g  C g
Y_2=1 3 X_2 14 g Y_2 3 g 2 1 1
X _2 Y _2 = 14 3 1 X _2 Y _2 = = A + C
14 1 X Y 14 1 B 0g B5
C 5 A 3
mol
M= NaCl 11.7 g 0.2
L A B A B
mol mol g g mol
NaCl 0.1 L 2M
5 84 0 8

NaHCO_3 CH_3COOH 1 1 B 5 A 10
A 3 A 13
1 1
mol = ×
A 3 84 g 1
0.1 M CH_3COOH 100 mL CH_3COOH 0.01
28 g A 28
0.01 CH_3COOH
A3 B 1.5 B
NaHCO _3 0.01 84 \ 0.01 = 0.84 g
32 B 1.5 48 g
C 5 A 3
NaHCO_3 84 NaHCO_3 4.2 g 0.05
A 13
NaHCO_3 0.05 CH_3COOH
0.05 0.1 M CH_3COOH Mg =
x Mg mol
0.05 mol=0.1 mol L×x x=0.5 L 1
mol

3단계 100
70
1 30

04
 3 원자의 구조와 원자 모형 p
p y
p

1단계
10 10 C
A A B × × × 2단계

- +
10 10

9 X 9 X^- X 1 + -
10

C
= + A 7+7=14 B
7+9=16 C 8+8=16 A
+
A
B

K L α
M N B
K A α

C
K<L<M<N

α
1 p α
-1 0 +1 p
p p α
α

+1
2 -1
/ 2
/
α

s A B

05
 X Y
Z
A B A X 2 Z 3
B X Z=2 3
α
b
^1^4C
∼
12 13
1g mol 1
/
1
2 1
/
1
3 1g
+1.6\10^-^1^8 10
>
X 10 = -
=20-10=10

N
1 =2 2
1
N
N 3 =4
3
/ 4
7-3=4 12-6=6 A 3
Z 2 N
A B C D 6 =4
3
/ 8
C D 6
3 3 6 B N
1 6 =1 6
E 6
4 6 N
1 =1 1
3 2 6 6 13-6=7 1
0 1 3 6 Z
7 12 13
3+4=7 A B C D E

+ + + =7+4+6+7=24 1 1 3 6 6
2 1 4 8 6
3 2 7 14 12
B 1 +1
A B 1
D
C D 6 14 D
C D

= = Cl
17 = - = -
35-17=18 2
X_2 2 X ^3^5X 2
70 ^3^5X 1 ^3^7X 1
72 ^3^7X 2 74
A B 1 2
35\75+37\25 =
X 35.5
A 1 2 B 2 100
1 = + =3

X Z

X Y Z

1 1 2
1 2 1
1 1 2
2 3 3

06
 A B A B

A M
2 d -2 -1 0 +1
+2 5

+1
2 -1
/ 2
/

M p 3p
3 1 1
< -1 0 +1
< +1
2 -1
/ 2
/

n l m n
s l m

s p d 3단계

X 2 X^2^-
b
a b c
X 8 8 8
X 8 10 8
Y 10 8
c
Y
2p y z a
X 8

1 1s 2 2s X Y 8
= + =8+10=18 ^1^8_8Y
s

2s 2p
^1H-^1H ^1H ^3^5Cl-^3^5Cl ^3^5Cl
2s 2p 2p ^2H ^3^7Cl
100
2p ^3^5Cl-^3^7Cl
50
(

% %
L 2 ^3^7Cl-^3^5Cl
)

50
+1
/
2 25
^1H-^2H ^3^7Cl-^3^7Cl
^2H-^1H ^2H-^2H
-1
2
/ 2 3 4 70 72 74

s 0 p 1 H_2 Cl_2
<

07
 Cl
Cl_2 70 72 74
35 37
4 전자 배치의 규칙
Cl ^3^5Cl ^3^7Cl

H_2 2 3 4 H 1단계
1 2 ^1H 2
2 × × 2
^1H ^2H Cl_2 × ×

^3^5Cl 2 70 1s^2 2s^2 2p^4 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^1 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 1s^2 2s^2
^3^5Cl ^3^7Cl 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6
HCl ^1H ^3^5Cl 36
p p =p =p
^1H ^2H d p
1

2s 1s 2p 2s
2p
s 0
0 0 2p
0
2p L 1s K
X 3 Y 1
X 5 Y
2 2 7 X Y
Y 7 1

A
_1_2Mg^2^+ Mg 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 2
B C 3s 2

_1_5P^3^- P 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^3 3

3p 3

100
2단계
50

X
100 + =100
100- 100-

10\ +11\ 100-

=10.8
100
10\ 100- +11\ X
=10.8 =20 =80
100
3 p p =p =p

100
50

08
 s
n=2 L 2s
4s 3d
1s 2s 2p
A

B
1s 2p 2p
2s C

2s
2p 2s 2p

2
C 2p

2p 2s 2s
2p A

n a b 5 B 4

p n B C

a 1
2

b
2p 2p

2p 2p
2s
2s 2s
p 2p =2p =2p 2p
2p ^1 2p ^1 2p ^1 2p ^1 2p ^1 2p ^1 1s 1s

A B

1s^2 2s^1 1s^2 2s^2 2p ^1 2p ^1 2p 2p

1s^2 2s^2 2p ^1 2p ^1 2p ^1 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 4s^1 2s 2s

1s 1s

C D

2p
2p
B C

1s 2s 2p
B C
C D 2
2
2s 2p
A 6 B C 2 D 4
2s 2p B 7 1

A 5 3
C 1 1
1s^2 2s^2 2p^6
2p 1 2s A 5 B 7 C 1
B

09
 _7N^- 8 8 X^2^+ X 2 X
1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2
3s 2
7 N _7N 3
3
2p

X X
2p 2 2p
X
X X 2 X^2^+
3p 3p ^2 3p ^1 3p ^1 X
2 X 2 X^2^+
6
2 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6
A 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 4s^2 B
3s^2 3p^4 6 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^4
A 20 B 16 A>B
A E
A 4 B 3 A>B
A 1s^2 2s^1 B 1s^2 2s^2 2p ^1
A 2 B 6 A<B
C 1s^2 2s^2 2p ^1 2p ^1 2p ^1 D 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^1
E 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p ^2 3p ^2 3p ^1

3단계
A 1 1 2 2
B 1 3 2 3
C 3 5 2 5
D 1 1 3 6
E 1 7 3 9

A D 1 2 C 1
N 1s^2 2s^2 2p ^1 2p ^1 2p ^1
B 3
C 3 3
1
D E 3 2
A C
1
D
1 2 O
E 7 1
B 3 C 5 0
2 F 1s^2 2s^2 2p ^2 2p ^2 2p ^1
1
2 2
C 1s^2 2s^2 2p ^1 2p ^1
A 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 a 0 B s O 1s^2 2s^2 2p ^2 2p ^1 2p ^1
A<C A C C O
4 3
1s^2 2s^2 2p^3 b 3 C 1s^2 2s^2
2p^4 c 4 a+b+c=0+3+4=7
A C 6 n=6
DF 7 n+1
B 1s^2 2s^2 2p ^1 D B C 5
1s^2 2s^2 2p ^2 2p ^2 2p ^2 3s^2
p
B 3 D 6 D B 2 2 3 1
s
D 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3 O 1s^2 2s^2 2p^4 Mg 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2
A∼C 2 0 A Mg 2 B
C 2p 2p ^2 2p ^1 2p ^1 p
O 1.5 Ne 1 s^2
2 D s

10
2s^2 2p^6 P 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^3
3 C P 0 D Ne
5 주기율표
+1
2
/ -1
2
/
0 1단계
C × ×
1 6
B O 2 Ne D × × × B C D D E B

A Mg 3 BO 2
A∼C 2 2p
A X Y=1 1 B X Y=2 1 C X Y=4 1
A 1s^2 2s^2 2p ^2 2p ^1 2p ^1 B 1s^2
2s^2 2p ^1 2p ^1 C 1s^2 2s^2 2p ^1
A A
X s
A2 B2 C1 C
B 4
B 1s 2s 2p 2p
4

E F
B C A
1s 2s 2p G

2 2p
F S

2s
2p
2 B C D

6 D
E
1 2 2
100 B A
50
40

2p
2p

2단계

100

60

40

11
 B 1s 2s 2p 3s
7+39 A 1 2 1
=23
2 B 6 2 16
C 7 2 17
63 D 1
3 1

A D 1 1
B C 16 17
A D 1
A B C 2 D 3

A E B C
1 17

E 18
7 B F D Cl
6 2 17 3 17 A
5
4
3
2
1
0
A He C Ne
1 18 2 18

18
0
B D 7
2 Li F Li
A 1 He B 2 F Li F F
H Na Na Na H
A C 0 18 H
B D 7 17
15 A D 18 B
A B 2
_3Li _1_1Na _1_9K A D
C 1 +1 B

3 3
B
6 2
X 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2
16 16 2 2
3s^2 3p^4
6 6 12 12
3 3
16 6 6
3 ∼12
1∼2 B C D E 2

12
 A H B Li C F D Mg E P

1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

1 1s^2 2s^2 0 1s^2 2s^2 2p^5

1
1 7 2

1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18 3

1 AH 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^1 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^4

1 1 2
2 B Li CF
B C B C
3 D Mg EP

D A B C
2 5 A D 2 16
A B 1 2 0 <16 2 A 2 D
1 16
C D D 3 16 C
B
B D A
C

E F
1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 D
H He 1s Li Be 2s B Ne 2p
C E C E E
Na Mg 3s Al Ar 3p

1
1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

1 AH B He

2 CO D Ne

3 E Mg 2
4 FK

16 18
100
6 40

C 2 E 2 1 3
D 1 3
5 7

3단계 5 7
5 7
1 3

1 3
C^- 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 C 1s^2
2s^2 2p^5 D^2^+ 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 D 5 7
1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2
A 1 B C 2 D 3
18 A He 17 CF 100
B D 2 2
70
A 2
18 0 50

13
 6 원소의 주기적 성질 2단계

1단계
× × × Li<Na Li>Be
K>K^+ O<O^2^- Mg^2^+<O^2^-
1
Li< F Na> K Be> B P>S
× × × +1
c
+4
c c
a b

c>b a
1
a>c>b

Li Na
Na Li<Na
Li Be
1
Li Li>Be
K K^+
K K>K^+
O O^2^-
O^2^- O<O^2^-
Mg^2^+ O^2^-
O^2^- Mg^2^+<O^2^- F<Na F^->Na^+
Ca
Mg<Ca
Na
Mg<Na
F 1
Li Li^+<Li
K
Cl^- Cl<Cl^-
2 13 15
A 2 1 B 2 15 C 2 16
16
D 3 1
Be>B P>S
A D 2 A
3 D A<D A B C
A>B
K >C D>A>B>C
He
Ca A B C A<B<C
Ne 2 A D D
F A

14
 B C D

B 2 3
B>C>D A N O F Na Mg Al
1 3.83 4.45 5.10 2.51 3.31 4.10
B>C>D>A pm 75 73 71 154 130 118

Al N
Na^+>Mg^2^+ O^2^->F^- 1
F<Na F>Na
Li Li^+ 1
Li>Li^+
F^- F Al N
F^->F

Li^+ 1 F^- 2
F^-
0.2 F
(

nm
Li<F
)

0.1 Li>F Li<F

Li 1 F 7 Li<F

0
A B C D

< > D
C D
C
D
1
B D

A D

3∼10
11∼18 2
3 B C 2
>1 C E
A >
B 2

1
C D <1 2
0 < 3
10 18
16 A>B B A

A
K 19
C C 2 A 3 B
H1 1
D D 3 B 4
He 2 19+1+2=22
4 B
4 B 3 A

15
 B

2
Li>N>O>F A N B O
3
C F D Li
BO AN
Li<N<O<F D<A<B<C

2 C N O F Ne
BO AN C C
C

O p A C A
A<C A>C
p A N C O
N B C C O F Ne

C 1s^2 2s^2 2p^2 2

O 1s^2 2s^2 2p^4 2
F 1s^2 2s^2 2p^5 1
Ne 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 0
A N B C C O

3단계
CO
A 1s^2 2s^2 2p^3 3 B 1s^2 2s^2 2p^2
2 A B
C B

F^- Na^+

A>B>D>C A<B<D<C O^2^- O

F^- Na^+ F^-

O^2^- O O^2^-
O
<

A B C D F^->Na^+ O^2^->O 100

> C D F^->Na^+ O^2^->O 50
D

A 1s^2 2s^2 B 1s^2 2s^2

2p^1 B 2p
B A
A C
D < C
1s^2 2s^2 2p ^1 2p ^1 2p ^1 D 1s^2 2s^2
D D
2p ^2 2p ^1 2p ^1 D 2p
C
2p
C
C D
A B B 2p
2s A
C D D

16 15 2p
16 15 17 A 2p C

O 1s^2 2s^2 2p ^2 2p ^1 2p ^1 2
B N 1s^2 2s^2 2p ^1 2p ^1 2p ^1
3 B>A A>B C>D 100

C 2 17 F 2 A>B C>D 50

16
 7 이온 결합 Na_2SO_4

-
1단계
2 1 ×
NaF Na_2S Al_2 SO_4 _3 MgCl_2 A
< B = C > B + A -
LiF>NaF KCl< B A
CaO × × B=1 2

NaCl H_2O

Na^+ -
Na Cl^- +
0
Cl_2 +
-

Na^+ F^- Cl^-

F^-< Cl^- K Ne Ne
NaF
MgO Mg^2^+ O^2^- NaF
Na^+ F^- MgO NaF

Na^+ Li^+ LiF >

NaF
A B C D E
CaO Ca^2^+ O^2^- KCl
pm 123 136 73 203 99
K^+ Cl^- CaO KCl
<

<

<

<

<

pm 60 65 140 133 181

1 <

B
C

A^+ B^- 1 1
AB

A 1 Na B 17 Cl
2단계 A 1 A^+ B A 1
B^- A B

A 2 1 Li B 2 16
O C 2 17 F
A Li C F

17
 Li A 1 Li^+
OB 2 O^2^- FC
1 F^-
Li Li^+ O O^2^- F
F^-
O B

Na^+ Cl^- 1 1
Na^+ O^2^- 2 1
Mg^2^+ O^2^- 1 1
Mg^2^+ F^- 1 2 t °C
0
Al^3^+ O^2^- 2 3 t ( C)
t °C
Al_2O_3 t °C

B C 1 2 D
X t °C t °C
E 16 17 A 1
X t °C
H B
t °C
E

A^+ B^+ C^2^+ D^2^- E^-

0
+
B^+ E^- 1 1 -
BE -
C^2^+ D^2^-
1 1 CD Mg^2^+ O^2^- Li^+ F^-
A^+ E^- 1 1 LiF<MgO
AE Li^+ Na^+
B^+ D^2^- 2 1 B_2D LiF>NaF
C^2^+ E^- 1 2 CE_2 Ca^2^+ O^2^- Li^+ Cl^-
CaO>LiCl
B Mg ^2^+ Ca ^2^+
MgO>CaO
A Na^+ K^+ NaCl>
C KCl
B

r_0 E_0

E_0 Li^+ F^- A B C D

Na^+ Cl^- 2 6 1 7
r_0 10 10 10 10

E_0 1 2 C A 1 2
C^+ A^2^+ 6 7 B D
2 1 B^2^- D^-

A B C D
A^2^+ B^2^- C^+ D^-
12 8 11 9

18
 A^2^+ D^- 1 2 AD_2 NaX NaY X
A^2^+ B^2^- C^+ D^- F
NaX NaY
NaX NaY
Mg^2^+ O^2^- Na^+ F^-
NaX
MgO NaF
NaY
Li^+ Cl^- K^+ Cl^- Li^+
K^+ LiCl KCl
LiCl
Ca^2^+ O^2^- Sr^2^+ O^2^-
1 XF 2 YO
Ca^2^+ Sr^2^+ CaO SrO X^+ F^- Y^2^+ O^2^-
CaO X^+F^-<Y^2^+O^2^-
XF<YO

B^+ D^2^- 2 1 B_2D 3000

A E A

(
C YO

)
2000
>
BE CD CD YO XF
1000
C^2^+ D^2^- BE B^+ E^- B XF
CD>BE
3 4 5

B Na E F
BE YO XF
YO
BE > YO XF
XF X

X Y 3 Na Mg
A MgO B NaF A B
3단계 Na^+>Mg^2^+ O^2^->F^-
B A A B
A B

A 1s^2 2s^1 1 A^+

B 1s^2 2s^2 2p^4 16 B^2^-
C 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 2 C^2^+
D 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^4 16 D^2^- Na^+ F^- Ca^2^+ O^2^-
E 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^5 17 E^- 0.10+0.13=0.23 nm
0.10+0.14=0.24 nm
A D A^+ D^2^-
- A^+ Na^+ F^- Ca^2^+ O^2^-
A
C B C^2^+ B^2^-
1 1
CB
A^+ E^- C^2^+ B^2^- C 2
100
B A E
2 40

19
 8 공유 결합과 금속 결합 1

8
1단계 1

× × × 3
× A
B C D >
> A 4
a+ b-

AB2 2 CB
B A B C B
6 =1 2 =1 1

AB_2 A B 1 4
2 A A
H C C N 4 B A
3 4 2
4 6
B 6 2
-2 B^2^- CB C
B^2^- 1 1 C +2
C^2^+ a 2
A4 B6 C^2^+
+ 8 C
2 B
> >
A 7
> > 1 -1 A C

B
B B^+ B 1
2단계 B 3 1 A 2 2
A B

4 4

O F C O
+

20
 C 1 12 g A C
CO_2 44 1 B C
44 g 1 <
D E
A B
A C
A +
B B
D
C

B D 16 A
A C 1 2

A E AE D
D E DE_2

3단계
A AB
B_2
A
D>C>B>A
B>A>C>D Na>Mg>
N>O N>O>Mg>Na A
AB B_2 O B N C Mg D Na
A B
B_2 N_2 D Na
A B
D>B_2
A B O N
B
A C O Mg
A
C
A
B
C
NaCl, , I2 , Fe

I_2 A + B
NaCl Fe
C
A B
A C

I2 Fe NaCl
A

×
C

21
 결합의 극성과
9 루이스 전자점식

A B

*C 114 730
1단계
OO
× × HH FF OO CC OO HH HH
O
H F O C O H H
O N O O N N 2 H H
H N H H H
H H N
0 0 O 4O N N H H H 3 H H N H2 H N H H HH H H C H HH
HHH
H H
O OOOO O N NNNN NH HHHH H HHHH H H HNHNHNH HH HC HCHH
H HNHNHNH H CH H HCHCHCH H
A B
HHH HHH H H H HHH
HH H H
A OO OO NNNN H HH H H H H H H HN NH HB H H N N H H H HC CH H H H C C H H
HH HH HH HH
A B
A

^-

2 N_2
B Cl_2

H<F C<O
3
H<O

H1 N5 O6 O

H1 N3 O2 N

2단계

F
100
4.0
25

100

18
25
18

22
 X_2 2
XY
X_2
0 XY
X>Y 0
X>Z Z>Y X>Z>Y XY X_2

XY Y
Y X

4.0
3.5

1.2 0
0.9
0
X H
< B < C < D
A
Na < Mg < O < F H-X H-Y H-Z
0.0 0.9 1.9
A Na B Mg C O D F
H-Z>H-Y
Z>Y
AD NaF
H<Cl<F X H Y Cl Z F

HX H_2
CO 2 DF 1
H-X
C D 1 2 CD_2 OF_2
HY Y Cl H
C H
H-Y H-Z Z Y
H O
O
BCl_3 B

N H N N

1
H H N N O H O O O C O
H

F
H
S H Cl B Cl H C H H N H O H
H_2S 2 2
H F O O H Cl H H H
H
S H Cl B Cl H C H H N H O H
H F
O
O O
BCl_3 3 9
O H Cl H H H
O C O O
C H
H H S H B _4 Cl
Cl CH H C H H N H4 O H 0
O C O
C
H Cl H H H
H H H
S H Cl B Cl H C H H N H O H
NH_3 3 1
C H H Cl H H H
H
C
S H Cl B Cl H C H H N H O H
H_2O 2 2
H Cl H H H

BCl_3

23
 A_2 H_2

O_2 CO_2 CH_2O C_2H_4 HCN

A_2C H_2O
HH
HHH
OO
OOO HHHHH
OO
OOOOO
OOO OO
OOOCCCCCOO
OOO CCCCCCCCCC HH
HHHCCCCCNN
NNN Cl B Cl
HH
HHHCCCCCHH
HHH
HH
HHH HHHHH BC_2 CO_2 O C O H C N
Cl
2 3 C

HCN
Cl B Cl
O C O H C N
Cl

H_2 H H N N 1 O H O 0O O C O BCl_3 B 3
H
N_2H H N N O H 3 O O O2 C O
H
H H N N O H O O O C O
H_2O 2 2
H
A H B N C O D F
H H N N _2 H
OO O O O C 2O 4 AD HF DF AH
H
N O H OCOO_2 O C O 4 4
H B_2 N_2 3 C_2 O_2 2 D_2 F_2 1
B_2>C_2>D_2
H H _2C NH_2O O H
AN O O O C O
H_2 /
0=0
1 N_2 2
3
/ H_2O /
2=1 H
O_2 /
4=2
2 CO_2 /
4=1 2

HA BH_3 CCl_3 H_2D 2 HF H 1

1 3 3 2 N_2
3 1 0 2 4 CO_2 4 OF_2 2
CF_4 4 CO_2 CF_4
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
HAA HB D =1
H
H
H A
A H
H
H BB H
B H
HH C
CCC Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl D
DD
H H Cl
Cl H
HH
H H H
HH CO_2 4
HH Cl
Cl
CF_4 12 4
CO_2
A F B N C B D O
AF 7 BN 5 CB 3 DO
6 AF A7 B6 C4 D5

A∼D A

CCl_3 BCl_3 CB A1 B2 C4 D3

3 C

D 5 2
7
1s 2s 2p
B 2 BA_2 B_2
A 1s H
2
B 1s^2 2s^2 2p^2 C D E 3 1 A
C 1s^2 2s^2 2p^4 O
1 3

A_2 H_2 A_2C H_2O BC_2 CO_2

CB_2 B C B B C B
4

24
 H-Y≡Y-H H Y
1 Y Y X
4 2 3 H-Y≡X
X 3 3 N
A B A C A C
Y 4 4 C
A B C XN YC
6 4 7 4 4
2
2
/
1 X X Y

A 6 B 4 C 7 Y

A O B C C F W X 1 3
CF 1
NH_3 NF_3 = NH_3
B 4 4 C 3
1 1 B W N X H Y Z X 1
C 1 4 BC_4 2 OF_2 H_2O
4 2 >
Y O Z F OF _2 F O F

=8
/
2=4 H_2O O H
H

3단계 =2
/=1

W X 1 2 N_2H_4 H N N H
H H

=2
/
5 W

N X H Y O Z F ∼
2+ 2-

H N N H F O F O H H N H
H H H H
A B C2+ D2-
9 10 N-N
1 10
2 17 D 8
1 1 C 12 ZF XH 1 W Z
F 2 16 O
H 3 2 Mg 1 3
2
H_2O_2 OF_2
A D=1 1 B D=2 1

B F
O
H-O-O-H
O C O H C N
F-O-F 3 2 Cl C Cl

O
F O F O C O H C N
Cl C Cl

2 8 2=4
/
8 4 4
1 8 < <
H 1
H 2 X H 2
100
2 X X
H-X=X-H H 2
25
2 3 Y Y

25
 0 분자의 구조와 성질 H
HCN
1
C
C N 3 1 3
C

1 A
PH_3 H_2O 4 PH_3
1단계 3 1 D
H_2O 2 2
× × E
> > ×
120°
109.5°
gamma 107° gamma

N 1
NH_3 BCl_3

109.5° 107° 104.5°

> >

107* 109.5* 104.5* 2 H 4 X 14 C H

3 1 Y 15 N
CO_2 0
H2 2 Z 16
O X<Y<Z

BD_3 B 3 D 1
1 3 B D 8

BD_3 B 3
1 NH_3 107°
NH_3 CH_4
CD_2 C 2
2 H_2O 104.5°
BD_3 CD_2
A C 2 AD_2 CD_2
2단계 2

1
NH_3 107°
C 2 2
1 2 1
120° gamma O
CO_2 2 2 2 H_2O
2 2 1 104.5°
H_2S 2 2

C_2H_4 N_2H_4 N_2H_2

SiH_4 NH_3
H H H H H HH H H H H H
180° C C CC C N NH H
N N N N N
H H
N
N H
N H
H H H H H HH H H H H H
107°
120° C 2 2 1 2
109.5° 1 N
104.5° 3 1

26
 N 1 2 1 2 1
1 1
CH4 , BCl3 , NH3 , H2O

120°
107°
N 3 120°

C C N N
C H N H H2O NH3 BCl3 CH4

6 5 H_2O NH_3
BCl_3 CH_4
3
1 H_2O BCl_3 NH_3 CH_4

YH_3 0 ZH_4
0
YH_3 ZH_4
H_2X YH_3 ZH_4

BCl_3 HCN CO_2

B Cl N H

BCl_3

BCl_3 120° NH_3 107° 130°

BCl_3 NH_3 BCl_3 HCN CO_2

NF_3 HCN
HCN
104.5°
3
2
C O

2 2
B D C D
3 1

3 0

- - 2 0
AE

BE_4 4 0
A_2D 2 2
CA_3 3 1
DE_2 2 2
3
AE A_2D
A_2D A_2 A_2D

BE_4 109.5* CA_3 A

107* BE_4 B

27
 CCl_4 1 2

CCl_4 2

WCl_2 XCl_2 YCl_3 ZCl_3

W X Cl 2 Be O
Y Z Cl 3 B N
X Z
X Be O ZB N X
O W Be
3단계 Y
N Y
N Z B

WCl_2 BeCl_2 XCl_2 OCl_2 YCl_3 NCl_3 ZCl_3 BCl_3

WCl_2 ZCl_3
XCl_2 YCl_3

WCl_2 180° XCl_2

ACl_2 BCl_4 CCl_3 DCl_3

104.5° YCl_3 107° ZCl_3
120° WCl_2

WCl_2 2=3 XCl_2

/
6 2
/
8

=4 YCl_3 1
3
/
0 ZCl_3 3=3
/
9 XCl_2

A∼C
4
A Cl 1 2 ACl_2 A B C
2 O B Cl 1 4
4 Cl C Cl 1 3 109.5°
CCl_3 B D Cl 1 3 107° 104.5°
DCl_3 N A O B
C C B D N > >gamma
> >
104.5*
109.5* 120*
107*
2 0 0 100
1 40
AO

Cl X Cl O Z Cl
Cl Cl Y Cl Cl

2 2 1 2 1

100
50

28
 동적 평형과
1 물의 자동 이온화

H_2 I_2
1단계 H_2 I_2 HI

= NO_2
N_2O_4 × H_2O
NH_3 1.0\10^-^1^4 14 100
0.1 M 1\10^-^1^3 M 1 13

≫ > =



HCl H^+
H_2O H^+

H^+
OH^-

H_2O H^+
NH_3 H^+

t
25 *C K = H _3 O ^+ OH ^- =
1.0\10^-^1^4 H_3O^+ OH^- t
H _3 O ^+ = O H ^- = 1.0 \ 1 0 ^- ^7 M
pH+pOH=14
pH 1 10
pH 2 100

25 *C K = H_3O^+ OH^- =1.0\10^-^1^4

H_3O^+ =0.1 M OH^- =1.0\10^-^1^3 M
pH+pOH=14 pH 1 pOH 13

2단계 NO_2

NO_2 N_2O_4

> > pH=12.7

NH_3 OH^-
pOH=1.3
H_2O H^+

29
 H^+ OH^- 3단계
HCO_3^- H_3O^+ H^+ H_2CO_3

∼ H^+
58 NaCl
60 NaCl NaCl
S^2^- H^+ HS^-
NaCl 35 37
H^+
Cl^-

NH_3 H_2O H^+ 2 15 N 16 O 17 F

X Z N O F

H_2O H^+ X 1 F F OF H N 1
H^+ HF

Y 2 F O O N O H 2
H_2O OH^-
H_2O

Z F 3 O N N N H 3
25 °C K = H_3O^+ OH^- =1.0\10^-^1^4
H_3O^+ OH^- H_3O^+ = OH^- NH_3
=1.0\10^-^7 M H_3O^+ + OH^- =2.0\10^-^7 M HF H^+

OH^-
Y O H_2O
H^+ OH^-
H_2O NH_3 H_2O H^+
H^+ pH 7
NH_3 H_2O H^+
pH=7 pH 7

25 °C
pH 7

pOH=1 pOH=4 pOH=

pH H^+ M OH^- M
-À OH^-
2.0 1.0\10^-^2 1.0\10^-^1^2
1000
4.0 1.0\10^-^4 1.0\10^-^1^0
pH 1∼2
6.3 5.0\10^-^7 2.0\10^-^8
pH 5∼6
13.0 1.0\10^-^1^3 1.0\10^-^1
pH=2 pH=5 pH=-À H^+
1000
25 *C H^+ =1.0\10^-^2 M 100
pH
H^+ =1.0\10^-^4 M pH 4.0
pH=3 pH=7
pH
pOH=1 pH=13
NaOH 1 g 1
/
4
0 500 mL 1
/
2L H^+ >1.0\10^-^7 M

NaOH 1
/
2
0M pOH= H_3O^+ aq +HCO_3^- aq  H_2O l +H_2CO_3 aq
-À OH^- =À20=1.3 25 °C pH+pOH=14
HCO_3^- aq +H_2O l  CO_3^2^- aq +H_3O^+ aq
pH=12.7

A pH 13 B pH HCO_3^- H^+

3 C pH 7 H^+

A pH=13 pH=-À H^+

H^+ =1\10^-^1^3 M
B pH=3 pOH=11 B 100

H^+ > OH^- 50

30
 2 중화 반응
H^+ OH^- mol
BTB
1단계
H^+ OH^- 1 1
× × H^+ aq +OH^- aq  H_2O
H_2O l 0.5 mol
× 0.2 M NO_3^-

HCl KOH
H^+ OH^-

H^+ OH^- H^+ OH^- K^+ Cl^-

H^+ OH^- 1 1

HCl Ca OH _2 CaCl_2
HCl NaOH
HCl aq +NaOH aq  H_2O l +NaCl aq Ca^2^+ Cl^-
H^+ aq +OH^- aq  H^+ OH^- 1 1
H_2O l
HCl 2 Ca OH _2
H^+ OH^- 1 1
1 H_2 O 2 CaCl_2 1
H^+ 0.5 OH^- 0.5
Ca OH _2 1 H_2O 2
0.5 H^+ 0.5
HCl Ca OH _2
H^+ aq +OH^- aq  H_2O l

H^+ mol OH^- H^+ OH^-

mol

HCl x
H^+
OH^-
1×x×100 mL=2×0.1 M×100 mL x=0.2 M

HNO_3 KOH NO_3^- Cl-

H+ Cl-
NO_3^- -
Cl OH^- Cl-
H+

H^+

H^+ OH^-
Cl^-
2단계
H_2O Cl^-
0.9 M OH^-
H^+ OH^-
pH

31
 1∼2

HCl 10 mL H^+ N

HCl aq mL 10 10 15 30
CH_3COOH x
H^+ N N 1.5N 3N
NaOH aq mL 10 15 20 20
1×x×5 mL=1×0.1 M×45 mL x=0.9 M
OH^- N 1.5N 2N 2N
OH^- OH^- H^+
H^+ OH^-
0.5N 0.5N N

OH^-

OH^- 0.5N
H+ H+
H^+ N H^+ 0.5N Cl- Cl-
Na+ H2O
OH- H2O +
Na+ - Cl- Na Cl-
OH Na+OH
-
Na+ Cl- Na+ H2O
pH
BTB
HCl H^+ OH^-
OH^-

A^- B^+
HA BOH A^- 3 B^+ pH >
2 H^+ 1 HA 10 mL
H^+ A^- 3 BOH 10 mL HCl 20 mL HCl x
B^+ OH^- 2
H^+ 1×0.1 M×20 mL=1×x×20 mL x=0.1 M
∼

H^+
Na^+ Na^+ HCl KOH H^+
2N Cl^- OH^- N KOH OH^- Cl^-
HCl 10 mL H^+ Cl^- N
NaOH 20 mL Na^+ OH^- Cl^- H^+
2N K^+
HCl 10 mL H ^+ N Cl ^- N NaOH KOH 20 mL K^+ 2
30 mL Na^+ 3N OH^- 3N OH^- 2 4 HCl 20 mL
Na^+ 3N Cl^- N OH^- 2N 8
HCl KOH 2
H^+
H^+ OH^- mol
H^+ OH^-
NaOH HNO_3
K^+ Cl^-
OH^- X OH^-
H^+
OH^-

HCl KOH
H^+ aq +OH^- aq  H_2O l

Na^+

NO_3^-

32
 =4N 10N=2 5
HCl KOH pH

H^+ OH^- HCl NaOH

Cl^-

mL
HCl aq NaOH aq
H^+
10 40
Na^+
2N
A H^+ 2N Cl^- 2N Na^+ 4N OH^- 4N
N B
20 30
3N
Cl^-
H^+ 4N Cl^- 4N Na^+ 3N OH^- 3N
C
D
30 20
0 5 10 15 20 25 OH^-
2N
H^+ NaOH (mL) H^+ 6N Cl^- 6N Na^+ 2N OH^- 2N

H^+ N Cl^- 4N Na^+

A Na^+ B Cl^- A B
3N 8N
H^+
H^+ 4N Cl^- 6N Na^+
pH
2N 12N
HCl 10 mL NaOH 20 mL
=8N 12N=2 3
HCl 10 mL H ^+ 2 N이고,
HCl NaOH =2 1
NaOH 20 mL Na^+ 2N
HCl NaOH =2 1
OH^- 2N
3단계 H^+ N OH^- N

HA 20 mL BOH 40 mL
HA
40 mL 80 mL BOH 2 1 HA
40 mL BOH 20 mL
HA BOH
1 2
HA BOH =2 1
P H^+ OH^- 2 5
N 2N 2N
0 8N 2N HA BOH
=1 2 Q
H^+ Na^+ K^+
A^- B^+=1 2
KOH 20 mL
HA BOH =2 1
K^+
HA BOH =1 2
K^+
HA HA 4
H^+ Na^+
H^+ N Na^+ 2N K^+ OH^- HCl H^+
2N OH^- 4N
H^+ 5N 4N
Na^+ 8N K^+ 2N
OH^- 10N H^+
100
10N 10N
H^+ OH^- 30

33
 3 산화 환원 반응 NaBr
Cl_2 Cl_2

Fe s +AgNO_3 aq  Ag s +Fe NO_3 _2 aq

0 +1+5 -2 0 +2 +5 -2
1
단계
Fe 0 +2 2 Ag +1
0 1
AgNO_3 Ag 2
× -3
Fe s +2AgNO_3 aq  2Ag s +Fe NO_3 _2 aq
+5 -4 +6 +6 +7
HCl Fe
Fe s +2AgNO_3 aq  2Ag s +Fe NO_3 _2 aq
Fe_2O_3 CO Cl_2 NaBr HNO_3 aq +H_2S g  NO g +S s +H_2O l
Fe s +2 AgNO _3 aq  2 Ag s + Fe NO _3 _2 aq +1+5-2 +1 -2 +2 -2 0 +1 -2

2HNO_3 aq +3H_2S g  2NO g +3S s +4H_2O l N +5 +2 3 S -2

0 2
HNO_3 NO 2 H_2S
S 3
2HNO_3 aq +3H_2S g  2NO g +3S s +H_2O l

2HNO_3 aq +3H_2S g  2NO g +3S s +4H_2O l

H +1 2단계
-1

x
7
22
x+ +1 ×3=0 x=-3
0.01 mol
+1 +x+ -2 ×3=0 x=+5
x+ +1 ×4=0 x=-4
+1 ×2+x+ -2 ×4=0 x=+6
x×2+ -2 ×7=-2 x=+6
+1 +x+ -2 ×4=0 x=+7

Mg s +2HCl aq  MgCl_2 aq +H_2 g

0 +1-1 +2 -1 0

H_2S g +Cl_2 g  S s +2HCl g

+1 -2 0 0 +1 -1 CuSO_4 Zn

Zn s +CuSO_4 aq  ZnSO_4 aq +Cu s

Fe Fe 0 FeCl_2 +2
Cu^2^+ Cu
H HCl +1 H_2 0 Fe
HCl HCl
Zn Zn^2^+
Fe
Zn^2^+
Fe Fe_2O_3 +3 Fe 0 C
Cu^2^+ Cu
CO +2 CO _2 +4
Fe_2O_3 CO CO HCl Zn
Fe_2O_3 Zn s +2HCl aq  ZnCl_2 aq +H_2 g
Br NaBr -1 Br_2 0 Cl Zn Zn^2^+ H^+
Cl_2 0 NaCl -1 NaBr H_2 Zn

34
H^+ H_2 0 H 1
Zn Zn^2^+
Cl^- NH_3 N -3 H_2SO_4 S
+6 CO_2 C +4
Fe Fe^2^+ -3 + +6 +
Fe 1 Fe^2^+ 1 +4 =7
Ag^+ 2 Ag 2 Ag Fe
Na_2Cr_2O_7 C
Ag^+ 2 Fe^2^+ 1
Na_2Cr_2O_7 s +2C s  Cr_2O_3 s +Na_2CO_3 s +CO g
+1 +6 -2 0 +3 -2 +1 +4 -2 +2 -2

0 Cr +6 +3
0 +4 +2
C 0 +4 +2
C Na_2Cr_2O_7

Cu Cu 0 CuO +2
Cu Cu O_2

Cl Cl_2 0 KCl -1
Cl Cl_2 KI
x
H H_2SO_4 +1 H_2 0 H
+1 ×2+x×2=0 x=-1 H_2SO_4 Fe
x+ -1 ×2=0 x=+2
+1 +x+ -2 =0 x=+1
x×2+ -2 ×3=0 x=+3 N NO +2 N_2

+1 ×2+x+ -2 ×4=0 x=+6 0

N NO +2 N_2 0
N H H_2 0 H_2O +1 NO
H_2 NO H_2
NO NO_2 N_2O HNO_3
C CO +2 CO_2
N +2 +4 +1 +5
+4 C CO
O -2 NO
N HNO_3
N N_2O C 0 +2
C CO +2 CO_2 +4
C CO
Fe_2O_3
2KI aq +Pb NO_3 _2 aq  PbI_2 s +2KNO_3 aq O 0 -2
+1-1 +2+5-2 +2 -1 +1+5-2
O
2AgNO_3 aq +Cu s  2Ag s +Cu NO_3 _2 aq
+1+5-2 0 0 +2+5-2
MnO_2 s +4HCl aq  MnCl_2 aq +2H_2O l +Cl_2 g
+4 -2 +1 -1 +2 -1 +1 -2 0

SO_2 g +H_2O l  H_2SO_3 aq

+4-2 +1 -2 +1+4-2
SO_2 g +2H_2S g  3S s +2H_2O l
+4-2 +1-2 0 +1 -2
SO_2 g +2H_2O l +Cl_2 g  H_2SO_4 aq +2HCl aq
Zn Zn 0 ZnCl_2 +2 +4-2 +1 -2 0 +1+6+2 +1-1
Zn 2 H HCl +1

35
 Cl Cl_2 -1 YF_3 NF_3 Y b +3
SO_2 a+b=0
XF_4 CF_4 X +4
Y YO_2 NO_2 +4 YO NO +2
S SO_2 2
H_2S SO_2

aCo^2^+ aq +MnO_4^- aq +bH^+ aq 

+2 +7 -2 +1
cCo^3^+ aq +Mn^2^+ aq +dH_2O l 0 A B AC
+3 +2 +1-2 0
Co +2 +3 1 Mn
+7 +2 5 1
A A B 0
C
B
Co^2^+ Co^3^+ 5 0

1 AC A
5Co^2^+ aq +MnO_4^- aq +bH^+ aq  B +1 C
2
-1
5Co^3^+ aq +Mn^2^+ aq +dH_2O l C

5Co^2^+ aq +MnO_4^- aq +8H^+ aq 

A +1 B -2
5Co^3^+ aq +Mn^2^+ aq +4H_2O l
AB x=2
a=c=5 b=8 d=4 a+b+c+d=5+8
AC C -1 C
+5+4=22
AB A AC A
Cu 0 +2 2 a N A B C
+5 +2 3 b A
c=8 d=4

0.1 M AgNO_3 200 mL AgNO_3 AgNO_3 Mg

0.02 =0.1 mol L×0.2 L AgNO_3 Cu 2 1
0.1 M AgNO_3 200 mL Mg s +2AgNO_3 aq  2Ag s +Mg NO_3 _2 aq
Cu 0.01 Mg AgNO_3 1 2 Mg 1
Ag^+ 2
H 4 H Mg 0.24 g 0.01 0.1 M AgNO _3
4 = 100 mL AgNO_3 0.01 Mg AgNO_3
2H^+ aq 1 2 Mg 0.005 0.005
I I_2 0 I^- -1 I Mg
I_2 H_2SO_3 0.005 mol\24 g mol=0.12 g
Mg Mg^2^+
I_2 H_2SO_3 1 1 AgNO _3
I_2 1 H_2SO_3 1
H H_2 0 H_2O
+1 O O_2 0 H_2O -2
H H_2O_2 +1 H_2O +1
O H_2O_2 -1 H_2O -2 O_2 0
3단계 O_2 H_2
H_2 O_2

100
X Y 2 X C 50
Y N XH_4 CH_4 YH_3 NH_3 YF_3
100
NF_3
YH_3 NH_3 Y a -3 F 30

36
 4 화학 반응에서 열의 출입
1단계
NH_4NO_3

× NH_4NO_3
1260 J g

Zn HCl
Zn s +2HCl aq  ZnCl_2 aq +H_2 g +
Zn HCl

NaHCO_3

NaHCO_3
2NaHCO_3 s +  Na_2CO_3 s +H_2O l +CO_2 g
NaOH CaCl_2
NaHCO_3
CH_4 NaHCO_3 CO_2
H_2SO_4
NH_4NO_3 NaHCO_3 CO_2
Fe

Ba OH _2·8H_2O NH_4NO_3

NaOH
100 g =98 g+2 g 6 °C
4.2 J g·°C
Q=cmΔt=4.2 J g·°C\100 g\6 °C=2520 J
CaCl_2
NaOH 2g NaOH
2520 J Q=cmΔt=4.2 J g·°C\110 g\14 °C=6468 J
J g =1260 J g
2g
CH_3OH J g
Q=cmΔt CH_3OH
4.2 J g·°C\100 g\ A
A
B
B CH_3OH
2단계
kJ g
Q=cmΔt
6468 J

kJ g

37
 Q=CΔt=7.0 kJ °C\24.0 °C=168.0 kJ
CH_4 3.2 g CH_4
168.0 kJ
=52.5 kJ g
3.2 g

C_3H_8 g +aO_2 g  bCO_2 g +cH_2O l

C b=3
A g 8.0
H 2c=8 c=4
°C 12.0
O 2a=2b+c a=5
°C 16.0
C_3H_8
kJ kg·°C 4.2
kg 2.0
C_3H_8 g +5O_2 g  3CO_2 g +4H_2O l
kJ °C 11.6 C_3H_8 1 Q O_2 1
Q
Q C_3H_8 1
5
/ Q_1= CO_2 3
5
= +
C_3H_8 1 Q_2=Q
=c ×m ×Δt+C ×Δt
Q
A kJ g Q_1 Q_2= Q=1 5
5
+
=
A
C_6H_1_2O_6
c ×m ×Δt+C ×Δt
= C_6H_1_2O_6 s +6O_2 g  6CO_2 g +6H_2O l
m
c m Δt C_6H_1_2O_6 1 2860 kJ mol
C m A 45 g
C_6H_1_2O_6 0.25 =
180 g mol
A A 2860 kJ mol\0.25 mol=715 kJ
C_6H_1_2O_6 715 kJ 20 % 143 kJ
C_6H_1_2O_6
Q=c m Δt+C Δt Δt
=4.2 kJ kg·°C\2.0 kg\4.0 °C+11.6 kJ °C\4.0 °C Q=CΔt 143 kJ=286 kJ °C\Δt Δt=0.5 °C
=80.0 kJ C_6H_1_2O_6 45 g
0.25 C_6H_1_2O_6 45 g
A 8.0 g A 1.5 CO_2
80.0 kJ
=10.0 kJ g
8.0 g

°C C_2H_5OH g

3단계 25 44 62 61.7

Q
Q=c×m×Δt
=4.2 J g·°C×100 g×19 °C=7980 J=7.98 kJ
C_2H_5OH 62 g-61.7 g=0.3 g

C_2H_5OH kJ g

14.0 kJ =
C_2H_5OH
2.0 °C 14.0 kJ =7.0 kJ °C
2.0 °C 4.2 J g·°C\100 g\19 °C
= =26600 J g=26.6 kJ g
CH_4 3.2 g 0.3 g
24.0 °C CH_4
Δt
C_2H_5OH C_2H_5OH
100
2.0 °C 14.0 kJ
Jg kJ g 50
7.0 kJ °C

38
 0.1 M NaHCO_3 1L NaHCO_3
1
0.1 mol\84 g mol=8.4 g 1L
1 회 4
250 mL NaHCO_3 2.1 g
A
mol

HCHO
CH_3OH CH_3COOH
CH_3COCH_3 C_2H_5OH 2회
X4 Y3
X Y=3 4 Y7 Z4
Y Z=4 7 X Y Z=3 4 7
X 3 Y 4 Z 7 C_9H_8O_4
XY Z 10000
X Y Z=3 4 7 1g
X>Y>Z
X Z 3 7

0 °C 1 44.8 L 2 g
2g 1 1
1 2
2 30
2 1 60 1 30 g 60 g
2 8g 4
HCHO g +O_2 g  CO_2 g +H_2O g
0 °C 1 22.4 L 1
CH_3COOH g +2O_2 g  2CO_2 g +2H_2O g
A_2=32 BA_2=44 C_2A=18
A=16 B=12 C=1
1 1
0 °C 1 A _2 0.56 L 0.025 BA _2
1 2
1.12 L 0.05 C_2A 2.24 L 0.1 2 1
BA_2 C_2A A 0.1
1g C 3
/
1
0
C_2A
6
/
2
0
C_3H_8 g +5O_2 g  3CO_2 g +4H_2O g
C_3H_8 1 O_2 5 CO_2 3 H_2O 4 A 46 B 30 A NO_2 B NO
O_2 3 9 A NO_2 B NO 1
10 < A B=3 2
O_2 3 N O A B=2 1

C s +O_2 g  CO_2 g
9 10 O_2 CO_2
9 10 10 9
CO_2
2KClO_3 s  2KCl s +3O_2 g a 3
mol

O_2 32 O_2 150.0 g- 25 °C 1 N_2 50 L 1

146.8 g=3.2 g O_2 0.1 N_2 mol 3
/
2
O _2 0.1 KClO _3
NaN_3 mol NaN_3
3\0.1
/
2 NaN_3

39
 Na_2CO_3 s +2HCl aq
E 8 =1 8 16
 2NaCl aq +H_2O g +CO_2 g
a+b=4 B E 2+16=18 D 18
Na_2CO_3 1.06 g 0.01 Na_2CO_3
HCl 0.02 mol = A B

\ 0.2 L 200 mL
A∼E
A B 1s^1 C 1s^2 2s^1 D E 1s^2 2s^2 2p^4
A∼E 1 A B C
D E 2
1회 K<L<M K
B M
A
A B C B
A B C B

1s 2s
>
2s 2p s
0 p 1
^2_1^7_3Al^3^+ Al 13 27
>
Al 13 27-13=14
13 Al^3^+ Al 3 +1
/
2
Al 13- -1
2
/
3=10
1s 2s
= + X 2
Y Z 3 2s 2p
mol X Y Z
0
2 3 3 1g mol 1

X 2
/
1 Y Z 3
/
1 X B 3 Ne
Y C 1 Ne
1 B C
B C
A B 8 9 A
8 A B
A B 2p
10 23 10+23=33
2
B
B 2s 2p
D 1
7
A∼E C 3s 1 18

A 1 =2 2 3
A 3 B C D 1
B 1 =1 1 2 A
C 1 D
C 3 1.33 4 7 3

D 8 =1.25 10 18

40
 B C 17 18
a+c B D D B
b=
2 D
A 13 D 1
X 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 A 1s^2 2s^1 B 1s^2 2s^2 2p ^1 2p ^1
2 2 C 1s^2 2s^2 2p ^2 2p ^1 2p ^1 D 1s^2 2s^2 2p ^1 2p ^1 2p ^1
A∼D 2
12 12 A1 B4 C6
12 D5 C
3s 3 A Li B C C O D N
N O

A B D E 1 N>O DN

A C E A C A 1s^2 2s^2 2p ^1 2p ^1 C 4
A B 1s^2 2s^2 2p ^1 2p ^1 2p ^1 N 5
C 1s^2 2s^2 2p ^2 2p ^1 2p ^1 O 6
S O
D 1s^2 2s^2 2p ^2 2p ^2 2p ^1 F 7
H 1 2 H_2S
Ar
N O D F >B N >C O >
Cl
AC
B5 <C 6
Ar Ne
C D 1s 2s
B C 2p 2p 2p 5
B<C B>C
A
A 3
2회
A 3
A

B C
B A B
A B

C<D<B<A B A 0
C B
A B > A
C D < 1.76\10^-^1^8 =
X = 11
C D 1.6\10^-^1^9
= + = -
=23-11=12
= 11
Na Na^+
= 11
Na>Na^+
F F^- F^- a b =
F< a-b
F^- b a-b
b a
H
a-b

41
 XY 114 ^7^9 X -^3^5 Y 116 4s
^7^9X-^3^7Y ^8^1X-^3^5Y 118 ^8^1X-^3^7Y 4s K Ca

X 79 X Y Z

81 80 X 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3 2

Y 1s^2 2s^2 2p^5 2 17
35\75+37\25
Y = =35.5
100 Z 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^4 3 16
X Z 3
X^2^+ Y^-
X^2^+ Y^-
K

A E
A E
d 5 -2 -1
C = E
0 +1 +2 p 3 -1 0 +1
>
A 35 B 40 C E 39 D 38
B
M 3s 3p 3d

s p 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 P S Cl K Ca

+1
2 -1
/ 2
/ ∼
P S Cl K Ca
1 Cl K Cl K
1s 3s 1 1 13
1s K 2p 2p 17
L 3s M ∼
p p p -1 3 4 ∼ 3
0 +1 ∼4 Cl K
K Cl
2s
3∼4 1 13 17
K Na Al
Na Al K
Cl Na 1 Al 3 K1
3 2p
Cl 7 1+3+1+7=12

D 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 A D

1
2
C 1 18
A O B Li C Be D
C^-
F
B 2 D 0
B Li
BO CF DF
B C 2 1 D 2 AO 2 B Li 1 C Be 0 DF 1
1s^2 2s^2 2p^6
A∼C 2 A<B<C
A C 1 B E
2 D0 1 A C
A>B>C
C
A 2
1 C 3
3p

42
 C>A r_0
A
A 2s
B 2p
A>B
B<A<C

2
MgCl_2
C
A D 1 B 5 C 7 C A Z 2 1 B Z 1 1
A +1 B Z
+2 -2 B A
A D BZ A_2Z
2 3 A_2Z 1132 °C
2 C B X BX_2 AX
AX 993 °C

10 Ne
Cl < Al < Mg A Al B
A F B Mg C O D Na
Mg C Cl
A F^- B Mg^2^+ A B
C
2 1
A C

2 Mg 13 Al
A D -1 +1
Al<Mg<Cl
+2 -2 B C
Mg Al Cl A Al B
Mg C Cl A B C
A B C
A B <C A B
A B
A<B<C

X∼Z

X O Y F Z C

1회 Y7
XY_2 2

A_2 A C
A C

C 16 O C_2 2 O=O
+ A - B A 7 B +2
A B=1 2 B A 1 2
BA_2
Na_2SO_4
- 2

r_0
E_0

43
 0
0
NaCl Fe
2

CH_4 BCl_3 CH_4

BCl_3
BCl_3

A B X H Y Z2
B>A C W Y2 W C Y O Z F
B B>C ZF
B CH _2 O 120 °
OF_2 104.5° CO_2 180°

0
0
CO_2 HCN 180° BCl_3
0
OF_2
<
CO_2 HCN CO_2 2
OF_2 BCl_3 BCl_3 B
B A A
A A D D B C B A D A E
A A
BA2 D2 CB2 DA3 EA3

2 3 4 3 3

EA_3 120° DA_3

107° EA_3>DA_3
BA_2 CA_4

CA_4 CB_2
2회

+
2 3 4
1

H_2O NH_3 CH_4 PH_3 4 BCl_3 3 CO_2 BeH_2 2

+ O_2 - H_2 1 2

4 + Cl_2 +
CO_2 2 2 O_2

0
3 a=0
F^- Cl^- r_0 NaF<NaCl
b=3 a+b=3
BeH_2 CO_2
MgO Mg^2^+O^2^- NaF Na^+F^-
E_0 NaF<MgO
r_0
CH_4 C H

44
 0
0 0
MgCl_2 Na_2O KCl AlCl_3 <
A B A B
A B 8

A^2^+ 10 A 3
B^2^- 10 B 2 O
O C O F F F Be F H C N H N H
AB H
CO2 OF2 BeF2 HCN NH3

4 8 6 1 1
MgO CaO
CaO 2614 °C B_2 3 C_2 2
LiBr LiCl AD_4
LiCl 613 °C 4
BD_3 18

207 pm 210 pm
A H B C C N D O H_2O_2
+1 -1 LiF +2
NH_3 N_2H_2 HCN
-2 MgO
N_2H_2 2 1 HCN 3 1
X H_2O_2 NH_3
t °C X 3
/
4 NH_3

NaCl 3 N_2H_2
/
1 4=1
/
2 2
/ 4
/
1
X NH_3 107° N_2H_2
120°
X C Y O Z Mg
XY_2 O=C=O 2 2 α 109.5° beta 104.5° 107° > >
XY_2 CO_2 Y_2 O_2
XH_4 HY_2
X Y 2 Z 3
HY_2
Mg 2 Mg^2^+
180°
B A 2
B + A α 109.5° beta 107° α >beta
2 1 3
B 3 1

CCl_4 NCl_3 OCl_2 BCl_3

109° 107° 104.5°

120°
A
A C B

D + H_2O BCl_3 BeF_2 HCN CO_2

H_2O NH_3 HCN
H_2O NH_3 CH_4 HCN CO_2
A<B B<C ∼ H_2O
A<B<C HCN 2

45
 ∼ A^+ 5 B^+ 4
F F 5 4
X X F X X F Y Y
F F F F
KOH OH^- HCl H^+
K^+
K^+ OH^-
H^+ Cl^- H^+ OH^-
X Y
Cl^-
Cl^- H^+
2 3
Cl^- K^+ 2 1
HCl KOH
AX_2 CX_3 2 0.2 M

NaOH 20 mL HCl 20 mL
BX_3

OH^- Cl^-

0
<
pH 7

1회
n_1M_1V_1=n_2M_2V_2 2\M\25 mL=1\0.1 M\
25 mL H_2SO_4 0.05 M

A B pH 7
NaOH
2 NaOH 2

< A B Na^+
A<B Na^+ A B

H_2 I_2 HI
N NO_2 +4 NH_3 -3
H^+ HCl N_2 0
H^+ CH_3OH
HBr H^+
H_2O H^+ CH_3OH H<C<O
C 3 H 3 O
K = H_3O^+ OH^- pH=-À H_3O^+ 1 C -2 HCHO
H_3O^+ OH^- C H 2 O
2 C 0 C
K H_3O^+ -2 0 2
pH

Cl^- 5SO_2 g +2MnO_4^- aq +2H_2O l 

+4 +7

OH^- A^+ 5SO_4^2^- aq +2Mn^2^+ aq +4H^+ aq

+6 +2
Cl^- 4
H^+ 4 a
a=5 b=2 =2.5
b

46
 Zn s +2HCl aq  ZnCl_2 aq +H_2 g
ZnCl_2 aq +Mg s  MgCl_2 aq +Zn s
Zn ^2^+ Mg AB
Mg^2^+ Zn Zn>Mg

H^+
HCl 1 mol L\0.1 L=0.1 mol
H^+
HCl H_2 2 1 0.05
CH_3COOH HCl
H_2
HCN
Mg 0 +2 Mg
ZnCl_2 NaOH 40 NaOH 4 g 0.1
NaOH
mol 0.1 mol
M= = =0.1 M
L 1L
NaOH 1 L NaOH 0.1
NaOH 1L Na^+ OH^-
HCl NaOH 1 1
0.2
B
25 °C pH+pOH=14 NaOH pOH=
B
-À OH^- =1 pH 13
H^+ OH^- 1 1
B Ba^2^+ Cl^-
mol
Q Q=c m Δt+C Δt
HCl Ba OH _2 2 1
kJ mol A mol
HCl Ba OH _2 2 1
A
A mol A
A

Cl^-
A A mol
K^+ Cl^-=3 2 HCl
kJ mol
KOH
HCl KOH =2 3
K^+ 3N
Cl^- 2N
K^+
1.5N Cl^- 2N
x y= 1.5N 2N=3 4
HCl 20 mL H^+ 2N KOH 20 mL
OH^- 3N OH^- N
HCl 20 mL H ^+ 2 N KOH 10 mL OH ^-
1.5N H^+ 0.5N
2회
1
/
1
0 CH_3COOH x

1\x\20 mL=1\0.1 M\22 mL x=0.11 M

CH_3COOH 1.1 M
A

A^-
H^+ B^+
OH^-
> H^+ 3 OH^- 1
> BOH 20 mL OH^- 4 BOH

47
 10 mL B^+ 2 OH^- 2 a+b+c=8
H^+ 3 H^+ 1 Cu Cu 3

H_2O 4 H_2O 1 Cu 3
4
/
HA 20 mL 6
BOH 20 mL 8
HA X Y 1g
BOH
X1g 2
HCl 10 mL NaOH 20 mL
Y 1g 4
NaOH
Y X 2
20 mL
X
HCl 10 mL 2N
X Y
H^+ Cl^- N NaOH 20 mL
Y
NaOH 20 mL
Na^+ OH^- N CH_3OH
2N 2N Q=cmΔt=4.2 J g·°C\100 g\40 °C=16800 J=16.8 kJ
HCl NaOH = =2 1
10 20 CH_3OH 0.8 g CH_3OH
16.8 kJ
kJ g =21 kJ g
b 0.8 g
Na^+ CaCl_2 NaOH NH_2 _2CO
HCl 10 mL H^+ N NaOH
10 mL OH^- 0.5N a CaCl_2
0.5N
NH_2 _2CO 10 g 1
6
/
Fe 0 +2
Q=cmΔt=4.2 J g·°C\100 g\5 °C=2100 J=2.1 kJ
C CO +2 CO_2
NH _2 _2 CO 1
+4 CO
12.6 kJ mol
Fe_2O_3
NaOH 100 g =90 g+10 g
H_2O H O
NaOH 4.2 J g·°C\
H_2O
100 g\22 °C
H _2 O l
NaOCl aq
0
NaOCl Cl +1

H H_2 0 NH_3 H_2O

+1 H_2
NO_2
N
NH_3 NO_2 N_2O_4 HNO_3 NO
-3 +4 +4 +5 +2
N NH_3
NO_2 N O
NO_2

Cu 0 +2 2 N
+5 +2 3
a=b=3 c=2

48