Banking and Management Review

Factors Affecting Banking Credit Distribution To Convensional

Commercial Banks In Indonesia Periode 2016-2022
Siti Husnia Nurussa’adah1* and Reni Marlina2

1
Management Study Program, Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Ekonomui (STIE) Ekuitas, Bandung, Indonesia
2 Management Study Program, Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Ekonomui (STIE) Ekuitas, Bandung, Indonesia

ABSTRACT ARTICLE INFO

Introduction/Main Objectives: The granting of credit involves various Keywords:

risks, especially the risk of the debtor's inability to repay the credit at Third Party Funds _1,
maturity. Background Problems: This study aims to analyze the Loan to Deposit Ratio_2,
factors that influence lending to Conventional Commercial Banks for Non Performing
Loans_3, Capital
the period 2016-2022, both partially and simultaneously. The
Adequacy Ratio_4,
independent variables analyzed are Third Party Funds (DPK), Loan to Credit Distribution_5
Deposit Ratio (LDR), Non Performing Loan (NPL), and Capital
Adequacy Ratio (CAR). Research Methods: The research method used
is descriptive and verification method using classical assumption test
analysis, multiple linear regression, correlation coefficient analysis,
determination coefficient analysis, partial test, and simultaneous test.
this research uses secondary data, which can be seen from the
quarterly banking industry profile report for the 2016-2022 period.
Finding/Results: The results showed that Third Party Funds partially
had a positive and significant effect on Lending, Loan to Deposit Ratio
(LDR) partially had a negative and significant effect on Lending, Non
Performing Loan (NPL) partially had a negative and significant effect
on Lending, Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) partially had no negative
and insignificant effect on Lending. Simultaneously DPK, LDR, NPL, and
CAR have a significant effect on Lending at Conventional Commercial
Banks. The magnitude of the influence of DPK, LDR, NPL, and CAR
based on the Coefficient of Determination is 0.926 or 92.6% and the
remaining 0.074 or 7.4% is explained by other factors not examined.
Conclusion: According to the results of research that has been done
Third Party Funds, Loan to Deposit Ratio, Non Performing Loan have a
considerable influence on lending but the Capital Adequacy Ratio has
no effect, meaning that if lending goes up or down the bank must have
sufficient capital.

___________
* Siti Husnia Nurussa’adah at Management Study Program, Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Ekonomui (STIE)
Ekuitas, Bandung, Indonesia.
E-mail address: [email protected], [email protected]
Banking and Management Review 2

1. Introduction
Conventional commercial banks frequently exert a dominant influence over financial
markets, thereby affording them the opportunity to examine their impact and role within the
broader economic context. The extension of credit entails a number of risks, particularly the
risk of the debtor's inability to repay the credit at its maturity date. It is therefore incumbent
upon banks to apply the precautionary principle in formulating credit policies. A credit policy
is a policy that is applied by banks when they are allocating funds to the public. In doing so,
they take into account the eligibility of the credit recipient. The 2008 economic crisis, also
referred to as the Global Financial Crisis, demonstrated the depreciation of the rupiah
exchange rate relative to the US dollar within the banking sector. The financial distress in
Indonesia resulted in significant disruptions to financing activities, rendering the banking
sector in Indonesia highly unfavorable. In response to the crisis, Bank Indonesia, the central
bank, promptly initiated an investigation into the underlying issues threatening the stability
of the banking sector. This led to the identification of a small bank, namely Bank Century,
facing imminent bankruptcy. In light of this, the government adopted a proactive approach,
closely monitoring the situation and implementing prompt measures to prevent any potential
disruptions to the national banking system.
The slowdown in deposits growth was due to the increase in public consumption,
corporate capital expenditures, as well as the preference for placement of funds in other
financial assets, as indicated by the ownership of Government Securities (SBN). Meanwhile,
monetary policy easing monetary policy easing through the reduction in the BI rate began to
have a positive impact on liquidity and lower interest rates. interest rates. This condition is
expected to increase the effectiveness of monetary policy in encouraging bank credit growth.
High LDR is caused by the intensity of intensity of banks in providing credit when deposits do
not grow. This increases the activity of trade and investment transactions, as well as increasing
the money supply and economic conditions (Setiawan & Pratama, 2019). economic conditions
(Setiawan & Pratama, 2019). In addition, Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR) is a ratio used to measure
the composition of total loans. ratio used to measure the composition of the amount of credit
provided compared to third party funds. with third party funds. This ratio measures the
liquidity of a bank. The higher the LDR, the less liquid the bank is because most of its funds are
Banking and Management Review 3

used for credit or financing. for credit or financing. Therefore, the higher the LDR, the greater
the possibility of bad debts. the occurrence of bad debts. In accordance with Bank Indonesia's
statement, a number of internal bank factors related to the Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR),
which is the ratio of total capital, including core and supplementary capital, to assets. core
and supplementary capital, to Risk Weighted Assets (RWA). CAR is indicator used by Bank
Indonesia to determine the minimum capital requirement of a bank. The higher the CAR, the
more capital the bank has. Based on Bank Indonesia Regulation Number 15/ 12 /PBI/2013, the
ideal NPL value according to Bank Indonesia's provisions is a maximum of 5%. Indicators used
to measure credit risk, namely the Non Performing Loan (NPL) ratio. The NPL ratio shows the
ability of bank management in managing non-performing loans granted by the bank. Banks
are required to maintain the NPL percentage below 5% in accordance with Bank Indonesia
regulations.
Credit is a loan provided by a bank to its customers to increase its business, namely in the
sense of achieving the desired profit. In practice, bank credit is a loan by a bank to its
customers to fulfill their needs in a certain amount and within an agreed period of time. fulfill
their needs in a certain amount and within a period of time that has been agreed upon
between the bank as a creditor and the customer as a creditor. together between the bank as
a creditor and the customer as a debtor, with the terms and conditions that have been agreed
upon. terms that have been agreed upon together as outlined in a credit agreement that
contains Among other things, the debtor's willingness to repay the principal and interest. The
ability to channel bank credit is influenced by various things that can be divided into two,
namely from the internal and external sides. From the internal side, namely the behavior of
bank credit supply not only influenced by funds sourced from Third Party Funds (DPK) but can
also be influenced by internal factors, such as Non Performing also influenced by internal
factors, such as Non Performing Loans (NPL) in banking when borrowers (debtors) cannot pay
credit loans and Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) seen from the Rario (CAR) which is seen from
how much capital adequacy banks have.
The condition of credit distribution can be seen from the DPK, LDR, NPL, CAR data which
is known from the banking statistics in the conventional commercial bank section published
by the Financial Services Authority (OJK). banking statistics on the conventional commercial
Banking and Management Review 4

bank section published by the Financial Services Authority for the period 2016-2022 as follows
Financial Services Authority for the period 2016-2022 as follows:
Table 1. Average DPK, CAR, NPL, LDR and Loan Disbursement Conventional Commercial
Banks for the Period 2016-2022
Credit
Years DPK LDR NPL CAR
Distribution
2016 4.836.758 79.73 3.08 22.47 4.337.195
2017 5.289.209 75.82 2.9 22.8 4.737.972
2018 5.372.841 92.19 2.57 22.55 5.092.584
2019 5.709.670 94.4 2.55 23.08 5.391.846
2020 6.338.774 87.96 3.01 22.51 5.235.027
2021 7.114.317 78.7 3.3 24.39 5.512.366
2022 7.724.561 79.84 3 25.21 6.100.964
Sumber: Data Processing Result,
2023
Based on table 1, it can be seen that the DPK collected in 2016-2022 has increased every
year. Judging from the Loan To Deposit Ratio (LDR) experiencing fluctuations in each year.
While the Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) fluctuates but not too significantly every year. but not
too significant every year. On the other hand, Non Performing Loan (NPL) looks still in good
condition because it is below 5% according to the rules given by Bank Indonesia. Likewise with
credit distribution which fluctuates every year.
According to research conducted by Muhamad Syahwildan and Parulian (2023) that Third
Party Funds (DPK) have a significant effect with a positive relationship on lending, Capital
Adequacy Ratio (CAR) has no effect on lending. lending, Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) has no
effect on bank lending, Non Performing Loan (NPL) has a significant effect with a negative
relationship with bank lending. banking, Non Performing Loan (NPL) has a significant effect
with a negative relationship to lending. Meanwhile, in research conducted by Husin and
friends (2022) that DPK has a negative and significant effect on lending. NPL does not has an
influence on lending.
This research was conducted because there are still inconsistent results in previous
studies. previously conducted as well as to further explore and develop existing research. have
existed before. Based on the above background, this research takes the title Factors Affecting
Banking Lending at Covensional Commercial Banks in Indonesia for the Period 2016 - 2022.
2. Literature Review
Banking and Management Review 5

2.1 Credit
According to Law No. 10 of 1998 concerning Banking, credit is the provision of money or bills
that can be equated with it, based on an agreement or agreement loan-borrowing agreement
between a bank and another party with the obligation of the borrower to repay the debt after
a certain period of time with interest. pay off the debt after a certain period of time with
interest. Furthermore, according to Frida (2020: 56), credit is defined as trust. Credit comes
from Latin, namely credere which means trust. The lender (creditor) believes in the recipient
of the loan (debtor) that the credit given will definitely be returned in accordance with the
agreement or agreement.
2.2 Third-party funds
Based on Indonesian Law No. 10 of 1998 concerning Banking, Third Party Funds (DPK) or
deposits are funds entrusted by the public to banks. Third Party Funds (DPK) or deposits are
funds entrusted by the public to banks based on deposit agreements in the form of current
accounts, deposits, certificates of deposit, and savings. based on deposit agreements in the
form of demand deposits, deposits, certificates of deposit, savings and or other forms that are
equated with it. Furthermore, according to Thian (2021: 41), Third Party Funds (DPK) are the
most important source of funds for bank operations and are a measure of the bank's success
if it is able to manage the funds. bank's operational activities and is a measure of the bank's
success if it is able to finance its operational activities from this source of funds. from this
source of funds. Broadly speaking, the source of bank funds can be obtained from three
sources, namely from the bank itself (first party funds), from other financial institutions
(second party funds), and funds from the public (third party funds). Meanwhile, according to
Putra and Saraswati (2020: 49), Third Party Funds (DPK) is a source of funds obtained from the
wider community and uses three types of deposits.
2.3 Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR)
LDR is the ratio between the amount of credit provided to the amount of third party funds
collected from the public consisting of current accounts, savings, and time deposits. third
party funds collected from the public consisting of current accounts, savings, and time
deposits. (deposits). This ratio is used to see how much third party funding sources that are
generally short-term are used to finance illiquid assets such as loans. are generally short-term
 Banking and Management Review 6

used to finance illiquid assets such as credit. According to Riyadi (2015: 199) "Loan To Deposit
Ratio (LDR) is the ratio of total credit to third party funds (DPK). to Third Party Funds (DPK)
collected by the Bank. According to Kasmir (2014: 225) "LDR (Loan To Deposit Ratio) is a ratio
used to measure the composition of the amount of credit given compared to the amount of
public funds and deposits. given compared to the amount of public funds and own capital
used”.
2.4 Non Performing Loan (NPL)
According to Bank Indonesia Regulation Number 17/11/PBI/2015 concerning Statutory
Reserves Commercial Banks in Rupiah and Foreign Currency, Non Performing Loan or
abbreviated as NPL is the ratio between the total amount of loans with substandard, doubtful,
and loss quality, to total credit. According to Dewi and Suryanawa (2018), Non Performing
Loan (NPL) is a ratio to measure the the level of non-performing loans or bad debts that occur
in a bank. The amount of percentage of Non Performing Loan (NPL) must be of particular
concern to management, because non-performing loans will cause bank health. Furthermore,
according to Cashmere (2015: 155), states that non-performing loans or bad debts are loans
that have obstacles caused by 2 elements, namely constraints caused by 2 elements, namely
from the bank in analyzing or from the customers (debtors) who intentionally or
unintentionally do not make payments.
2.5 Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR)
Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) is a capital adequacy ratio that is useful for accommodate the
risk of loss that the bank may face. Capital Adequacy Ratioshows the extent to which the bank
contains risks (credit, securities, bills) that are partly financed by public funds. financed by
public funds. The higher the Capital Adequacy Ratio, the more the bank's related ability to
bear the risk of each risky credit / productive asset. If the value of the Capital Adequacy Ratio
is high, the bank can finance operational activities and contribute significantly to profitability.
make a considerable contribution to profitability. An increase in Capital Adequacy Ratiocan
increase customer security which can indirectly increase customer confidence in the bank,
which then increases customer confidence in the bank, which can then have a positive impact
on the bank's profitability.
3. Method, Data, and Analysis
 Banking and Management Review 7

This research uses quantitative research, with descriptive and verificative analysis.
verificative analysis. The data in the study used secondary data with the collection method of
literature study, documentation study, and publication data reports sourced from statistical
reports. literature, documentation studies, and publication data reports sourced from
conventional banking statistical reports. conventional banking. The data that has been
collected is then tested using the classical assumption test which includes a normality test,
multicollinearity test, and a classical assumption test. including normality test,
multicollinearity test, heteroscedasticity test, and auto correlation test. Furthermore, multiple
linear regression analysis, correlation and determination coefficients, and hypothesis testing
were conducted T test and f test hypotheses using IBM SPSS Statistic version 27.
4. Result and Discussion
4.1 Descriptive Statistical Test
Descriptive statistical analysis is the presentation of data through tables, graphs, pie charts,
pictograms, calculation of mode, median, mean (measurement of central tendency) calculation
of deciles, percentiles, calculation of data distribution through average calculation, and
standard deviation percentage calculation. The results of research conducted descriptively in
this study can be seen in the following table:
Figure 1 Descriptive Statistical

Source : Data Processing Results, 2024

Based on the results of the descriptive analysis, all variables have a standard deviation
value smaller than the mean value which represents that the data deviation is low. Low data
deviation means that the data has been distributed evenly.
4.2 Normality Test
 Banking and Management Review 8

The normality test aims to test whether in the regression model, confounding and residual
variables have a normal distribution. To test the normality of the data, this study uses testing
with the normal Q-Q plot. The following is a normal Q-Q Plot graph on the normality test:
Figure 2 Normality Test

Source : Data Processing Results, 2024

The Normality Test using the Q-Q Plot above can be seen because the points are scattered in
the diagonal area, so the data can be declared normally distributed.
4.3 Heteroscedasticity Test
In this study, the authors used the gratic seaterplot to determine the presence or absence of
heteroscedasticity. The results of heteroscedasticity testing can be seen in the following figure:
Figure 3 Heteroscedasticity Test

Source : Data Processing Results, 2024

 Banking and Management Review 9

From the scatterplot graph, it can be seen that the points spread randomly and are well
distributed above and below the number 0 on the Y axis, so it can be concluded that there is no
heteroscedasticity.
4.4 Multicollinearity Test
The multicollinearity test aims to test whether the regression model found a correlation
between independent variables. In a good regression model, there should be no perfect or near
perfect correlation between the independent variables (correlation 1 or close to 1). Testing to
detect the presence or absence of multicollinearity in the regression model can be done by
looking at the Tolerance and VIF (Variance Inflation Factor) values.
Figure 4 Multicollinearity test

Source: Data Processing Results, 2024

From Table it can be seen that because the VIF value in this test is less than 10.00 and the
Tolerance value is greater than 0.100, it shows that there is no multicollinearity.
4.5 Autocorrelation Test
Autocorrelation test is conducted to test whether there is a correlation between confounding
error in period t and confounding error in period t-1 (previous) in a linear regression model. To
determine the occurrence of autocorrelation, it can be done with the Run Test test with the
following procedure:
1. If the value of Asymp. Sig (2-tailed) <0.05 then there are symptoms of Autocorrelation
2. If the value of Asymp. Sig (2-tailed) > 0.05 then there are no symptoms of Autocorrelation
 Banking and Management Review 10

Figure 5 Autocorrelation Test

Source: Data Processing Results, 2024

Based on the table above, it can be seen that the Run Test results by looking at the Asymp.
Sig. (2-tailed) of 0.178 then compared to a significant 0.05, it can be concluded that the data
correlation with the Run Test test does not occur autocorrelation.
4.6 Multiple Linear Regression Analysis
If the coefficient b has a positive value (+), it shows a unidirectional relationship between the
independent variable and the dependent variable, or it also means that an increase or decrease
in the magnitude of the independent variable will be followed by an increase or decrease in the
magnitude of the dependent variable. Meanwhile, if it is negative (-), it will show an opposite
relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable. After obtaining the
regression equation, classical regression assumption testing is then carried out which includes
multicollinearity test, autocorrelation test, and heteroscedasticity test. The following are the
data results from data processing using SPSS.
Figure 6 Multiple Linear Regression Analysis

Source: Data Processing Results, 2024

The results of data processing for multiple linear regression using the SPSS program can be
seen in the table and the multiple linear regression equation can be arranged as follows:
 Banking and Management Review 11

Y= 6.205+ (-0.080 X1) + (-0.137 X2) + (-0.599 X3) + 0.787 X4

(1)

The above equation can be described as follows:

1. α = 6.025, meaning that if the independent variables X1 and X2 are zero, then the
dependent variable Y will be 6.025.
2. The regression coefficient for the DPK variable (X1) is -0.080, which means it has a
negative value. This shows an opposite relationship between Third Party Funds and
Lending. Every addition of DPK by one percent will increase Lending by -0.080.
3. The regression coefficient for the Loan to Deposit Ratio (X2) variable is -0.137, which
means it has a negative value. This shows an opposite relationship between the Loan to
Deposit Ratio and Lending. Each addition of LDR by one percent will increase Lending by
-0.137.
4. The regression coefficient for the Non Performing Loan (X3) variable is -0.599, which
means it has a negative value. This shows an opposite relationship between Non
Performing Loan and Lending. Each increase in NPL by one percent will reduce Lending
by -0.99.
5. The regression coefficient for the Capital Adequacy Ratio (X4) variable is 0.787, which
means it has a positive value. This shows a unidirectional relationship between the
Capital Adequacy Ratio and Lending. Each addition of CAR by one percent will increase
Lending by 0.787.
4.7 Analysis of Correlation and Determination Coefficients
Correlation coefficient analysis is an analysis used to determine the relationship between
independent variables (Independent) and dependent variables (Dependent) that depend
together and to measure how much variation in changes in independent variables
(Independent) and explain variations in changes in dependent variables (Sugiyono, 2014: 228).
Figure 7 Analysis of Correlation and Determunation Coefficients
 Banking and Management Review 12

Source : Data Processing Results, 2024

Correlation coefficient analysis in the table R value of 0.946. the correlation is positive and
shows a very strong relationship between Third Party Funds (DPK), Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR),
Non Performing Loan (NPL), and Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) on Lending, because the value is
in the interval 0.80 - 1.00. Furthermore, the Coefficient of Determination that the R Square
value is 0.894 or 89.4%. this shows that Third Party Funds (DPK), Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR),
Non Performing Loan (NPL), and Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) on Lending is 89.4% and the
remaining 10.6% is influenced by other variables not examined.
4.8 Partial Hypothesis Test (T Test)
The t test or partial regression coefficient test is used to determine whether partially the
independent variable has a significant effect or not on the dependent variable. In this case, to
find out whether partially the variables of Third Party Funds (DPK), Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR),
Non Performing Loan (NPL), and Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) have a significant effect or not
on lending. Loan (NPL), and Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) have a significant effect or not on
lending.
Figure 8 Partial Hypothesis Test ( T Test)

Source : Data Processing Results, 2024

Based on the results in the table above, the following is a description of the partial test results
(t test):
1. The Third Party Funds (DPK) variable is known to have a tcount value of -1.547 ˂ able
2.064 and a significance value of 0.136 ˃ 0.05, so the Third Party Funds (DPK) variable
does not have a significant effect on Lending.
2. The Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR) variable is known to have a tcount value of -7.930 ˃
ttable 2.064 and a significance value of 0.01 ˂ 0.05, so the Loan to Deposit Ra o (LDR)
variable has an effect and is significant on Lending
 Banking and Management Review 13

3. Non Performing Loan (NPL) variable is known to have a tcount value of -5.508 ˃ able
2.064 and a significance value of 0.01 ˂ 0.05, so the Non Performing Loan (NPL) variable
has an effect and is significant on Lending
4. The Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) variable is known to have a tcount value of -3.802 ˃
ttable 2.064 and a significance value of 0.01 ˂ 0.05, so the Capital Adequacy Ra o (CAR)
variable has a significant effect on Lending.
4.9 Simultaneous Hypothesis Test (F Test)
The purpose of this F test is to test the effect of independent variables together on the
dependent variable.
Figure 9 Simultaneous Hypothesis Test (F Test)

Source : Data Processing Results, 2024

Simultaneous test results in table Third Party Funds (DPK), Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR),
Non Performing Loan (NPL, Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) obtained Fhitung 48.743 with a
significance of 0.001. Ftable value of 2.80. Based on these results, it is known that the
significance value of 0.001 ˂ 0.05 and the value of Fcount 48.743 ˃ Ftabel 2.80, then
simultaneously the variables of Third Party Funds (DPK), Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR), Non
Performing Loan (NPL, Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) are nurtured simultaneously on lending.
5. Conclusion and Suggestion
Based on the results of the above research, the following conclusions can be drawn:
1. The development of Third Party Funds, Loan to Deposit Ratio, Capital Adequacy Ratio, and
Non Performing Loan, at Conventional Commercial Banks in Indonesia for the period
2016-2022 experienced fluctuations in each quarter.
2. The effect of Third Party Funds, Loan to Deposit Ratio, Capital Adequacy Ratio, and Non
Performing Loan on Lending Partially, namely:
 Banking and Management Review 14

a. Partially, Third Party Funds (DPK) have no significant effect on Lending.

b. Partially Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR) has a significant effect on Lending.
c. Partially Non Performing Loan (NPL) has a significant effect on Lending.
d. Partially, the Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) has a significant effect on Lending.
3. Simultaneously, Third Party Funds (DPK), Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR), Non Performing
Loan (NPL), Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) together have a positive and significant effect
on Lending to Conventional Commercial Banks in Indonesia for the period 2016-2022.
Based on the conclusions in the research results above, the authors provide several suggestions
and are expected to be useful in the future for banks and other parties. The suggestions that can
be given include:
1. Banks are expected to be able to increase the collection of funds from the public so that funds
continue to increase, because Third Party Funds (DPK) are the main source of lending. Where
by increasing promotion of products owned, improving the quality of service to customers
and maintaining customer confidence in the bank. The increase in deposits needs to be
balanced with lending to increase bank income, while still paying attention to prudential
principles. Likewise, the Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR) of the bank must ensure an appropriate
balance between lending and the sustainability of bank liquidity. Keeping the Loan to Deposit
Ratio (LDR) at a balanced level can help banks avoid excessive liquidity risk and ensure the
availability of sufficient funds to meet customer needs. Non Performing Loan (NPL) which
fluctuates every quarter, therefore Conventional Commercial Banks in Indonesia can
maintain credit quality so that Non Performing Loan (NPL) remains low both by making
prevenive and respressive efforts. Meanwhile, the Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) variable
banks must ensure that the CAR remains above the minimum level set. Banks can adjust their
capital policy according to the risk of the credit portfolio.
2. For Investors, in carrying out their investment decisions to consider strategies in raising funds
and lending by applying the concept of prudence to the bank concerned so that the bank
remains in a healthy state in lending.
3. For further researchers, it is hoped that further research can be carried out by adding
variables that are thought to have an effect on Lending both at the same bank and other types
 Banking and Management Review 15

of banks, and further researchers are expected to increase the research period, this aims to
get stronger results and more recent observations.
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