LESSON 5: BUILDING AND ​ Feed ingredients are reduced in size because:

a. The amount of undigested grain

EQUIPMENTS passing through the animal is reduced.
b. Palatability of feeds is increased.
c. Wastage is reduced – animals
FEED PROCESSING cannot pick out less palatable
: Pelleted feeds dominate the market due to components of the feed.
their ease of storage, transport, improved nutrient d. More advantageous mixing and
absorption, and reduced waste. balancing rations is achieved.
: The cost of feed processing equipment
depends on the type of feed, production scale, and MIXING
specific processing requirements. : Under the precise pellet feed formula
control, various ingredients are put into the animal
feed mixing machine according to the proportion.
: The scientific mixing process of animal feed
mixer machine ensures that the nutrients are fully
mixed and homogenized, resulting in a high quality
feed ingredient.
​ : Manual Mixing – feed may be shovel-mixed
on a concrete floor or homemade box (Start with
SELECTION OF RAW MATERIALS feeds which make up the largest part of the mix,
: At the start of feed processing, mills should Liquid ingredients like molasses should first be
select high-quality raw materials based on market mixed with a major ingredient like ground corn.)
research and quality assessment. ​ : Mechanical Mixing – commercial batch
: Key ingredients include grains, legumes, mixer or continuous mixer.
fats, vitamins, and minerals.
: Partnering with reliable suppliers ensures Batch mixer All ingredients that
nutritional value and compliance with standards constitute less than
5% of the feed
CLEANING formula should be
added after the
: FEED CLEANER MACHINE mixer is 1/3 full and
: Upon arrival of raw materials, animal food before 2/3 of the
processing plants implement a strict acceptance total weight
program.
Continuous mixer Anything less than
: A cleaning step is performed to remove
5% is added during
foreign matter, impurities, and substandard the mixing time of a
ingredients to ensure purity and quality of animal particular batch of
feed pellets. feed.

CRUSHING PELLETIZING
: FEED CRUSHER : PELLETIZER MACHINE
: The raw material enters the crushing : The mixed raw materials are molded
equipment to be processed to obtain the desired through the animal feed pellet processing machine.
particle size and fineness - crucial for subsequent : This is the process of turning powdered
mixing. materials into pellets and is the most central step
​ : Specialized animal feed crusher machines in the entire animal feed production process.
are used in the animal feed pellet production line to : The size, shape and density of the pellets
pulverize the ingredients to the desired particle are controlled through the use of appropriate animal
size, helping the various ingredients of animal feed feed pelleting machine and equipment, utilizing
formulas can be evenly mixed to improve the overall
quality of the feed.
high pressure and molds to ensure that the quality BULK SILOS FOR RAW MATERIAL (Macro
of the final product meets standards. Ingredients)
: They ensure efficient storage, protection
COOLING AND DRYING from contamination, easy handling, and controlled
: FEED PELLET COOLER AND DRYING MACHINE dispensing for smooth feed production.
: After pelleting, the product enters a cooling
and drying system to remove residual moisture and RAW MATERIAL UNLOADING POINT (For
stabilize the product.
Warehouse)
: This process uses specialized animal feed
: It allows smooth transfer to storage and
pellet cooler machine and drying machine to ensure
processing.
that the product not only meets quality standards,
but also extends its shelf life.
RAW MATERIAL WAREHOUSE (Micro
PELLET CRUSHING (OPTIONAL) Ingredients)
: FEED PELLET CRUSHER/CRUMBLER : Stores micro ingredients like vitamins,
: Typically, some chicks and nestlings require minerals, and additives
crumbled feeds for ease of ingestion and improved
digestibility. FINISH GOOD AREA
: In addition, some livestock (cattle, pigs and : Stores processed feed before distribution.
sheep) and small mammals (rabbits and hamsters)
often require pellet crushing. RAW MATERIAL WAREHOUSE (Micro
Ingredients)
PACKING AND STORAGE : It ensures efficient handling, quick dispatch,
: ANIMAL FEED BAGGING MACHINE - to and contamination-free transport to customers.
package the products and store them in a
suitable environment.
: The feed production line uses packaging
materials that meet hygiene standards and strictly
LESSON 6: NUTRITIONAL
controls the packing process to ensure that the HEALTH MANAGEMENT
products are not contaminated or damaged during
transportation and storage.
: Suitable packaging and storage conditions EVALUATION OF FEED QUALITY
help maintain the freshness and quality of the
product and extend its shelf life.
Visual Examination
1. Color – typical bright, uniform color
2. Odor- clean, characteristic odor
BUILDING LAYOUT 3. Texture- reasonable particle size for the
product
BOILER SHED
4. Moisture – non-sticking, no wet spots
: Located away from living areas, offices, and 5. Uniformity – consistent color and texture
flammable materials. It must also have adequate 6. Temperature – no evidence of heating
storage for fuel based on its density, such as wood, 7. Absence of dirt, mold, sticks, metal objects,
oil, or husk. gravel and other foreign materials
8. No evidence of bird, rodent, or insect
RAW MATERIAL UNLOADING POINT (For Bulk contamination
Silos) 9. Dry and no evidence of previously being wet
: It allows smooth transfer to storage and
processing.
Microscopic Evaluation
1. Sampling and sample preparation
2. Separation
• Screening method
• Flotation technique
3. Examination

INTERPRETATION
: A higher ADG indicates efficient growth,
meaning animals reach market weight faster,
reducing production time and costs.
FEED CONVERSION RATIO (FCR)
: FCR is the amount of feed required to gain : A lower ADG may indicate poor nutrition,
one unit of body weight. It is a measure of feed health issues, or suboptimal housing conditions,
efficiency, with lower values indicating better which require intervention to improve productivity.
efficiency.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FCR & ADG
: Lower FCR values indicate better feed
efficiency, meaning less feed is needed for weight
gain.
: Higher ADG values indicate faster growth
rates, meaning animals reach market weight sooner.
: Efficient feeding strategies aim to achieve
an optimal balance between FCR and ADG for
maximum profitability.

NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT

NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS
INTERPRETATION : There are specialized agencies that monitor
: A lower FCR value indicates better feed and regulate the nutritional requirements of pets.
efficiency, meaning the animal requires less feed to
gain weight, leading to reduced feeding costs and Association of American Feed Control Officials
improved profitability. (AAFCO)
: A higher FCR value suggests poor feed
utilization, which may be due to low feed quality, European Pet Food Industry Federation (FEDIAF)
health issues, or suboptimal management practices.
Philippine College of
AVERAGE DAILY GAIN (ADG) Veterinary Feed Practice, Inc.
: ADG measures the average weight gain of an : A specialty college founded in 1998 that
animal per day over a specific period. promotes food safety and security and One Health
through responsible and ethical veterinary feed
practice.
 A complete and balanced diet must be:

1. Formulated to meet AAFCO minimum

profiles for a given life stage
2. Passed the feeding trials according to
AAFCO guidelines

NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT FOR

MATERNAL AND PEDIATRIC PATIENTS

MATERNAL MANAGEMENT

EARLY PREGNANCY
: Dam & Fetus DON’T require excessive extra
energy
: Ideal body condition is crucial for proper
hormonal balance

LATE PREGNANCY
: Fetal growth & lactation preparation =
Higher energy requirement
: Gastric compression by the uterus and
behavioral changes = Food intake can be decreased

IDEAL WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY

: At parturition: 15-25% more than
pre-breeding weight
• After birth: 5-10% more than pre-breeding
weight

FETAL MANAGEMENT
: Weight gain occurs DAILY.