Topic: Specialty Fibers
Content
S# Topics Pg. No
1: Specialty Fibers 1
2: Types of specialty fibers 1
3: Vinyon 1
4: Saran 2
5: Novoloid (kylon) 2
6: Polycarbonate fibers 3
7: Alginate Fiber 3
8: Fluorocarbon Fibers 4
9: Graft copolymer fiber (Chinon II) 4
10: Matrix Fiber (Cordelan) 5
11: Rook wool 5
12: Fiberglass 6 SUBMIT BY:
13: Asbestos 6 Ahmed Hussain
SUBMIT TO:
Sir Uzair Khan
Department:
TS 1A
1
Specialty Fibers
Manmade fibers that are generally the result of considerable research and have certain
characteristics which limit their use to narrow or specific areas of application.
Types of
Polymers Specialty Fibers
* Vinyon
Mineral Fibers
* Saran
*Novoloid (Kyonl) *Rook wool
*Polycarbonate fibers *Fibersglass
*Alginate fiber *Asbestos
*Fluorocarbon fibers
* Graft copolymer fiber
* Matrix fiber
Names Sources Properties Uses Pictures
1: Vinyl Chloride Flame Flame-
Monomer (VCM): The Resistant: Resistant
Vinyon primary raw material, Vinyon doesn't Fabrics: Used
"Vinyon" is
used to synthesize easily ignite and in protective
a synthetic
polyvinyl chloride is self- clothing,
fiber made
(PVC). extinguishing. curtains, and
from
upholstery.
polyvinyl
chloride Plasticizers (optional): Chemical Bonding Agent
(PVC) or Added to improve Resistance: in Nonwovens:
similar flexibility and Resistant to Due to its low
polymers. workability of the fiber. acids, alkalis, melting point,
It’s part of and most it's used as a
the vinyl solvents. heat-bondable
family of fiber in
fibers and is interlinings or
known for filters.
its flame Stabilizers/Additives: Low Moisture Industrial
resistance Protect the fiber from Absorption: Applications:
and degradation due to heat, Does not absorb Used in
chemical light, or chemicals. much water, insulation,
stability. making it chemical-
resistant to resistant fabrics,
mildew. and filtration
materials.
2
Names Sources Properties Uses Pictures
Vinylidene chloride Excellent Protective
monomer (CH₂=CCl₂) Chemical Clothing
The primary chemical used Resistance Used in suits and
in the production of the Resistant to acids, gear resistant to
2: Saran polymer. alkalis, and many chemical
Is a synthetic solvents. exposure
fiber made
from a type of
plastic
polymer called Acrylonitrile or other Low Gas and Upholstery and
polyvinyliden comonomers Moisture Home
e chloride Often added to improve Permeability Furnishings
(PVDC). It strength, flexibility, and Makes it ideal for As it resists
was originally processing properties. protective coatings moisture and
developed by and barriers. stains, it is used
Dow Chemical in curtains,
Company and
drapes, and
is best known
for its furniture
excellent coverings.
barrier Catalysts and stabilizers Good Tensile Industrial
properties. Help initiate and control the Strength and Filters and
polymerization process and Dimensional Coatings
protect the polymer from Stability Used where
degradation. Strong, durable, chemical
and retains shape resistance and
under stress. durability are
needed.
Names Sources Properties Uses Pictures
3: Novoloid Phenol Exceptional Flame Fire-Resistant
fiber (kylon) A primary raw material used to Resistance Clothing
is a type of make phenolic resin. Will not support Used by
phenolic combustion; chars but firefighters,
fiber, made does not melt or drip. welders, and
from novolac- industrial workers
type phenol- in high-heat
formaldehyde environments.
resins. It is Formaldehyde Chemical Resistance Protective Gloves
known for its Reacts with phenol to produce Resistant to organic and Mats
exceptional novolac resin. solvents and most Due to heat
flame acids and alkalis. resistance and
resistance and durability.
thermal Acid Catalyst (e.g., oxalic or Low Elastic Industrial Filters
stability, hydrochloric acid) Recovery Especially in high-
making it Helps control the resin Not suitable for temperature gas or
useful in high- polymerization process. stretch fabrics. chemical
temperature. processing
environments.
3
Names Sources Properties Uses Pictures
4: Bisphenol A (BPA) – The High Impact Protective
Polycarbona primary monomer used in Resistance – Textiles – Used
te fibers are the production of Strong and in safety
made from polycarbonate. shatterproof, garments, bullet-
polycarbonat polycarbonate resistant vests (as
e, a strong, fibers are durable a component),
lightweight under stress. and industrial
thermoplastic applications.
polymer. Phosgene (COCl₂) – Reacts Thermal Stability Medical
While with BPA in a – Can withstand Applications –
polycarbonat polymerization process to high temperatures Sutures, surgical
e is more form the polycarbonate (up to ~150°C) mesh, and other
commonly resin. without deforming. equipment that
used in solid benefit from
forms (like sterilization and
sheets or strength.
molded
Solvents and Catalysts – Optical Clarity & High-
items), it can
Such as methylene chloride UV Resistance – performance
also be spun
or sodium hydroxide, used Excellent light Sportswear –
into fibers for
during fiber production and transmission and Integrated into
specialized
extrusion can be treated for clothing needing
applications
UV resistance, durability,
making them flexibility, and
suitable for outdoor weather
use. resistance.
Names Sources Properties Uses Pictures
5: Alginate Brown Seaweed (e.g., Biodegradable & Wound
Fiber is a Laminaria, Macrocystis) – Biocompatible – Dressings –
natural bio- The primary natural source Safe for use in Especially for
polymer fiber of alginic acid. medical and burns, ulcers, and
derived from ecological surgical wounds
alginic acid, applications. due to its
which comes absorbent and
from brown healing
seaweed. It's properties.
valued for its Calcium Salts (e.g., High Absorbency Medical Textiles
biocompatibil calcium chloride) – Used to – Absorbs wound – Used in
ity and convert sodium alginate into exudate, making it bandages,
absorbent calcium alginate, which is ideal for wound surgical gauze,
properties, insoluble and suitable for dressings. and hemostatic
especially in fiber formation. dressings.
medical and
Sodium Carbonate or Non-toxic & Non- Eco-friendly
specialty
Sodium Hydroxide – Used irritant – Gentle Textiles – Used
textile
in the extraction and on skin, often used in sustainable
applications.
processing of alginic acid in sensitive or fashion or
from seaweed. therapeutic textiles. disposable
hygiene products
due to its natural
origin and
biodegradability.
4
Names Sources Properties Uses Pictures
6: Initiators (e.g., ammonium Exceptional Industrial
Fluorocarbo persulfate) – Used to start Chemical Filtration – Used
n Fibers are the polymerization process.. Resistance – in chemical
synthetic Resistant to acids, processing plants
fibers made bases, solvents, and due to their
from oils. resistance to
polymers corrosive
containing substances.
fluorine Tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) High Thermal Protective
atoms, such – The monomer used to Stability – Clothing – For
as synthesize PTFE or other Maintains integrity workers in high-
polytetrafluo fluorinated polymers. over a wide heat or
roethylene temperature range chemically
(PTFE) — (up to ~260°C). aggressive
commonly environments.
known by the
Water or Emulsifiers – Low Friction & Aerospace and
brand name
Employed in emulsion Non-stick Surface Electronics – In
Teflon.
polymerization to control the – Extremely low wiring insulation,
reaction and shape the fibers. surface energy gaskets, and seals
makes it slippery requiring
and resistant to durability and
contamination. inertness.
Names Sources Properties Uses Pictures
7:Graft Acrylonitrile – High Elastic Sportswear and
copolymer a petrochemical used as the Recovery: Stretchable
fiber synthetic backbone for strength Chinon II has Apparel:
(Chinon II) and durability. excellent elasticity Its elasticity and
consist of a and resilience, comfort make it a
main polymer making it ideal for good alternative to
backbone with stretchable fabrics. spandex or Lycra
side chains of in activewear.
different Natural protein (e.g., casein Heat and Chemical Industrial
polymers or soy) – Resistance: Applications:
grafted onto it. a renewable resource grafted Due to its polymer It’s used in
This structure for softness and moisture composition, it resists materials requiring
imparts absorption. degradation from toughness and
combined heat, solvents, and resistance to wear
properties of chemical exposure and chemicals,
the constituent better than many such as protective
polymers, other synthetic fibers. garments and
giving rise to filtration fabrics.
specialized
Polymerization initiators Moisture and Blending with
applications.
(e.g., benzoyl peroxide) – Weather Resistance: Natural Fibers:
chemicals that trigger and It retains its physical Chinon II is often
control the grafting process. properties even in blended with
humid or outdoor cotton or wool to
conditions, making it improve durability
suitable for industrial and elasticity
and outdoor without sacrificing
applications. comfort.
5
Names Sources Properties Uses Pictures
8: Matrix Vinyl Chloride – a Flame Resistant Protective
Fiber synthetic monomer – self- Clothing –
(Cordelan) derived from petroleum, extinguishing flame-resistant
is a flame- forms the main polymer when exposed to uniforms, lab
resistant structure. flame. coats, and gear.
synthetic Vinylidene Chloride – a High Chemical Home
fiber made co-monomer that enhances Resistance – Furnishings –
from vinyl chemical resistance and resistant to acids, curtains,
chloride and flame retardancy. alkalis, and many upholstery, and
vinylidene solvents. wall coverings
chloride, for fire safety.
known for olymerization Catalysts Dimensional Industrial
its chemical and Stabilizers – used to Stability – Textiles –
resistance initiate and control the maintains shape filters,
and reaction and improve and size under chemical-
durability in thermal/UV stability. heat and moisture. resistant fabrics,
protective and packaging.
and
industrial
applications.
Names Sources Properties Uses Pictures
Basalt or Diabase – Excellent Thermal
9: Rook natural volcanic rocks, the Insulation – both Insulation – in
wool (also primary raw materials. thermal and buildings,
known as acoustic HVAC systems,
mineral insulation and industrial
wool or properties. applications.
stone wool)
is a type of Recycled Slag – industrial Fire Resistance – Soundproofing
insulation byproduct from steel non-combustible, – used in walls,
material production, added to can withstand ceilings, and
made from improve properties and high temperatures. floors to reduce
natural sustainability. noise.
rocks and
minerals. Binding Agents – Non-toxic – safe Fireproofing –
chemicals like phenolic for use in various in construction
resins to hold the fibers applications materials and
together. without harmful fire barriers.
effects.
6
Names Sources Properties Uses Pictures
10: Silica Sand – the primary Lightweight and Construction –
Fiberglass raw material, providing Strong – offers insulation in
is a versatile the glass content. strength while walls, roofs,
material being relatively and pipes.
made from light in weight.
fine fibers Lime and Soda Ash – Thermal Automotive
of glass. It added to form the glass Insulation – Industry –
is widely composition. excellent heat lightweight
used for its resistance and body parts,
strength, insulation bumpers, and
durability, properties. hoods.
and Alumina and Boron – Corrosion Sports
insulation other materials used to Resistance – Equipment –
properties. modify the properties of highly resistant to surfboards, skis,
fiberglass (e.g., improving water, chemicals, and other
heat resistance). and equipment
environmental requiring
degradation. lightweight
strength.
Names Sources Properties Uses Pictures
11: Naturally Occurring High Heat Insulation – in
Asbestos Silicate Minerals – Resistance – can boilers, pipes,
fiber is a primarily chrysotile (white withstand and buildings
naturally asbestos), amosite extreme (mostly
occurring (brown), and crocidolite temperatures historical).
silicate (blue). without breaking
mineral down.
known for Mined from Rocks – Fibrous and Fireproofing
its high heat asbestos is extracted from Flexible – can be Materials – fire
resistance, metamorphic rock spun into yarn or blankets, brake
fireproofing deposits. woven into fabric. pads, and
ability, and flame-retardant
durability, fabrics.
but is
No Synthetic Additives – Fireproof and Cement and
hazardous to
it is used in raw or Non-Flammable Roofing Sheets
health and
processed natural mineral – widely used for – used in
now widely form. fire safety. asbestos cement
banned or products.
restricted.
