Solution

MORDERN PHYSICS

Class 12 - Physics
A
1.
(b) more than 2 volt
Explanation:
hc
eVo = Kmax = − ϕo
λ

Hence Vo increases, if wavelength λ decreases.

2.
(c) emission of electrons with different speeds, with a certain maximum speed
Explanation:
In photoelectric emission, there is the emission of electrons with different speeds, with a certain maximum speed.

3.
(c) T ∝ n
3

Explanation:
In Bohr's atomic model, T ∝ n
3

4.
(b) 1.05 × 10-34 Js
Explanation:
By absorbing 10.2 eV of energy, an electron jumps from ground level (n = 1) to the first excited state (n = 2).
∴ Increase in angular momentum
−34
2h h h 6.6×10
= − = =
2π 2π 2π 2×3.14

= 1.05 × 10-34 Js

5.
(c) the electrostatic force between protons is repulsive
Explanation:
Heavy nuclei, which are stable contain more neutrons than protons in their nuclei. The electrostatic force between proton-
proton is repulsive which causes the un-stability of the nucleus.

6.
(b) n

Explanation:
Number of photoelectrons emitted per second ∝ Intensity of incident light ∝ 1

2
r
n
When the distance is doubled from 0.5 m to 1 m, the number of emitted electrons reduces to 4
.

7.
(c) Scattering is predominantly due to a single collision
Explanation:
Scattering occurs due to collisions, mainly single collision. As number of target atoms increases, the chances of collision also
increases linearly. Increase in the thickness (t) of the foil increases the number of the target atoms and thus increases the
chances of single collisions.

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 8. (a) 1

Explanation:
At the distance of closest approach,
Initial K.E. of α -particle = Potential energy
k(Z e)(2e) 2
1

2
mv
2
=
r0
or r 0 =
4kZ e

2
mv
1
⇒ r0 ∝
m

9.
(d) much less than predicted by Rutherford’s model
Explanation:
A few small number of particles (1 in 8000) experienced a strong electrostatic repulsive force and thus deflected by more than
90o.

10. (a) slow down the neutrons

Explanation:
Heavy water slows down the neutrons in a reactor.
11. (a) n = 4 and n = 3 states
Explanation:
n(n−1)
= 6
2

n2 - n -12 = 0
( n - 4) (n + 3) = 0 or n = 4

12.
(d) 6
Explanation:
n(n−1) 4(4−1)
N umber of spectial lines , NE = = = 6
2 2

13.
(d) 1.76 ×10 11
Ckg
−1

Explanation:
1 2
eV0 = mv
2

6 2
2 (8.4× 10 )
e v 11 −1
= = = 1.76 × 10 CKg
m 2V0 2×200

Section B
14. For photoelectric emission wavelength of radiation must be lesser than the threshold wavelength.
Thus lights of wavelength 430 nm and 450 nm can cause photoelectric emission
Threshold frequency (ν ) o

= 5 × 1014 Hz
8
c 3×10
νo = λo
= −9
600×10

15. Photoelectric effect:

i. It is the emission of electrons from the surface of a material when electromagnetic radiation, such as light is incident on a
material.
Explanation: Wave nature of light does not explain about following concepts of the photoelectric effect because:
i. Immediate ejection of electrons from the metal surface.
ii. Existence of threshold frequency for the metal surface.
iii. Kinetic energy of photoelectrons is independent of the intensity of the incident light and depends on the frequency of the
incident light.

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16. It is found that the mass of a stable nucleus is always less than the sum of the masses of its constituent protons and neutrons in
their free state.
The difference between the rest mass of a nucleus and the sum of the rest masses of its constituent nucleons is called its mass
defect.
Consider the nucleus A
Z
X. It has Z pro (A - Z) neutrons. Therefore, its mass defect will be
Δm = Zmp + (A − Z)mn − m

where mp, mn and m are the rest masses of a proton, neutron and the nucleus A
Z
X respectively.

17. i.

ii. The entire positive charge and most of the mass of the atom are concentrated in a small space.
Many of the α -particles pass through the foil. It means that they do not suffer any collisions.
To deflect the α -particle backwards, a large repulsive force is required, which is provided only if the greater part of the mass
of the atom & its positive charge were concentrated tightly at its centre.
18. Bohr’s postulates:-
i. An electron in an atom could revolve in certain stable orbits without the emission of radiant energy.
ii. The electron revolves around the nucleus only in those orbits for which the angular momentum is some integral multiple of
h/2π
iii. An electron might make a transition from one of its specified nonradiating orbits to another of lower energy. When it does so,
a photon is emitted having energy equal to the energy difference between the initial and final states.
hν = E − E i ...(i) f

1
En ∝
2
n

1 1
En − En−1 = k [ − ]
2 2
(n−1) n

2 2
n −[n +1−2n]
= k
4 3 2
n −2n + n
2n−1
= k
4 3 2
n −2n + n

For large n, 2n − 1 ≅2n

2 2 4
n [n − 2n + 1] ≅n

En − En−1 ≅k
2n

4
≅
2k

3
...(ii)
n n

From equation (i) and (ii)

α
v ≅
n3

C
19. a. Given: The total energy of an electron in the first excited state of the hydrogen atom is about –3.4 eV.
The kinetic energy of the electron in this state = negative of the total energy = -E
Kinetic energy of the electron in this state = -(-3.4)eV = + 3.4 eV
b. Potential energy is given as the negative of the twice of the kinetic energy U = -2 × (3.4) eV
U = -6.8eV
Hence the potential energy of the electron in the given state is − 6.8 eV.
c. If the choice of the zero of potential energy is changed, then the value of potential energy of the system also changes and as
we know the total energy is the sum of kinetic energy as well as potential energy. Therefore, the potential energy will also
change.
20. The initial mechanical energy, E. of the two protons before the collision is given by
Ei = 2K

When the protons stop, their entire energy is the electrostatic potential energy. It is given by

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 2

U= 1

4πε0
⋅
e×e
=
1

4πε0
⋅
e

2R
(R+R)

By conservation of energy,
2
1 e
2K = ⋅
4πε0 2R

9 −19 2
2 9× 10 × (1.6× 10 )
1 e
∴ K = ⋅ = J
4πε0 4R −15
4×1×10
−14
−14 5.75×10
= 5.75 × 10 J = keV
−16
1.6×10

= 360 keV ≃ 400 keV.

This is approximately the coulomb barrier between two protons.
The temperature T at which protons in a proton gas would have enough energy to overcome the coulomb barrier between them is
given by
3
kT = Kav
2
2Kav
or T =
3k

Here Kav = 5.75 × 10-14J

Boltzmann constant,
−23 −1
k = 1.38 × 10 JK
−14
2×5.75×10 9
∴ T = ≈ 3 × 10 K
−23
3×1.38×10

21. I) The variation of photoelectric current with potential at different intensities but at same frequency is as shown below

iI) The variation of photoelectric current with potential at different frequencies but at same intensity is given as

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 D
22. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
According to wave theory, the light of any frequency can emit electrons from metallic surface provided the intensity of light be
sufficient to provided necessary energy for emission of electrons, but according to experimental observations, the light of
frequency less than threshold frequency can not emit electrons; whatever be the intensity of incident light. Einstein also proposed
that electromagnetic radiation is quantised.
If photoelectrons are ejected from a surface when light of wavelength λ 1 = 550 nm is incident on it. The stopping potential for
such electrons is Vs = 0.19 V. Suppose the radiation of wavelength λ 2 =190 nm is incident on the surface.

(i) (b) A, B, C
Explanation:
The existence of the frequency and the instantaneous emission of photo electrons support the quantum nature of light.
(ii) (d) frequency
Explanation:
For photoelectric emission, the incident light must have a certain minimum frequency, called threshold frequency.
(iii) (d) 4.47
Explanation:
4.47
(iv) (b) 2.07
Explanation:
W =
hc

λ1
− eVs
1
=
1240

550
− 0.19 = 2.07 eV
23. i. (c) 13.6V
ii. (b) Balmer series
iii. (b) 1 × 10-10 m
iv. (a) Lyman series
v. (a) 4:1

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24. i. (a): From, v̄ = 1

λ
= R(
1

2
−
1

2
)
n n
1 2

n1 = 1, n2 = 2 for first spectral line of Lyman series

7 −1
1 7 1 1 3×1.097×10
= 1.097 × 10 ( − ) = m
λ 2 2 4
1 2

−7 o o
4× 10 m 4000
λ = = A = 1215.4A
3×1.097 3×1.097

ii. (d): For wavelength limit, we put n 2 = ∞

\therefore 1

λ
= 1.097 × 10
7
(
1

2
−
∞
1
)
1
o o
1 1000
λ = m= A = 911.6A
7 1.097
1.097×10

iii. (b): For first line of Balmer series, n 1 = 2, n2 = 3

1 1 1
v̄ = = R( − )
λ 2 2
n n
1 2

c 1 1
v= = Rc ( − )
λ 2 2
n n
1 2

7 8 1 1
= 1.097 × 10 × 3 × 10 ( − )
2 2
2 3

15 5 14
= 1.097 × 3 × 10 × = 4.57 × 10 Hz
36

iv. (d): hv 2→1 = −13.6 (

1

2
−
1

2
) eV = 10.2eV
2 1

Emission is n = 2 → n = 1 i.e., higher n to lower n.

Transition from lower to higher levels are absorption lines.
1 1 2
−13.6 ( − ) = +13.6 ×
2 2 9
6 2

This is < E n = 2 → En = 1

v. (a): 2mav
1
= R[
1

2
−
1

2
] =
5R

36
2 3

1 1 1 R λmin 5R 4 5
= R[ − ] = ⇒ = × =
λmin 2 ∞ 4 λmax 36 R 9
2

−13.6
25. i. (c): E n =
2
(Z
2
)
n

In first excited state, E = 3.4 eV and E H2 He = -13.6 eV

So, H atom gives excitation energy
2

(13.6 - 3.4 = 10.2 eV) to helium atom

Now, energy of He ion = -13.6 + 10.2 = -3.4 eV
−13.6
Again, E = × Z
2
2

n
−13.6 2
⇒ −3.4 = × (2) ⇒ n= 4
2
n

2
13.6Z
ii. (c): 1

λ
=
hc
[
1

2
−
1

2
]
n n
1 2

Here, n 1 = 3 and n 2 = 4 ⇒ λ = 4.8 × 10

−7
m
2

iii. (iii) (a): Kinetic energy, K ∝ Z

n2
2
K Z 2
H2 H2 1 1
= ( ) = ( ) =
KHe ZHe 2 4

2 2
n h ε0
iv. (b): Radius of the permitted orbit is r = 2
πmZ e

For hydrogen atom in ground state, i.e.,

2
h ε0
n = 1, Z = 1 ⇒ r = 2
πme

v. (a): Angular momentum for hydrogen atom is L = nh

2π

For first excited state, n = 2, L = h

26. i. (d): For Balmer series, n1 = 2 (lower); n2 = 3, 4, .... (higher)

Therefore, in transition (VI), photon of Balmer series is absorbed.
ii. (c): In transition II,
E2 = −3.4eV, E4 = −0.85eV,
hc hc
ΔE = 2.55eV ⇒ ΔE = ⇒ λ = = 487 nm
λ ΔE
o

iii. (d): Wavelength of radiation = 1030 A

12400
ΔE = = 12.0eV
o

1030A

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 So, difference of energy should be 12.0 eV (approx.)
Hence for n1 = 1 to n2 = 3
En − En = −1.51eV − (−13.6eV) ≈ 12eV
3 1

Therefore, transition V will occur.

iv. (a): T ∝ r and r ∝ n ⇒ T ∝ n
2 3 2 2 6
⇒ T ∝ n
3

3 3
T1 n1 n1 n1

T2
= (
n2
) ⇒ 8 = (
n2
) or n2
= 2

v. (b)
C
27. a. If a beam of electrons having energy E0 is incident on a metal surface kept in an evacuated chamber the electrons may be
emitted with maximum energy E0 (due to elastic collision) and with any energy less than E0 (when part of energy of incident
electron is used in liberating electron from the metal).
b. Energy of the photon must be equal to the binding energy of proton.
So, energy of photon = 1 MeV = 106 × 1.6 × 10-19 J
−34 8

λ = hc

E
= 6.63× 10 ×3× 10

−13
= 6.63×3

1.60
× 10
−26+13

1.6×10

= 19.89

1.60
× 10
−13
= 12.43 × 10-13 = 1.243 × 101 × 10-13
= 1.243 × 10-9 × 10-3 = 1.24 × 10-3 nm
c. Intensity of radiation is the amount of photon energy incident on one square meter area per second.
Unit W/m2.
28. According to Bohr's postulates for hydrogen atom electron revolves in a circular orbit around the heavy positively charged
nucleus.
For a particular orbit, electron moves there, so it has kinetic energy.
Also, there is potential energy due to charge on electron and heavy positively charged nucleus. Hence, total energy (E) of atom is
sum of kinetic energy (K) and potential energy (U). i.e. E = K + U
Let us assume that the nucleus has positive charge Ze. An electron moving with a constant speed v along a circle of radius r with
centre at the nucleus. Force acting on electron due to nucleus is given by,
2 2
F = Ze /4πε0 r

The acceleration of electron = v2/r

If m = mass of an electron, then from Newton's second law
2 2
2 ze v
F = m (v /r) ⇒ = m( )
2 r
4πε0 r

⇒ r = Ze /4πε0 mv ................(i)
2 2

From Bohr's quantisation rules

mvr = n ..........(ii)
h

2π

where n is positive integer

Substituting the value of r from Eq (i), we get
2
Ze h
mv
2
= n
2π
⇒ v = Ze /2ε0 hn
2
..........(iii)
4π ε0 (m v )

2 4
Z e
Kinetic energy, K = 1

2
mv
2
=
2 2 2
............(iv)
8ε h n
0
2

Potential energy of the atom, U = − Ze

4π ε0 r
...........(v)
Using Eq. (iii) in Eq. (i), we get
2 2 2 2 2
2 4ε h n ε0 h n
Ze 0
r = = ⇒ r =
2 2 2
(4π ε0 )mZ e πmze
(Ze2 )

4π ε0 m
2
(2ε0 hn)

Using value of r in Eq. (v), we get

2 2 4
−Z e −Z e m
U = =
2 2 2 2
2 2 4ε h n
4π ε0 ( ε0 h n /πmZ e ) 0

This implies, K = -2U

So, the total energy in nth energy level of hydrogen atom is
2 4 2 4 2 4
mZ e mZ e Z e m
E = K + U = + − = −
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
8ε h n 4ε h n 8ε h n
0 0 0

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