jkpo; nkhopAk;

,yf;fpaKk;
10/11
juk;
Fw;whyf;FwtQ;rp

jpU.Nah.rptFkhu;
B.A.N Dip – in Phy, PGDE M.A, Med,m .Phil

BRIGHT INSTITUTE
No. 17/1 BAIL CROSS ROAD BATTICALOA.
0716627800
 Fw;whyf;FwtQ;rp
FwtQ;rp tpsf;fk;
 nkhop fhye;NjhWk; tsu;r;rpaile;J fhyj;Jf;Nfw;g mt;tf; fhyq;fspy; kf;fshy;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;ngWk;. kf;fSf;F Ntz;ba cz;ikfisf; $wp> ey;topfisf;
nfhz;L ,yfpnahspu;tJ ,aw;ifahFk;. mt;thNw gpw;fhyj;jpy; ek; jkpo;
nkhopapYk; Ngupyf;fpaq;fshfTk; rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fshfTk; Njhd;wpa E}y;fs;
gythFk;.
 rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs; njhz;Z}w;whW tifahf gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mit>,ul;il
kzpkhiy> Kk;kzpf;Nfhit> ehd;kzpkhiy> fyk;gfk;>me;jhjp> gs;S> Fwk;
Kjypad thfr;nry;fpd;wd. ,tw;Ws; gs;S> Fwk; vd;gd tpsf;fpg; ghb
Kbtilfpd;wd. ,jpy; FwtQ;rp vd;gJ Fwg;ngz;iz Fwpj;J epw;fpd;wJ. jkpopNy
Njhd;wpa FwtQ;rpfSs; jpup$luhrg;g ftpuhauhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l Fw;whyFwtQ;rpNa
kpf rpwe;jjhf ,d;Wk; Nghw;wg;gLfpwJ
 kiythzu; Fwtu; vdg;gl;lhu;. mf;Fbapy; Njhd;wpats; FwtQ;rp vdg;gl;lhs;. tQ;rp
– tQ;rpf;nfhbia xj;j ngz; MfNt> Fwtu; FbapNy gpwe;j tQ;rpf;nfhbia xj;j
ngz; vd;gjhFk;..
 Fwj;jpiaf; Fwpj;J: mts; epiy> mts; thOk; kiy> mk;kiy ,Uf;Fk; eh
Lefu; Kjypatw;iwAk;;: Mltu; njhopy;fs;> tdq;fspy; thOk; tpyq;Ffs;>
gwitfs;> Kjypatw;iw gLj;Jf;nfhz;L tuYk;: ngz;fs; njhopy;fs; - $il
Kiljy;> fapW nra;jy;> gupkiz> cup Kjypad GidjYk; Fwp$wy;
KjypadTkhk;. ,tw;iwnay;yhk; cs;slf;fpf; $WtJ ,e;E}ypd;
cl;fplf;ifahFk;.
 FwtQ;rp E}y;fspy; xU jiytNdh> flTsNuh cyhtu mtiuf; fz;l Ngij>
ngJk;ig> kq;if> kle;ij> mupit>njupit> Ngupsk;ngz; Mfpa VO tifg; gUt
kfspUk; fhjypj;J ciuAzu;tpoe;J epw;g: mtUs; vy;yh eyKk; xUq;fike;j
,seq;if xUj;jp cyhte;j jiytidf; fhjypj;J fq;F fiuapy;yhJ fhjy;
kaq;fq; fiu Guz;Nlhl epw;ghs;. fhjyhy; ce;jg;gl;L tUe;Jk; epiyapdshfpa
kq;iff;F iff;Fwp ghu;j;J: mts; fhjypj;j jiytNd fztdhff; fpl;Lthd;.
vd;W Fwj;jp $Wtjhf mikAk; gFjpNa rpwe;jJ. Mjypd; mr;rpwg;Gg; gw;wpf;
FwtQ;rp vd mg;ngauhy; E}w;Fg; ngaupl;ldu;. Filrpapy; jiytdpd; rpwg;gpid
tho;j;JjUld; KbtilAk;. Fw;whyf;FwtQ;rp jpUf;Fw;whyk; vd;Dk; jpUj;jyj;jpy;
vOe;jUspapUf;fpd;w jpUf;Fw;why ehjUila Gfiog; ghLtijg; gpujhd
Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;lJ.
 Fwj;jp kiytsk; $Wjy;

1. thduq;fs; fdpnfhLj;J ke;jpNahL nfhQ;Rk;

ke;jp rpe;J fdpfSf;F thd; ftpfs; nfQ;Rk;
fhdtu;fs; topnawpe;J thdtiu miog;gu;
ftd rpj;ju; te;J te;J fharpj;jp tpisg;gu;
NjdUtp jpiunaOg;gp thdpd; topnahOFk;
nrq;fjpNuhd; gupf;fhYk; Nju;ff
; hYk; tOFk;
$dypsk; gpisKbj;j Ntzpayq;fhuu;
Fw;whyj; jpup$l kiynaq;fs; kiyNa.

nghUs; :- Mz; Fuq;Ffs; gytifahd goq;fisAk; gwpj;Jf; nfhz;L te;J nfhLj;Jj;

jk; ke;jpfNshL nfhQ;rpf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; mg;NghJ mk; ke;jpfs; fPNo rpe;Jfpd;w
fdpfSf;fhf vjpu; ghu;j;Jj; Njtu;fSk; nfQ;rpf;nfhz;bUg;ghu;fs;. fhdtuhfpa NtLtu;fs;
jk; fz;fshy; cw;W Nehf;fp me;j thdtu;fis fPNo tUkhW mioj;Jf;nfhz;bUg;gu;.
thdpNy ,aq;Fk; rpj;ju;fs; gyUk; mbf;fb te;J te;J fharpj;jp %ypiffis
tsu;j;Jf;nfhz;bUg;ghu;fs;. NjdUtpahdJ miyfs; NkNy vOg;gpr; nrd;W thdpd;
topahf xOfpf; nfhz;bUf;f mjdhy;> nrq;fjpNuhdpd; Nju;f; Fjpiufspd; fhy;fSk; Nju;r;
rf;fuq;fSk; tOf;fp tpoTk; NeUk; tise;j ,sk; gpiwapidj; jk; rilapNy
Kbe;jpUf;Fk; mofpid cilatuhd Fw;why ehjupd; mj;jifa tsKila jpup$l
kiyjhd; vq;fSila kiy MFk;.

tpsf;fTiu :- Fwj;jp kiytsk; $WtjD}lhf>

 jpUf;Fw;why kiyapd; rpwg;G mq;Nf Nfhtpy; nfhz;L vOe;jUspapUf;Fk; Fw;why
ehjupd; ngUikAk; xUq;Nf gy mzpfisf; ifahz;L tpsf;fpAs;sik. rpwg;Gf;Fk;
Ritf;Fk; cupaJ.
 Fuq;Ffs; ke;jpfSld; nfhQ;rpf; nfhz;bUj;jy;> ke;jpfs; rpe;Jk; fdpfSf;fhf
thd; ftpfs; Vq;Fjy;. NtLtu;fs; thdtu;fis fPNo tUkhW mioj;jy;.
 thdpy; jpupAk; rpj;ju;fs; %ypifr; nrbfis tsu;j;jy;.
 fjputdpd; NjupNy G+l;lg;gl;l VO Fjpiufspd; fhy;fSk;> Nju;r;rpy;YfSk; tOf;fp
tpOjYk; ,q;Nf ehs;NjWk; ,aw;ifahf eilngWfpd;w mw;Gj epfo;TfshfTk;
vdf;$Wtjd; %yk; mk;kiyapd; ,aw;if vopYk;> jtOk; njd;wYk;> cliy
cWjpahf ePbf;fr; nra;Ak; %ypiffSk; jtOk; kiyahFk; vd;W $wp ,k;
kiyapd; njhd;ikahd rpwg;G ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 ,t;thwhd ,aw;if vopy; kpFe;jJk; gy rpwg;Gf;fis cs;slf;fpaJkhd Fw;why
kiyapNy jhd; Fw;why ehju; Nfhtpy; nfhz;Ls;shu; vdf; $Wk;NghJ mtupd;
Nkyhd rpwg;Gk; ntspg;gLk;.

“NjdUtp jpiunaOg;gp thdpd; topnahOFk;

ke;jp rpe;J fdpfSf;F thd; ftpfs; nfQ;Rk;”

vd;gd cau;T etpw;rp mzpahFk;.

 mUtp ghAk; NghJ kiyapNy cs;s Njd;$LfisAk;> kyu;fspNy cs;s NjidAk;
Rke;J nfhz;L gha;e;J nry;Yk;: mjdhy; > mt;tUtp Njd;epiwe;jjhf tpsq;fpaJ
vdf;$wp mUtpapd; rpwg;G ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Fwpg;G :- nrq;fjpNuhd; gupf;fhYk;…. vd;gjpy; #upaDld; gupia ,izj;Jf; $Wtjw;F
fhuzk; ahnjdpy; #upad; VO Fjpiufs; g+l;lg;gl;l NjupNy gtdp tUfpwhd; vd;w IjpfNk
MFk;.

mUk;gjq;fs; :-
 thdu; - (Mz;) Fuq;F
 fdp - gok;
 ke;jp - ngz; Fuq;F
 thd;ftpfs; - thdpYs;s Njtu;fs;
 fhdtu; - Ntlu;
 thdtu; - Njtu;
 ftdrpj;ju; - thdj;jpNy ,aq;Fk; rpj;ju;fs;
 fjpNuhd; - #upad;
 gup - Fjpiu Nju;
 Nju; - ,ujk;
 $dy; - tisT
 gpiw - re;jpud;
 2. Koq;F jpiug; GdyUtp foq;nfLj; jhLk;
Kw;wnkq;Fk; gue;J ngz;fs; rpw;wpiyf; nfhz;NlhLk;
fpoq;F fps;spj; NjndLj;J tsk;ghb ebg;Nghk;
fpk;Gupapd; nfhk;ngLj;J ntk;Gjpid apbg;Nghk;
nrOq; Fuq;F Njkhtpd; goq;fisg; ge;jbf;Fk;
Njdyu; nrz;gf thrk; thDyfpy; ntbf;Fk;
toq;F nfhil kfuhru; FWk; gytpdPru;
tsk;ngUFk; jpup$l kiynaq;fs; kiyNa.

nghUs; :- Kof;fkpLk; miyfisAila ePu; tPo;r;rpahdJ jhDk; fyq;fhLtJ Nghy

Kj;Jf;fisr; nrhupe;J nfhz;bUf;Fk;. mt;tUtp KOtjpYk; gutp fhdtu; kidfspy;
rpwpa tPLfisAk; nfhz;L Xbf;nfhz;bUf;Fk;. kiyr;rhupYs;s fpoq;Ffisf; fps;sp
vLj;Jk; Njd;> ,why;fis vLj;Jk;> kiy tsq;fisg;ghbAk; ehk; eldkhLNthk;. fspw;W
ahidfspd; nfhk;Gfis xbj;Jf;nfhdu;e;J G+z; fl;b mjdhNy> tWj;j jpidapid
cuypNy ,l;L ,bg;Nghk;. Fuq;Ffs; ,dpa khkuj;jpd; goq;fisg; gwpj;Jg; gwpj;J
ge;jhLtJ Nghy vwpe;Jnfhz;bUf;Fk;. Njd; epiwe;j rd;gf kyupd; thrNkh thdNyhfk;
tiu nrd;W guTk;. mUNshL mbatu;fSf;F toq;Fk; nfhilj; jd;ikapid cila
kfhuhru; jpUf;Fw;why ehju;. FWk;gyhtpdbapNy Nfhapy; nfhz;bUf;Fk; <ruhfpa
mf;Fw;why ehjUila tsk; ngUfpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; jpup$l kiyNa vq;fs; kiyahFk;.

tpsf;fTiu :- ,g;ghlypy; Fwj;jp kiytsk; $wpaJ MFk;.

 ePu;tPo;rr
; p gha;e;NjhLjy;> fhdtu; rpw;wpy;fisAk; nfhz;NlhLjy;> fpoq;Ffs;> Njd;>
,why; tsq;fisg; gw;wp ghb eldkhLjy;> ahidfspd; je;jq;fSf;Fg; G+z; fl;b
jpiz ,bj;jy;> Fuq;Ffs; khq;fdpfisg; gwpj;J vwpe;J nfhz;bUj;jy;> rd;gfg;
g+tpd; thrk; kpFjpahf tPRjy; vd;W gy ,aw;if tsq;fisf; nfhz;L
tpsq;FfpwJ vdf; $Wtjd; %yk; kiy tsk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

 foq;F vd;gJ ngz;fshy; tpisahlg;gLk; tpisahl;lhFk;. ,J Rw;wpr; Rw;wp

Mlg;gLk;. mJNghy ePuUtpfs; Kj;Jf;fisr; Rw;wpr; Rw;wp cUl;br; nry;Yfpd;wd
vd ctik %yk; ntspg;gLj;jpAs;shu;.

ctkhdk; - foq;F tpisahly;

ctNkak; - mUtp Kj;Jf;fis cUl;ly;
nghJj;jd;ik - Nru;j;jy;

 rd;gf kyu; kpFe;j thrKilaJ vd;gij ntspg;gLj;jp mjd; thrkhdJ thDykk;

tiu kzk; tPRfpwJ vd;W $Wtjdhy; cau;Tetpw;rp mzpiaf; ifahz;L
tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ.
“Njdyu; nrz;gf thrk; thDyfpy; ntbf;Fk;”

mUk;gjq;fs; :-

 Koq;F - Xir
 jpiu - miy
 rpw;wpy; - kzy; tPL
 fpk;Gup - G+z;G+l;b
 Njdyu; - Njd; epiwe;j
  thDyF - NjtNyhfk;
 ntbf;Fk; - guTk;
 nrOq;Fuq;F - ,sikahd Fuq;F

3. #oNkjp ,wq;Fk; Jiwapw;

nrhupAk; ghiyg; gUfpa this
$io thrg; gyhtpdpw; gfaf;
nfhOk; gyhf;fdp thioapw; rha
thio rha;e;njhU jhioapw; whf;f
tUtpUe;Jf;F cgrupg;ghu; Nghy;
jhio Nrhwpl thio Fuj;jpLQ;
re;jpu #lu; njd; dhupa ehNl.

nghUs; :- vUik khLfs; $l;lkhf ,wq;Ffpd;w ePu;j; Jiwaplj;Nj jk;fd;iw epidj;Jf;

nfhl;ba ghiyf; Fbj;j this kPd;fs; Fl;ilahfTs;s kzk; nghUe;jpa gyh kuj;jpd;
NkNyupg; gha> mjdhy; cjpu;e;j nropg;Gs;s gyhg;gok; thioapd; Nky; tpo> thio kuq;fs;
Kwpe;J jhioia Nkhj mJ te;j tpUe;jpdUf;F Kfkd; $wp tpUe;J nra;fpd;wtu;fisg;
Nghy jd;kly; tpupe;J nts;spa jd; kfue;jj;NjhL $ba G+f;fisr; NrhW Nghy; fPNo
nrhupa thiofs; mr;Nrhw;Wf;F ,iy NghLthu; Nghyj; jd; ,sq;FUj;J ,iyfis
ePl;Lfpd;w ,sk;gpiwia mzpe;j jpUf;Fw;whyehjUf;Fupa njd; ghYs;s rpwe;j ,e;ehNl
vq;fs; ehlhFk;.

tpsf;fTiu :- ehl;L tsk; $WfpwJ ,g;ghly;

 $iog;gyh kuq;fs; fl;ilahf tsUk; jd;ikAilad. mjdhNy> this kPd;fs;
gha;e;J jhf;Ftjw;F Vw;witahjyhy; kzk; tPRk; gyhf;fdpfs; kPJ gha
gyhf;fdpfs; kPJ gha gyhf;fdpfs; cjpu;fpd;wikAk;;@

 vUikf;$l;lq;fs; ePu; epiwe;j ngha;ifapNy (Fsk;) ,wq;fpaTld; mtw;wpd;

Kiyfspy; this kPd;fs; Kl;b Nkhj mtw;iwf; fd;Wfs; vd;W epidj;Jg;
ghiyr; nrhupfpd;wd vd;Wk;

 gyh> thio> jhio Mfpa fdpjU kuq;fs; epiwe;J fhzg;gLfpd;w tsehL vdf;
$wg;gLtjhy;@ ,q;Nf ePu;tsk;> epytsk;> gapu;tsk;> tpyq;Ftsk;> kPd;tsk;>
ghy;tsk;> gad;jU fdpfspd; jUf;fs; vd vy;yh tsq;fshYk; epiwe;J rpwe;J
tpsq;FtJ vdf;$wp ehl;Ltsr;rpwg;ig rpwg;ig ntspg;gLj;Jfpwhs; Fwj;jp.
 “jhio Nrhwpl thio Fuj;jpl” vd;gJ cUtf mzpahFk;. jhok; G+f;fs; nrhupjYk;
thio ,sq; Fuj;J tpupjYk; - thioapNyNa NrhwpLjy; Nghy; cs;sJ gw;wp
,t;thW $wpAs;shu;.
mUk;gjq;fs; :-
 Nkjp - vUik
 Jiw - ePu;epiy(Fsk;)
 $io - fl;il
 re;jpud; - gpiwr;re;jpud;
 4. khj %d;W kioAs;s ehL
tU~ %d;W tpisTs;s ehL
Ntj %d;Wk; gyhTs;s ehL
tpNr~ %d;Wq; FyhTs;s ehL
Nghj %d;W eyQ; nrA ehL
Gtd %d;WU thd Fw;why
ehj uhupa ehnlq;fs; ehNl.

nghUs; :- khje;NjhWk; %d;W kio jtwhJ nga;fpd;w ehLk; ,JNt@ Mz;Lf;F Kg;NghfKk;
tpisfpd;w ehLk; ,JNt. kiwfisNa jd; Ntu;> kuk;> gad; vdf; nfhz;L epiyj;J
epw;fpd;w FWk; gyhkuj;jpid cila ehLk; ,JNt. epj;jpak;> iekpj;jpak;> fhkpak; Mfpa
%tif topghLfSk; jtwhky; elf;fpd;w nka;awpT epiy nfhz;L mjdhy;> ed;ikfs;
nra;fpd;w ehLk; ,JNt. Nky;> eL> fPo; Mfpa %d;W cyfq;fSk; tykhfr; Rw;wp
tzq;Ffpd;w ehLk; ,JNt. ehj jj;Jtg; nghUsha; ehd;Kfd;> jpUkhy;> mud; vd %tu;
tbTkhd Fw;why ehjupd; Mupa ehNl vq;fs; ehlhFk;.

tpsf;fTiu :- ,g;ghlYk; ehl;L tsj;ij $WfpwJ.

 khjk; Kk;khup nghopjy;> tUlj;Jf;F Kg;Nghfk; tpisjy;> Ntjq;fs; epiyngWjy;.

 epj;jpa> iekpj;jpa> fhkpak; Mfpait jtwhJ eilngWjy;> gpwg;G>tho;T>

,wg;Gf;fspy; ed;ik tpistpj;jy;> %Tyfq;fSk; jpup$lj;ij tykhfr; Rw;wp
tUjy;> ehjkakhd ,iwtd; %tbtq;fs; nfhz;L thOjy; Mfpad kdpjdpd;
nka;awpit epiyngwr;nra;J Md;k <Nlw;wj;Jf;F Jiz epw;gJk; jpUf;Fw;why
ehju; tho;tJkhfpa kiy vd ehl;L tsk; rpwg;ghff; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

%d;W kio - Kk;khup

%d;W tpisT - Kg;Nghfk;
%d;W Ntjk; - ,Uf;F> aRu;> rhkk;
%d;W tpNr~k; - epj;jpak;> iekpj;jpak;> fhkpak;(g+irfs;)
%d;W Nghjk; - gpwg;G>tho;T>,wg;G
%d;W Gtdk; - Nky;> eL> fPo;
%d;W cU - jpUkhy;>tp~;Z> rptd;

mUk;gjq;fs; :-
 tU~k; - Mz;L
 Ntjk; - kiw
 eyk; - ed;ik
 Gtdk; - cyfk;
 ehjk; - ,ir
 ehju; - jpUf;Fw;whyehju;
 5. ePq;ff; fhz;gJ Nru;e;jtu; ghtk;
neUq;ff; fhz;gJ fd;dypy; nre;ney;
J}q;ff; fhz;gJ khk;gof; nfhj;J
Royf; fhz;gJ g+e;japu; kj;J
tPq;ff; fhz;gd kq;ifau; nfhq;if
ntbf;ff; fhz;gJ nfhy;iyapd; Ky;iy
Naq;ff; fhz;gJ kq;fy Ngup
aPru; Mupa ehnlq;fs; ehNl.

nghUs; :- ,e; ehl;bid te;jile;J ,Ug;gtu;fs; jk;kplkpUe;J NghFk;gb fhzf;fplg;gd

jq;fsplKs;s ghtq;fNs MFk;. ,e;ehl;by; neUf;fkhf fhzg;gLtd fUk;GfNshL Nru;e;j
new;gapu;fNs MFk;. ,q;Nf njhq;fpf; nfhz;bUf;ff; fhz;gnjy;yhk; khk;gof; nfhj;Jfs;
jhk;. ,q;Nf Rod;W nfhz;bUf;ff; fhz;gnjy;yhk; japu; filAk; mofpa kj;Jf;fs; jhk;.
,q;Nf ngupjhfg; gUj;Jf; fhz;gnjy;yhk; ,s kq;ifau;fspd; nfhq;iffshk;. kyu;e;J
fplf;ff; fhz;gnjy;yhk; Njhl;lj;jpNy cs;s Ky;iy mUk;Gfs; jhk;. Koq;ff; nfhs;sf;
fplg;gd vy;yhk; kq;fskhd Ngupiffspd; xypahFk;; ,j;jifa jd;ikAila jpUf;Fw;why
ehjUf;F cupa ,dpa ,e;ehNl vq;fs; ehlhFk;.

tpsf;fTiu:- ,g;ghlYk; ehl;L tsj;ij $Wtjhf mike;Js;sJ.

 jpUf;Fw;whyehju; tPw;wpUf;Fk; ,k; kiyia te;jilgtu;fspd; ght tpidfis

ePf;fptpLk; vd;Wk; ,q;Nf> fUk;G> ney;> kh> Ky;iy Mfpa jUf;fs;(kuq;fs;)
vy;yhk; nropg;ghf tsu;r;rpaile;J kpFe;j gyidj; jUtd vd;Wk;>
 ,s kq;ifau;fspd; nfhq;iffs; kpFe;j ,d;gj;ijg; ngw;wjdhy; tPq;fpf;
fhzg;gLjy;>
 Ky;iy kyu;fspd; mUk;Gfs; ntbj;jy;>
 Ngupiffspd; kq;fs xyp vd vy;yh eyq;fSk;> tsq;fSk; epiwe;j ehL vd;W
ehl;L tsr; rpwg;ig ntspg;gLj;Jfpwhu;.

mUk;gjq;fs;:-
 fd;dy; - fUk;G
 G+e;japu; - Ritahd japu;
 ntbf;f - kyuÆgpsf;f
 nfhy;iy - tPl;bd; Gwk;> Ky;iyepyk;
 Ngupif - KoT