音标

英语国际音标表（48 个）
元音（20 个）
长元音 /ɑ:/car /ɔ:/horse / ɜ:/world /i:/heal /u:/soup
短元音 /ʌ/ /ɒ/ /ə/ /ɪ/ /ʊ/ /e/ /æ/
双元音 /eɪ/ /aɪ/ /ɔɪ/ /ɪə/ /eə/ /ʊə/ /əʊ/ /aʊ/
辅音（28 个）
轻辅音 /p/ / t/ / k/ /f/ /θ/ /s/
浊辅音 /b/ /d/ /g/ /v/ /ð/ /z/
轻辅音 /ʃ/ /h/ /ts/ /tʃ/ /tr/
浊辅音 /ʒ/ / r/ /dz/ /dʒ/ /dr/
鼻音 /m/ /n/ /ŋ/
半元音 /j/ /w/
边音 /ǀ/
*嘴巴的形状会直接影响到发音的效果，口型对了，不需要短促有力，发多久也是对的

元音
单元音

1. /i:/ /i/ /e/ /æ/

1). /i:/
音高 咧嘴 舌尖抵下齿， 像笑一样
/i:/ 发这个音的字母和字母组合 e ea ee
bee/bi:/ meat /mi:t/ team /ti:m/ sheep/ʃiːp/
piece/pi:s/ keep /ki:p/ sweet /swi:t/ thief /θi:f/
eg. Can you see the green leaves of each tree in the field.
Speeding on the freeway.
He and she.

2). /i/
嘴唇微张，舌尖抵下齿，舌前部稍微抬高，舌头略微向后缩
/i/发这个音的字母和字母组合 i e(begin) y(happy) ey(monkey) ay（sunday）
 big /big/ dig /dig/ kick /kik/ tip /tip/
zip /zip/ quick /kwik/ fish/fiʃ/ nick /nik/ Jim /dʒim/
eg. Be quick! Be quick! We’ll go to the cinema. What is it? It is a ticket.

*/i:/ & /i/对比练习：

sit/sit/ ship/ʃip/
seat/si:t/ sheep/ʃiːp/
hit/hit/ hill/hil/
heat/hi:t/ heal/hi:l/
sleep/sli:p/ eat/i:t/
slip/slip/ it/it/
reach// seek//
rich// sick//

eg.
Been/bean I ate a bean./I have been there.
Eat/ it I eat it.
Beat/ bit The beat is a bit strong.
Keys/ kiss Give me a kiss for the keys.
Feet/ fit These shoes fit my feet.
Peel/ pill Don’t peel that pill.
Sheep/ ship There are sheep on the ship.
These/ this These are better than this one.
Deed/did He did the deed.
Cheek/ chick The chick’s cheek is soft.

3). /e/
唇形扁平，舌尖抵下齿，舌前部稍微隆起（下巴向下“点”）
/e/ 发这个音的字母和字母组合 e ea
egg bell desk leg
pet bread head elephant
eg. The vet is fed up with that wet, dead pet.
Who lead Ted to the dead head in the bed?

4). /æ/
嘴张大且拉向两边，呈扁平型，舌尖抵下齿
/æ/发这个音的字母和字母组合 a
dad cap bad apple stand
eg. Cat! Cat! Catch that fat cat.
I cannot imagine Sam wrote a bad exam.
Dad patted the cat.
[ e ] 和 [ æ ] 对比 ：
bed – bad met - mat Ken – can men - man sent – sank
shed – shack let – lad set – sat peck – pack bet – bat
red – rat jet – Jack

*四个音标对比：
/i:/ heat
/i/ hit
/e/ het
/æ/ hat
例句：
The beans have been cooking since six o’clock.
Sit in that seat by the window.
We ate our meal, by the mill.
The seal will live in the ocean.
Tim’s team grinned after seeing the green field.
Pip and Pete shipped the sheep cheaply.
Those bins are for Bill’s beans.
Does Jim still steal Jill’s jeans?
The girls put concrete on Jill’s sneakers.
Pick cherries at their peak or you will eat the pits.

2. /u:/ /ʊ/ /ɔ:/ /ɒ/

1). /u:/
嘴型小而圆，嘴唇外凸，尽量向前，舌头向后缩，发此音喉咙和腮帮有略微紧张感
发这个音的字母和字母组合 o oo ui
Blue Booth News Juice Loosen Ruler
Food Choose Mood Moving Loop Knew
eg. The room in the school was very cool.
Viewing the moon on June nights.
Do you remember the woman who lived in a shoe? She hadn’t a clue what
to do when her family grew. Well, through your help, they are moving in
June into two big boots

2). /ʊ/
嘴唇张开，略向前突出，上嘴唇向上翘，嘴型收圆并放松，舌后部向上抬起，舌头后缩
发这个音的字母和字母组合 o oo u
. Foot Took Cook woman
Good Look Book Put
eg. Where’s the cook book ?
Please take a look.
*一般情况下，在字母”l, m, n”前面，”oo”发长音/u:/;
 而在字母 “t, d, k”前面，”oo”发短音/u/
*/u:/和/ʊ/对比
a. 同一单词中两种音都有
Wood
Would you help me?
Hollywood, California
b. food---foot
pool---pull
fool---full
例句
He took a good look under the hood and found a flute.
Julie enjoys good books after school.
He put his foot in the new boot.
She took her students to the brook to wash their shoes.
We pulled him out of the swimming pool.
The fool ate until he was full.

3). /ɔ:/
双唇收的小而圆，向前突出，舌身向后缩
发这个音的字母和字母组合 al au ou aw (or oor)
Small draw talk tall strawberry
Author caught autumn bought horse floor
eg. Paul plays basketball.
I am Paul. I am tall. Give me a call.
I'm looking forward to meeting you.
Force yourself to do more.
It's important for us to practice more.

4). /ɒ/ （与/ɔ:/的口型几乎完全相反）

口型完全张开，嘴张大，舌头向后缩，双唇稍微收圆,像“啊”
发这个音的字母和字母组合 o a
Hot Top Stop Probably Follow
Not Sock Product Solve Problem
eg. Bob opened the box and followed the instructions.
Tom put some cotton, rocks and a doorknob in his locker.
His mom made a concrete model of a hockey rink.
/ɔ:/和/ɒ/的对比
Pot----port shot----short

*四个音标对比
/u:/---boot fool
/u/---book full
/ɔ:/---bought fall
/ɒ/---bot

3. / ɜ:/ /ə/ /ɑ:/ /ʌ/

1). / ɜ:/
嘴型扁平，上下齿微微张开，舌头放平，舌中部微微抬起，有齿间距，肌肉略微紧张
发这个音的字母和字母组合 er ir ur ear or
Her serve bird girl dirty nurse
Thursday turtle early learn word world
eg. The nurse saw a turtle on her purple curtain.
He died of the burns he received in the fire.
The girl is a nurse.

2). /ə/
嘴唇微微张开，舌头自然放松，舌中部微微隆起
发这个音的字母和字母组合 ure er ar or a e
Picture teacher dinner sister sugar
Doctor panda above about China
eg. What’s the matter with you?
I’d like to have dinner with you tonight.
The operation is a success and now the patient is out of danger.

3). /ɑ:/
口腔打开，嘴张大，舌身放平，舌尖不抵下齿，下巴收低，放松发音 (与读“啊”的区别就是下巴要往下)
发这个音的字母和字母组合 a ar au ear
Grass class plant fast car
March car dark laugh heart
eg. It’s too far to see the shark; It’s too dark to see the shark. Oh! The shark’s teeth are sharp.
If we interfere, it may do more harm than good.
The farm is far from the park.

4). /ʌ/
嘴唇微微张开，伸向两边，舌尖轻触下齿，舌后部稍微抬起，齿间距为两指的高度
发这个音的字母和字母组合 o u oo ou
Son come love supper us
Sun gun touch cousin country
eg. Hurry up! Hurry up! A duck cuts a bug in the mud.
This cup is made of stainless steel.
Under the bus.
/ɑ:/和/ʌ/的区别
Cut----cart luck-----lark duck----dark
Tough---task far---fun bus-----bath
*单元音绕口令
1.Betty Bought a bit of better butter. “But,” she said, “this butter’s bitter. If I bake this bitter butter.
It would make my batter bitter. But a bit of better butter. That would make my batter better. ” So
she bought a bit of butter. Better than her bitter butter. And she baked it in her batter; And the
batter was not bitter. So it was better Betty Botter. Bought a bit of better butter.
2. I wish to wish the wish you wish to wish, but if you wish the wish the witch wishes, I won't
wish the wish you wish to wish.
3. All I want is a proper cup of coffee made in a proper copper coffee pot, you can believe it or
not, but I just want a cup of coffee in a proper coffee pot. Tin coffee pots or iron coffee pots are
of no use to me. If I can't have a proper cup of coffee in a proper copper coffee pot, I'll have a
cup of tea!
4. I thought a thought. But the thought I thought wasn't the thought I thought I thought.
5. A big black bug bit a big black bear, made the big black bear bleed blood.
A big black bug bit a big black bear. Where's the big black bear the big black bug bit?

双元音
发音要领：发音时，由第一个音向第二个音滑动，口型有个过程。
双元音都是“降读式”，即先高后低，先长后短，先重后轻。
1. /ei/
嘴巴从大到小，口型由半开到闭合，发音前长后短，前重后轻. /e/到/i/滑动 -”A”
发这个音的字母和字母组合 a ai ay
Cake name snake rain train
Pain paint day play way
eg. Rain, rain, go away. Come again another day. Little kids, want to play. Rain, rain go away.
He kept us waiting for ages while he packed his luggage.
The baby snake lived in a painted cage.
No pains, no gains. 不劳无获

2./ai/
/a/重读，/i/轻读，口型由大到小，牙齿由全开到闭合-- “I”
发这个音的字母和字母组合 i y ie uy
Kite nice tiger by fly
Why tie pie buy knife
Eg. Mike likes to write by the nice bright light at night.
Never say die.
Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁
3./ ɒi/
前重后轻，双唇由圆形’ ɒ’到扁形” i”
发这个音的字母和字母组合 oi oy
Oil boil coin boy toy
Eg. One boy is a boy. Two boys are half boy. Three boys are no boy.
Some soils are not suitable for farming.
The spoiled boy’s annoying voice

4. /aʊ/
前重后轻，口型由大到小，双唇收圆，舌后部逐渐慢慢抬高(舌位由低到高)
发这个音的字母和字母组合 ou ow
House mouse mouth
Cow how downtown
Eg. A mouse ran into a cow’s mouth in front of the house.
You will sound like a native speaker, if you practice over 1000 times.
Her house is on the South side of the mountain.

5. /əʊ/
口型有半开到小,舌位由半低到高
发这个音的字母和字母组合 o oa ow
Nose rose over boat
Goat window snow show
Eg. Leo, Leo. Let’s go! You are too slow! I don’t hope so!
I’ve told you so.
I don’t know where the hole is on the coat.
Does Joe know how to drive on the road?

6. /ɪə/
前重后轻，双唇始终半开<嘴不要张的太大>. 由/i/很快滑向 /ə/
发这个音的字母和字母组合 ear eer
Ear hear tear deer beer idea
Eg. Open your ear, listen my idea. Give the deer, a glass of beer. Is it clear?
Life is not all beer and skittles.
The deer is full of fear.

7. /eə/
前重后轻，舌尖抵下齿，双唇半开
发这个音的字母和字母组合 air ear
Hair chair pear bear wear
Eg. A bear is eating a pear over there. You must care the pears on the chair.
It's not fair to kick another player in football.
Where are their pears?

8. /ʊə/
前重后轻，双唇由收圆到半开，不能把/ʊ/发的太长
发这个音的字母和字母组合 oor our ure
Poor tour sure pure
Eg. I am sure the water is a lure on a tour
Getting third prize was poor consolation for all their hard work.
I assure you he is not poor.

*双元音绕口令
1. Say this sharply, say this sweetly, say this shortly, say this softly. Say this sixteen times in
succession.
2. Franc's father is frying French fries for his five fire-fighter friends after they finished a fire-
fighting in a factory.
3. A pleasant peasant keeps a pleasant pheasant and both the peasant and the pheasant are having a
pleasant time together.
4. A tidy tiger tied a tie tighter to tidy her tiny tail.

辅音

1. /p/
双唇紧闭（抿回去），然后快速张开，让气流冲出口腔，声带不振动 （清）
发这个音的字母和字母组合 p pp
piano panda parrot pet ship
sheep pig stop apple happy
eg. Practice makes perfect.
Peter is picking plums and apples.
Pat and Paul met each other in a park.

2. /b/
与/p/发音规则相同，只有一点-- 声带振动 （浊）
发这个音的字母和字母组合 b bb
book ball bird big
banana rubber rabbit cabbage
Eg. Grab a bite.
The big building is two blocks away.
The robber broke into the bank, but was caught by the police.

3. /t/
舌尖抵上齿龈，憋住气，突然弹开舌尖，让气流从口腔中喷出，声带不振动 （清）
发这个音的字母和字母组合 t tt
table tea taxi cat rat
fat ticket butter matter
eg. My pet was a cat. It sat in a hat and watched a rat.
What’s the date today?

4. /d/
与/t/发音规则相同，只有一点-- 声带振动 （浊）
发这个音的字母和字母组合 d ed
duck seed door desk day
red smiled opened played
eg. Dick’s dad gives Ted a kind of delicious food in his red dirty hand.
The old lady’s daughter is a doctor.
Dick’s daughter Diana doesn’t like dancing.

5. /k/
舌后部抵住软腭，憋住气， 舌头突然间离开，将气送出，像咳嗽一样，声带不振动 （清）
发这个音的字母和字母组合 c k ck
cap cook cup cook milk
key clock sock cock neck
eg. The kids often go hiking at weekends.
Cut your coat according to your cloth.
A cook is looking for a book, he wants to cook a cake in a cooker for all of the cooks.

6. /g/
与/k/发音规则相同，只有一点-- 声带振动 （浊）
发这个音的字母和字母组合 g gg
glass golf get girl bag goat flag egg
eg. A good beginning makes a good ending.
He is a good guy.
A good beginning makes a good ending.

7./f/
尚持轻轻地接触下唇，（不要咬）吹气，气流从上齿和下唇间的空隙通过形成摩擦，声带不振动 （清）
发这个音的字母和字母组合 f ff ph gh
five fan flower leaf
giraffe phone elephant laugh
eg. Beautiful flowers
He found himself face-to-face with his father.

8. /v/
与/f/发音规则相同，只有一点-- 声带振动 （浊）
发这个音的字母和字母组合 v ve
video vase vest five love violin
eg. It is very difficult for us to finish it before five.
No matter where you move, no matter what you have, no matter how you live. Remember our
love.
*leave---leaf save---safe prove----proof veal----feel

9./s/
双唇微微张开，舌头自然放松，气流从上下齿缝间送出，声带不振动 （清）
发这个音的字母和字母组合 s c ss ce
star sun pencil city
grass glass face nice
eg. My sister is a nurse. She is very nice.
Speak less and listen more.
Sally always suffers from sea-sickness when she is at sea.

10./z/
与/s/发音规则相同，只有一点-- 声带振动 （浊）
发这个音的字母和字母组合 z s se
zero zebra zoo bags photos nose rose
eg. Boys and girls, who lose a goose in a zoo?
Raise your hands please.
Sam collects horse-grasses and all sorts of glasses.

11. /θ/
舌尖微微伸出，上下齿轻轻（放松，不要使劲）咬住舌尖，送气，声带不振动 （清）
发这个音的字母和字母组合 th
three thin third teeth mouth
eg. A thousand thanks.
The sea covers almost three- fourths of the earth surface.
These clothes aren’t worth anything.

12. /ð/
与/θ/发音规则相同，只有一点-- 声带振动 （浊）
发这个音的字母和字母组合 th
father mother brother clothes weather
Eg. Mr. Smith talked about this, that, and the other.
They are theirs.
He left his father and mother and went abroad with his brother Arthur.

* breath----breathe teeth---teethe worth---worthy north---northern

Thin---sin thing---sing think---sink thick---sick

* Tongue twisters
The throng of thermometers from the Thuringian Thermometer Folks arrived on Thursday.
 There were a thousand thirty-three thick thermometers, though, instead of a thousand thirty-six
thin thermometers, which was three thermometers fewer than the thousand thirty-six we were
expecting, not to mention that they were thick ones rather than thin ones. We thoroughly
thought that we had ordered a thousand thirty-six, not a thousand thirty-three, thermometers,
and asked the Thuringian Thermometer Folks to reship the thermometers, thin, not thick. They
apologized for sending only a thousand thirty-three thermometers rather than a thousand
thirty- six and promised to replace the thick thermometers with thin thermometers.

13. /ʃ/
双唇微开，向前突出，舌尖升近上龈，用力将气息送出来，发“师”音. (清)
发这个音的字母和字母组合 s sh ch
sugar sure ship nation fishing chicago
eg. She sells seashells by the sea shore. The shells she sells are surely seashells.
So if she sells shells on the seashore, I'm sure she sells seashore shells.

14. /ʒ/
ZSH 与/ʃ/发音规则相同，只有一点-- 声带振动 （浊）
发这个音的字母和字母组合 s
television, usually, Asia usual (u zshu al) massage chef
eg. Television give me pleasure. Pleasure makes treasure.
It’s not unusual for people to study division in Asia

15. /tʃ/
双唇略微张开，突出，先用舌尖抵上齿龈，突然张开，使气流外冲而成音，发“吃”音，声带不振动 （清）
发这个音的字母和字母组合 ch tch
teacher peach cherry chair watch
eg. Chalse is catching a chicken in the kitchen.
He had a feeling that she was being watched.
Jane had chicken and French fries for lunch.

16./dʒ/
与/tʃ/发音规则相同，只有一点-- 声带振动 （浊）
发这个音的字母和字母组合 g j dge
ginger giraffe jump job orange cabbage
eg. It’s a famous bridge. It’s not strange.
His attempts at cooking are a complete joke.
Just for a joke, we mixed gin and ginger with some jam.

17. /w/
双唇缩小向前突出，舌后部抬起，嘴巴慢慢地向两边滑开，气息流过，振动声带(浊)
发这个音的字母和字母组合 w wh
Wish which always someone
What will we do?
The wind from the west was very wet. (Notice very has a /v/ sound)
We woke up and washed the white washcloth.
We waited for the waitress to give us water.
*(Q=KW eg. Question quit quick choir)

18. /r/
舌尖齿龈(后部)摩擦辅音。发音时舌尖卷起，靠近上齿龈后部。舌两侧稍收扰。双唇略突出。气流通过舌尖和齿龈形成轻微摩擦。浊辅音，声带振动 。
（浊）
发这个音的字母和字母组合 r rr wr
Rock Rip Turn Poor Very Direction
Eg . The story he read on the radio was incorrect.
The round rooster rushed into the wrong road.
Richard and Brooke took a ride in their brand new Range Rover truck.

*Rick – Wick
Right – White

19. /tr/
双唇收圆向前突出，舌尖上翘，抵上齿龈，采取发/r/时的姿势，声带不振动 （清）
发这个音的字母和字母组合 tr
tree truck strawberry trick
eg. One more try, don’t give up. You’ll reach the sky.
The boy drew a train running along the trees.

20. /dr/
与/tr/发音规则相同，只有一点-- 声带振动 （浊）
发这个音的字母和字母组合 dr
drink driver dragon dry
eg. I had a strange dream in the train..
Judy’s dream has come true at last.
Mr.Trench treated me to some strong drinks.

19. /ts/
舌尖抵住上齿，堵住气流，作好发“t”的姿势，气流冲破阻碍（从舌尖和齿龈之间送出），发出短促的“t”音后，紧接着就发“s”这摩擦音，声带不
振动 （清）
发这个音的字母和字母组合 ts tes
seats goats coats cats
gates kites dates tastes
eg. Peasants plant peanuts. Rats eat peanuts. Cats catch rats.
I have lots of work to do.
What’s wrong?

20. /dz/
与/ts/发音规则相同，只有一点-- 声带振动 （浊）
发这个音的字母和字母组合 ds des
seeds woods friends rides
eg. Show me your hands, my friends.
We are birds, we’re got no hands.
Words are my biggest problems.

21. /h/
全身放松，嘴唇自然张开，气息由声门出来，气流不受阻碍，自由逸出口腔（自然哈气），但是不振动声带 (清)
发这个音的字母和字母组合 h wh
He her who heart
Eg. Hi! How are you?
She hasn’t heard from her husband for half a month.

22. /l/
双唇微开，舌尖抵上齿龈，舌尖轻轻用力弯曲，气流从舌的旁边送出，振动声带。 （浊）
发这个音的字母和字母组合 l ll
Lunch love inflation believe bill people
Eg. A little pill may well cure a great ill.
Don’t peel that pill.
We ate our meal, by the mill.
Does Jim still steal Jill’s jeans?
* Thirty Little Turtles In a Bottle of Bottled Water
A bottle of bottled water held 30 little turtles. It didn't matter that each turtle had to rattle
a metal ladle in order to get a little bit of noodles, a total turtle delicacy. The problem
was that there were many turtle battles for the less than oodles of noodles. The littlest
turtles always lost, because every time they thought about grappling with the haggler
turtles, their little turtle minds boggled and they only caught a little bit of noodles.
* R 和 L 比较
Red – Led Rick – Lick Reef - Leaf Rear – Lear
Eg. seal ring toll road already civil rights Railroad

23. /m/
发音时软颚下垂，双唇紧闭，舌头放松，气流从鼻腔送出，声带振动。 （浊）
发这个音的字母和字母组合 m mb
Mouth milk moon climb
Eg. More and more
My dream is to make a moon cake for my mother

24. /n/
双唇微微张开，舌尖抵住上龈，振动声带，使气流从鼻腔出来。 （浊）
发这个音的字母和字母组合 n kn gn
Nose rain knee sign fine
Eg. He was left all alone.
I’m dying in the town.
 I’s mine!

25.[ŋ]
双唇完全张开，舌尖抵住下龈，舌根自然向上抵住气流，使气息由鼻孔流出来，振动声带 （浊）
发这个音的字母和字母组合 n ng
sing song running
Eg. I want to sing this song.
I am young.

26. /j/
双唇微开，口型呈微笑状，舌尖抵下齿，舌面贴往上颚，气流摩擦而出，声带振动。（浊）
发这个音的字母和字母组合 有 y
You yard your yes
Eg. I’ll meet you at the usual time.
It’s no use arguing with such a stupid man.

练习 Tongue Twisters ：
1. Fuzzy Wuzzy was a bear,
Fuzzy Wuzzy had no hair.
Fuzzy Wuzzy wasn’t fuzzy, was he?

2. Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.

A peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked.
If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers,
How many peppers did Peter Piper pick?

3. She sells seashells by the seashore.

The shells she sells are surely seashells.
So if she sells shells on the seashore,
I’m sure she sells seashore shells.
4. How much wood, would a woodchuck chuck
if a woodchuck could chuck wood?
He would chuck, he would, as much as he could,
and chuck as much wood as a woodchuck would
if a woodchuck could chuck wood.
5. Which witch, wished which wicked wish?
While we were walking, we were watching window washers wash Washington’s windows
with warm washing water.
If two witches would watch two watches, which witch would watch which watch?