Environmental Product Declaration

Average Reinforcement Steel Bars, Round Bar, Wire Rod

& RSC Steel Product
ISO 14020:2000, ISO 14025:2006, ISO 14040:2006, ISO 14044:2006, EN
15804:2012+A2:2019/AC:2021

EPD Registration Number Publication Date Validity Date Geographical Scope

S-P-09805 23-10-02 28-10-01 Global
1. Introduction
Jindal Steel and Power is an Indian steel company which is a part of OP Jindal Group. In terms of tonnage,
it is the third largest private steel producer in India and only private player in India to produce rails. JSP is
an industrial powerhouse with a dominant presence in steel, power, mining and infrastructure sectors. Part
of the OP Jindal Group this young, agile and responsive company is constantly expanding its capabilities to
fuel its fairy tale journey that has seen it grow to a US $ 7.6 billion business conglomerate. Led by Mr
Naveen Jindal, the youngest son of the legendary Shri O.P. Jindal, the company produces economical and
efficient steel and power through backward and forward integration. JSP’s business operations span across
the states of Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Jharkhand in India, where it operates some of India’s most
advanced steel manufacturing and power
generation capacities of global scale. JSP has
created cutting-edge capacities to produce up to
9.6 Million Tonne Per Annum (MTPA) crude steel
through a judicious mix of Direct Reduced Iron
(DRI) & Blast Furnace route catering to
steelmaking facilities located at Angul with 6 MT
& at Raigarh 3.6 MT plant capacity. All facilities
at JSP are ISO 9001, ISO 14001 & ISO 45001
certified. In India, the company has a well
spread out installed finished steel capacity of
6.65 MTPA prudently spread over Bar Mills, Wire
rod Mills, Plate Mills, Rail Mill & Special Profile
Mill with below breakup capacity :

Angul: Plate Mill (1.2MTPA) & Bar Mill (1.4MTPA)

Raigarh: Plate Mill (1MTPA), Rail Mill (0.75MTPA) & SPM (0.7MTPA)
Patratu: Bar Mill (1MTPA) & Wire rod Mill (0.6MTPA)

Reinforcement Steel Bar, Round Bar and Wire Rod along with RSC products are manufactured
collectively at Patratu & Angul Plant in below segments.

• Reinforcement Steel Bars & Reinforcement Steel Coil

• Wire Rods, Round Bars
• RSC- Cut & Bend, Weld-mesh

Alongside contributing to India's growth story, the company is driving an ambitious global expansion plan
with its sights set on emerging as a leading transnational business group. The company continues to
capitalise on opportunities in high growth markets, expanding its core areas and diversifying into new
businesses. JSP’s global operations include a 2 MTPA integrated steel complex at Sohar, Oman and 6.6
MTPA coal-mining operations spread across South Africa, Mozambique and Australia. The company’s
export portfolio is growing by the day with an existing export footprint in various countries.

JSP is presently having 9.6 MTPA capacity steel plants at Raigarh, Patratu and Angul. Further JSP is also
operating state-of the-art 1 MTPA TMT Bar rolling mill at Patratu, Jharkhand (near Ranchi) & 1.4 MTPA TMT
Bar rolling mill at Angul, Odisha. The mills are having latest HYQST (High Yield Quenching & Self-Tempering)
TMT rolling technology from Morgan, USA (at Patratu) & SMS MEER (at Angul) to produce very high-quality
TMT in size 6mm to 50 mm in grade Fe 500D/550D/600 as per IS 1786:2008 as well as EQR (Earthquake
resistant) and CRS (Corrosion Resistant Steel) grade.

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JSP is producing international standard as per the following specifications: -
1) CARES – Singapore (SS 560 Gr B500B), Europe & Middle East (BS 4449 Gr B500B), Hong Kong
(CS2:2012 Gr 500B)
2) ACRS/NZ - Australia & New Zealand (AS/NZS 4671 Gr DN500N)

Thinkstep Sustainability Solutions Pvt. Ltd, a Sphera Company (formerly thinkstep AG). has been
entrusted to conduct Life Cycle Assessment for JSP Reinforcement Steel bars, Wire rods, Rolled Rounds
& RSC Steel products as per the ISO 14040/44. The LCA model was created using the GaBi ts Software
system for life cycle engineering, developed by Sphera (formerly thinkstep AG).

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2. General Information
Environmental Product Declaration in accordance with ISO 14025:2006 and EN 15804:2012+A2:2019/AC:2021.

2.1 EPD, PCR, LCA Information

Table 1. EPD Information

The International EPD System,
Programme
www.environdec.com
EPD International AB
Box 210 60, SE-100 31 Indian Regional Hub
Program operator
Stockholm, Sweden www.environdecindia.com
[email protected]

Mr. Sanjay Nandanwar

Jindal Steel & Power
2nd Floor, Tower-B, Plot No. 2, Sector-32,
Declaration holder1
Gurgaon-122001, Haryana, India
Email: [email protected]
Website: https://www.jindalsteelpower.com/

Product Reinforcement Steel Bars, Wire Rod & RSC Steel Product
CPC Code 412 (Version 2.1)
Geographical scope Global
Reference standards IS0 14020:2001, ISO 14025:2006, EN 15804:2012+A2:2019

Table 2. PCR Information

Reference PCR ‘Construction Products and Construction Services’ Version 1.2.5,

2019:14

Date of Issue 2022-07-08 (Version 1.2.5) (VALID UNTIL: 2024-12-20)

Table 3. Verification Information

Demonstration of verification External, independent verification
Dr. Hüdai Kara, Metsims Sustainability Consulting,
Third party verifier 4 Clear Water Place, Oxford OX2 7NL, UK
Email: [email protected]

Table 4. LCA Information

Environmental Product Declaration of Reinforcement Steel Bars, Wire
Title
Rod & RSC Steel Product
Dr. Rajesh Kumar Singh
Thinkstep Sustainability Solutions Pvt. Ltd., a
Sphera Company
Author 707, Meadows, Sahar Plaza,
Andheri Kurla Road, Andheri East,
Mumbai, India - 400059
Email: [email protected]

Reference standards ISO 14040/44 standard

1
EPD owner has the sole ownership, liability, and responsibility for the EPD.

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2.2 Reference Period of EPD Data
The reference period for the primary data (foreground data) used within this EPD is April 2021 – March
2022. The background data used in the study have been applied through GaBi datasets which are less
than 5 years old.

2.3 Geographical Scope of EPD Application

The geographical scope of this EPD is Global.

2.4 Additional Information about EPD

This EPD provides information for the Reinforcement Steel Bars, Round Bar, Wire Rod & RSC steel
product of JSP manufactured at Angul and Patratu plants in India. The EPD is in accordance with ISO
14025 and EN 15804+A2. EPD of construction products may not be comparable if they do not comply
with EN 15804+A2. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) study carried out for developing this EPD for
Reinforcement Steel Bars, Round, Flat Bars & RSC steel product is done as per ISO 14040 and ISO
14044 requirements.

Product Category Rules (PCR) for the assessment of the environmental performance of steel products is
PCR for ‘Construction Products and Construction Services’, Version 1.2.5, 2019:14.

This PCR is applicable to the product “Reinforcement Steel Bars, Round Bar, Wire Rod & RSC steel
product” complying with the standard EN 15804+A2 (Sustainability of construction works -
Environmental product declarations - Core rules for the product category of construction products).

EPDs within the same product category but registered in different EPD programmes, or not compliant
with EN 15804, may not be comparable. For two EPDs to be comparable, they must be based on the
same PCR (including the same version number) or be based on fully-aligned PCRs or versions of PCRs;
cover products with identical functions, technical performances and use (e.g. identical
declared/functional units); have equivalent system boundaries and descriptions of data; apply equivalent
data quality requirements, methods of data collection, and allocation methods; apply identical cut-off
rules and impact assessment methods (including the same version of characterisation factors); have
equivalent content declarations; and be valid at the time of comparison. For further information about
comparability, see EN 15804 and ISO 14025.

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3. Product Description and System Boundaries
3.1 Product Identification and Usage

Reinforcement Steel Bars have taken over the world of construction. Reinforcement Steel Bars are not only
economically sensible option but also have the advantage of offering unmatched durability as well as
ductility compared to conventional steel bars. Another pioneering idea from Jindal Steel and Power, Welded
Wire Mesh is a new and efficient product which is aimed to expedite the construction process. It is a
processed steel product that consists of rebars welded together to form a grid pattern. Use of Welded Wire
Mesh reduces construction time considerably as it eliminates activities like cutting, marking and spacing
of bars and binding of wires to the bars. It provides an ideal and convenient solution with practical and
functional advantages.

The company has introduced several smart and innovative construction solutions – like Speed floor, Cut &
Bend, Weld-mesh etc. to tackle the need for faster construction. The Company endeavours to strengthen
India’s industrial base by aiding infrastructural development, through sustainable development
approaches and inclusive growth.

Table 5: Content Declaration

Grade – IS 1786 Grade – BS 4449

Product Biogenic material,
(Fe500D/Fe550D) (B500B)
Component weight % and kg
(8mm-12mm) (32mm-40mm)
C/kg
Weight, % Weight, %
Iron (Fe) >98 >98 -
C 0.21 to 0.24 0.19 to 0.21 -
Si 0.10 to 0.25 0.10 to 0.25 -
Mn 0.50 to 0.55 1.15 to 1.20 -
Cr 0.10 Max 0.10 Max -
Ni 0.10 Max 0.10 Max -
S 0.040 Max 0.035 Max -
P 0.040 Max 0.035 Max -
S+P 0.075 Max 0.055 Max -
CE 0.42 Max 0.42 Max -
Sum 100% 100% -
Biogenic material,
Packaging
Weight, % Weight, % weight % and kg
Materials
C/kg
Wooden box 22.93% 22.93% 0.4
Plastic (Tarpaulin) 75.51% 75.51% -
Steel strap 1.56% 1.56% -
Sum 100% 100%

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3.2 System boundary

Figure 1 given below represents system boundary diagram of the study.

Figure 1: System Boundary for Reinforcement Steel Bars, Wire Rod & RSC Production (Schematic)

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3.3 Process Description

Products are manufactured in Patratu plant using the billets transported from Raigarh and Angul plant.
The electricity is taken from grid. Steel plant is a zero-discharge plant, and it also uses treated water from
Sewage treatment plant. The manufacturing process details for the Angul plant has been presented in
Figure 3.

The most common way that reinforced steel Bar, Round and Wire Rod for are manufactured is through
hot rolling of steel billets. These are then rolled into the final size and shapes in the form of a reinforced
bar by putting them through a rolling mill stand. Then the product is sent for packaging.
 Figure 2: Manufacturing Process at Patratu, JSP

Figure 3: Manufacturing Process at JSP Angul Plant

4. LCA
4.1 Information Sources and Data Quality
It is important that data quality is in accordance with the requirements of the LCA’s goal and scope. This
is essential to the reliability of LCA and achievement of the intended application. The quality of the LCI
data for modelling the life cycle stages have been assessed according to ISO 14040:2006. Data quality
is judged by its precision (measured, calculated, or estimated), completeness (e.g., are there unreported
emissions?), consistency (degree of uniformity of the methodology applied on an LCA serving as a data
source) and representativeness (geographical, time period, technology). Primary data collected using

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data collection questionnaires was used for the study and for upstream processes CUP 2023.1 Modelling
database was used.
4.2 Methodological Details

4.2.1 Declared unit

The declared unit for the EPD is 1 tonne of Average Reinforcement Steel Bars, Round Bar, Wire Rod &
RSC steel product manufactured at Angul and Patratu plants at JSP, India.

4.2.2 Selection of application of LCIA categories

A list of relevant impact categories and category indicators is defined and associated with the inventory
data. The environmental impact per declared unit for the following environmental impact categories were
reported in the EPD according with EN15804+A2:2019 in table 6 and divided into Production,
Installation, Use stage, End-of-Life module and Credits & charges outside system boundary (if included).

Table 6. Environmental impacts indicators for EN15804+A2:2019

Impact category Indicator Unit

Global Warming Potential total (GWP-
Climate change – total kg CO2 eq.
total)
Global Warming Potential fossil fuels
Climate change - fossil kg CO2 eq.
(GWP-fossil)
Global Warming Potential biogenic (GWP-
Climate change - biogenic kg CO2 eq.
biogenic)
Global Warming Potential land use and
Climate change - luluc kg CO2 eq.
land use change (GWP-luluc)
Depletion potential of the stratospheric
Ozone Depletion kg CFC-11 eq.
ozone layer (ODP)
Acidification potential, Accumulated
Acidification Mole of H+ eq.
Exceedance (AP)
Eutrophication potential, fraction of
Eutrophication aquatic freshwater nutrients reaching freshwater end kg P eq.
compartment (EP-freshwater)
Eutrophication potential, fraction of
Eutrophication aquatic marine nutrients reaching marine end kg N eq.
compartment (EP-marine)
Eutrophication potential, Accumulated
Eutrophication terrestrial Mole of N eq.
Exceedance (EP-terrestrial)
Formation potential of tropospheric
Photochemical ozone formation kg NMVOC eq.
ozone (POCP)
Depletion of abiotic resources - Abiotic depletion potential for non-fossil
kg Sb eq.
minerals and metals2 resources (ADP- minerals & metals)
Depletion of abiotic resources - Abiotic depletion for fossil resources
MJ
fossil fuels2 potential (ADP-fossil)
Water (user) deprivation potential,
Water use2 deprivation-weighted water consumption m³ world eq.
(WDP)

The consumption of natural resources per declared or function unit is reported in the EPD. Input
parameters, according with EN15804+A2, describing resource use are shown in Table 7.

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 Table 7. Natural resources use parameters
Parameter Unit
Renewable primary energy as energy carrier (PERE) MJ
Renewable primary energy resources as material utilization
MJ
(PERM)
Total use of renewable primary energy resources (PERT) MJ
Non-renewable primary energy as energy carrier (PENRE) MJ
Non-renewable primary energy as material utilization (PENRM) MJ
Total use of non-renewable primary energy resources (PENRT) MJ
Use of secondary material (SM) kg
Use of renewable secondary fuels (RSF) MJ
Use of non-renewable secondary fuels (NRSF) MJ
Net freshwater Use (FW) m3

Table 8. Output flows and waste categories parameters

Parameter Unit
Hazardous waste disposed (HWD) kg
Non-hazardous waste disposed (NHWD) kg
Radioactive waste disposed (RWD) kg
Components for re-use (CRU) kg
Materials for recycling (MFR) kg
Materials for energy recovery (MER) kg
Exported electrical energy (EEE) MJ
Exported thermal energy (EET) MJ

Table 9. Additional parameters

Impact category Indicator Unit
Potential incidence of disease due
Particulate matter emissions Disease incidences
to PM emissions (PM)
Potential Human exposure efficiency
Ionising radiation1 kBq U235 eq.
relative to U235 (IRP)
Potential Comparative Toxic Unit for
Eco-toxicity (freshwater)2 CTUe
ecosystems (ETP - fw)
Potential Comparative Toxic Unit for
Human toxicity, cancer effects2 CTUh
humans (HTP - c)
Human toxicity, non-cancer Potential Comparative Toxic Unit for
CTUh
effects2 humans (HTP - nc)
Land use related impacts/ Soil
Potential soil quality index (SQP) Pt
quality potential2
*Disclaimer 1 – This impact category deals mainly with the eventual impact of low dose ionizing radiation on human
health of the nuclear fuel cycle. It does not consider effects due to possible nuclear accidents, occupational exposure nor
due to radioactive waste disposal in underground facilities. Potential ionizing radiation from the soil, from radon and from
some construction materials is also not measured by this indicator.

*Disclaimer 2 – The results of this environmental impact indicator shall be used with care as the uncertainties on these
results are high or as there is limited experienced with the indicator.

4.2.3 Cut-off Criteria

Criteria were set out in the original study for the recording of material flows and to avoid the need to pursue
trivial inputs/outputs in the system. These are outlined below:

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1. All energetic inputs to the process stages were recorded, including heating fuels and electricity.

2. The sum of the excluded material flows must not exceed 5% of mass, energy, or environmental
relevance. However, in reality at least 99.9% of material inputs to each process stage were included.

3. Wastes representing less than 1% of total waste tonnage for given process stages were not recorded
unless treated outside of the site.

4.3 Co-Product Allocation

With any multi-product system, allocation rules are defined to relate the system inputs and outputs to
each of the products. Several methods are documented in ISO 14040:2006 and ISO Technical Report
14049. The inventory for this product was provided so the allocation/apportion was not applied in terms
of mass or production volume for any data points. The mass allocation applied in the Raigarh & Angul
plants are applicable to the Patratu plant because the main raw material (Billet) is sourced from these
plants.

Table 10: Allocation Applied

Process Name Product
Hot metal
Blast Furnaces
BF slag
Liquid steel
EAF
EAF Slag

4.4 System Boundaries

The study is a cradle-to-gate with additional modules LCA study. It covers the stages from production of
raw materials to the End of Life of the product, excluding the use phase of the product.

The scope covers the ecological information to be divided into raw material production (A1), inbound
transportation (A2), Manufacturing (A3), treatment of packaging materials (A5), transport of dismantled
product to EoL site (C2), waste processing (C3), disposal (C4) as well as the end of life stage recycling (D)
considerations.

4.4.1 Geographic System Boundaries

The geographical coverage of this study covers the production of Reinforcement Steel Bars, Round, Wire
Rod & RSC steel product at JSP in India. Indian specific datasets wherever possible have been adapted
and others dataset were chosen from EU if no Indian datasets were available. In addition, imported raw
materials are considered along with transport. All the primary data has been collected from Angul and
Patratu plant of JSP in cooperation with experts from Sphera (formerly Thinkstep AG).

4.4.2 Temporal System Boundaries

The data collection is related to one year of operation and the year of the data is indicated in the
questionnaire for each data point. The data was derived for the April 2021 – March 2022. It is believed to
be representative of steel production during this time frame.

4.4.3 Technology coverage

All models are representative of the technology used at the production site. Primary data is used for all
gate-to-gate processes. Steel is produced predominantly by two process routes: the blast furnace/basic
oxygen furnace route and the electric arc furnace route in Raigarh and Angul plants. In the present study,
Billet is sourced from Raigarh and Angul plants.

4.5 End-of-life phase

Steel is completely recyclable. Therefore, it is important to consider recycling in LCA studies involving
steel, namely the steel scrap that is recycled from a final product at the end of its life. In addition, liquid

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steel is a vital input to the steelmaking process, and this input of steel scrap should also be considered
in LCA studies. Accounting for all these, the End-of -life credit for recycling is applied over 88% of steel
(880 kg in 1 tonne of steel products).2 The landfill is considered as 12% of steel (120 kg in 1 tonne of
steel products).

4.6 Software and database

The LCA model was created using the GaBi CUP 2023.1 Software system for life cycle engineering,
developed by Sphera Solutions Inc. The GaBi database provides the life cycle inventory data for several of
the raw and process materials obtained from the upstream system. Detailed database documentation for
GaBi datasets can be accessed at:

https://sphera.com/product-sustainability-gabi-data-search/

4.7 Comparability
According to the standards, EPDs do not compare the environmental performance of products in the sector.
Any comparison of the declared environmental performance of products lies outside the scope of these
standards and is suggested to be feasible only if all compared declarations follow equal standard
provisions.

2 Life cycle inventory (LCI) study (worldsteel.org)

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4.8 Results
Modules of the life cycle included as per PCR is given in Table 11.

Table 11. Modules of the production life cycle included (X = declared module; MND = module not declared)
Credits &
charges
outside
Production Installation Use stage End-of-Life
system
boundary
Transport to manufacturer

Transport to building site

Installation into building

reuse, recovery, recycle

Operational energy use

Operational water use

Waste processing for

Raw material supply

Reuse, recovery, or
recycling potential
Use / application

Deconstruction /

Transport to EoL
Refurbishment
Manufacturing

Replacement
Maintenance

demolition

Disposal
Repair
Module A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 C1 C2 C3 C4 D
Modules
X X X MND X MND MND MND MND MND MND MND X X X X X
declared
Geography Global
Specific
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
data used
Variation -
NA
products
Variation
Patratu & Angul plant (India)
– Sites
4.8.1 LCIA results for 1 tonne of Reinforcement Steel Bars, Round Bar, Wire Rod & RSC Steel Product

The LCIA results for 1 tonne of Reinforcement Steel Bars, Round Bar, Wire Rod & RSC steel products are given in Table 12 - Table 16.

Table 12. Environmental impacts for 1 tonne of Reinforcement Steel Bars, Round Bar, Wire Rod & RSC Steel Products

1. Environmental impact indicators

Parameters A1-A3 A5 C1 C2 C3 C4 D
Climate Change - total [kg CO2 eq.] 3.45E+03 3.38E+01 0.00E+00 5.24E+00 0.00E+00 1.82E+00 -1.55E+03
Climate Change, fossil [kg CO2 eq.] 3.48E+03 9.51E-01 0.00E+00 5.06E+00 0.00E+00 1.80E+00 -1.55E+03
Climate Change, biogenic [kg CO2 eq.] -2.94E+01 3.28E+01 0.00E+00 1.76E-01 0.00E+00 6.76E-03 7.82E-01
Climate Change, land use and land use
3.89E-01 1.82E-04 0.00E+00 6.49E-05 0.00E+00 5.60E-03 -4.25E-02
change [kg CO2 eq.]
GWP-GHG* [kg CO2 eq.] 3.48E+03 9.21E-01 0.00E+00 4.98E+00 0.00E+00 1.78E+00 -1.48E+03
Ozone depletion [kg CFC-11 eq.] 6.04E-10 3.89E-12 0.00E+00 7.72E-14 0.00E+00 4.58E-12 -4.66E-11
Acidification [Mole of H+ eq.] 6.49E+00 7.03E-03 0.00E+00 2.54E-02 0.00E+00 1.28E-02 -3.48E+00
Eutrophication, freshwater [kg P eq.] 7.32E-04 6.74E-05 0.00E+00 9.86E-07 0.00E+00 3.63E-06 -2.86E-04
Eutrophication, marine [kg N eq.] 9.41E-01 1.96E-03 0.00E+00 9.17E-03 0.00E+00 3.30E-03 -6.02E-01
Eutrophication, terrestrial [Mole of N
1.03E+01 2.69E-02 0.00E+00 1.01E-01 0.00E+00 3.63E-02 -5.34E+00
eq.]
Photochemical ozone formation, human
2.78E+00 5.44E-03 0.00E+00 2.60E-02 0.00E+00 9.97E-03 -2.42E+00
health [kg NMVOC eq.]
Resource use, mineral and metals [kg
3.11E-04 3.78E-08 0.00E+00 2.71E-08 0.00E+00 8.31E-08 -3.81E-03
Sb eq.]
Resource use, fossils [MJ] 3.46E+03 1.36E+01 0.00E+00 7.01E+01 0.00E+00 2.40E+01 -1.43E+04
Water use [m³ world equiv.] 2.42E+01 3.66E+00 0.00E+00 5.73E-03 0.00E+00 1.98E-01 -2.85E+02
Caption: GWP - total = global warming potential; GWP - fossil = global warming potential (fossil fuel only); GWP - biogenic = global warming potential (biogenic); GWP - luluc = global
warming potential (land use only); GWP-GHG*= global warming potential (greenhouse gases) This indicator includes all greenhouse gases included in GWP-total but excludes
biogenic carbon dioxide emissions and uptake and biogenic carbon stored in the product with characterization factors (CFs) based on IPCC (2013); ODP = ozone depletion; AP =
acidification terrestrial and freshwater; EP freshwater = eutrophication potential (freshwater); EP - marine = eutrophication potential (marine); EP- terrestric = eutrophication
potential (terrestrial); POCP = photochemical ozone formation; ADPE = abiotic depletion potential (element); ADPF = abiotic depletion potential (fossil); WDP = water scarcity.

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 Table 13. Resource use indicators for 1 tonne of Reinforcement Steel Bars, Round Bar, Wire Rod & RSC Steel Products
2. Resource use indicators
Parameters A1-A3 A5 C1 C2 C3 C4 D
Use of renewable primary energy
9.06E+02 5.25E+00 0.00E+00 6.78E-02 0.00E+00 3.91E+00 8.53E+02
(PERE) [MJ]
Primary energy resources used as raw
2.91E+00 -2.91E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
materials (PERM) [MJ]
Total use of renewable primary energy
9.08E+02 2.49E+00 0.00E+00 6.78E-02 0.00E+00 3.91E+00 8.53E+02
resources (PERT) [MJ]
Use of non-renewable primary energy
3.56E+03 1.53E+01 0.00E+00 7.01E+01 0.00E+00 2.40E+01 -1.43E+04
(PENRE) [MJ]
Non-renewable primary energy
resources used as raw material 1.87E+00 -1.87E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
(PENRM) [MJ]
Total use of non-renewable primary
3.56E+03 1.36E+01 0.00E+00 7.01E+01 0.00E+00 2.40E+01 -1.43E+04
energy resources (PENRT) [MJ]
Secondary Material [kg] 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
Use of renewable secondary fuels (RSF)
0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
[MJ]
Use of non-renewable secondary fuels
0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
(NRSF) [MJ]
Use of net fresh water (FW) [m3] 8.14E-01 8.58E-02 0.00E+00 1.42E-04 0.00E+00 3.45E-03 -3.71E+00
Caption: PERE = Use of renewable primary energy excluding the renewable primary energy resource used as raw materials; PERM = Use of renewable primary energy as raw
materials; PERT = Total use of renewable primary energy resources; PENRE = Use of non-renewable primary energy excluding the non-renewable primary energy resources used as
raw materials; PENRM = Use of non-renewable primary energy used as raw materials; PENRT = Total use of non-renewable primary energy resources; SM = Use of secondary
material; RSF = Use of renewable secondary fuels; NRSF = Use of non-renewable secondary fuels; FW = Use of net fresh water

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 Table 14: Output flows and waste categories for 1 tonne of Reinforcement Steel Bars, Round Bar, Wire Rod & RSC Steel Products
3. Output flows and waste categories
Parameters A1-A3 A5 C1 C2 C3 C4 D
Hazardous waste disposed (HWD) [kg] 6.64E-08 4.26E-10 0.00E+00 6.12E-12 0.00E+00 5.23E-10 -6.31E-08
Non-hazardous waste disposed (NHWD)
1.18E+01 5.67E+00 0.00E+00 9.85E-04 0.00E+00 1.20E+02 2.13E+02
[kg]
Radioactive waste disposed (RWD) [kg] 4.48E-02 5.04E-04 0.00E+00 7.73E-06 0.00E+00 2.73E-04 -1.30E-04
Materials for Recycling (MFR) [kg] 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 8.80E+02 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
Materials for energy recovery (MER)
0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
[kg]
Exported electrical energy (EEE) [MJ] 0.00E+00 4.65E+01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
Exported thermal energy (EET) [MJ] 0.00E+00 8.39E+01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
Caption: HWD = Hazardous waste disposed; NHWD = Non-hazardous waste disposed; RWD = Radioactive waste disposed; MFR = Materials for recycling; MER = Materials for
energy recovery; EEE = Exported electrical energy; EET = Exported thermal energy

Table 15: Biogenic carbon content of product and packaging for 1 tonne of Reinforcement Steel Bars, Round Bar, Wire Rod & RSC Steel Products
4. Biogenic carbon content
Parameters A1-A3 A5 C1 C2 C3 C4 D
Biogenic carbon content in product [kg] 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
Biogenic carbon content in packaging
5.31E-02 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
[kg]

Table 16: Additional Environmental parameters for 1 tonne of Reinforcement Steel Bars, Round Bar, Wire Rod & RSC Steel Products
5. Optional indicators
Parameters A1-A3 A5 C1 C2 C3 C4 D
Particulate matter [Disease incidences] 6.96E-05 5.41E-08 0.00E+00 5.54E-07 0.00E+00 1.57E-07 -4.95E-05
Ionising radiation, human health [kBq
3.99E+00 7.89E-02 0.00E+00 7.03E-04 0.00E+00 3.16E-02 3.42E+01
U235]
Ecotoxicity, freshwater [CTUe] 1.84E+03 8.55E+00 0.00E+00 2.85E+01 0.00E+00 1.32E+01 -8.89E+02
Human toxicity, cancer [CTUh] 6.68E-08 5.63E-10 0.00E+00 4.74E-10 0.00E+00 2.02E-09 -6.27E-07
Human toxicity, non-cancer [CTUh] 2.15E-06 3.86E-08 0.00E+00 1.60E-08 0.00E+00 2.22E-07 -2.07E-05
Land Use [Pt] 5.10E+03 2.88E+00 0.00E+00 6.90E-02 0.00E+00 5.83E+00 1.46E+02
Caption: PM = Particulate matter emissions; IR = Ionising radiation, human health; ETF= Eco-toxicity (freshwater); HTP-c = Human toxicity, cancer effects; HTP-nc = Human toxicity,
non-cancer effects; SQP = Soil quality potential/Land use related impacts

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4.9 Interpretation

The interpretation of the results for 1 tonne of Reinforcement Steel Bars, Round Bar, Wire Rod & RSC Steel Product
are presented in Table 17.

Table 17: Interpretation of most significant contributors to life cycle parameters (Reinforcement Steel Bars & RSC)
Parameter Most significant contributor

The total cradle to gate impact is 3.11E-04 kg

Sb eq. In A1 – A3 module more than 98.34%
Abiotic Depletion Potential
impact is coming from Raw material (Billet). A
(ADP) -Elements
total credit of 3.81E-03 kg Sb eq. is taken in
module D.

The total cradle to gate impact is 6.49 Mole of

H+ eq. In A1 – A3, major impact is coming
from Raw material (Billet) (64.55%) and
Acidification Potential (AP)
electricity (35.18%). A total credit of 3.48
Mole of H+ eq. is taken in module D.

The total cradle to gate impact is 7.32E-04 kg

P eq. In A1 – A3, more than 85.58% impact is
coming from Raw material (Billet). A total
Eutrophication Potential (EP)
credit of 2.86E-04 kg P eq. is taken in module
D.

The total cradle to gate impact is 3454.37 kg

CO2 eq. In A1 – A3, major impact is coming
Climate Change - total [kg CO2 from Raw material (Billet) (92.67%). A total
eq.] credit of -1546.57 kg CO2 eq. is taken in the
module D.

The total cradle to gate impact is 6.04E-10 kg

CFC-11 eq. In module A1 – A3, major impact
Ozone Layer Depletion Potential is coming from electricity (61.94%) followed
(ODP, steady state) by Raw material (Billet) (37.93%). A total
credit of 4.66E-11 kg CFC-11 eq. is taken in
module D.
The total cradle to gate impact is 2.78 kg
NMVOC eq. In module A1 – A3, major impact
Photochemical Ozone Creation is coming from Raw material (Billet) (69.60%)
Potential (POCP) followed by electricity (29.63%). A total credit
of 2.42 kg NMVOC eq. is taken in module D.

The total cradle to gate impact is 3463.75 MJ.

Abiotic depletion potential In A1- A3 module, major impact is coming
(ADP) from electricity (63.50%) followed by Raw
- Fossil material (Billet) (35.72%). A total credit of
14269.51 MJ is taken in module D.

Concluding, the study provides fair understanding of environmental impacts during the various life cycle stages of
steel production. It also identifies the hot spots in the value chain where improvement activities can be prioritised
and accordingly investment can be planned. The scope covers the ecological information to be divided into raw
material production (A1), transportation (A2), Manufacturing (A3), treatment of packaging materials (A5), transport
of dismantled product to EoL site (C2), waste processing (C3), waste disposal (C4)as well as the end of life stage
recycling (D) considerations.

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5. LCA Terminology
Scope of study extends from mining of natural resources to
Cradle to Gate the completed product ready for shipping from the
manufacturing dispatch “gate”, known as Modules A1-A3.
Scope of study extends from mining of natural resources to
Cradle to Grave manufacture, use and disposal of products at End of Life,
including all Modules A-D.
Post-use phase life cycle stages involving collection and
End of life processing of materials (e.g., scrap) and recycling or
disposal, known as Modules C and D.

6. Other Environmental Information

The constituent materials used within our products are responsibly sourced and we apply the principles of
Sustainable Development and of Environmental Stewardship as a standard business practice in our operations.
Protecting the environment by preserving non-renewable natural resources, increasing energy efficiency, reducing
the environmental emissions, limiting the impact of materials transportation to and from our operations is part of our
way in doing business.

7. References
• EN 15804: 2012+A2:2019, Sustainability of construction works - Environmental product declarations - Core
rules for the product category of construction products.
• GaBi 10 2021: Dokumentation der GaBi-Datensätze der Datenbank zur Ganzheitlichen Bilanzierung. LBP,
Universität Stuttgart und PE International, 2012
• GaBi 10 2021: Software und Datenbank zur Ganzheitlichen Bilanzierung. LBP, Universität Stuttgart und PE
International, 2012
• ISO 14020:2000 Environmental labels and declarations - General principles
• ISO 14025:2006 Environmental labels and declarations - Type III environmental declarations - Principles and
procedures
• ISO 14040:2006 Environmental management- Life cycle assessment - Principles and framework
• ISO 14044:2006 Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Requirements and guidelines.
• ISO/TR 14049:2012 Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Illustrative examples on how to apply ISO
14044 to goal and scope definition and inventory analysis.
• WSI and Eurofer’s Co-product Allocation Methodology 2014 - A methodology to determine the LCI of Steel
industry Co-products.
• World Steel Association - CO2 Data Collection User Guide, Version 9 (May 2019).
• PCR 2019:14, Product Category Rules (PCR) for 'CONSTRUCTION PRODUCT’ Version 1.2.5.

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