What is an Ecosystem?

An ecosystem is a structural and functional unit of ecology where the living organisms interact with each other and the surrounding
environment. In other words, an ecosystem is a chain of interactions between organisms and their environment. The term “Ecosystem” was first
coined by A.G.Tansley, an English botanist, in 1935.

Read on to explore the structure, components, types and functions of the ecosystem in the notes provided below.

Structure of the Ecosystem

The structure of an ecosystem is characterised by the organisation of both biotic and abiotic components. This includes the distribution of
energy in our environment (https://byjus.com/biology/our-environment/). It also includes the climatic conditions prevailing in that particular
environment.

The structure of an ecosystem can be split into two main components, namely:

Biotic Components

Abiotic Components

The biotic and abiotic components are interrelated in an ecosystem. It is an open system where the energy and components can flow
throughout the boundaries.

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 Biotic Components
Biotic components refer to all living components in an ecosystem. Based on nutrition, biotic components can be categorised into autotrophs,
heterotrophs and saprotrophs (or decomposers).

Producers include all autotrophs such as plants. They are called autotrophs as they can produce food through the process of
photosynthesis. Consequently, all other organisms higher up on the food chain rely on producers for food.

Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food. Consumers are further classified into primary
consumers, secondary consumers and tertiary consumers.
Primary consumers are always herbivores as they rely on producers for food.

Secondary consumers depend on primary consumers for energy. They can either be carnivores or omnivores.

Tertiary consumers are organisms that depend on secondary consumers for food. Tertiary consumers can also be carnivores or
omnivores.

Quaternary consumers are present in some food chains. These organisms prey on tertiary consumers for energy. Furthermore, they
are usually at the top of a food chain as they have no natural predators.

Decomposers include saprophytes such as fungi and bacteria. They directly thrive on the dead and decaying organic matter.
Decomposers are essential for the ecosystem as they help in recycling nutrients to be reused by plants.

Abiotic Components
Abiotic components are the non-living component of an ecosystem. It includes air, water, soil, minerals, sunlight, temperature, nutrients, wind,
altitude, turbidity, etc.

Functions of Ecosystem
The functions of the ecosystem are as follows:

1. It regulates the essential ecological processes, supports life systems and renders stability.

2. It is also responsible for the cycling of nutrients between biotic and abiotic components.

3. It maintains a balance among the various trophic levels in the ecosystem.

4. It cycles the minerals through the biosphere.

5. The abiotic components help in the synthesis of organic components that involve the exchange of energy.

So the functional units of an ecosystem or functional components that work together in an ecosystem are:

Productivity – It refers to the rate of biomass production.

Energy flow – It is the sequential process through which energy flows from one trophic level to another. The energy captured from the sun
flows from producers to consumers and then to decomposers and finally back to the environment.

Decomposition – It is the process of breakdown of dead organic material. The top-soil is the major site for decomposition.

Nutrient cycling – In an ecosystem nutrients are consumed and recycled back in various forms for the utilisation by various organisms.

Types of Ecosystem
An ecosystem can be as small as an oasis in a desert, or as big as an ocean, spanning thousands of miles. There are two types of ecosystem:

Terrestrial Ecosystem

Aquatic Ecosystem

Terrestrial Ecosystem
Terrestrial ecosystems are exclusively land-based ecosystems. There are different types of terrestrial ecosystems distributed around various
geological zones. They are as follows:

1. Forest Ecosystem

2. Grassland Ecosystem

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 3. Tundra Ecosystem

4. Desert Ecosystem

Forest Ecosystem

A forest ecosystem consists of several plants, particularly trees, animals and microorganisms that live in coordination with the abiotic factors of
the environment. Forests help in maintaining the temperature of the earth and are the major carbon sink.

Grassland Ecosystem

In a grassland ecosystem, the vegetation is dominated by grasses and herbs. Temperate grasslands and tropical or savanna grasslands are
examples of grassland ecosystems.

Tundra Ecosystem

Tundra ecosystems are devoid of trees and are found in cold climates or where rainfall is scarce. These are covered with snow for most of the
year. Tundra type of ecosystem is found in the Arctic or mountain tops.

Desert Ecosystem

Deserts are found throughout the world. These are regions with little rainfall and scarce vegetation. The days are hot, and the nights are cold.

Aquatic Ecosystem
Aquatic ecosystems (https://byjus.com/biology/aquatic-ecosystem/) are ecosystems present in a body of water. These can be further
divided into two types, namely:

1. Freshwater Ecosystem

2. Marine Ecosystem

Freshwater Ecosystem

The freshwater ecosystem is an aquatic ecosystem that includes lakes, ponds, rivers, streams and wetlands. These have no salt content in
contrast with the marine ecosystem.

Marine Ecosystem

The marine ecosystem includes seas and oceans. These have a more substantial salt content and greater biodiversity in comparison to the
freshwater ecosystem.

Also check: Habitat Diversity (https://byjus.com/neet/habitat-diversity/)

Important Ecological Concepts

1. Food Chain
The sun is the ultimate source of energy on earth. It provides the energy required for all plant life. The plants utilise this energy for the process of
photosynthesis, which is used to synthesise their food.

During this biological process, light energy is converted into chemical energy and is passed on through successive trophic levels. The flow of
energy from a producer, to a consumer and eventually, to an apex predator or a detritivore is called the food chain.

Dead and decaying matter, along with organic debris, is broken down into its constituents by scavengers. The reducers then absorb these
constituents. After gaining the energy, the reducers liberate molecules to the environment, which can be utilised again by the producers.

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 2. Ecological Pyramids
An ecological pyramid is the graphical representation of the number, energy, and biomass of the successive trophic levels of an ecosystem.
Charles Elton was the first ecologist to describe the ecological pyramid and its principals in 1927.

The biomass, number, and energy of organisms ranging from the producer level to the consumer level are represented in the form of a pyramid;
hence, it is known as the ecological pyramid.

The base of the ecological pyramid comprises the producers, followed by primary and secondary consumers. The tertiary consumers hold the
apex. In some food chains, the quaternary consumers are at the very apex of the food chain.

The producers generally outnumber the primary consumers and similarly, the primary consumers outnumber the secondary consumers. And
lastly, apex predators also follow the same trend as the other consumers; wherein, their numbers are considerably lower than the secondary
consumers.

For example, Grasshoppers feed on crops such as cotton and wheat, which are plentiful. These grasshoppers are then preyed upon by common
mouse, which are comparatively less in number. The mice are preyed upon by snakes such as cobras. Snakes are ultimately preyed on by apex
predators such as the brown snake eagle.

In essence:

Grasshopper Mouse Cobra Brown Snake Eagle

3. Food Web
Food web is a network of interconnected food chains. It comprises all the food chains within a single ecosystem. It helps in understanding that
plants lay the foundation of all the food chains. In a marine environment, phytoplankton forms the primary producer.

Main article: Food web (https://byjus.com/biology/food-web/)

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 To learn more about what is an ecosystem, its structure, types, components, and functions, register at BYJU’S website or download the BYJU’S
app.

54,763

Frequently Asked Questions

Q1 1. What is the ecosystem?

The ecosystem is the community of living organisms in conjunction with non-living components of their environment, interacting as a
system.

Q2 2. What are the different types of ecosystems?

The different types of the ecosystem include:

Terrestrial ecosystem
Forest ecosystem

Grassland ecosystem

Desert ecosystem

Tundra ecosystem

Aquatic ecosystem
Freshwater ecosystem

Marine ecosystem

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 Q3 3. What are the functional components of an ecosystem?

The four main components of an ecosystem are:

(i) Productivity
(ii) Decomposition
(iii) Energy flow
(iv) Nutrient cycling

Q4 4. Which ecosystem do we live in?

We live in a terrestrial ecosystem. This is the ecosystem where organisms interact on landforms. Examples of terrestrial ecosystems
include tundra, taigas, and tropical rainforests. Deserts, grasslands and temperate deciduous forests also constitute terrestrial ecosystems.

Q5 5. What is the structure of the ecosystem?

The structure of the ecosystem includes the organisms and physical features of the environment, including the amount and distribution of
nutrients in a particular habitat. It also provides information regarding the climatic conditions of that area.

Q6 6. Which is the largest ecosystem in the world?

The largest ecosystem in the world is the aquatic ecosystem. It comprises freshwater and marine ecosystems. It constitutes 70% of the
surface of the earth.

Q7 7. What is the major function of an ecosystem?

The ecosystem is the functional unit of the environment system. The abiotic components provide the matrix for the synthesis of organic
components. This process involves the exchange of energy.

Q8 8. What makes a good ecosystem?

A good ecosystem consists of native plants and animal species interacting with each other and the environment. A healthy ecosystem has
Watch
an thissource
energy video to
andknow
the more
decomposers that break down dead plants and animal matter, returning essential nutrients to the soil.
on how we can help you!

Q9 9. Watch
What Now
all include the non-living things in an ecosystem?

The non-living things in an ecosystem include air, wind, water, rocks, soil, temperature and sunlight. These are known as the abiotic factors
(https://ad-
of an ecosystem.
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Further Reading:
1. Our Environment (https://byjus.com/biology/our-environment/)

2. Energy Flow In Ecosystem (https://byjus.com/biology/energy-flow-in-ecosystem/)

3. What Is A Natural Ecosystem? (https://byjus.com/biology/what-is-a-natural-ecosystem/)

4. Why Is The Ecosystem Important? (https://byjus.com/biology/importance-of-ecosystem/)

5. What Are The Five Levels Of Ecology? (https://byjus.com/biology/five-levels-of-ecology/)

6. What Are The Different Fields Of Ecology? (https://byjus.com/biology/what-are-the-different-fields-of-ecology/)

7. What Are The Three Environmental Issues? (https://byjus.com/questions/what-are-3-environmental-issues/)

8. Difference Between Food Chain And Food Web (https://byjus.com/biology/difference-between-food-chain-and-food-web/)

9. How Many Types Of The Ecosystem Are There? (https://byjus.com/questions/how-many-types-of-ecosystem-are-there/)

10. How Can We Improve Our Environmental Health? (https://byjus.com/questions/how-can-we-improve-our-environmental-health/)

Test your Knowledge on Ecosystem!

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 Put your understanding of this concept to test by answering a few MCQs. Click ‘Start
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Diya Uppal
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July 26, 2020 at 9:43 am
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Good presentation

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 aullivina
August 14, 2020 at 8:31 pm
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August 24, 2020 at 6:14 pm
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August 29, 2020 at 1:17 pm
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September 8, 2020 at 11:39 am
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October 6, 2020 at 10:47 pm
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November 9, 2020 at 10:42 am
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December 4, 2020 at 11:12 pm
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December 29, 2020 at 2:55 pm
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Hemanth gowda sk
January 29, 2021 at 8:54 pm
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Nikita palo
June 13, 2021 at 8:00 pm
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Very good presentation

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Nikita palo
June 13, 2021 at 8:01 pm
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Good for learning

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ravi kumar
July 5, 2021 at 10:56 am
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what is the different types of ecosystem found in Himalaya vs that of found in western Ghats

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April 14, 2022 at 8:39 pm
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Nirmala H J
August 7, 2022 at 10:46 pm
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