FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities

Enclosures
DC Motors
FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities

Construction of DC Machine
DC Motors symbolic representation
 Construction of DC Machine
FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities

Commutator is divided into 2

halves called as segments.
Practically,
no. of segments = no. of slots in the armature
FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities

Commutator
Slots
Armature
Shaft

Winding
Armature
 Armature
Winding
FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities

Pole 2
Pole 1

Brushes Commutator
+ External DC supply connections –

1) Right hand thumb rule 2) Right hand grip rule

FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities

3) Fleming’s right hand rule – Generating action

10
 4. Fleming’s left hand rule – Motoring action
FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities

11

Motoring Action – How a DC motor works ?

Main Flux
N
FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities

N Dense Flux Weak Flux

F
Armature
Flux

F
S S
Main Flux
A Couple is generated
 Direction of rotation of DC motor
Main Flux Assume that the motor starts and
N
FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities

goes through 1800 of rotation.

So, what is the new direction ????

Same or Reversed ????

S
Main Flux

How do we get a unidirectional rotation ?

FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities

Main Flux When a DOT goes from N to S, it no more

N remains DOT when it reaches S.
Rather it reverses the direction of current
through itself and becomes a CROSS.

Exactly opposite thing happens in case of

the CROSS under S pole.
This amazing change takes place because
the COMMUTATOR !
S
Main Flux
 Concept of Back EMF
Main Flux When a motor starts rotating, the conductors cut the main

N flux in the air gap.

FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities

This cutting of Flux gives rise to an EMF in the

conductors. (Generating action)
This EMF should oppose the cause producing it.
(Lenz’s Law)
This EMF opposes the cause i.e. the supply
voltage V.
Therefore this EMF is called as Back EMF
(Eb) or Counter EMF.
S Thus, V = – Eb
Main Flux V is supply voltage and
Eb is generated EMF.

EMF Equation .....

P = Number of poles of the machine.
ϕ = Flux per pole in Weber.
FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities

N = Speed of Armature in Revolutions per Minute (RPM). N

Z = Total number of Armature conductors.
A = Number of Parallel paths in the Armature winding.
According to Faradays Law,
dϕ
e = ------ Volts
dt

Total Flux cut

e = ------------------ Volts
Time required S
In one Revolution of the armature,
the total flux cut by one conductor will be
e=Pϕ Weber ......(eq.1)
RPM = Revolutions per Minute = N
RPS = Revolutions per Second = N / 60
Seconds for one Revolution = 60 / N .......(eq.2)
 EMF Equation .....contd.
According to Faradays Law,
Total Flux cut
FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities

e = ------------------ Volts
Time required

Substituting from eq.1) and eq.2) we get,

Total Flux cut Pϕ PϕN

e per conductor = ----------------- = -------- = --------- Volts
Time required 60 / N 60
There are total Z conductors, but all of them are not in series !
They are equally divided in A parallel paths (groups). Thus Z/A conductors are in series. Thus,

PϕN Z PϕNZ
Total E = ------- x --- = ---------- Volts
60 A 60 A
This is called as the EMF Equation of a DC Generator.

E  ?? E  N All other parameters are constant

DC Shunt Motor Im – Ish = Ia

V – Ia Ra = Eb
FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities

Some typical practical values of

different parameters of a DC shunt
motor are …..
V = 230 V DC
Im = 10 A (depends upon HP)
Ia = 9 Amp
Ish = 1 Amp
Ra < 1.0 ohm
Rsh = 200+ ohm
V drops at brushes also.
Eb = 227  228 V
 Power equations of DC motor
Eb = V – Ia Ra ….. Multiply both sides by Ia
Eb Ia = V Ia – Ia2 Ra …….(1) This is a power equation now…
FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities

Eb Ia = Input – Loss (Heat generated)

Eb Ia = Output (IMP parameter)
But Eb = P  N Z / 60 A ….. Substitute in (1)
PNZ
Eb = ----------- x Ia = T x  …(Elect to Mech)
60 A
But  = 2 N / 60

This is the Torque equation of DC Motor

1 P  Z Ia
Thus….. T = ------ x ------------- N-m T   Ia
2 A …(Other parameters are constant)

P NZ
Eb = ----------- (basically Eb is a generated EMF)
FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities

60 A

Eb   N

N  Eb / 

Eb V – Ia Ra
N  ------- = --------------
ϕ ϕ
 Effect of loading on the motor CURRENT
FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities

N (V – IaRa)

When Motor is loaded, the speed

has to drop.
Eb depends on speed, hence it
drops so Ia increases

DC Motor characteristics –

Eb V – Ia Ra
1
FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities

N  ------
N  ------- = -------------- Ia
ϕ ϕ

1 P  Z Ia
T = ------ x -------------
T  Ia
2 A

Characteristics are graphical

relations between Ia, T and N
 DC Motor characteristics –
1 N
N  ------
FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities

Ia
Ia

T  Ia T

Ia
Draw a graph for the
relation between T and N. N
?
T
FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities

Problems on DC machines
 1. Armature of a 4 pole generator is wound with 496 conductors. The flux
and speed are such that the average emf generated in each conductor is
1.5 V. The current in each conductor is 105 amps. Calculate the total
FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities

current and generated emf of the armature if the winding is connected in

a) wave and b) lap. Also determine the power generated in each case.

2) Armature of 6 pole generator is wound with 564 conductors and driven at

800 rpm. The flux per pole is 20 mWb. The current in each conductor is 75
A. Calculate total current, generated emf, and total electrical power
FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities

generated if the conductors are connected in a) wave and b) lap.

 3) A DC motor connected to a 450 V supply takes current of 120 A on full load.
If the armature circuit resistance is 0.15 Ω and field circuit resistance is 150
Ω, calculate the value of back emf at this load.
FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities

4. A 4-pole, 500 V dc motor takes an armature current of 80 A when operated

at rated voltage. Armature resistance is 0.4Ω. The armature is wave wound
with 522 conductors and useful flux per pole is 0.025 Wb. Calculate a) the
FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities

back emf of the motor, b) the speed of the motor and c) torque in Nm
developed by the armature.
 5) A 120 V dc shunt motor has an armature resistance of 0.2 Ω and a field
resistance of 60 Ω. It runs at 1800 rpm taking full load current of 40 A. Find
the speed on half load conditions. (1860.85 rpm)
FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities

6) A 250 V dc shunt motor has Ra = 0.08Ω. When connected to 250 V dc

supply, it develop[s back emf of 242 V at 1500 rpm. Determine--- 1.
Armature current, 2) Armature current at start and, 3) Back emf if armature
FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities

current is changed to 120A.

 7) The lap wound armature of a 4 pole dc shunt motor has 600 armature turns
and it takes 100 amps when running at 600 rpm. The flux per pole is
100mWb. Calculate the gross mechanical torque developed and the net
FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities

power output if the torque lost in friction, windage and core losses is 60 N-
m.

N
FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities

F
F
S Thank you
A Couple is
generated