Curie’s Law

Curie’s Law: Magnetization 𝐼Ԧ of a paramagnetic substance is inversely proportional to

absolute temperature (𝑇).

For a given magnetic intensity:

Randomization of individual
𝑇↑ 𝐼↓ 𝜒↓
atoms increase, so magnetic
moments decreases

𝜒
𝐵0 𝐵0
𝐼∝ 𝐼=𝐶 Where, 𝐶 = Curie′s constant
𝑇 𝑇

𝐼 = 𝜒𝐻 𝐵0 = 𝜇0 𝐻

𝜇0
𝑂 𝑇 𝜒=𝐶
𝑇
 Ferromagnetic Materials

• Atomic dipoles interact with each other to align in

same direction in small volumes known as domains.
• On application of external magnetic field, domains
align themselves in the direction of magnetic field.
• Domains aligned in the direction of magnetic field
also grow in size. (Domain Growth)
Without external magnetic field
• Magnetic susceptibility (𝜒) is positive and relative
permeability is very large. (𝜇𝑟 ≫ 1)

On removal of external magnetic field:

If Magnetization persists:
• The material is hard ferromagnetic
material. (Ex. Alnico)
If Magnetization disappears:
• The material is soft ferromagnetic After magnetic field is applied
material. (Ex. Soft iron)
 Ferromagnetic Materials

• On increasing temperature, ferromagnetic

property decreases.

• At a certain temperature, materials lose their

ferromagnetic properties and become paramagnetic.
𝑁 𝑆
• The transition temperature at which a
ferromagnetic material changes to paramagnetic
is called Curie’s temperature.

• The susceptibility above Curie temperature in

paramagnetic state is given by :
𝜇0 Where,
𝜒=𝐶
𝑇 − 𝑇𝐶 𝑇𝑐 = Curie temperature
𝐶 = Curie′ s constant
 Classification of Magnetic Materials

Diamagnetism Paramagnetism Ferromagnetism

• Magnetic moment for • The magnetic dipole moment for • Various regions called domains
individual atom is zero. individual atom is non-zero. are created where individual
• Hence the net magnetic • The tiny atomic dipole moments dipole moments are aligned in
moment for the material are distributed in random same direction.
becomes zero. directions. • Different domains have their
• Ex- 𝐻𝑒 42 • Hence net magnetic moment magnetic dipole moments in
↿⇂ is zero. different directions.
• Ex- 𝐶612 ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿ ↿ • Hence the net dipole moment is
• Magnetic field zero.
lines are repelled.
• Magnetic field lines are attracted. • Magnetic field lines are
• Susceptibility is negative. strongly attracted.
• Susceptibility is small and
•
• Relative permeability (𝜇𝑟 ) positive.
Susceptibility is large and positive.
is between 0 and 1.
• Relative permeability is slightly
• Relative permeability is greater
than 1.
greater than 1.
 Magnetization and Magnetic Intensity

𝑵 𝑺
• Magnetization is the measure of the internal • The external magnetic effect/intensity which
magnetic field produced and is defined as the is independent of the material inside the field
net dipole moment per unit volume. is known as magnetic intensity (𝐻).

• The response of a substance in aligning the

domains to an external magnetic field is
known as magnetization (𝐼).
 Hysteresis Curve

𝐼 Saturation
• Saturation point : At this point, domains of ferro- Retentivity
𝑏
magnetic material are aligned due to application
of external magnetic field, and the material
becomes magnetically saturated.
Coercivity
• Retentivity : The value (𝑂𝐵) of 𝐵 at 𝐻 = 0 is 𝑐
called “Retentivity” or “Remanence”. This is due to 𝐻
𝑂 𝑓
the fact that domains are not completely
randomized even though 𝐻 = 0. 𝑒

• Coercivity : The value (𝑂𝐶) of magnetizing field 𝐻

Saturation
needed to reduce net magnetic field 𝐵 to zero is
called “Coercivity”. 𝑑
 Hysteresis Curve

• When the net magnetic field 𝐵 of ferro-magnetic substances is plotted against magnetic intensity 𝐻
for a complete cycle of magnetization and demagnetization, the resulting loop is called “Hysteresis
loop”.
Saturation
• Hysteresis loss : Energy lost in form of heat during Retentivity
𝐼
a complete cycle of magnetization and 𝑏
demagnetization.

• Area of hysteresis loop ∝ Thermal energy

developed per unit volume of the material in a Coercivity
hysteresis cycle. 𝑐
𝐻
𝑂 𝑓
• For a complete cycle of magnetization and
demagnetization, the net magnetic field 𝐵 lags 𝑒
behind the magnetic intensity or magnetizing field
𝐻.
Saturation

𝑑
 𝑩 − 𝑯 and 𝑰 − 𝑯 Curves

𝐵 𝐼

𝐵 = 𝜇𝑜 𝐻 + 𝐼Ԧ

𝐵 = Net magnetic field

𝐻 𝐻
𝜇𝑜 = Permeability of free space
𝐻 = Magnetic intensity
𝐼Ԧ = Magnetization vector
 Hysteresis Loss

The area enclosed by the hysteresis loop is proportional to the energy supplied
per unit volume of material in each cycle which is lost as heat.

For permanent magnet:

𝐼
• High saturation of magnetisation
• High Retentivity
• High Coercivity
• More area is enclosed which means
more heat is lost in each cycle.
For temporary magnet (or electromagnet):
𝑂 𝐻
• High saturation of magnetisation
• Low Retentivity
• Low Coercivity
• Less area is enclosed which means
less heat is lost in each cycle.