BONES AKA OSSEOUS TISSUE
Skeletal system (Musculoskeletal)
Is your body’s central framework
It consists of bones and connective tissues i.e cartilages, tendons and ligaments
FUNCTIONS
Support and gives shape to the body
Facilitates movement (attachment of mms)
Protects Internal Organs
Produces blood cells
Stores and releases minerals and fats
Examples of connective tissues: Blood, cartilage, connective proper
Muscle tissue is not a connective tissue
CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
According to shape
Long, Short, Irregular, Sesamoid and Flat bones
BONE MARKINGS
Projections, hole, articulation, head, facet, condyle, protuberance, process, spine, tubercle,
tuberosity, line, crest, fossa, fovea, sulcus, canal, fissure, meatus and sinus
TYPES OF BONE TISSUES
COMPACT BONE- comprised of Harvesian system(osteon) ,
osteoblasts (bone cells that produce new bone tissue), osteons (functional
unit of compact bone), lamellae (layers of tissue that form concentric circles
of the osteon), central canal (tube-like passage that contains blood vessels
and nerve fibers), lacunae (small spaces in the bone tissue that contain
osteoblasts), and canaliculi (small channels that extend from the lacunae to
the central canal).
SPONGY BONE- Osteocytes which are found in lacunae but are not arranged in
concentric circles
Both lacunae and osteocytes are found in lattice like network of matrix spikes
called trabeculae
FUNCTIONS OF SPACES OF THE TRABECULATED NETWORK
Provide balance to the dense and heavy compact bone by making bones lighter so that
muscles can move them more easily
Contain red marrow where hematopoiesis occurs
Shifts in weight distribution
SUBCHONDRAL TISSUE
Smooth tissue at the end of bones and this is covered by cartilage.
BONE FORMATION
There are two types namely: Intramembranous and Endochondral ossification
INTRAMEMBRANOUS
Bone develops directly from sheets of mesenchymal connective tissue.
Comprises of 4 stages: Development of ossification center, Calcification, Formation of
trabeculae and Development of periosteum.
DEVELOPMENT OF OSSIFICATION CENTRES
This process involves direct conversion of mesenchyme to the bone. It begins when neural
crest derived mesenchymal cells differentiate into specialized bone forming cells called
osteoblasts. Osteoblasts group into clusters and form an ossification center.
CALCIFICATION
Bone is made up of bone mineral called hydroxyapatite.
Before the extracellular matrix calcifies the tissue is called osteoid (bone - like) tissue
When concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions rise high enough, they are deposited
into the extracellular matrix and the bone calcifies
FORMATION OF TRABECULAE
Osteoblasts secrete osteoid into the formed membrane to form sponge like network of
bony processes called trabeculae. The new bone formation radiates outward from
ossification in the membrane
DEVELOPMENT OF PERIOSTEUM
The process of bone formation is called osteogenesis or ossification.
After progenitor cells form osteoblastic lines, they proceed with three
stages of development of cell differentiation, called proliferation,
maturation of matrix, and mineralization. Based on its embryological
origin, there are two types of ossification, called intramembranous
ossification that occurs in mesenchymal cells that differentiate into
osteoblast in the ossification center directly without prior cartilage
formation and endochondral ossification in which bone tissue
mineralization is formed through cartilage formation first. In
intramembranous ossification, bone development occurs directly. In
this process, mesenchymal cells proliferate into areas that have high
vascularization in embryonic connective tissue in the formation of
cell condensation or primary ossification centers. This cell will
synthesize bone matrix in the periphery and the mesenchymal cells
continue to differentiate into osteoblasts. After that, the bone will be
reshaped and replaced by mature lamellar bone. Endochondral
ossification will form the center of primary ossification, and the
cartilage extends by proliferation of chondrocytes and deposition of
cartilage matrix. After this formation, chondrocytes in the central
region of the cartilage start to proceed with maturation into
hypertrophic chondrocytes. After the primary ossification center is
formed, the marrow cavity begins to expand toward the epiphysis.
Then the subsequent stages of endochondral ossification will take
place in several
o Endochondral bone formation occurs in
longitudinal physeal growth
embryonic long bone formation
non-rigid fracture healing (secondary healing)
o Cell biology
endochondral bone formation occurs with a cartilage
model
chondrocytes produce cartilage which is absorbed
by osteoclasts
osteoblasts lay down bone on cartilaginous
framework (bone replaces cartilage, cartilage is
not converted to bone)
forms primary trabecular bone
bone deposition occurs on metaphyseal side
type X collagen associated with endochondral
ossification
o Molecular biology
chondrocytes play a critical role in endochondral bone
formation throughout the formation of the cartilage
intermediate
transcription factors involved in regulation of
chondrocytes include
Sox-9
considered a major regulator of
chondrogenesis, regulates several cartilage-
specific genes during endochondral
ossification, including collagen types II, IV,
and XI and aggrecan
PTHrP
delays differentiation of chondrocytes in the
zone of hypertrophy
o Biomechanics
variables that affect growth across the physis
Hueter-Volkmann Law
compression across the growth plate slows
longitudinal growth
tension accelerates longitudinal growth
ANATOMY
o Blood supply
perichondrial artery
You have not been heard from for a while.
major source of nutrition to physis
LONGITUDINAL PHYSEAL GROWTH
o
Longitudinal physeal growth
Cells store lipids, glycogen, and proteoglycan aggregates for later gro
production
Reserve zone (B) Low oxygen tension
Proliferation of chondrocytes with longitudinal growth and stacking o
Proliferative zone (C) Highest rate of extracellular matrix production
Increased oxygen tension in surroundings inhibits calcification
Zone of chondrocyte maturation, chondrocyte hypertrophy, and chon
Three phases occur in the hypertrophic zone
Maturation zone: preparation of matrix for calcification, chondr
Degenerative zone: further preparation of matrix for calcificatio
growth in size (5x)
Provisional calcification zone: chondrocyte death allows calcium
calcification of matrix
Chondrocyte maturation regulated by local growth factors (parathyroi
expression regulated by Indian hedgehog gene)
Type X collagen produced by hypertrophic chondrocytes important f
Hypertrophic zone (D)
of the bone.
