MANIPAL ACADEMY OF HIGHER EDUCATION

FIRST SEMESTER B.TECH. EXAMINATIONS – FEBRUARY-MARCH 2022

SUBJECT- ELE 1051 : BASIC ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY (DTQ)

ANSWER SCHEME
1A. Find Thevenin's equivalent of the network across terminals A and B. If any value whatsoever [5M]
may be selected for load resistance across terminals A and B, what is the maximum power
that could be dissipated in it?

Soln. Converting 60 ohm – 60 ohm – 60 ohm delta to star and 30 ohm – 30 ohm – 30 ohm delta to
star,

……….. 1M
Converting practical voltage sources to practical current sources and simplifying,

Converting practical current sources to practical voltage sources and simplifying,

……….. 2M

Current in the circuit will be,

22.5 − 11.25
𝐼= = 0.2142 𝐴
35 + 17.5
……….. 1M

Thevenin’s voltage and resistance will be,

𝑉𝑡ℎ = 𝑉𝐴𝐵 = 11.25 + (17.5 × 0.2142) = 15 𝑉
𝑅𝑡ℎ = 11.67 Ω
……….. 1M
1B. In the circuit shown, initially, the switch was open for an extended period. It is then closed [5M]
at t = 0. Obtain and plot the expression for capacitor voltage for t > 0. Also, find the time,
and indicate it in the plot, at which the capacitor voltage is 60 V.

Soln. Before 𝑡 = 0, the circuit can be redrawn as,

Hence, before 𝑡 = 0, capacitor is charged to 𝑣𝑐 = 25 𝑉

……….. 1M
After 𝑡 = 0, the circuit will be,

The expression for the capacitor voltage after time 𝑡 = 0,

𝑡
𝑣𝑐 (𝑡) = 110 − 85𝑒 −0.063
……….. 2M
Time taken for the capacitor voltage to reach 60 V is,
𝑡
−
60 𝑉 = 110 − 85𝑒 0.063
𝑡 = 33.43 𝑚𝑠
……….. 1M

……….. 1M
2A. The magnetic circuit shown in below Fig. 2A is made of a material having relative [6M]
permeability of 1500. The limb AB is wound with a coil of 800 turns. Find the current through
the coil to produce a flux of 4 mWb in the air-gap AE. The length of each air gap is 4mm and
the square cross-sectional area of the frame is 4 cm2.

Fig. 2A.

Soln. Analogous electrical circuit,

……….. 1M

Core reluctances,
𝑙𝑏𝑐𝑑𝑒 46 × 10−2
𝑆𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐸 = = = 610093.94 𝐴𝑇/𝑊𝑏
𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 𝐴 𝜇0 × 1500 × 4 × 10−4
𝑙𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑒 (46 × 10−2 ) − (4 × 10−3 )
𝑆𝐵𝐻𝐹𝐸 = = = 604788.78 𝐴𝑇/𝑊𝑏
𝜇0 𝜇 𝑟 𝐴 𝜇0 × 1500 × 4 × 10−4
𝑙𝑏𝑒 (18 × 10−2 ) − (4 × 10−3 )
𝑆𝐵𝐸 = = = 233427.24 𝐴𝑇/𝑊𝑏
𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 𝐴 𝜇0 × 1500 × 4 × 10−4
……….. 1M

Airgap reluctance,
𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑝 4 × 10−3
𝑆𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑝 = = = 7957747.15 𝐴𝑇/𝑊𝑏
𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 𝐴 𝜇0 × 1 × 4 × 10−4
……….. 1M

Simplifying the circuit,

were, 𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑠 = 𝑆𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐸 ||(𝑆𝐵𝐻𝐹𝐸 + 𝑆𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑝 ) = 569515.11𝐴𝑇/𝑤𝑏

Total MMF is,

𝑁𝐼 = ∅(𝑆𝐵𝐸 + 𝑆𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑝 ) + ∅𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑠

⇒ 𝐼 = 43.8 𝐴
 ……….. 3M

2B. A constant supply voltage of 230 V is applied to a coil connected in series with a capacitor. [4M]
The resistance of the 0.5 H coil is 10 Ω, and the capacitance of the capacitor is 40 μF. Find
(a) the supply frequency at which the circuit current will be in phase with the supply voltage,
(b) the maximum circuit current, (c) voltage across the coil, and (d) Q-factor of the circuit.
Soln. (a) Resonant frequency,
1
𝑓𝑂 = = 35.58 𝐻𝑧
2𝜋√𝐿𝐶
……….. 1M
(b) Maximum possible current in the circuit,
230
𝐼max (𝑟𝑚𝑠) = = 23 𝐴
10
……….. 1M
(c) Voltage across the coil,
𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 𝐼𝑚 (𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿 ) = 23(10 + 𝑗111.777)
𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 230 + 𝑗2570.89 𝑉 𝑜𝑟 2581.1586∠84.88° 𝑉
……….. 1M
(d) Q-factor of the circuit,
𝑤0 𝐿
𝑄= = 11.17
𝑅
……….. 1M
3A. The circuit shown below has a source of 230 V, 50 Hz. If the current through 0.05 H inductor [5M]
is 3.5 ∠−800 𝐴, find the value of ‘R’ and ‘C’. Also, find the power factor of the circuit and
draw the respective power triangle. Assume supply voltage to be the reference phasor.

Soln.

Applied voltage, 𝑉̅ = 230∠0° 𝑉

Given, 𝐼̅𝑥 = 3.5∠ − 80° 𝐴
Also,
𝑍1 = (20 + 𝑗31.41) Ω
𝑍2 = (10 − 𝑗6.366) Ω
𝑍3 = (0 + 𝑗15.70) Ω
𝑉̅𝑥 = 𝐼̅𝑥 × 𝑍3 = 54.11 + 𝑗9.54 Ω = 54.95∠10° 𝑉
……….. 1M
𝑉̅𝑥
𝐼̅2 = = 4.6354∠42.48° 𝐴
𝑍2
𝐼 ̅ = 𝐼̅𝑥 + 𝐼̅2 = 4.0388∠ − 4.4929° 𝐴
……….. 1M

𝑉̅1 = 𝐼 ̅ × 𝑍1 = 150.399∠53.0206° 𝑉
𝑉̅ = 𝑉̅1 + 𝑉̅𝑥 + 𝑉̅4
̅
⟹ 𝑉4 = 155.288∠ − 56.628° 𝑉
……….. 1M

𝑉̅4
𝑍4 = = 23.5997 − 𝑗30.3536 Ω
𝐼̅
∴ 𝑅 = 23.5998 Ω
𝑋𝐶 = 30.3536 Ω ⟹ 𝐶 = 104.867 𝜇𝐹
……….. 1M

Power triangle,
𝑆 = |𝑉||𝐼| = 928.9355 𝑉𝐴
𝑃 = |𝑉||𝐼| cos 𝜙 = 926.0558 𝑊
𝑄 = |𝑉||𝐼| sin 𝜙 = 72.7687 𝑉𝐴𝑟
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(4.4929°) = 0.9969 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔
……….. 1M
3B. Three identical coils, each of resistance 10 Ω and inductance 42 mH, are connected (a) in star [5M]
and (b) in the delta to a 415 V, 50 Hz, 3-phase supply. Determine the total power consumed
in each case. Is the power consumed in the two cases the same or different? What is the reason
for this?
Soln. Star - connection
|𝑍𝑝ℎ | = √𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐿2 = √102 + (2𝜋 × 50 × 42 × 10−3 )2 = 16.55 Ω
415
|𝑉𝑝ℎ | = = 240 𝑉
√3
|𝑉𝑝ℎ | 240
|𝐼𝑝ℎ | = |𝐼𝐿 | = = = 14.5 𝐴
|𝑍𝑝ℎ | 16.55
2
𝑃 = |𝐼𝑝ℎ | × 𝑅 × 3 = 6.3075 𝑊
𝑜𝑟
10
𝑃 = 3|𝑉𝑝ℎ ||𝐼𝑝ℎ | cos 𝜃 = 3 × 240 × 14.5 × = 6.3075 𝑊
16.55
……….. 3M
Delta – connection
|𝑉𝐿 | = |𝑉𝑝ℎ | = 415 𝑉

|𝑍𝑝ℎ | = √𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐿2 = √102 + (2𝜋 × 50 × 42 × 10−3 )2 = 16.55 Ω

𝑅𝑝ℎ 10
cos ∅ = = = 0.6042 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔
|𝑍𝑝ℎ | 16.55
415
|𝐼𝑝ℎ | = = 25.0755 𝐴
16.55
|𝐼𝐿 | = √3 |𝐼𝑝ℎ | = 43.432 𝐴
𝑃 = 3|𝑉𝑝ℎ ||𝐼𝑝ℎ | cos 𝜃 = 18.9225 𝑊
……….. 1.5M
Reason:
For a given supply voltage (line to line), line current drawn in delta connection is three times
of that drawn in star connection. Hence 𝑃𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑎 = 3𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟
……….. 0.5M
4A. A 3-phase, 400 V, 50 Hz AC supply with phase sequence ABC is connected to an unbalanced [4M]
delta connected load with impedances,
ZAB = 6 + j10 Ω; ZBC = 7 − j12 Ω and ZCA = 50 Ω. Find,
a) Line currents, 𝐼̅𝐴 , 𝐼̅𝐵 , & 𝐼̅𝐶
b) Total active power consumed by the load
Soln. Line voltages with ABC phase sequence,
̅̅̅̅̅
𝑉 𝐴𝐵 = 400∠0° 𝑉
̅̅̅̅̅
𝑉 𝐵𝐶 = 400∠ − 120° 𝑉
̅̅̅̅̅
𝑉𝐶𝐴 = 400∠120° 𝑉
……….. 1M
Phase currents,
̅̅̅̅̅
𝑉 𝐴𝐵
̅̅̅̅
𝐼𝐴𝐵 = = 17.64 − 𝑗29.41 𝐴 𝑜𝑟 34.29∠ − 59.03° 𝐴
𝑍𝐴𝐵
̅̅̅̅̅
𝑉 𝐵𝐶
̅̅̅̅
𝐼𝐵𝐶 = = 14.28 − 𝑗24.99 𝐴 𝑜𝑟 28.79∠ − 60.25° 𝐴
𝑍𝐵𝐶
̅̅̅̅̅
𝑉𝐶𝐴
̅̅̅̅
𝐼𝐶𝐴 = = −4 + 𝑗6.92 𝐴 𝑜𝑟 8∠120° 𝐴
𝑍𝐶𝐴
……….. 1M
Line currents,
𝐼̅𝐴 = ̅̅̅̅
𝐼𝐴𝐵 − ̅̅̅̅
𝐼𝐶𝐴 = 21.64 − 𝑗36.33 𝐴 𝑜𝑟 42.28∠ − 59.21° 𝐴
𝐼𝐵 = 𝐼𝐵𝐶 − ̅̅̅̅
̅ ̅̅̅̅ 𝐼𝐴𝐵 = −3.36 + 𝑗4.42 𝐴 𝑜𝑟 5.55∠127.24° 𝐴
𝐼̅𝐶 = 𝐼̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝐴 − 𝐼𝐵𝐶 = −18.28 + 𝑗31.91 𝐴 𝑜𝑟 36.78∠119.81° 𝐴
……….. 1M
Total active power consumed by the load,
𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = |𝐼𝐴𝐵 |2 𝑅𝐴𝐵 + |𝐼𝐵𝐶 |2 𝑅𝐵𝐶 + |𝐼𝐶𝐴 |2 𝑅𝐶𝐴
𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = (34.292 × 6) + (28.792 × 7) + (82 × 50) = 15.85 𝑘𝑊
……….. 1M
4B. With a neat diagram, explain the working principle of transformer. Also mention the types [3M]
of transformers and their applications.
Soln. Circuit diagram of single phase two winding transformer

……….. 1M
Operating principle:
• Electromagnetic induction explanation
• Self-induced emf in primary winding
• Mutually induced emf in secondary winding
……….. 1M
Applications:
• Transmission network
• Distribution network
• Instrumentation (CT and PT)
• Isolation transformer
• High frequency transformer used in switching applications
……….. 1M

4C. With a neat diagram, explain the role of commutators in a DC motor. Where are they used? [3M]
Soln. DC motor - commutator diagram

……….. 1M
Operation:
• A commutator is a rotating rectifier which converts AC to DC or DC to AC
• Carbon brushes are placed on commutator to collect the currents
• In DC Motor, the input DC is converted to alternating form in armature
……….. 2M