INTRO TO:
TRANSPORT
CELL MEMBRANE
-Movement of substances across membranes can be classified by the
energy requirements of Transport or by the pathway (membrane layer,
membrane protein, vesicle)
>Membrane Layer is Passive
>Vesicle is Active
>Both are Protein Mediated
-PASSIVE TRANSPORT: the movement of substances across cell
membranes, driven by concentration or electrochemical gradients,
without requiring the cell to expend energy
>Involves Aquaporins, Ion Channels
>Examples include:
>Diffusion
>Facilitated Diffusion
>Osmosis
-ACTIVE TRANSPORT: process where cells expend energy (often in the form
of ATP) to move molecules against their concentration gradient, from an
area of low concentration to an area of high concentration ,using
specialized membrane proteins
>Direct and Indirect Transport
>It is crucial for maintaining the correct concentrations of ions and
molecules inside and outside cells, which is essential for various cellular
processe
>Active transport moves AGAINST the gradient, from a region of lower
concentration to a region of higher concentration (opposite of passive
transport)
>Specialized membrane proteins (often called pumps or carriers) are
essential for active transport, enabling the cell to move molecules across
the membrane
>Examples include:
>Sodium-Potassium Pump
>Calcium Transport
>Uptake of nutrients
>Excretion of Waste Products
MEMBRANE TRANSPORTERS
-Membrane Transporters are membrane-spanning proteins that help
move hydrophilic molecules across membranes
-ACTIVE TRANSPORT
-Carrier proteins never form an open channel between the 2 sides of a
membrane
>Uniport carriers transport only one kind of substrate
>Symport carriers move two or more substrates in the same direction
across the membrane
>Binding of Sodium creates binding site for glucose, allowing for the
two to move together
>Antiport carriers move substrates in opposite directions
>Sodium and Potassium pumps are examples of this, pumping
Sodium out and letting Potassium in
>Sodium and Potassium pumps use chemical energy and
couple ion flow
-PASSIVE TRANSPORT
-Channel proteins create a water-filled pore
>Gated channels open and close in response to signals
>Open channels/pores are usually open
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
-Facilitated diffusion brings glucose into the cell down its concentration
gradient using a GLUT transporter
>Diffusion reaches equilibrium when the glucose concentrations inside
and outside the cell are equal
>In most cells, conversion of imported glucose into glucose 6- phosphate
G6P keeps intracellular glucose concentrations low so that diffusion never
reaches equilibrium (constant flow of glucose)
-Maltose is a competitive inhibitor that binds to the GLUT transporter but
is not itself carried across the membrane
-Saturation: transport CAN REACH a MAXIMUM rate when all the carrier
binding sites are filled with substrate
TRANSPORTERS IN A PATHWAY
-Absorbing Glucose from intestinal or kidney tubule lumen involves
indirect (secondary) active transport of Glucose across the apical
membrane and glucose diffusion across the basolateral membrane
DISTRIBUTION OF IONS AND PROTEINS
-The body compartments are in a state of chemical disequilibrium
>The cell membrane is a selectively permeable barrier between the
ECF and ICF
-ICF:
>Na+ (Sodium): low
>K+ (Potassium): HIGH
>Cl- (Chloride): low
> HCO3- (Bicarbonate): low
>Proteins: HIGH
-ECF:
>Na+ (Sodium): HIGH
>K+ (Potassium): low
>Cl- (Chloride): HIGH
> HCO3- (Bicarbonate): low
>Proteins: N/A
-PLASMA: like ECF but with protein
>Na+ (Sodium): HIGH
>K+ (Potassium): low
>Cl- (Chloride): HIGH
> HCO3- (Bicarbonate): low
>Proteins: Medium
DISTRIBUTION OF MOLECULES
-On the distribution of molecules within the human body:
1.) The body is in a state of Chemical Disequilibrium
2.) The body is in a state of Electrical Disequilibrium
3.)The body is in a state of Osmotic Equilibrium
CELL MEMBRANE STRUCTURE
-Cell Membrane consists of:
1.) Cholesterol
>+Phospholipids= Lipid Bilayer (barrier) between cytosol and outside
2.) Phospholipids, Sphingolipids
>+Cholesterol= Lipid Bilayer (barrier) between cytosol and outside
3.) Carbohydrates
>+Phospholipids= Glycolipids (Structural stability, Cell Recognition,
Immune Response)
4.) Proteins
>+Carbohydrates= Glycoproteins (Structural stability, Cell
Recognition, Immune Response)
