3-8H (EC-Sem-4) Oscillators

Answer
1 Fig.3.6.1shows Wien bridge oscillato The circuit
consists of an

op-amp connected inthenon-inverting

configuration,
with a closed loon

gain
(14) In the feedback path,an RC network is connected.
2 There aretwo feedback pathsinFig.3.6.1, positive
feedbackthrough 2
and Z,,whose components determinethe frequency ofoscillation, and
negativefeedback through R,and Ry,whose element affectthe amplitude
ofoscillation
and setthegain oftheop-amp stage.

R,
W
R

Vo
CR!

ies
Fig.3.6.1.
Wien-bridge oscillator.
3
The loop gaincan be easilyobtained as

LÁs) =1+ ...(3.6.1)

Rx 1
where,
R+
sC
+sRr R 1
sC
sRC +1
sC
4. Puttingvalues Z,andz,,
in eq. (3.6.1)
of
L(s)= 1+ R,/
R
3+sCR+1/sCR
Puttings =jo,

L(jo)
= 1+R,/R
3+ joCR -oCR
5. Loop gain willbe realnumber at one
frequency givenby
1
o,CR =
o,CR
Analog Circuits 3-9H EC-Sem-4)

1 1
CR 2rRC
A To obtain
sustainedoscillation
at o,,
we shouldsetthe magnitude ofthe
loop gain tounity.Thiscan be achieved by selecting

RR,= 2
Applications
:

1. Audio signalgenerators :The oscillatoris widely used in audio

equipment and instruments forgeneratingaudio signals
at specific
frequencies.
2 Frequency standards :Itcan be used as a referenceoscillator
for
calibrating
and testingfrequency-dependentsystems.
3. RF signalgeneration:The Wein-Bridge oscillator
can generateRF
signalsforapplications
such as radiotransmission
and testing.
Que 3.7. Draw a circuitdiagramn ofWien bridge
oscillator
and
derivean expressionof frequency of oscillation.Caleulate the
frequency of oscillation
for given values of R, = R, = 200 k2,
C,=C,=200 pF.
Answer
A Wien bridgeoscillator:
ReferQ.3.6,
Page 3-7H,Unit-3.
B. Numerical :

Given : R,= R,= 200 k2,C, = C =200 pF

To Find:fo

1
2rRC 2x 200>x 10 x 200 x 1012
= 0.03978x105 Hz =3.978kHz

PART-3
LCOscillators
(Hartley,
Colpitt,
Clapetc.).

Que 3.8. Explainthe operationofLC tank circuit.

Answer
The inductorL stores energy initwhen currentflows
electromagnetic
throughit.Ifvoltage isappliedtothecapacitorC,itstoreselectrostatic
energy in itselectricfield.
Cischarged from
suppose thecapacitor
Case I : Referto Fig.3.8.1(6),
DC voltagewith the polarities as shown, Now the capacitorC has
voltageacrossit, hence itstores energyacrossit.
electrostatic
Analog Circuits
3-11
H (EC-Sem-4)
9 The energy isalternately
storedin theelectricfield
ofcapacitor(ie.,
electrostatic
energy)and magneticfield
ofinductor(ie.,
energy). electromagnetic
q This processof
interchangingtheenergy between
thecapacitorC and
the inductorL isrepeated
togenerateelectrical
resulting
oscillations.
Frequency of oscillations:
The frequency ofoscillations
(f)produced by tank circuit
is givenby
1
f= 2nVLC
Que 3.9. Draw the circuitdiagram of
Colpitt's
oscillator
and
explain itsprinciple
ofoperation.
AKTU 2020-21 (Sem-3),Marks 10
OR
With a neat circuit diagram,explainthe operationof
oscillator.
Derive the expressionforfrequency of Colpitts
the minimum gain forsustained oscillation
and
oscillations.
AKTU 2021-22 (Sem-3),
Marks 10
OR
DescribeColpitts
oscillator. AKTU 2021-22 (Sem-4),Marks 10
OR
Elaboratethe Colpittsoscillator
circuitwith working and circuit
diagram along with applications.

AKTU 2022-23 (Sem-3),Marks 10

OR
Explaintheworking ofa tank circuit.
Alsoderivethefrequencyof
oscillation
and conditionof gain toget sustainedoscillations
for
Colpittsoscillator. AKTU 2022-23 (Sem-4),
Marks l10

Answer
1. The schematic ofColpitts isshown inFig.3.9.1.
oscillator

RC

Fig.3.9.1.
 3-12H (EC-Sem-4) Oscillators

2
Colpitts
oscillator utilizes
a parallelLC circuitconnected betweon
and base (orbetween drain and gate ifa FET isused) with a
collector
ofthetuned-circuit
fraction voltagefed totheemitter.
3
This feedback is achieved by the way of a capacitivedividerinthe
Colpittsoscillator
circuit.
4 ForColpitts the frequency ofoperationis givenby
oscillator,

C +Cz)
Derivationforloopgain and frequencyofoperation:
L

sc,V,

C2V. Bm V R C

Fig.
3.9.2.
Equivalentcircuitofthe Colpitts
oscillator.
1 Apply KCL at node C gives

*8,
sC,V, V.sC(l+sLC)N, =0 .(3.9.1)
2. Since V0 (oscillations it
have started), can be eliminated, and
eq.(3.9.1)
can be rearrangedin theform

1
LC,C,+sLCJR) + s(C+C,)
+&mt R =0 ...(3.9.2)
s = jogives,
Substituting

1 oLC,
Bmt+
R R +C,)-o°LC,C]
+jlo(C, =0 ..(3.9.3)
3 Foroscillations,
tostart,both therealand imaginary parts
must be zero.
Equating theimaginary partofeq.(3.9.3)to zero givesthe
oscillation
as frequency of

.(3.9.4)
+C2.
which istheresonancefrequencyof
the tank circuit.
4 Equating the realpart ofeq. (3.9,3)
to zero togetherwith using
eq.(3.9.4)
givesconditionofoscillation
as

CJC,=&R ...(3.9.5)