PFMC-13 /

FEMaS-1
Book of Abstracts
(vers 1.1)

Local Organization Committee

 th
13 International Workshop on Plasma-Facing Materials and Components
for Fusion Applications
and
st
1 International Conference on Fusion Energy Materials Science

Book of Abstracts (vers 1.1) Page 2

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13 International Workshop on Plasma-Facing Materials and Components
for Fusion Applications
and
st
1 International Conference on Fusion Energy Materials Science

Table of Contents
A) Invited Talks

No. Speaker Affiliation Title

JET/-EFDA The JET ITER-like Wall - Status and

I-01 Guy Matthews Culham Science Centre experimental programme
Overview of JET post-mortem results following
JET-EFDA the 2007-9 operational period, and comparisons
I-02 Paul Coad Culham Science Centre with previous campaigns

Princeton Plasma Physics Lithium wall conditioning and surface dust

I-03 Charles Skinner Laboratory detection on NSTX
Fatigue Lifetime and Power Handling Capability
I-04 Marc Missirlian CEA - IRFM of Actively Cooled Plasma Facing Components
for ITER Divertor
Lifetime analysis of ITER first wall under steady
I-05 Raphael Mitteau ITER Organization state and off normal loads

JET-EFDA Detailed Design of a Solid Tungsten Divertor

I-06 Philippe Mertens Culham Science Centre Row for JET in Relation to the Physics Goals

Institute of Plasma Physics, Development of W/Cu Divertor Components for

I-07 Guang-Nan Luo Chinese Academy of Sciences EAST

Glass Ceramic Joined SiC/SiC: Properties after

I-08 Monica Ferraris POLITECNICO DI TORINO
Nuclear Irradiation
Graduate School of
Recent Progress of Tungsten R&D for Fusion
I-09 Yoshio Ueda Engineering,
Application in Japan
Osaka University
Tungsten Wire-Reinforced Tungsten Matrix
Max-Planck-Institut
I-10 Jeong-Ha You für Plasmaphysik
Composites: Proof of principle

Warsaw University Cs-corrected STEM investigations of an ODS

I-11 Tomasz Plocinski of Technology ferritic steel for fusion applications

Latest Achievements Utilizing the 3DXRD

Risoe DTU, Technical
I-12 Søren Schmidt University of Denmark
Technique for Non-destructive Characterization
of Microstructures
Modelling of radiation damage in tungsten
Ecole Nationale Supérieure
I-13 Charlotte Becquart de Chimie de Lille
including He production

Technische Universität Irradiation Induced Defects in Alloys Examined

I-14 Christoph Hugenschmidt München by Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy

Insight into defect properties created by

irradiation in Fe-C provided by multiscale
I-15 Thomas Jourdan CEA - DEN
modelling coupled with resistivity recovery
experiments

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13 International Workshop on Plasma-Facing Materials and Components
for Fusion Applications
and
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1 International Conference on Fusion Energy Materials Science

No. Speaker Affiliation Title

Max-Planck-Institut
I-16 Jochen Roth für Plasmaphysik
Hydrogen in Tungsten as Plasma-facing Material

Wet-chemical methods for fabrication of tritium

Hydrogen Isotope Research
I-17 Yuji Hatano Center, University of Toyama
permeation barrier coatings

Beryllium Qualification Activity for ITER First Wall

I-18 Vladimir Barabash ITER Organization Applications

Deuterium Retention in and Release from

Max-Planck-Institut
I-19 Thomas Schwarz-Selinger für Plasmaphysik
Beryllium Resulting from High Flux Plasma
Exposure

Analysis of Structural Changes and High-Heat-

Flux Tests on pre-damaged Tungsten from
I-20 Jan Willem Coenen Forschungszentrum Jülich
Tokamak Melt Experiments

Transport and screening of ejected tungsten in

Max-Planck-Institut
I-21 Karl Krieger für Plasmaphysik
controlled melt experiments at ASDEX Upgrade

FOM Institute for Plasma ELM-simulation experiments under ITER-like

I-22 Gregory de Temmerman Physics Rijnhuizen conditions

Impact of disruption loads on plasma facing

I-23 Michael Lehnen Forschungszentrum Jülich components

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13 International Workshop on Plasma-Facing Materials and Components
for Fusion Applications
and
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1 International Conference on Fusion Energy Materials Science

B) Oral contributions

No. Speaker Affiliation Title

Overview of the Second Stage in the

JET-EFDA
O-01 Daria Ivanova Culham Science Centre
Comprehensive Mirrors Test in JET

Arcing in DIII-D as a Source of PFC Erosion and

O-02 Dmitry Rudakov University of California
Dust Production

Deposition and Qualification of Tungsten

O-03 Volker Philipps Forschungszentrum Jülich Coatings Produced by Plasma Deposition in WF6
precursor Gas

Neutron tomography as a new method for 3D

Technische Universität
O-04 B. Schillinger
München
structure analysis of CFC as plasma facing
material
Nanoindentation of Self ion Implanted Tungsten
and Tungsten Alloys for Plasma Facing
O-05 David Armstrong University of Oxford
Applications

Comparison of deuterium retention for ion-

O-06 Yasuhisa Oya Shizuoka University
irradiated and neutron-irradiated tungsten

Graduate School of In-situ measurement of hydrogen isotope

O-07 Masato Yamagiwa Enginnering, retention using ion beam analyses during plasma
Nagoya University exposure

Deposition of 13C tracer in the JET MKII-HD

JET-EFDA
O-08 Jari Likonen Culham Science Centre
divertor

Predicting time evolution of hydrogen co-

Max-Planck-Institut deposition in ITER based on self consistent
O-09 Klaus Schmid für Plasmaphysik global impurity transport modelling

Modelling of Beryllium Erosion/Deposition and

O-10 Dmitry Borodin Forschungszentrum Jülich Local Transport at ITER First Wall Blanket
Modules Using the ERO code
Tungsten and carbon based PFCs erosion and
eroded material deposition under ITER-like ELM
O-11 N. Klimov SRC RF TRINITI and disruption loads at the plasma gun facility
QSPA-T

Thermal shock response of fine and ultra fine

O-12 Gerald Pintsuk Forschungszentrum Jülich
grained tungsten based materials

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13 International Workshop on Plasma-Facing Materials and Components
for Fusion Applications
and
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1 International Conference on Fusion Energy Materials Science

C) Poster contributions

No. Title Authors

Mass Spectrometry Study of Destruction of Methane by a

P01A M. Mozetič, A. Vesel, A. Drenik
Radio Frequency Discharge

Investigations of Different Carbon-Like-Diamond Layers as

P01B Candidates for the Coating of PFCs
M. Laux and D. Naujoks

Deposition and Erosion of Polymer-like Hydrocarbon Layer by

P02A I. Čadež, S. Markelj, P. Pelicon and Z. Siketić
Hydrogen Atoms

V.G. Stankevich, N.Yu. Svechnikov,

Studies of Nanostructures Formed in T-10 Tokamak Using B.N. Kolbasov, A.M. Lebedev,
P02B Synchrotron Radiation and Neutrons K.A. Menshikov, V.A. Somenkov,
A.A. Veligzhanin, Y.V. Zubavichus

The Structure and Gas Trapping Properties of Plasma L. Begrambekov, A. Kuzmin, A. Makarov,
P03A Deposited Carbon and Carbon-Tungsten Films Ya. Sadovsky, P. Shigin

Classification of hydrocarbon films obtained in tokamak T-10

I. Arkhipov, S. Grashin, A. Karpov,
P03B under controlled conditions
N. Svechnikov

Characteristics of co-deposited carbon layers on tungsten Y. Hamaji, K.Miyata, T. Wada, Y. Ohtsuka,

P04A nano-structure and Y. Ueda

M. Kubkowska, E. Skladnik-Sadowska,
Spectroscopic study of plasma produced from CFC targets
P04B irradiated by pulsed plasma streams
M.J. Sadowski, K. Czaus, J. Zebrowski,
M. Ladygina, and I.E. Garkusha
A. Kirschner, H.G. Esser, D. Matveev,
O. Van Hoey, D. Borodin, A. Galonska,
Modelling of carbon deposition from CD4 injection in the far
P05A Scrape-Off Layer of TEXTOR
K. Ohya, V. Philipps, A. Pospieszczyk,
U. Samm, O. Schmitz, P. Wienhold, and
TEXTOR team
D. Matveev, A. Kirschner, H. G. Esser,
Modelling of Deposition at the Bottom of Gaps in TEXTOR A. Litnovsky, D. Borodin, B. Schweer,
P05B Experiments V. Philipps, S. Brezinsek, P. Wienhold, and
the TEXTOR team

Ion-surface interactions of seeding gas ions with ITER- A. Keim, S. Zöttl, F. Zappa, P. Scheier,
P06A relevant armour materials T.D. Märk and Z. Herman

Interaction of low pressure hydrogen plasma with materials of

A. Ahmad, P. Kumar, M. Carrère, J.M. Layet
P06B interest for fusion : study of the negative ion surface
and G. Cartry
production

Hydrogen Retention and Release in the RFX-mod Graphite

P07A First Wall
A. Canton, S. Dal Bello and P. Innocente

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for Fusion Applications
and
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1 International Conference on Fusion Energy Materials Science

No. Title Authors

Thermal Desorption spectroscopy investigation of co- Y.S Katharria, E. Areou, J.-B Faure, G. Cartry,
P07B implanted Hydrogen and Argon in graphite. J.-M. Layet, P. Roubin and T. Angot

Assessment of Fuel Re-absorption by Thermally Pre-treated D. Ivanova, M. Rubel, V. Philipps,

P08A Co-deposited Layers P. Petersson, M. Freisinger, M. Żłobiński,
M. Matveeva, A. Schmidt

Tritium uptake in graphite tiles exposed to EAST plasma and

P08B then tritium gas
Jing Wu, Guang-Nan Luo, Masao Matsuyama

Influence of deuterium ion and atomic exposure on L.B. Begrambekov, A.S. Kaplevskiy,
P09A dehydrogenation of C:H films Y.A. Sadovskiy, P.A. Shigin*. A.M. Zakharov

Time dependent low-energy deuterium interactions with

P09B lithiated graphite plasma-facing surfaces
C.N. Taylor, B. Heim, and J.P. Allain

C. Hopf, T. Angot, E. Areou, G. Cartry,

Characterization of temperature-induced changes in T. Dürbeck, N. Gehrken, W. Jacob,
P10A amorphous hydrogenated carbon thin films C. Pardanaud, C. Martin, P. Roubin,
T. Schwarz-Selinger

Hydrogen-carbon deposit removal with a multi-pin-plane M. Redolfi, L. Colina, G. Lombardi, X. Bonnin

P10B plasma device and K. Hassouni

Y. Miyahara, M. Kobayashi, J. Osuo,

Influence of H-H discharge on hydrogen isotope retention in
P11A boron films
M. Suzuki, T. Fujishima, N. Ashikawa,
A. Sagara, Y. Oya, and K. Okuno

O-carborane boronization of MST during pulsed discharge

J. Ko, D. J. Den Hartog, J. A. Goetz,
P11B cleaning
P. J. Weix, and S. T. Limbach

T. Dittmar, M. Baldwin, R. Doerner,

P12A Interaction of high flux D2/N2 plasmas with Be D. Nishijima, M. Oberkofler, T. Schwarz-
Selinger, F. Tabarés and K. Umstaedter

K.R. Umstadter, J. Barton, R. Doerner,

Effects of transient heating events on plasma facing materials
P12B in a steady-state plasma environment
T. Schwarz-Selinger, G. R. Tynan,
W.Wampler, J. Yu

Depth distribution of deuterium implanted into beryllium and M. Oberkofler, R. Piechoczek, M. Reinelt, and
P13A heating rate-dependent desorption Ch. Linsmeier

Study of Helium Bubbles Evolution in Highly Neutron V. Chakin, A. Moeslang, R. Rolli,

P13B Irradiated Beryllium by X-Ray Micro-Tomography and H.-C. Schneider, P. Vladimirov, C. Ferrero,
Metallography Methods and R. Pieritz

P14A Quantum studies for plasma facing components for ITER A. Allouche

Book of Abstracts (vers 1.1) Page 7

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for Fusion Applications
and
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1 International Conference on Fusion Energy Materials Science

No. Title Authors

K. Dobes, P. Naderer, A, Golczewski,

Transient effects during sputtering of a-C:H surfaces by
P14B nitrogen ions
K. Tichmann, T. Schwarz-Selinger, C. Hopf,
and F. Aumayr

DIVIMP simulation of W transport in the SOL of JET H-mode A. Järvinen, C. Giroud, M. Groth, K. Krieger,
P15A plasmas D. Moulton, S. Wiesen, S. Brezinsek and
JET-EFDA contributors

A. Widdowson, C.F. Ayres, J.P Coad,

P15B Assessing Erosion of JET Tiles A. Hakola, J. Likonen and JET-EFDA
contributors

Parameter studies and benchmarking of the global near-wall

P16A impurity transport M. Reinelt, K. Krieger and K. Schmid

A. Hakola, L. Aho-Mantila, M. Airila,

S. Koivuranta, K. Krieger, J. Likonen,
Erosion and re-deposition of W and Ni in the divertor and
P16B midplane regions of ASDEX Upgrade
V. Lindholm, M. Matikainen, M. Mayer,
R. Neu, V. Rohde, K. Sugiyama, and
ASDEX Upgrade Team
M. Mayer, M. Balden, E. Fortuna-Zalesna,
A. Hakola, K.J. Kurzydlowski, S. Lindig,
P17A Long-term evolution of tungsten surfaces in ASDEX Upgrade R. Neu, M. Pisarek, M. Rasinski,
K. Rozniatowski, K. Schmid, K. Sugiyama,
ASDEX Upgrade Team

Carbon erosion and deuterium retention of tungsten-doped

P17B amorphous carbon films exposure to deuterium plasma
P. Wang, W. Jacob, P. A. Sauter, M. Balden

C. P. Lungu, J. Likonen, A. Hakola,

C. Porosnicu, I. Jepu, A. Anghel, A. M. Lungu,
P18A XPS and SIMS Analyses of Mixed Deposition Materials
P. Chiru, C. Ticos, Gh. Oncioiu, A. Victor, and
JET EFDA Contributors

Micro-distribution of fuel and metal in carbon based plasma P. Petersson, G. Possnert, A. Kreter,
P18B facing materials M. Zlobinski, T. Dittmar

Influence of Impurities on Deuterium and Helium Retention in A. Kreter, M.J. Baldwin, D. Nishijima,
P19A Carbon Materials R. Seraydarian and R.P. Doerner

Chemistry of the first wall of future fusion devices: Interaction

M. Köppen, H. Löchel, T.-V. Phan, J. Riesch,
P19B of energetic oxygen ions with the beryllium tungsten alloy
A. Vollmer and Ch. Linsmeier
Be2W

Deuterium retention in co-deposited C-W-D films formed in a

Yu. Gasparyan, S. Krat, M. Zibrov, M. Mayer,
P20A magnetron deuterium plasma discharge
K. Sugiyama, and A. Pisarev

Fuel Retention in Mixed Tungsten / Carbon Layers L. Marot, G. De Temmerman, K. Bystrov,

P20B R. Steiner, and E. Meyer

Effect of atomic Hydrogen and atomic Nitrogen densities near

P21A substrate surface on microstructure of plasma nitrided layer
K. S Suraja, S. Mukherjee, and P. Bharathi

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for Fusion Applications
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1 International Conference on Fusion Energy Materials Science

No. Title Authors

Glow-Discharge Optical Emission Spectroscopy for Plasma-

Y. Hatano, N. Yoshida, N. Futagami ,
P21B Surface Interaction Studies
H. Harada, T. Tokunaga and H. Nakamura

S. Brezinsek, J.W. Coenen, M. Laengner,

Quantification of Tungsten Sputtering at W/C Twin Limiters in
P22A TEXTOR with the Aid of Local WF6 Injection
A. Pospieszczyk, U. Samm,
and the TEXTOR-team

Sputtering of tungsten surfaces by N+ and N2+ ions –

P. Naderer, K. Dobes, N. Lachau
P22B investigation of transient and molecular effects
and F. Aumayr

Self-passivating bulk tungsten-based alloys manufactured by

P. López-Ruiz, N. Ordás, C. García-Rosales,
P23A powder metallurgy
S. Lindig, F. Koch

Oxidation behaviour of silicon-free tungsten alloys for use as F. Koch, J. Brinkmann, S. Lindig,
P23B first wall material Ch. Linsmeier

R.Kh. Zalavutdinov, A.E. Gorodetsky,

Morphology, Structure and Composition of Dust Formed in
P24A Globus-M Tokamak
V.K. Gusev, A.N. Novokhatsky, I.V. Mazul,
and A.P. Zakharov

N. Ashikawaa, N. Asakura, T. Hayashi,

P24B Characterization of mixed material dusts in JT-60U
M. Fukumoto and T. Muroga

K.Bystrov, C. Arnas, D.Mathys, L.B. van der

Influence of the plasma and surface conditions on the
P25A formation of dust on plasma exposed graphite
Vegt, O.Lischtschenko, G.A. van Swaaij,
Y. Kuang and G. De Temmerman
N. Endstrasser, V. Rohde, M. Balden,
Characteristics of different dust sampling techniques in view of
U. v.Toussaint, M. Rampp, E. Fortuna-
P25B the classification of particles from full-tungsten ASDEX
Zalesna, J. Ferenc-Dominik, M. Rasinski,
Upgrade
R. Neu and the ASDEX Upgrade Team
First results from dust detection during plasma discharges in H.Roche, A.Barbuti, J.Bucalossi, L.Ducobu,
P26A Tore Supra C.Grisolia, T.Loarer, B.Pegourié, P.Spuig,
C.H.Skinner, S.Vartanian, and B.Vincent

ITER In-Vessel Dust and Tritium Control Implementation S. Ciattaglia, F. Le Guern, Y. Kim, J. Palmer,
P26B Status and Plan S. Rosanvallon, W. Shu

Advances in Dust Detection for Tokamaks

P27A B. Rais, C.H. Skinner, A.L. Roquemore

Carbon deposition on beryllium substrates and subsequent R. Mateus, N. Franco, L.C. Alves,
P27B delamination M. Fonseca, P.A. Carvalho, E. Alves

Computer Simulations of Plasma-Carbon and Lithiated P. S. Krstic, J. Dadras, C. O. Reinhold,

P28A Carbon Interface J. Jakowski

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for Fusion Applications
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1 International Conference on Fusion Energy Materials Science

No. Title Authors

Simulations of low energy D bombardment of W and WC

A. Lasa, C. Björkas, K. Vörtler and
P28B alloys
K. Nordlund

Simulation for Dynamical Process of Hydrogen Retention in S. Saito, A. Takayama, A. M. Ito,

P29A Graphite Material under Continuous Injection H. Nakamura

Hydrogen diffusion in tungsten: Comparison of DFT, MD and U. von Toussaint, P.N. Maya, A. Manhard and
P29B Experimental Results W. Jacob

Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Hydrogen Atoms on SiC

Zhongshi Yang, Qian Xu, Rongjie Hong,
P30A Surface
Guang-Nan Luo

Molecular Dynamics Simulations of the Sputtering Behaviour

A. Meinander*, C. Björkas, K. Vörtler, A. Lasa,
P30B of Mixed Be/W/C-Materials
and K. Nordlund

Simulating the Plasma-Induced Evolution of Surfaces Faiza Sefta, Karl D. Hammond, and
P31A Brian D. Wirth

N. Juslin, K. Hammond , F. Seft, and

P31B Simulation of He and H defect clusters in W
B. D. Wirth

M. Yoshida, T. Tanabe, T. Hayashi, T.

P32A Construction of fuel retention model for full carbon devises
Nakano, K. Masaki and K. Itami

Multi-Scale Modeling of Hydrogen Retention in Co-deposits P.N. Maya, S.P. Deshpande, M. Warrierand
P32B Udo von Toussaint

Tracing of hydrogen isotopes with the ERO code O. Van Hoey, A. Kirschner, I. Uytdenhouwen,
P33A G. Van Oost and R. Chaouadi

On the thermal instability caused by plasma-wall coupling E. Marenkov, S. Krasheninnikov, A. Pigarov,

P33B A. Pisarev, I. Tsvetkov

Integrated scenario for controlling tritium retention in carbon

P34A co-deposits in fusion devices
J.A. Ferreira, F.L. Tabarés, and D. Alegre

Deuterium-retention in iron oxides under low energy D2+- T. Sogawa, N. Matsunami, N. Ohno,
P34B plasma exposure M. Tokitani, S. Masuzaki

R.Ruffe, P.Languille, C.Martin, G.Giacometti,

DITS project: mapping of the topology of the erosion and
P35A deposition zones at the surface of the toroidal pump limiter
C.Pardanaud, P.Roubin, C.Dominici, M.Cabié,
E.Tsitrone and B.Pégourié

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1 International Conference on Fusion Energy Materials Science

No. Title Authors

Post-mortem measurements on fuel retention at JET in 2007- S. Koivuranta, J. Likonen, A. Hakola,

P35B 2009 experimental campaign J. P. Coad, A. Widdowson, D.E. Hole,
M. Rubel
C. Martin, R. Ruffe, C. Pardanaud,
P. Languille, H. Hamad, G. Cartry, T. Angot,
P36A Nanostructural analysis of eroded CFC tiles of Tore Supra
G. Giacometti, B. Pégourié, E. Tsitrone
and P. Roubin
A.V. Golubeva , A.V. Spitsyn, N. Bobyr,
Hydrogen retention properties of V-4Cr-4Ti alloys
P36B M. Mayer, Yu. Gasparyan, D. Smirnov,
V.M. Chernov

Deuterium retention in bulk tungsten exposed to the outer K. Sugiyama, K. Krieger, M. Mayer,
P37A divertor plasma of ASDEX Upgrade M. Balden, S. Lindig
and ASDEX Upgrade Team

Behaviour of tritium in plasma-sprayed tungsten coating on

P37B steel exposed to tritium plasma
T. Otsuka, T. Tanabe, and K. Tokunaga

Y. Yang, S. Maruyama, G. Kiss, R. A. Pitts,

P38A Concept Design of the ITER Glow Discharge Cleaning System
M. Shimada, Y. Pan, M. Wang, T. Jiang, B. Li

Ion beam analysis of 13C and deuterium deposition in DIII-D W.R. Wampler and the DIII-D 13C and
P38B and their removal by in-situ oxygen bake Oxygen Bake Experimental Teams

N. Gierse, T. F. Giesen , A. Huber, R. Leyte-

Characterisation of hydrocarbon and mixed layers by Laser
P39A Induced Ablation Spectroscopy (LIAS) in TEXTOR
Gonzales, L. Marot, M. Naiim-Habi,
V. Philipps, U. Samm, B. Schweer

M. Zlobinski* V. Philipps, B. Schweer,

In-situ Measurements of Fuel Retention by Laser Induced
P39B Desorption Spectroscopy (LIDS) in TEXTOR
A. Huber, S. Brezinsek, U. Samm
and the TEXTOR-Team

Studies on laser heating and laser ablation of ITER-like

P40A surfaces
A. Leontyev, A. Semerok, and P.-Y. Thro

A. Huber, B. Schweer, V. Philipps, N. Gierse,

Characterisation of Wall Components in Fusion Devices by
P40B Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy
M. Zlobinski, S. Brezinsek, V. Kotov, R. Leyte-
Gonzales, Ph. Mertens, U. Samm
Dependence of power density and energy fluence on ablation
rates and LIBS observation thresholds for laser-irradiated
P41A P. Gąsior, M. Kubkowska, J Wołowski
ITER relevant materials

I. Peñalva, G. Alberro, J. Aranburu,

P41B Hydrogen permeability in pure Fe metal and FeC alloy
F. Legarda R. Vila and C. J. Ortiz

Deuterium ion driven permeation in tungsten with different

P42A microstructures
H.T. Lee, E. Markina, Y. Otsuka, and Y. Ueda

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No. Title Authors

Gaseous hydrogen permeation through CMSII coated and

P42B B. Zajec, V. Nemanič, and C. Ruset
ITER-grade bulk tungsten

Phase formation of Erbia coatings on Eurofer, phase stability

A. Brendel, M. Werkstetter, Ch. Adelhelm,
P43A and deuterium permeability
Ch. Linsmeier

Influence of Silicon and Temperature on Hot-dip Aluminizing

Shilei Han, P.Y. Lee, B.L. Hou, Shumao
P43B Process and Subsequent Oxidation for Preparing Tritium
Wang, C.J Pan, Z.C Sun
Permeation Barrier

An advance process of aluminum rich coating as tritium

P44A permeation barrier on 321 steel workpiece
Zhang Guikai, Chen Chang’an, Li Ju

Ion-driven Permeation of Deuterium in Tungsten by Deuterium H.Y. Peng, H.T. Lee, M. Ohmori, Y. Ohtsuka,
P44B and Carbon Mixed Ion Irradiation and Y. Ueda

Influence of He implantation and W self-implantation on

P45A deuterium permeation through tungsten E. Markina, M. Mayer, and H.T. Lee

Isotopic exchange in ITER-grade tungsten exposed

V.Kh. Alimov, B. Tyburska, J. Roth, K. Isobe,
P45B sequentially to low-energy, high-flux deuterium and protium
T. Yamanishi
plasmas

Deuterium implanted into polycrystalline tungsten: Novel TPD

A. Manhard, K. Schmid, T. Dürbeck,
P46A investigations
U. v. Touissant and W. Jacob

Modelling thermal desorption from tungsten surfaces

P46B containing hydrogen precipitates: a continuum-scale approach R.D. Kolasinski, and D.F. Cowgill

Deuterium retention in Tungsten-Tantalum alloys

P47A K. Schmid, K. Moshkunov, A. Manhard

Y. Zayachuk, I. Uytdenhouwen,
P47B Deuterium retention in tungsten-tantalum alloys
J. Schuurmans, and G. Van Oost

D. Dellasega, G. Grosso, E. Vassallo,

Mechanical, Erosion and Permeation Properties of
P48A Nanostructured W and W-Ta Coatings
C. Conti, V. Nemanic, B. Zajec, C.E. Bottani
and M. Passoni

Deuterium retention in various pre-damaged materials as a

P48B function of the exposure temperature
B. Tyburska, V. Alimov, K. Ertl, and J. Dorner

Interaction of D and He Plasmas with Tungsten in Fuego- G. Ramos, J.J.E. Herrera, F. Castillo and
P49A Nuevo II M. Nieto

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No. Title Authors

The TRitium Ion Implantation eXperiment (TRIIX) for hydrogen X. Bai, M, Shimada, M. Hara, Y. Oya,
P49B isotopes retention measurements in plasma facing materials Y. Hatano and P. Calderoni

M.H.J. 't Hoen, B. Tyburska, K. Ertl, M. Mayer,

Hydrogen Retention in Tungsten Exposed to High-Flux
P50A Plasmas
H. Schut, J. Rapp and
P. A. Zeijlmans van Emmichoven

Deuterium Depth Profile in Neutron-Irradiated Tungsten Masashi Shimada, G. Cao, Y. Hatano, T. Oda,
P50B Exposed to Plasma Y. Oya, M. Hara and P. Calderoni

Hydrogen gas filled cavities under surface extrusions on M. Balden, S. Lindig, A. Manhard,
P51A hydrogen-implanted tungsten V.Kh, Alimov, O. Ogorodnikova, J. Roth

P51B Hydrogen Interaction With Tungsten Surface S. Markelj, P. Pelicon, Z. Siketić and I. Čadež

Simulation of Hydrogen Retention and Re-emission from

P52A Tungsten Exposed to Divertor Plasmas
K. Ohya, and A. Kirschner

Effect of nitrogen seeding into deuterium plasma on deuterium O. V. Ogorodnikova, K. Sugiyama, A. Markin,
P52B retention in tungsten A. Manhard, T. Dürbeck, M. Balden

Ab-initio Modelling of Point Defects and Anisotropic Elasticity

Effects in Tungsten-Vanadium and Tungsten-Tantalum Alloys M. Muzyk, J. Wróbel, K.J. Kurzydlowski,
P53A for Fusion Application S.L. Dudarev and D. Nguyen-Manh

Modeling Helium migration and Helium-vacancy cluster

P53B nucleation at grain boundaries in a-Fe
M. J. Caturla, C. C. Fub

G. Apostolopoulos, K. Mergia, S. Messoloras,

P54A Resistivity recovery of proton irradiated Fe-Cr alloys
and A. Lagoyannis

B. Khripunov, A. Brukhanov, V. Gureev,

V.S. Koidan, S. Latushkin, V. Petrov,
Plasma Impact on Materials at Displacement Damage
P54B Condition
A. Ryazanov, E. Semenov, V. Stolyarova,
V. Unezhev, L. Danelyan, V. Kulikauskas,
V. Zatekin
Spatially-dependent cluster dynamics modeling of
P55A microstructure evolution in low energy helium irradiated T. Faney, D. Xu, X. Hu and B. Wirth
tungsten

TEM characterization of self-ion damaged polycrystalline W X. Yi, M. Briceno, M. L. Jenkins and

P55B and W-alloys S. G. Roberts

Thermal Property of Neutron Irradiated Tungsten and Its M. Fukuda, A. Hasegawa, T. Tanno, and
P56A Alloys S. Nogami

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No. Title Authors

The Dependence of Thermal Diffusivity on Measurement
Temperature Affected by Irradiation Damage in Ceramic
P56B Materials
M. Akiyoshi, I. Takagi, H. Tsuchida, T. Yoshiie

Radiation Induced Conductivity for Er2O3 coatings on C. Adelhelm, A. Brendel, E. R. Hodgson,

P57A EUROFER under 1.8 MeV electron irradiation M. Malo and A. Moroño

Database Development and Coordinated Research Projects

P57B at the IAEA on Plasma-Material Interaction and Neutron- B. J. Braams, R. A. Forrest, and H.-K. Chung
Induced Processes

V. Yakushin*, V. Polsky, B. Kalin,

Erosion of Tungsten and Its Brazed Joints with Bronze
P58A Substrates Irradiated by Pulsed Deuterium Plasma Flows
P. Dzhumaev, O. Sevryukov, A. Suchkov,
V. Fedotov

An Investigation of Non-Destructive Examination (NDE)

P58B Methods for the Analysis of Be to Cu alloy Bonded Samples
J. Bushell, P. Sherlock, and Dr P. Mummery

Suk-Kwon Kim, Jae-Sung Yoon,

Fabrication and Test of KO Preliminary Semi-Prototype for
Hyun-Kyu Jung, Yang-Il Jung,
P59A ITER First Wall Qualification
Jeong-Yong Park, Yong-Hwan Jeong,
Byoung Yoon Kim, and Dong Won Lee
Micro-chemical analysis of highly heat loaded CFC/Cu
interfaces from T. Höschen, H. Greuner, Ch. Linsmeier,
P59B Tore Supra and Wendelstein 7-X M. Missirlian

Image based modelling of silicon carbide composites

P60A (SiCf/SiC) for use in a fusion power plant’s breeding blanket
Ll. M. Evans, P. Mummery, and S. Dudarev

Effects of Heat Treatment Conditions on the Micro-Structure

S.F. Di Martino, R.G. Faulkner, N. Riddle,
P60B and Impact Properties of Eurofer 97 ODS Alloy
M.A. Monge, A. Munoz

Analytical TEM investigation of boron alloyed EUROFER 97

P61A M. Klimenkov*, E. Materna-Morris, R. Lindau

Three-dimensional imaging and metrology of yttria dispersoids

A. Kruk, B. Dubiel, and
P61B by electron tomography
A. Czyrska-Filemonowicz

Characterization of Y2O3 and La2O3 nanoparticles in W-V

A. Muñoz,*, J. Martínez, M.A. Monge,
P62A and W-Ti ODS tungsten alloys by small angle neutron
B. Savoini, R. Pareja and A. Radulescu
scattering

Microstructure analysis of tungsten materials produced by U. Jäntsch, M. Klimenkov , M. Rieth,

P62B different fabrication routes T. Scherer and A. Hoffmann

TEM investigation of W in the as-received and forged

P63A condition W. Van Renterghem, I. Uytdenhouwen

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No. Title Authors

Subsurface structures on rolled and re-crystallised W after D S. Lindig, M. Balden, and V.Kh. Alimov,
P63B bombardment A. Manhard, C. Höschen, T. Höschen

H. Li, L. Romaner, C. Ambrosch-Draxl, and

P64A Elasticity and Screw Dislocations in W-Re and W-Ta Alloys
R. Pippan

P64B Visco-elastic model of the “fuzz” growth S.I. Krasheninnikov

Characterization of powder metallurgy processed and hot Y.Y. Lian, X. Liu, Z.Y. Xu, Y.P. Huang,
P65A rolled W-TiC alloys C.S. Xiang

Application of transmission electron microscopy and FIB

S. Milc, A. Kruk, G. Cempura, H.J. Penkalla
P65B tomography to microstructure characterisation of tungsten
and A. Czyrska-Filemonowicz
based materials

Thermal and Mechanical Characterizations of W-armoured D. Serret, J.L. Gardarein, M. Richou, and
P66A Plasma Facing Components after Thermal Fatigue M. Missirlian

Numerical Simulation of Tungsten Melt Layer Erosion caused B. Bazylev, Yu. Igitkhanov, J.W. Coenen,
P66B by JxB force at TEXTOR V.Philipps, Y. Ueda

Annealing behavior and transient high heat loading

J. Tan, Z. Zhou, M. Zhong, X. Zhu, M. Lei,
P67A performance of fine grained W fabricated by fast resistance
W. Liu, and C. Ge
sintering technology

Understanding of crack formation in a double forged tungsten

P67B grade induced by thermal shock loading
I. Uytdenhouwen

P68A Effect of Off-Normal Events on Reactor First Wall Yu. Igitkhanov and B. Bazylev

M. A. Yar, S. Wahlberg, M. Omar, G. Pintsuk,

High Heat Load Testing of W-Y2O3 Armour Materials
P68B Fabricated by Chemical Method
J. Linke, H. Bergqvist, M. Johnsson, and
M. Muhammed

Evolution of tungsten degradation under combined high cycle

Th. Loewenhoff, A. Bürger, J. Linke,
P69A ELM and steady state heat loads
G. Pintsuk, A. Schmidt, C. Thomser

Comparison of the thermal shock performance of different

tungsten grades and the influence of microstructure on the M. Wirtz, J. Linke, G. Pintsuk and
P69B damage behaviour I. Uytdenhouwen

Material performance of tungsten coatings under transient C. Thomser, A. Buerger, J. Linke,

P70A heat loads T. Loewenhoff, G. Matthews, V. Riccardo,
A. Schmidt, V. Vasechko

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No. Title Authors

V.A. Makhlaj, I.E. Garkusha, N.N. Aksenov,
M.S. Ladygina, I. Landman, J. Linke,
P70B ITER ELM’s Simulation with Plasma Accelerators
S.V. Malykhin, A.T. Pugachev, M.J. Sadowski,
E. Skladnik-Sadowska
Demina E.V.; Gribkov V.A.; Dubrovsky A.V.;
Pimenov V.N.; Maslyaev S.V.; Ermishkin V.A.;
Experimental Investigation of Radiation Resistance of a
Chernyshova M.; Miklaszewski R.A.; Paduh
P71A Number of the Tokamak Plasma Facing Ceramic Materials by
M.; Scholz M.; Zielińska E.; Gaffka R.;
means of Plasma Focus Devices
Gryaznevich M.; Sadowski M.;
Skladnik-Sadowska E.; Tuniz C.

Development of PWI-plasma Gun as Transient Heat Load M. Nagata, K. Shoda, I. Sakuma,

P71B Source for ELM-simulation experiments D. Iwamoto,Y. Kikuchi, and N. Fukumoto

Optimization of QSPA-Be plasma gun facility for ITER ELM, V. L. Podkovyrov, A. D. Muzichenko,
disruption, and mitigated disruption simulation experiments. N. S. Klimov, D. V. Kovalenko,
P72A Preliminary results of Be erosion under ELM-like plasma heat A. M. Zhitlukhin, L. N. Khimchenko,
loads I. B. Kupriyanov, R. N. Giniyatulin

Dynamic Response of Refractory Metal Electrode to ~GW/m2 Y. Uesugi, K. Yoshida, Y. Katada,

P72B Plasma Heat Load in the Stabilized Arc Discharges Y. Yamaguchi and Y. Tanaka

Experimental devices for PFM testing in NRI Rez, plc. O. Zlamal, R. Vsolak, T. Klabik, V. Masarik
P73A and B. Bellin

I.B. Kupriyanov, M. Roedig, G.N. Nikolaev,

Recent Results in High Thermal Energy Load testing of
P73B beryllium for ITER Fist Wall application
L.A. Kurbatova, J. Linke, R.N. Giniyatulin,
V.L. Podkovirov and L. Khimchenko

Modelling of Massive Gas Injection with tokamak code I.S. Landman, S.E. Pestchanyi, Y. Igitkhanov,
P74A TOKES for ITER Disruption Mitigation Design R. Pitts

Development of Transient Tolerant Plasma Facing Material C.P.C. Wong, B. Chen, D.L. Rudakov, and
P74B A. Hassanein

Estimation of dust production rate from tungsten armour after

P75A repetitive ELM-like heat loads
S. Pestchanyi, I. Garkusha, and I. Landman

Influences of ELM-like Pulsed Plasma Bombardment on D. Nishijima, Y. Kikuchi, M. Nakatsuka,

P75B Deuterium Retention in Tungsten M.J. Baldwin, R.P. Doerner, M. Nagata, and
Y. Ueda

Analysis of molybdenum erosion and transport for toroidal

P76A limiter in FTU using the ERO code
R. Ding, G. Maddaluno, A. Kirschner

Divertor Studies for FAST, a proposed European satellite V. Pericoli Ridolfini, B. Viola, R. Zagórski,
P76B tokamak for the fast track to fusion G. Calabrò, F. Crisanti, G. Maddaluno

W thick coatings on CuCrZr and steel for plasma facing G. Casadei, R.Donnini, S. Lionetti,
P77A components G. Maddaluno, R. Montanari, N. Ucciardello

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No. Title Authors

EDGE2D-EIRENE calculations of JET ILW pedestal and SOL J. D. Strachan, P. Belo, G. Corrigan, M. Groth,
P77B near radiative collapse D. Harting, L. Lauro-Taroni, G.F. Matthews,
and S Wiesen, and JET- EFDA Contributors
J. Miettunen, T. Kurki-Suonio, S.
Akaslompolo, T. Makkonen, M. Groth, E.
P78A ASCOT simulations of 13C transport in ASDEX Upgrade
Hirvijoki, A. Hakola, J. Likonen, K. Krieger and
the ASDEX Upgrade Team
G.A. van Swaaij, K. Bystrov, D. Borodin,
Relevant processes for hydrocarbon transport, break-up, and A. Kirschner, L. van der Vegt, J. Westerhout,
P78B light emission in an ITER divertor-relevant plasma R.C. Wieggers, G. De Temmerman,
O. Lischtschenko, W.J. Goedheer
E. Fortuna-Zalesna, M. Rasinski, M. Pisarek,
Plasma induced surface modification in the divertor strike
P79A point region of ASDEX Upgrade
K. Rozniatowski, M. Mayer, R. Neu,
K. J. Kurzydlowski, ASDEX Upgrade Team

WEST (TUNGSTEN-W ENVIRONMENT IN STEADY-STATE

P79B TOKAMAKS), A PROJECT AIMING AT TESTING ITER J. Bucalossi et al.
PLASMA FACING COMPONENTS IN TORE SUPRA

A. Herrmann*, H. Greuner, N. Jaksic,

P80A A solid tungsten divertor for ASDEX Upgrade B. Böswirth, H. Maier, R. Neu, S. Vorbrugg
and ASDEX Upgrade team

Thermal stability of W/Mo JET divertor coatings on CFC M. Rasinski, H. Maier, C. Ruset,
P80B substrate M. Lewadnowska, K. J. Kurzydlowski

Development and Characterisation of Reference Tungsten / D.T. Blagoeva, J.B.J Hegeman, M. Jong,
P81A Tungsten alloys, and SiCf/SiC for DEMO Fusion Applications J. Opschoor and C. Sarbu

Interface engineering of the Tungsten-Fibre-Reinforced

P81B Tungsten composites Juan Du, T. Höschen and J-H. You

J. Riesch, J.-Y. Buffière, J. Du, A. Galatanu,

Synthesis of tungsten-fibre reinforced tungsten composites
P. Hahn, T. Höschen, S. Kimmig, M. Köppen,
P82A and in situ observation of cracking by high energy synchrotron
M. di Michiel, M. Scheel, A. Zivelonghi,
tomography
Ch. Linsmeier, and J.-H. You
D. Nunes, V. Livramento, N. Shohoji,
Production of copper-mdiamond composites for first wall heat
P82B sinks
H. Fernandes, C. Silva, U.V. Mardolcar,
P.A. Carvalho, J.B. Correia

Thermal stresses and fatigue damage in monofilament

M. Schöbel, HP . Degischer, A. Brendel,
P83A reinforced copper composites for heat sink applications in
RC. Wimpory, M. Di Michiel
divertor elements

P83B Sigma fibre reinforced copper for heat sink application S.Kimmig, A. Brendel

Microstructural Characterization of SiC Ceramic Multilayers I. Tiseanu, C. Badini, T. Craciunescu,

P84A Using X-ray Laboratory Microtomography S. Biamino and K. Mergia

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No. Title Authors

Computed Tomography Inspection of the CFC Monoblock
section of ITER Inner Vertical Target Prototypes after
Th. Huber, H. Traxler, B. Harrer, R. Kickinger,
P84B Production, after High Heat Flux Testing and after Critical
B. Riccardi
Heat Flux Testing

R&D activities for the production of 1,0 mm thick molybdenum M. Pavei, S. Dal Bello, H. Groenveld,
P85A armour layer on copper substrates. D. Marcuzzi, P. Sonato, P. Zaccaria

Centerstack PFCs for NSTX Upgrades K. Tresemer, A. Jariwala, A. Brooks,

P85B J. Chrzanowski, L. Dudek

NSTX Vacuum Vessel Protection Armour for Neutral Beam

P86A Injection Heating
C. Priniski, K. Tresemer and T. Stevenson

M. Kastriotou, M. Grattarola, C. Gualco,

Residual Stress Measurements of a CuCrZr Tube Brazed to a
P86B Tungsten Tile Using Neutron Diffraction
M. Hofmann, B. Schillinger, S. Messoloras
and K. Mergia

Advanced X-ray Imaging of Metal Coated/Impregnated I. Tiseanu, T. Craciunescu, B. Pegourie,

P87A Plasma-Facing Composite Materials H. Maier, C. Ruseta, M. Mayer, C. Dobrea,
A. Sima
V.S. Voitsenya, W.Kh. Alimov, A.I. Belyaeva,
Modification of the structure and optical characteristics of the A.A. Galuza, K. Isobe, V.G. Konovalov,
P87B surface of tungsten mirrors under bombardment with 38 eV I.V. Ryzhkov, A.A. Savchenko, O.A. Skorik,
deuterium ions K.A. Slatin, T. Yamanishi

Simulation of first mirror surface composition change under

P88A ITER relevant irradiation
D. Kogut, N. Trifonov

Passive protection of the ITER first mirrors V. Kotov, D. Reiter, A. Litnovsky and
P88B A. Kirschner

Experimental modeling of film growth on diagnostic mirrors in T. Mukhammedzyanova,*, K. Vukolova,

P89A ITER-relevant conditions A. Taranchenkoa, S. Zvonkova, I. Orlovskiya,
S. Krivitskyb and A. Ziminb

First diagnostic mirror in ITER designed for in-situ plasma A G Razdobarin, E E Mukhin, V V Semenov,
P89B cleaning treatment S Yu Tolstyakov, et al.

Deviated Reflectivity Spectrum of Molybdenum upon Low B. Eren, L. Marot, R. Steiner, M. Wisse and
P90A Temperature Deuterium Plasma Exposures E. Meyer

Active control over carbon deposition by gas feeding for M. Matveeva, A. Litnovsky, Ch. Schulz,
P90B protection of diagnostic mirrors in ITER S. Möller, P. Wienhold, V. Philipps, H.
Stoschus, U. Samm, and the TEXTOR Team

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No. Title Authors

Nanostructured Rhodium Films for Advanced Diagnostic

M. Passoni, D. Dellasega, G. Merlo,
P91A Mirrors Produced by Pulsed Laser Deposition
G. Grosso, M.C. Ubaldi and C.E. Bottani

Fracture mechanics approach to Be/bronze joint structural V. Eliseev, A. Kuzin, I. Mazul, A. Gervash,
P91B assessment A. Alekseev, A. Malkov and A. Labusov

Assessment of CFC grades under thermal fatigue for the ITER M. Richou, M.Missirlian, C. Desgranges,
P92A inner vertical target N.Vignal, V.Cantone and S. Constans

Mechanical characterization of EUROFER97 in tension at high

P92B strain rate
E. Cadoni, M. Dotta, D. Forni and P. Spätig

Mechanical properties of ultra-fine grained ODS Fe-Cr based

M.A. Auger, V. de Castro, T. Leguey,
P93A alloys
A. Muñoz, M.A. Monge and R. Pareja

Spark plasma sintering of model ODS ferritic steels T. Leguey, M. A. Auger, V. de Castro,
P93B A. Muñoz, and R. Pareja

Mechanical Properties of Ferritic-Martensitic Steel

1Cr13Mo2NbVB and Austenitic Steel 12Cr18Ni10Ti Irradiated A. Povstyanko, A. Fedoseev, T. Bulanova and
P94A in the BOR-60 Reactor up to a Maximum Damage Dose of Z. Ostrovsky
108 dpa

Characterisation of Poly- and Singlecrystalline Tungsten by B. Albinski, W. Yao, J.-H. You,

P94B Instrumented Indentation H.-C. Schneider

Influence of Processing and Alloying Method in Fracture T. Palacios, J.Y. Pastor, M.V. Aguirre,
P95A Behaviour of Tungsten-Vanadium Alloys for ITER A. Martin, J. Llorca, A. Muñoz, M.A. Monge
and R. Pareja

On the brittle fracture of tungsten and tungsten alloys and its

P95B impact on the material’s usage for fusion applications
S. Wurster,*, B. Gludovatz and R. Pippan

Finite element crystal plasticity analysis and microindentation W. Yao, B. Albinski, H.-C. Schneider,
P96A tests of single crystal tungsten J-H. You

E. Delchambre, D. Hernandez,
Multi-colour Pyroreflectometry performance with parasitic
P96B reflexion
MH. Aumeunier, T. Loarer, E. Gauthier,
S. Constans

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The JET ITER-like Wall - Status and experimental programme

I - 01
G. F. Matthewsa,*, M.Beurskensa, S.Brezinsekb, M.Grothc, E.Joffrind, A.Lovinga,
M-L.Mayorala, R.Neue, P.Priora, V.Riccardoa, F.Riminif,g, M.Rubelh, G.Sipsf,g,
E.Villedieud, P. de Vriesi, M.L.Watkinsa,f, and EFDA-JET Contributorsj
JET/-EFDA Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, OX14 3DB, UK
a
Euratom/CCFE Fusion Association, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, OX14 3DB, UK
b
Forschungszentrum Jülich, Euratom Association, Jülich, Germany
c
Association Euratom-TEKES, VTT Processes, Finland
d
Association Euratom-CEA, Cadarache, DSM/IRFM, Saint Paul Lez Durance, France
e
Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, 85748 Garching, Germany
f
EFDA Close Support Unit, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon OX14 3DB, UK
g
European Commission, Brussels, B-1049, Belgium
h
Alfvén Laboratory, Royal Inst. Technology (KTH), Assoc. EURATOM-VR,100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
i
FOM Institute for Plasma Physics, Rijnhuizen P.O. Box 1207, 3420BE Nieuwegein, Netherland
j
See Appendix of F. Romanelli et al., Proceedings of the 22nd IAEA FEC 2008, Geneva, Switzerland
The ITER reference materials have been tested in isolation in tokamaks, plasma
simulators, ion beams and high heat flux test beds. However, an integrated test
demonstrating both acceptable tritium retention, expected to be much lower than for
a carbon wall, and an ability to operate a large high power tokamak within the limits
set by these materials has not yet been carried out. The ITER-like Wall currently
being installed in JET by remote handling comprises solid beryllium limiters and a
combination of bulk W and W-coated CFC divertor tiles. In the main chamber an
array of thermocouples is being fitted to unambiguously monitor wall temperature.
Work is also well advanced in defining the 2011/12 JET experimental programme. A
phased approach will be adopted which maximises the scientific output early in the
programme on the basic materials and fuel retention questions whilst minimising the
risk associated with operation in an all metal machine. However, re-establishing H-
modes at similar power levels to those with the carbon walls is a priority for
establishing a reference database. The JET upgrades also include a considerable
increase in input power, up to 35MW, this has led to a requirement that the most
critical first wall Be and W components are monitored in real time by an appropriate
imaging protection system. Safe expansion of operating space will also be a priority.
Experiments will have to be carefully managed if they have the potential to jeopardise
interpretation of the long term samples which are planned to be removed in a 2012
intervention. Here the concern is that significant mobilisation of molten material could
potentially swamp the intrinsic migration due to intrinsic sputtering which is a key part
of the baseline migration and fuel retention picture for ITER.
This paper will review the preparation and installation of the ITER-like Wall and give
an overview of the experimental programme which is due to start in the summer of
2011. Particular emphasis will be given to the contribution of both aspects to ITER
preparation.
This work, part-funded by the European Communities under the contract of Association between
EURATOM/CCFE was carried out within the framework of the European Fusion Development
Agreement. The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the European
Commission. This work was also part-funded by the RCUK Energy Programme under grant
EP/I501045.

*Corresponding author: Tel:+441235 464523, E-mail address: [email protected]

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Overview of JET post-mortem results following the 2007-9

operational period, and comparisons with previous campaigns I - 02
J.P. Coad a,*, S. Gruenhagena, D.E. Holeb, S. Koivurantac, J. Likonenc, M. Rubeld,
M. Stampa, A.Widdowsona, and JET-EFDA contributors1

JET-EFDA, Culham Science Centre, OX14 3DB, Abingdon, UK

a
EURATOM/CCFE Fusion Association, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, OX14 3DB, UK
b
Dept. of Engineering and Design, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QH, East Sussex, UK
c
Association EURATOM-TEKES, VTT, PO Box 1000, 02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
d
Royal Institute of Technology, Assoc. EURATOM-VR, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden

During 2010 all the plasma-facing components were removed from JET so that the
carbon-based surfaces could be replaced with beryllium or tungsten as part of the
ITER-like Wall (ILW). This gives unprecedented opportunities for post-mortem
analyses of these plasma-facing surfaces, and this paper reviews data obtained so
far and relates the information to the studies of tiles removed during previous
shutdowns since the JET divertor was first used in 1994.
The tiles removed during a shutdown have experienced a range of plasma conditions
during their time in vessel, making the interpretation of post-mortem analyses difficult.
Since 2001 supplementary information has been provide by time-resolved
diagnostics such as quartz micro-balances (QMB) and rotating collectors.
Furthermore, whilst net deposition can be readily assessed, it is more difficult to
measure erosion, and JET has experimented with the use of various types of marker
tiles since 1999 (following a preliminary test in 1989-1992). Results from the 2007-9
operational period are reported, and are generally in line with the 2005-7 data,
however more positive information on erosion is coming from mechanical
measurements using a tile profiler system.
There have been a number of JET divertor configurations used: Mk-1 (1994-5), Mk-
IIA (1996-8), Mk-IIGB (1998-2001), Mk-IISRP (2001-4) and Mk-IIHD (2005-present
time). In all configurations, there has been heavy deposition in the inner divertor
channel (typically ~500g per operational period) and a tendency to erosion over
much of the outer channel. However, the situation in the outer divertor is complex:
plasma conditions can change the outer scrape-off region from erosion to deposition,
and the amount of deposition at the outer corner of the divertor has varied in the
different operational periods. The greater ion temperatures in the outer divertor affect
the nature of the deposits and make the interpretation of QMB data problematic.
It was clear from the Mk-I divertor that most of the material deposited in the inner
divertor comes from the main chamber, but the relative contributions from different
regions were unknown. The inner wall tiles are known to be an important source,
whilst the greatest local erosion occurs on certain Inner Wall Guard Limiter tiles. Tiles
from many poloidal locations are being examined to enable comparisons of the
erosion/deposition picture for the carbon wall with the new beryllium/tungsten ILW.

Work conducted under EFDA and partly funded by the UK EPSRC under grant EP/G003955 and the EC under
the contract of Association between EURATOM and CCFE. The views and opinions expressed herein do not
necessarily reflect those of the European Commission.

1
See the Appendix of F. Romanelli et al., Proceedings of the 23rd IAEA Fusion Energy Conference 2010, Daejeon, Korea

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Lithium wall conditioning and surface dust detection on NSTX I - 03

C.H. Skinnera,*, H. Kugela, M.A. Jaworskia, M. Bella, J.P. Allainb, C.N. Taylorb,
B. Raisc, F.Q.L. Friesend and the NSTX team
a
Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ 08543
b
Purdue University, West Lafayette, 400 Central Drive, IN 47907, USA
c
Université de Provence, Aix-Marseille, France
d
Grinnell College, 1115 8th Avenue, Grinnell, IA 50112 USA

Lithium coatings have been applied to the carbon PFCs in NSTX, predominantly by
evaporation, although lithium pellet and powder injection have also been used. The
lithiumization produced lower edge density and higher edge temperatures resulting in
reductions in the plasma collisionality and the number and amplitude of edge-
localized modes (ELMs) in H-modes up to the point of complete ELM suppression for
periods of up to 1.2 s. The plasma stored energy increased, mostly in the electron
channel, and the inductive flux consumption was reduced. The lithium concentration
in the plasma remained low (about 0.1%) but during ELM-free H-modes accumulation
of carbon and higher Z impurities occurred. Periodic lithiumization has also obviated
the need for intershot helium glow discharge cleaning, increasing the number of
discharges possible per day.
In 2010 four liquid lithium divertor (LLD) plates were installed; these form a 22 cm
wide annulus in the lower divertor. The plasma facing surface is a 0.17 mm layer of
molybdenum plasma-sprayed with a 45% porosity on to a 0.25 mm stainless steel
liner, brazed to a 1.9 cm copper baseplate. Lithium coating is applied by a pair of
lithium evaporators at the top of the vessel. The LLD was operated with temperatures
from 20 to ~ 300 °C. No deleterious effects were seen even when the strike point was
positioned on the LLD surface. Initial comparisons of the local D-alpha emission and
the ion saturation current from Langmuir probes showed that reduced local recycling
could be sustained longer by lithium on the LLD than on similarly coated graphite.
Lithium surface chemistry has been explored with a new plasma-material interface
probe that exposed material samples to the plasma. XPS and TDS analysis
demonstrated that binding of D atoms in graphite is fundamentally changed by lithium
– in particular D atoms are weakly bonded in regions near lithium atoms, themselves
bound to either oxygen or the carbon matrix. This is in contrast to the strong ionic
bonding that occurs between D and pure Li.
The first real-time detection of surface dust inside a tokamak was made using an
electrostatic dust detector. Dust particles impinging on a fine grid of interlocking
circuit traces biased to 50 V created transient conducting paths and the resulting
current pulses were counted electronically. In a separate laboratory experiment, a
‚dust conveyor’ consisting of three concentric spiral-shaped electrodes covered by a
dielectric and driven by a high voltage 3-phase waveform was evaluated for potential
applicability to fusion reactors. We will present data showing the optimal operating
parameters for removing various dust materials.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: 609 243 2214; fax: 609 243 2665.
E-mail address: [email protected] (C. Skinner)

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Fatigue Lifetime and Power Handling Capability of

Actively Cooled Plasma Facing Components for ITER Divertor I - 04
M. Missirliana,*, M. Richoua, B. Riccardib, P. Gavilab, Th. Loarera, S. Constansc
a
CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
b
Fusion For Energy, Barcelona, Spain
c
AREVA-NP, Le Creusot, France

One of the most technically challenging components of the next fusion machine like
ITER is those directly facing the thermonuclear plasma. Within this framework,
extensive R&D programmes have been performed in Europe to develop suitable
technologies for high performing actively cooled plasma-facing components (PFCs)
for ITER divertor.
The main function of the divertor is exhausting part of the plasma thermal power
(including the alpha particle power), as well as minimizing the helium and impurity
content in the plasma. The ITER divertor consists of 54 cassette assemblies which
include one Cassette Body and three PFCs, namely the inner and outer Vertical
targets, and the Dome. The inner and outer targets are the PFCs, which in their lower
parts directly interact with the SOL and in their upper parts act as baffles for the
neutrals. Due to high energy of the plasma particles, the heat flux received by these
components is extremely intense (up to 20 MW/m2) and requires efficient water
cooling system as well as the use of dedicated materials and assembling
technologies. For this purpose, high heat flux tests have been performed on different
prototypical mock-ups including most recent developments, to assess the
performances in terms of power handling capability and thermal fatigue lifetime for
the stationary thermal loads expected in the divertor region.
In this paper, recent results are presented and discussed for various types of actively
cooled small/medium-scale mock-ups with W/CFC armoured. In particular, the
behaviour of mock-ups manufactured by European companies with all the main
features of the ITER divertor design was investigated for thermal cycling under heat
fluxes higher than 10 MW/m2, to explore the capability to meet the present ITER
requirement close to the strike point conditions in terms of heat flux performances
and operational compatibility. Critical heat flux (CHF) experiments were also carried
out on the components which survived the above thermal fatigue.
Main results showed promising behaviour with respect to heat flux removal capability
up to 15 MW/m2 and after a limited number of cycles at 20 MW/m2. Beyond, slight
surface erosion takes place on CFC armour material, whereas the embrittlement of
W armour materials are still considered unfavourable regarding high temperature
deformation and cyclic thermal fatigue. The results of CHF experiments were also
rather satisfying and in line with safety margins required for ITER operation, since
the tested components sustained heat fluxes in the range of 30 MW/m2 in steady-
state conditions.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +33 4 4225 2598; fax: +33 4 4225 4990.
E-mail address: [email protected]

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Lifetime analysis of ITER first wall under steady state and off normal loads
I - 05
R. Mitteaua,*, M. Sugiharaa, R. Raffraya, S. Carpentier-Chouchanaa, H. Labidib,
M. Merolaa, R. A. Pittsa,P. Stangebyc
a
ITER Organization, Route de Vinon sur Verdon, 13115 Saint Paul Lez Durance, France
b
Assystem France, ZAC St Martin, 23 rue Benjamin Franklin, 84120 Pertuis, France
c
University of Toronto Institute for Aerospace Studies, 4925 Dufferin St, Toronto, M3H 5T6, Canada.

The ITER first wall (FW) is made of water cooled, beryllium clad panels. Lifetime is
strongly affected by Be armour material loss during plasma operation. Material loss
occurs as a result of normal, steady state erosion and off-normal, transient events.
Off normal events are associated with intense heat loads, which cause significant
evaporation and possibly formation of a melt layer. Material loss is the largest when
the melt layer flows away.
ITER has a very large stored energy, and transient heat loads are far in excess of
anything accessible in today’s tokamaks. This paper addresses in detail the reduction
in Be tile thickness associated with a variety of off-normal events (Edge Localised
Modes, Disruptions, Vertical Displacement Events), both mitigated and unmitigated.
The analysis necessitates the knowledge of the detailed spatial distribution of the
energy density on the FW, including peaking due to the panel shaping, introduced
into the FW design following the 2007 ITER Design Review [1,2]. The aim of the
shaping is to protect leading edges during steady state operation, but necessarily
leads to an increased load during transient events. The magnitude of the surface
energy density results from parallel plasma heat load, fully defined in the ITER heat
and nuclear load specification [3], combined with the incidence angle of the field lines
to the shaped surface. As an example, an unmitigated VDE at full plasma stored
energy deposits 22 MJ/m² on the beryllium surface during the thermal quench lasting
1 to 4 milliseconds.
For a given energy density, evaporated Be and melt layer thickness are calculated
using thermal analysis codes. The analysis is transient, in order to take into account
the actual time history of the heat load during the second preceding the thermal
quench. Given the tile thickness (8 or 10 mm depending on the location), the allow-
able number of events is evaluated and compared to the design number. Depending
on the degree of melt layer loss, the lifetime prediction spans over several orders of
magnitude. Such findings are also common to lifetime evaluations based on detailed
simulations of erosion during normal operation [4]. These large uncertainties in Be
FW erosion estimates are a good example of the experimental nature of the ITER
project and will never be truly known until ITER begins burning plasma operation.
[1] Analysis for shaping the ITER first wall, P.C. Stangeby et Al., Jour. Nucl. Mater., Vol. 390-
391(2009), Pp. 963-966
[2] A shaped First Wall for ITER, R. Mitteau et al., Jour. Nucl. Mater., in press.
[3] “Physics basis and design of the ITER Plasma-Facign Components”, R. A. Pitts et al., J. Nucl.
Mater., in press.
[4] Modelling of beryllium erosion–redeposition on ITER first wall panels S. Carpentier et al., Jour.
Nucl. Mater., in press.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +33 4 42 17 69 28; fax: +33 4 42 25 72 61.

E-mail address: [email protected] (R. Mitteau)

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Detailed Design of a Solid Tungsten Divertor Row for JET

in Relation to the Physics Goals I - 06
a,b,*
Ph. Mertens
a
JET-EFDA, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon OX14 3DB, U.K.
b
Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Plasma Physics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH,
Association EURATOM-FZJ, Partner in the Trilateral Euregio Cluster, D-52425 Jülich, Germany

In the frame of the ITER-like Wall (ILW) for the JET tokamak, a divertor row made of
bulk tungsten material has been developed for the position where the outer strike point
is located in most of the foreseen plasma configurations. In the absence of active
cooling of the component by water or helium, this represents a formidable challenge,
so much the more so as such plasma-facing components are subject, by virtue of their
metallic nature, to much higher electromagnetic (EM) loads than commonly encoun-
tered so far. The basic geometry of the divertor is similar to the previous one. The
present contribution intends to stress the wide span of different aspects that participated
to the conceptual and detailed developments, in relation to the physics goals.
As for the heat load, the solid tungsten row should withstand a steady-state power
2
density of 7 MW /m uniformly distributed over the whole surface for up to 10s. With due
consideration of the required segmentation of the tiles and of shadowing effects, local
2
loads can actually exceed 10-20 MW /m so that the nominal specification can only be
marginally fulfilled for some plasma scenarios with limited global wetted fraction (GWF).
The electromagnetic loads result from the rate of variation of the magnetic field
strength during abnormal events, of the order of 100 T/s (considered an upper limit
for standard pulses), and from the halo currents, in the order of 20 kA/module (two
tiles). A high level of mechanical pre-loading is correspondingly required.
On the material side, tungsten faces temperature excursions below the ductile-to-brittle
transition temperature (DBTT) and above the recrystallisation threshold (~1200°C),
which calls for a drastic limitation of the tensile stresses. The possible occurrence of
melting on the plasma-facing surface, in particular during transient events such as
ELMs, must be taken into account.
These three issues lead to the selected solutions with respect to castellation and
assembly of the tiles and to the conception of the underlying carrier, the weight of
which is limited. The solutions will be presented with emphasis on the results of the
thermal and electromagnetic models and their validation in electron (JUDITH-2) and
ion-beam (MARION) facilities. Several operational constraints may arise that force the
exploitation to be wall-driven to a large extent. Recommended scenarios encompass
2
sweeping procedures and a power deposition limited to about 60 MJ/m . Significant
progress in this direction was achieved in the last physics campaign of 2009 [1].

[1] S. Brezinsek et al., Overview of the Experimental Preparation for the ITER-like Wall at JET,
PSI-2010, submitted to J. Nucl. Mat.
*Corresponding author: Tel.: +49 2461 61-5780, -5720; fax: +49 2461 61-2660.
E-mail address: [email protected]

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Development of W/Cu Divertor Components for EAST

I - 07
G. -N. Luo*, D. M. Yao, and EAST PFMC team

Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 1126, Hefei, 230031 China

EAST has achieved H-mode with a marginal LHW power input around 1 MW and
fully C tiles covered plasma facing surfaces. With planned rapid increase in H & CD
power in the near future, current bolting structure of C tiles to heat sink will not be
capable of removing expected heat flux up to 10MW/m2. A project to realize a W/Cu
divertor on EAST in several years has been launched since last year, aiming at the
expected heat removal capability and the feasibility demonstration of the ITER design
under practical long pulse tokamak plasmas.

Three kinds of actively-cooled W/Cu-PFCs with direct connection of W PFM to

CrZrCu heat sink are under development recently at ASIPP. The first is vacuum
plasma sprayed W coatings (VPS-W) on Cu heat sink. Dense W coatings of 1-2mm
thick were prepared with good adhesion to substrate (~40MPa) and heat conductivity
about 80W/K·m. The second is monoblock type as to be used for the ITER diverter
targets. The W monoblocks are lined with a compliant Cu layer of 1-2 mm thick via
HIP treatment and then the monoblocks are brazed to a CrZrCu cooling tube to form
an element of the W/Cu-PFC. The third is flat type with many flat W tiles brazed
directly onto the heat sink.

The EAST W/Cu divertor may consist of ITER-like monoblock targets and flat type or
coating dome. The flat type and coating PFCs may also be applied on the first wall
area. Once completed, together with the expected long pulse high performance
plasmas, EAST will be the best testing device for the ITER divertor physics, design
and engineering issues.

*Corresponding author: Tel./fax: +86 551 559 2525

E-mail address: [email protected] (G.-N. Luo)

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Glass ceramic joined SiC/SiC: properties after nuclear irradiation

I - 08
M. Ferraris, V. Casalegno, S.Han, S. Rizzo, M. Salvo, A. Ventrella
Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Dept.- POLITECNICO DI TORINO
C.so Duca degli Abruzzi,24- I- 10129, Torino, Italy

Joining of silicon carbide based composites for nuclear applications can be of interest
for both future thermo-nuclear fusion reactors and new generation fission reactors
components.

In both cases, the main issues are the extreme thermo-mechanical loads on the
joined components, the not completely known service conditions and requirements,
their resistance to high temperatures, to neutron irradiation and to harsh chemical
environment.

Some joining techniques and joining materials for SiC/SiC will be described: results
obtained by using non silica based glass ceramics, Ti-Si-C based ceramics and
titanium as joining materials will be discussed. Results concerning the use of some
pressure-less joining techniques will be shown: slurry and sintering, microwave
assisted combustion synthesis and induction heating.

The mechanical characterization of the joints will be discussed in terms of several

torsion tests, in particular on joined miniaturized hour-glass shaped specimens,
designed to fit irradiation capsules.

Preliminary results from an international collaborative research on joining and

mechanical test on joined SiC/SiC will be discussed.

Finally, the behaviour of glass-ceramics as joining materials for SiC/SiC will be shown
before and after fast neutron irradiation.

[1] FERRARIS M., SALVO M., CASALEGNO V., HAN S., KATOH Y., JUNG H.C., HINOKI
T.,KOHYAMA A. , J. Nucl. Mater. (2010)
ISSN: 0022-3115, DOI: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2010.12.160

[2] FERRARIS M, SALVO M., CASALEGNO V, CIAMPICHETTI A, SMEACETTO F, ZUCCHETTI M, J.

Nucl. Mater., vol. 375, p.410 (2008)
ISSN: 0022-3115, DOI: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2008.02.020

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +39 335 669 80 94

E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Ferraris)

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Recent Progress of Tungsten R&D for Fusion Application in Japan

I - 09
Y. Uedaa, H. T. Leea, N. Ohnob, S. Kajitac, A. Kimurad, R. Kasadad,
T. Nagasakae, Y. Hatanof, A. Hasegawag, H. Kurishitah
a
Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
b
Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
c
EcoTopia Science Institute, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
d
Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
e
National Institute for Fusion Science, Gifu 509-5292, Japan
f
Hydrogen Isotope Research Center, Toyama University, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
g
Department of Quantum Science and Energy Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579,
Japan
h
Institute for Materials Research (IMR), Tohoku University, Ibaraki 311-1313, Japan

Tungsten is a leading candidate for plasma facing materials and armour

materials for blankets because of low sputtering erosion, high thermal conductivity,
high melting point and low T retention. However there still remains important issues
under fusion environment such as steady-state and pulsed fluxes of heat and
particles, and neutron irradiation. Under these conditions, mechanical property
change by heat, particle and neutron, and tritium retention and permeation have to be
investigated. In addition, development of new tungsten materials resistant to these
conditions have to be performed.
In order to tackle these issues in Japan, several researches are going forward
mainly in universities. In this overview talk, present status and future plan of these
on-going research projects in Japan will be presented.
Deuterium permeation studies (Osaka Univ.) have showed mixed ion
irradiation (D/He and D/C) markedly changes D permeation fluxes compared with
pure D cases. In general, addition of He ion decreases and addition of C increases D
permeation fluxes (erosion conditions) by an order of two.
Recently, it was found high flux He ion irradiation produces unique surface
structure, tungsten nano-structure (fuzz) (Nagoya Univ.). Formation conditions and its
effect on initiation of unipolar arcing in high density plasma have been studied.
Understanding and control of neutron irradiation effects on tungsten are the
most important issues for fusion application. Retention properties have been
investigated for neutron irradiated tungsten (a part of TITAN project [J-US
collaboration]). Mechanical and electrical properties of neutron irradiated tungsten
and tungsten alloys (W-Re, W-Os) have been studied (Tohoku Univ.).
In order to improve embrittlement caused under fusion environment, fine
grained tungsten with TiC dispersoids has been developed (Tohoku Univ.).
Embrittlement caused at low temperatures and neutron irradiation have been
improved and further investigation on retention and pulsed heat load effects are
underway.
Development of tungsten coating technique on low activation materials is a
key issue for erosion resistant first walls of blankets. VPS-W coating and W plate
joining on F82H and vanadium alloys have been studied in terms of mechanical
properties, hydrogen isotope behavior, and steady-state and pulsed heat load effects
(mainly Kyoto Univ., NIFS, and Kyushu Univ.).

*Corresponding author: Yoshio Ueda, Tel.: +81 6 6879 7236; fax: +81 6 6879 7236.
E-mail address: [email protected] (Y. Ueda)

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Tungsten Wire-Reinforced Tungsten Matrix Composites: Proof of principle I - 10

J.H. You1*, J. Du1, T. Höschen1, M. Rasinski1, J. Riesch1, S. Wurster2, J-Y. Buffiere³,
M. Di Michiel4, M. Scheel4
1
Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Boltzmannstr. 2, 85748 Garching, Germany
2
Erich Schmid Institute of Materials Science, Jahnstrasse 12, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
³Université de Lyon, INSA-Lyon, MATEIS CNRS UMR 5510, Bat Saint Exupery, 25 Av. Jean Capelle,
F-69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
4
European Synchrotron Radiation Facility BP 220 - 6 rue Jules Horowitz 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9,
France

Inherent brittleness and irradiation-induced embrittlement of tungsten impose severe

restriction on its structural application for plasma-facing components [1]. In this paper,
we propose an innovative toughening method for tungsten which does not require
enhanced plasticity. To this end, we utilize reinforcement by tungsten wires with an
engineered fiber/matrix interface. The idea is based on incremental dissipation of
strain energy by controlled interfacial debonding and frictional sliding. When a
propagating matrix crack meets an array of fibers standing perpendicular to the crack
front, it deflects along the interfaces, provided that a specific fracture mechanical
condition is fulfilled. Then the strong fibers collectively bridge the primary crack
suppressing its dynamic extension leading to stress redistribution over volume. The
total amount of the absorbed energy is the measure of apparent toughness. Here the
fracture mechanical properties of the interface are the key factor. To achieve a
maximal overall toughness fracture mechanical properties of the interface have to be
optimized by coating films. In this work, we fabricated a number of single-filament
model composite specimens with various kinds of interface coatings and evaluated
their interfacial parameters such as shear strength and debonding energy by means
of fiber push-out tests and inverse fitting to theoretical models [2,3,4]. All the
measured parameters satisfied the criterion of crack deflection. The mechanism of
interfacial crack deflection was also visually demonstrated by three-point bending
tests in SEM and tension tests with in-situ synchrotron tomography using dedicated
miniaturized specimens. Extensive microstructure analysis was made to characterize
the fractographic feature. Finally, a gas-phase process for fabrication of multi-
filament bulk composites was developed. The residual porosity could be kept below
95%. In-situ synchrotron tomography study of 4-point bending test clearly
demonstrated that the even fully recrystallized composite specimens, which
simulated embrittlement, exhibited desired interfacial debonding and controlled crack
extension. The results of present study delivered a strong evidence of metallurgical
as well as mechanical feasibility and thus proof-of-principle. Hence, this novel
material design concept can be considered as alternative R&D line for tungsten with
a potential of breakthrough.

[1] J.H. You, I. Komarova, J. Nucl. Mater. 375 283 (2008)

[2] J. Du, T. S. Wurster, J.H. You, et al., Composites Sci. Tech. 70 1482 (2010)
[3] J. Du, T. Höschen, J.H. You, et al., Mater. Sci. Eng. A 527 1623 (2010)
[4] J. Du, T. M. Rasinski, J.H. You, et al., J. Nucl. Mater. in press

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +49 89 3299 1373, Fax: +49 89 3299 1212,
E-mail address: [email protected] (J.H. You)

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Cs-corrected STEM investigations of an ODS ferritic steel

for fusion applications I - 11
T. Plocinski*, M. Rasinski, M. Lewandowska, K.J. Kurzydlowski

Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology,

Woloska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland

Over the last years ODS ferritic steels emerged as one of the major material for
fusion reactors. Despite the progress made in their technology, currently available
properties still do not meet all the expectations. As a result these steels remain
subject of extensive research, recently centred on the possible improvement due to
their nano-metric engineering. In particular, technologies are developed for grain size
refinement down to nanometres and strengthening by nano-oxides. This in turn calls
for nano-scale investigations of the microstructures, which can be efficiently carried
out only with the use of high resolution transmission electron microscopy and
spectroscopy.
The present paper presents the results of investigations of a novel ODS steel using
High Resolution Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope (STEM) equipped with
Cs-correction system and EDX+EELS spectrometers. In the investigations
Transmitted, TE, and Secondary Electrons, SE, were employed together with HAADF
detectors and CCD camera for capturing diffraction patterns. The results acquired
with such techniques like imaging in weak beam condition, Z-contrast and
nano-diffraction phase analyses are presented. These results show that by
application of different techniques one can obtain detailed information on the
microstructure of the ODS steels, which is relevant to understanding/shaping their
properties.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +48 22 234 8109; fax: +48 22 234 8750.
E-mail address: [email protected] (T. Plocinski)

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Latest achievements utilizing the 3DXRD technique for

non-destructive characterization of microstructures I - 12
S. Schmidta,*
a
Materials Research Division, Risoe DTU, Technical University of Denmark

The 3DXRD (Three Dimensional X-ray Diffraction) methodology for non-destructive

characterization of individual grains in polycrystalline materials has been around for
more than a decade. The first implementation, the 3DXRD microscope, is situated at
beamline ID-11 at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) developed in
collaboration between Risoe and ESRF. A wide range of algorithms has been
developed to facilitate new data analysis procedures. The ability to monitor the
evolution in the local microstructure in materials has proven successful in studying
recovery, recrystallization and grain growth as well as deformation mechanisms. The
talk will give an overview of the 3DXRD software along with current and future
scientific activities.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +45 21329305; fax: +45 4677 5758.

E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Schmidt)

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Modelling of radiation damage in tungsten including He production I - 13

C.S. Becquart

Unité Matériaux et Transformations (UMET), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Lille, UMR
8207, Bat. C6, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
Laboratoire commun EDF-CNRS Etude et Modélisation des Microstructures pour le Vieillissement des
Matériaux (EM2VM), France

Tungsten is a candidate material for the divertor and for first wall armour of future
thermonuclear fusion reactors (ITER and DEMO). In such irradiation conditions it is
well known that the microstructure and as a result the properties of the materials will
evolve. In this perspective, the fate of irradiation induced defects (helium atoms,
vacancies, self interstitials and the complexes they can form) has to be understood.
In particular, He migration properties are of fundamental as well as of practical
interest as they affect the microstructure evolution and eventually will influence
physical and mechanical properties, the most significant example being the high-
temperature helium embrittlement.
In this work we show how modeling and carefully designed experimental
investigations can provide a route to the understanding of the microstructure
evolution of materials in these conditions. Ab initio calculations have been performed
to determine the properties of each species as well as the way they interact with
each other. This data-base has been used to parameterize an Object Kinetic Monte
Carlo (OKMC) code LAKIMOCA which can model the evolution with time of the
defect populations and their interaction with impurities. The depth profiles of the
irradiation induced defects, which is an input data of the OKMC simulations, are
obtained with the binary collision approximation code Marlowe.
LAKIMOCA is then used to investigate their evolution during annealing sequences or
He desorption experiments.
This theoretical work is accomplished through a close collaboration with CEMHTI in
charge of dedicated experimental investigations.

This work, supported by the European Communities under the contract of Association between
EURATOM and CEA, was carried out within the “Fédération de Recherche sur la Fusion par
Confinement Magnétique” and the framework of the European Fusion Development Agreement. The
views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the European Commission.

Corresponding author: Tel.: +33 3 20 43 49 44

E-mail address: [email protected]

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I - 14
Irradiation Induced Defects in Alloys Examined
by Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy

C. Hugenschmidt

FRM II, Technische Universität München, 85747 Garching Germany

Positrons are particularly suited to probe vacancy-like defects in a non-destructive

way. For this reason, positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) is applied to study the
defect distribution near the surface and in the bulk after ion or neutron irradiation. In
addition, information about the defect annealing is gained by temperature dependent
measurements.
Two instruments for defect spectroscopy are in routine operation at the positron
beam facility NEPOMUC at FRM II which provides the world highest intensity of low-
energy positrons. The coincident Doppler-broadening (CDB) spectrometer allows the
investigation of defects up to a few µm with a lateral resolution of 300µm. In addition,
elemental information of the vicinity of defects is gained. Positron lifetime spectra are
recorded with the pulsed low-energy positron system (PLEPS) in order to provide
information of defect types and its concentration [1].
After a brief review over the applied methods, experiments on irradiated Mg-based
alloys and layered samples are presented [2,3]. A recent study about the annealing
behavior and the defect kinetics in pure metals with high defect concentration is
discussed as well [4].

[1] C. Hugenschmidt, G. Dollinger, W. Egger, G. Kögel, B. Löwe, J.Mayer, P. Pikart, C. Piochacz, R.

Repper, K. Schreckenbach, P. Sperr, and M. Stadlbauer; Appl. Surf. Sci. 255 (2008) 29
[2] M. Stadlbauer, C. Hugenschmidt, K. Schreckenbach, and P. Böni; Phys. Rev. B 76 (2007) 174104
[3] C. Hugenschmidt, P. Pikart, M. Stadlbauer, and K. Schreckenbach; Phys. Rev. B 77 (2008) 092105
[4] B. Oberdorfer, E.-M. Steyskal, W. Sprengel, W. Puff, P. Pikart, C. Hugenschmidt, M. Zehetbauer,
R. Pippan, and R. Würschum. Phys. Rev. Lett., 105 (2010)146101

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +49 89 28914609; fax: +49 89 28914620.

E-mail address: [email protected]

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Insight into defect properties created by irradiation in Fe-C provided by

multiscale modelling coupled with resistivity recovery experiments I - 15
T. Jourdana,*, C. C. Fua, L. Jolyb, J.-L. Bocquetc, M. J. Caturlad, and F. Willaimea
a
CEA, DEN, Service de Recherches de Métallurgie Physique, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
b
LPMCN, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, F-69622
Villeurbanne, France
c
LRC-CMLA, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, 61 Avenue du Président Wilson, F-94235, France
d
Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain

It is widely acknowledged that most properties of steels are primarily controlled by the
presence of carbon and its interaction with point and extended defects. Resistivity
recovery experiments are very useful to investigate these mechanisms occurring at
the atomic scale. Indeed, after an irradiation at low temperature, a sequence of
isochronal annealing sweeps in ascending order the temperature ranges where the
various migration energies and binding energies between defects come into play [1].
However, the interpretation of such experiments is not always straightforward: after a
strong debate on its nature, stage III in iron was eventually ascribed to vacancy
migration. This has been recently confirmed in pure iron by event-based kinetic
Monte Carlo (EKMC) simulations parameterized by ab initio calculations [2].

In the present study we focus on the role of carbon on the resistivity recovery
measurements. We follow the same procedure as in the case of pure iron, using ab
initio calculations to determine the binding energies of clusters which are then fed
into the EKMC code [2]. As the number of carbon atoms remains constant over the
whole range of temperature, many events have to be computed in EKMC
simulations, which considerably slows down the computations. We have thus used a
cluster dynamics (CD) approach at high temperature, using as input the results given
by EKMC simulations. This multiscale scheme permits us to simulate the resistivity
experiments within reasonable computation times.

Our ab initio calculations reveal that the SIA-C complex is energetically stable, as
well as small interstitial-carbon clusters. In addition, not only the vacancy but also
small vacancy clusters are strongly trapped by carbon atoms. Using these
parameters, mixed EKMC-CD computations show an overall good agreement with
experiments at low and high temperature, where the interaction of carbon with
interstitials and vacancies dominates respectively. The trapping of SIA and small
interstitial clusters on carbon leads to the disappearance of the stage related to the
migration of such clusters. A strong effect of carbon is also confirmed on the vacancy
migration recovery stage, which is shifted in temperature as the carbon concentration
increases.

[1] S. Takaki, T. Kimura, H. Kimura, Rad. Effects 79, 87 (1983)

[2] C. C. Fu, J. Dalla Torre, F. Willaime, et al., Nat. Mater. 4, 68 (2005)

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +33 1 69 08 73 44; fax: +33 1 69 08 68 67.

E-mail address: [email protected] (T. Jourdan)

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Hydrogen in Tungsten as Plasma-facing Material

I - 16
Joachim Roth*, Klaus Schmid

Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, EURATOM-Association, 85748 Garching, Germany

Materials facing plasmas in fusion experiments and future reactors are loaded from at
high fluxes (1020 to 1024 m-2s-1) of H, D, T fuel particles at energies between few eV to
keV. In this respect, the evolution of the radioactive T inventory in the first wall, the
permeation of T through the armour into the coolant and the thermo-mechanical
stability after long term exposure are key parameters determining the applicability of
a first wall material.

W exhibits fast hydrogen diffusion coefficients, but an extremely low solubility limit.
Due to the fast diffusion of hydrogen and the short ion range most of the incident ions
will quickly reach a surface and recycle into the plasma chamber. After plasma
operation solute hydrogen will diffuse out and the remaining inventory will consist of
hydrogen trapped in lattice defects, such as dislocations, grain boundaries, and
irradiation induced traps. In high flux areas the hydrogen energies are too low to
create displacement damage. However, under these conditions the solubility limit will
be exceeded within the ion range and the formation of gas bubbles and stress
induced damage occurs. In addition, simultaneous n fluxes from the nuclear fusion
reaction D(T,n)α will lead to damage in the materials and produce trapping sites for
diffusing hydrogen atoms throughout the bulk. The formation and diffusive filling of
these different traps will determine the evolution of the T inventory.

The presentation will concentrate on experimental evidence for the influence of

different trapping sites on the hydrogen inventory in W as studied in ion beam
experiments and low temperature plasmas. Based on the extensive experimental
data base models are applied to estimate the contribution of different trap to the
influence of different traps in future fusion reactors.

*Corresponding author: E-mail address: [email protected] (J. Roth)

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Wet-chemical methods for fabrication of tritium permeation barrier coatings

I - 17
Y. Hatano*, K. Zhang

Hydrogen Isotope Research Center, University of Toyama, 930-8555, Japan

Mitigation of uncontrolled tritium permeation is critical issue for self-sustaining fuel

supply and safety of fusion reactors. Many kinds of tritium permeation barriers and
fabrication techniques have been proposed. However, it is still difficult to prepare
good barrier layers on large and complicated structures. In addition, materials for
barrier layers have to meet low-activation criteria if they are used under neutron
irradiation. Wet-chemical methods are suitable to fabricate various types of oxide
layers on metal substrates in large and complicated shapes. The coating layers,
however, are prone to be porous due to evaporation of solvent and volume reduction
of coatings during drying and heat treatment processes. The present authors have
developed techniques to prepare dense barrier layers by combination of several
different wet-chemical methods, and recent results will be reported in this paper.

Specimens used were sheets of type 430 ferritic steel. First, thin ZrO2 layers (50 nm)
were prepared by a conventional sol-gel (SG) method. As described below, this layer
provided only poor barrier effects due to its porosity. Sealing of pores in SG-derived
ZrO2 layer with ZrO2 was attempted by electrochemical deposition-pyrolysis (EDP)
technique [1] and/or with Mg phosphate layer by dip coating (DC) technique [2]. The
total thickness of the coating layer was 100 nm after EDP treatment and 200 nm after
DC. Barrier effects against permeation were examined with H2 and D2 at driving
pressures ranging 1.3 to 100 kPa and temperatures from 573 to 873 K. Tritium
retention in the coating layers was examined by exposing the specimens to D-18%T
mixture gas at 53 Pa and 573 K.

Permeation reduction factor (PRF) provided by SG-derived ZrO2 layer was only 50.
Treatments by EDP technique resulted in significant improvement in barrier effects,
and PRF around 1000 was obtained. The concentration of tritium taken up in
EDP-treated ZrO2 layer was significantly higher than that in steel, and it was about
100 appm under the present conditions. Nevertheless, this amount of tritium cannot
give serious influence to total tritium inventory due to small thickness of the layer. The
preparation of Mg phosphate layer by DC technique also led to improved barrier
effects; PRF reached 1000 also in this case. Dissolution of phosphorous into the
substrate steel and consequent degradation in barrier effects were observed after
long-term operation at temperatures higher than 773 K, but the coating was stable at
lower temperatures. In addition, the concentration of tritium taken up in the Mg
phosphate layer was about 5 ppm and much lower than that in the ZrO2 layer.

This study has been supported in part by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Areas, 476,
Tritium Science and Technology for Fusion Reactor from MEXT.

[1] K. Zhang and Y. Hatano, J. Nucl. Mater., in press

[2] K. Zhang and Y. Hatano, Fusion Eng. Design, 85, 1090 (2010)

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +81 76 445 6928; fax: +81 76 445 6931.
E-mail address: [email protected] (Y. Hatano)

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Beryllium Qualification Activity for ITER First Wall Applications

I - 18
a, a a b b c
V. Barabash *, R. Eaton , T.Hirai , I. Kuprijanov , G. Nikolaev , Zhanhong Wang ,
Xiang Liud, M. Roedige, J. Linkee
a
ITER Organization, Route de Vinon sur Verdon, 13115 St Paul Lez Durance, France.
b
A.A.Bochvar High Technology Research Institute of Inorganic Materials, 5a Rogova Sr.,
123060 Moscow, Russia.
c
CNMC, Ningxia Orient Group Co. Ltd, 119 Yiejin Road, Shizuishan City 753000, Ningxia, China.
d
South-western Institute of Physics, P. O. Box 432, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
e
Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, EURATOM Association, D-52425 Jülich, Germany.

Beryllium is considered as an armour material for the first wall of ITER. During design
activities the specific ITER requirements have been identified and the main design
solutions have been developed. Currently the ITER first wall utilizes beryllium as an
armour plasma facing surface. Hot Isostatic Pressing and brazing are processes for
joining the beryllium tiles to the actively cooled Cu alloy substrate.

During many years of ITER activities the selection of particular beryllium grade(s) has
been under study. In the ITER Final Design Report 2001 two grades have been
identified: reference S-65C Vacuum Hot Pressed (VHP) from Brush Wellman and
DSHG-200 from the Russian Federation. These grades have been selected based
on excellent thermal fatigue and thermal shock behavior, high ductility, availability,
impurity content, and available comprehensive data base. Later Chinese and
Russian Domestic Agencies proposed their new grades: CN-G01 (from China) and
TGP-56FW (from Russia) for application as first wall materials for ITER.

To assess the performance of these new grades the ITER organization and Chinese
and Russian Parties established a program to perform the characterization of the
proposed materials. This program included characterization of the production
technologies, studies of main physical and mechanical properties and comparative
thermal performance tests with respect to reference grade S-65C VHP.

The program for thermal performance behavior included several tests such as:
- Thermal shock resistance investigations (pre-qualification tests)
- Vertical displacement event (VDE) heat load simulation testing and following
thermal shock tests
- Thermal cyclic fatigue tests after VDE simulation testing.

The summary of the main properties of the proposed beryllium grades and results of
the qualification thermal tests are presented in the paper. The general conclusion is
that the proposed Chinese (CN-G01) and Russian (TGP-56FW) beryllium grades can
be accepted onto the ITER list of approved materials. Three grades of beryllium are
now available for the application of armour for the ITER first wall, S-65C, CN-G01
and TGP-56FW.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +33 4 42 17 67 06; fax: + 33 4 42 25 26 00

E-mail address: [email protected]

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Deuterium Retention in, and Release from, Beryllium

Resulting from High Flux Plasma Exposure I - 19
Th. Schwarz-Selingera,*, M. Baldwinb, D. Nishijimab, H. Xuc, and R. Doernerb
a
Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, 85748 Garching, Germany
b
University of California San Diego, CA 92093 USA
c
General Atomics, San Diego, CA 92121, USA

Retention of D in press sintered solid Be (Brush Wellman S-65C) was studied in

PISCES-B with pure, and Be seeded, D2 discharges for very high ion fluences of up
to 1027m-2. Target temperatures of up to 200°C and ion energies of up to 150eV were
investigated. For 200°C it could be verified that the saturation values of the D content
reported for lower fluences [1] is also valid for these high fluences. However, for low
temperature exposure (<100°C), an increase of D retention with fluence was
observed. Comparison of D retention in pure, and Be seeded, D plasmas showed the
evolution of the surface morphology that is observed at these high fluences could be
excluded as a reason for this increase with fluence. Although the morphology
changes substantially with Be seeding the total retention as well as the release
features are not influenced.
Mulitlayer codeposits were prepared in PISCES-B by collecting Be and D sputtered
and/or reflected from a Be target during consecutive D2 plasmas. Exposure was
interrupted for several hours to allow an oxide layer to form on the codeposit.
Thermal desorption spectroscopy revealed that this oxide interlayer does not
constitute a diffusion barrier and hence is not a potential threat for fuel release in
ITER. The sum of the release of the individual codeposits coincides with the release
from the multi layer. Likewise there is no crosstalk between multilayers. A deuterium
depleted codeposit does not take up D again, when a second codeposit is grown on
top of it.
Magnetron sputtered Be films prepared in an Ar/D2 atmosphere were used as a
model system to study D release from codeposited Be films in vacuum. Release at
240°C and 350°C was studied as these are the two baking temperatures foreseen in
the ITER baseline for the main wall blanket modules and the divertor, respectively [2].
In both cases longer hold times lead to further release, although the release follows a
logarithmic time dependence with time constants of several hours. For the 240°C
hold 2/3 of the amount that is left after the initial 0.3K/sec ramp can be released
during a 24 h hold. For the 350°C hold 3/4 of the amount that is left after the ramp
can be released during a 24 h hold. Nevertheless, even 350°C is not enough to
release all the retained D even at this maximum hold time of 24 hours. The D
concentrations after baking the films for 24 hours at 240°C and 350°C are 5 at.% and
1.2 at.%, respectively. The large time constants observed in these experiments
indicate that short duration temperature excursions applied during dedicated plasma
scenarios initiating transient heat loading of the wall, or in photonic cleaning
methods, may have difficulty accessing deuterium trapped in these sites.
[1] Anderl et al. J. Nucl. Mater. 273, 1 (1999)
[2] R. Pitts et al. Phys. Scr. T 138, 222 (2009)

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +49 89 3299 1767; fax: +49 89 3299 96 1767.
E-mail address: [email protected] (Thomas Schwarz-Selinger)

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Analysis of Structural Changes and High-Heat-Flux Tests

on pre-damaged Tungsten from Tokamak Melt Experiments I - 20
J.W. Coenena,*, V. Philippsa, S. Brezinseka, B.Lipschultzb, G. Pintsukc,
T. Tanabed, Y.Uedae, U. Samma and the TEXTOR-Team
a
Forschungszentrum Jülich, IEK-4, EURATOM Association, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
b
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, PSFC, Cambridge, MA 02319, USA
c
Forschungszentrum Jülich, IEK-2, EURATOM Association, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
d
Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
e
Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan

Tungsten (W) is foreseen as plasma facing material (PFM) for the divertor area in
ITER and proposed for DEMO. The main challenges of high-Z PFMs are the plasma
radiation losses and the possibility of melting during transients and uncontrolled
events. Melting can lead to large W influxes into the plasma associated potentially
with unacceptable W accumulation, to reduced component lifetime, and can degrade
irreversibly the power handling capability of the PFC due to subsequent surface
irregularities. Accidents as occurred in Alcator C-Mod show clearly the limitation of
damaged PFCs, disallowing H-mode with the strike points on damaged areas. For
studying the power handling capabilities, sets of thermally isolated thin (2 mm)
castellated W plates made from rolled W sheets with different gap width and shaping
were exposed in the TEXTOR PWI test facility to multiple steady state loads (5 s)
with power flux densities of ~45 MW/m2 (~20 MW at 36˚) resulting in substantial W
melting [1]. One of the exposed samples underwent additional ELM simulation in the
electron beam facility JUDITH 1 (P = 1.13 GW/m2, t = 1 ms, 100 repetitions) in order
to determine the modified behaviour under ELM-like loads.
In this work, both the material structure after exposure to the edge plasma in
TEXTOR and the cracking thresholds and patterns under transient thermal loads
were investigated. Depending on the thermal history of the sample, irregular grain
structures with grain sizes ranging from the original µm up to the mm range were
observed as a result of the steady state heat loads. Furthermore, bubbles in the low
µm range and larger voids up to the mm range were found at different regions of the
re-solidified part of the W sample. Both have an influence on the thermal properties
of the material and therefore on the material’s performance during subsequent steady
state loads. Due to the limited affected volume, the voids only partially influence the
material’s behaviour during transient thermal loads. However, the exposure of the
molten and recrystallized specimens to transient ELM-like thermal loads reveals a
shift of the cracking threshold towards higher base temperatures indicating an
increase in the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) up to 400˚C . In
addition, surface cracks lose their fabrication related directionality due to the existing
grain structure changing towards a more isotropic state. To put these tests into
relation with actually damaged PFCs damaged samples from Alcator C-mod are
analyzed.The focus lies on melt layer redistribution, changes in power handling as
well as material degradation such as grain growth and void formation.

[1] J.W. Coenen et al. ‘Tungsten Melt Layer Motion and Splashing on Castellated Tungsten Surfaces
at the Tokamak TEXTOR,dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2010.09.046
[2] J.W.Coenen et al. ‘Analysis of Tungsten Melt Layer Motion and Splashing under Tokamak
Conditions at TEXTOR’ , IAEA 23 EXD6/1
*Corresponding author: Tel.: +49 2461 61 5536; fax: +49 2461 61 2660
E-mail address: [email protected]

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Transport and screening of ejected tungsten

in controlled melt experiments at ASDEX Upgrade I - 21
K. Krieger*, T. Lunt, R. Dux, A. Janzer, H.-W. Müller and the ASDEX Upgrade Team
Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, 85748 Garching, Germany

A key issue for the use of a full tungsten (W) divertor in reactor size fusion devices is
the possibility of tungsten melting by off-normal transient heat load excursions. Apart
from structural damage to the plasma exposed surfaces, release of molten W into the
divertor plasma may lead to an unacceptable rise of the W core concentration and
corresponding degradation of plasma performance. The motion of ejected molten W
droplets in the divertor and the divertor screening efficiency for correspondingly
released W atoms were studied by exposure of samples with a protruding W-pin at
the outer target plate of ASDEX Upgrade using the divertor manipulator system [1].
The W-pins were exposed to neutral beam heated H-mode discharges and melting at
a defined time was induced by establishing plasma flat-top with the outer strike-point
far below the W-pin position and then rapidly moving the strike-point towards the pin.
The melt event was observed by a fast camera system with 20000fps while the W
source in the divertor as well as the W-concentration in the core plasma were
measured spectroscopically. Inspection of the retrieved sample revealed that the
entire part of the W-pin protruding above tile surface level was molten away. The fast
camera showed ejection of W-droplets into the plasma, where they moved along the
divertor over toroidal distances of the order of 1m. It was found that all ejected
droplets moved downstream, into the direction of the plasma flux, i.e. away from the
core plasma. Penetration of W evaporated from the droplets into the confined plasma
was compared to that of a main chamber W source by subsequent W laser blow off
(LBO) into the same discharge and measuring the respective response of the W
main plasma concentration. The W source can be estimated from the measured
droplet lifetime, which itself is determined by the power balance between droplet
heating due to their exposure to a parallel power flux density of ≈40 MW/m2 in the
divertor and droplet cooling, predominantly by thermal radiation and to a smaller
extent by their evaporation. Using published W vapour pressure data, the upper limit
for the resulting source of atomic W was estimated to≈10% of the total mass of
molten droplets (≈15mg), i.e. 4×1018 atoms. Although this is 10 times more than the
number of W atoms ablated by LBO, the corresponding increase of the W plasma
concentration was only half as much as for the LBO source. This demonstrates that
the divertor retains W atoms evaporated deep inside the divertor plasma fan with
comparable efficiency to that for W sputtered from target tile surfaces.
To improve the prediction of the consequences of such events, e.g., for the ITER
experiment, the experimental results were used to benchmark respective EMC3
simulations [2]. The computed W divertor and edge plasma screening factors are
comparable to the values derived from the measured increase of the W
concentration. This provides sufficient confidence in the model to advance towards
predictions of W melt droplet screening under ITER conditions. It should be noted,
however, that the prediction of the W-source expected from melt layers in the divertor
will additionally require consideration of the melt dynamics at the material surface [3].
[1] K. Krieger et al., PSI 2010
[2] T. Lunt et al., PSI2010
[3] J. Coenen et al., PSI 2010
*Corresponding author: Tel.: +49 89 3299 1655; E-mail: [email protected]

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ELM-simulation experiments under ITER-like conditions

I - 22
G. De Temmermana, J.J. Zielinskia, L. Marotb, W. Melissena, S.J. van Diepena

a
FOM Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster,
P.O. Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
b
Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH4056 Basel, Switzerland

Edge Localized Modes (ELMs) are a major concern for the lifetime of the divertor
materials in ITER due to the very high localized heat energy deposition. Traditionally,
plasma-surface interactions during transient events have been investigated using
plasma and electron guns with a focus on the material erosion under such extreme
conditions as well as the relevant damaging mechanisms (cracking, melting) [1]. In a
fusion device, however, the transient heat/particle pulse associated with an ELM will
interact with a plasma-exposed surface i.e. with a gas-loaded near surface and a
modified morphology as a result of the high plasma fluence (blisters, ‘fuzz’,…) [2].
This raises potential concerns about the effect of the plasma exposure on the surface
resilience to transient heat loads. In an attempt to address those questions, a new
experimental setup has been developed for ELM simulation experiments with
relevant steady-state plasma conditions and transient heat/particle source [3].
The setup is based on the Pilot-PSI linear device which produces plasma parameters
relevant to the study of steady-state plasma-surface interactions in the ITER divertor.
The plasma source has been modified to allow for transient heat and particle pulses
superimposed on the steady-state plasma [3]. Peak surface heat fluxes of up to
1 GW.m-2 have been generated with pulse duration of about 1 ms (up to 1MJ.m-2). To
provide more flexibility, the shape and the duration of the pulse can be adapted to the
needs. In addition, a pulsed bias system has been developed to vary the ion energy
during the pulse. Importantly, the steady-state and pulsed plasma conditions can be
varied independently. The pulsed plasma properties have been studied using
Thomson scattering, fast visible and infrared imaging for H, He and Ar operations.
Effect of the combined steady-state/pulsed plasma on tungsten surfaces has been
studied for both hydrogen and helium plasmas. Tungsten release, was observed by a
fast filtered camera (WI at 400.9nm) operating at 75kHz and was observed to start at
0.2MJ.m-2 for hydrogen plasmas 0.3MJ.m-2 for helium plasmas. Once normalized to
the pulse duration, these numbers are much lower than the melting threshold
determined from plasma gun experiments. Significant morphology changes are also
observed. Surface roughening of tungsten is observed in hydrogen at energy
densities as low as 0.07MJ.m-2 and increases strongly with the number of pulses.
The formation of helium-induced nano-structure is not affected by the transient heat
loads at energy densities up to 0.2MJ.m-2. Exposure of ‘fuzzy’ surfaces to
simultaneous steady-state/pulsed plasmas (both hydrogen and helium) will also be
presented.
Those results demonstrate that combined exposure to steady-state plasma and
transient events might strongly affect the material resistance to ELMs.

[1] I.E. Garkusha, et al, Phys. Scr., T138 (2009) 014054

[1] S. Kajita, et al, Nucl Fusion 49 (2009) 095005
[2] G. De Temmerman, et al, Appl. Phys. Lett, 97 (2010) 081502

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +31306096944; fax: +31306031204;

E-mail address: [email protected]

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Impact of disruption loads on plasma facing components I - 23

M. Lehnen*
Institute of Energy and Climate Research - Plasma Physics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH,
Association EURATOM-FZJ, Partner in the Trilateral Euregio Cluster, Jülich, Germany JET-EFDA,
Culham Science Centre, OX14 3DB, Abingdon, UK
Disruptions are already a potential risk for nowadays larger tokamaks, but are clearly
becoming a major issue for ITER. Two main consequences arise from the fast loss of
thermal and magnetic energy: extreme heat loads on plasma facing components and
currents and high forces in the underlying structure. Heat loads arise from the loss of
thermal energy – in ITER of the order of 350 MJ in less than 1 ms with predicted
energy load of up to 20 MJ/m2 – and from runaway electrons with energies that can
reach a substantial fraction of the magnetic energy (in ITER about 400 MJ inside the
separatrix) which are deposited very localised. Forces are either imposed by eddy
currents during the fast plasma current quench and by halo currents developing
during vertical displacement events.
Quantification of heat loads includes assessment of peak heat fluxes as well as their
distribution in the divertor and the main chamber. Due to the strong increase in radial
transport, the wetted area in the divertor increases typically by a factor varying from 3
to 10, relaxing the heat load. On the other hand, this effect can lead to substantial
heat fluxes to main chamber components. At JET, for example, disruptions were
analysed, where only a small fraction below 10% of the thermal energy arrives in the
divertor [1], the rest is either distributed to the main chamber or radiated. In addition,
it was also observed at several machines that up to 50% of the magnetic energy can
be imposed on PFCs by heat fluxes. Runaways deposit their energy on small areas
(a few m2 in JET [2]). Surface temperatures of up to 700°C have been observed in
JET disruption at still moderate runaway currents of 0.5 MA [1]. In low-Z material
runaways can penetrate deeply, reducing the load by volumetric power distribution,
but increasing the risk of damages in the underlying structure. The radiated power
increases during a disruption to values exceeding the steady state values by orders
of magnitude - several GW in JET – and asymmetries in the radiation distribution can
also cause non-negligible heat loads on the first wall. On the other hand, the
‘radiation flash’ can be exploited to release fuel from first wall components. This
contribution will give an overview on the present knowledge on these issues, based
on the work within the EFDA Task Force PWI and the ITPA groups MHD and PWI.
Several mitigation methods are explored amongst which massive gas injection (MGI)
is presently the most developed technique [3]. However, although MGI can reduce
heat loads significantly, it imposes new implications for PFCs. Strong localised
radiation at the injection port could cause Be melting in ITER. The injection of noble
gases and/or deuterium has impact on the subsequent discharge with respect to fuel
wall loading and impurity contamination. These questions are addressed using JET
and TEXTOR data.

[1] G. Arnoux et al., ‘Heat load measurements on the JET first wall during disruptions’, PSI 2010, O-31.
[2] M. Lehnen et al., ‘Runaway generation during disruptions in JET and TEXTOR’,
J. Nucl. Mater. 390-391, (2009) 740.
[3] M. Lehnen et al., ‘Disruption Mitigation by Massive Gas Injection in JET’,
IAEA 2010, EXS/P2-13.
*Corresponding author: Tel.: +49 2461 61 5102; fax: +49 2461 61 2660,
E-mail address: [email protected]

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Overview of the Second Stage in the Comprehensive Mirrors Test in JET

O - 01
a a b c d e
D. Ivanova , M. Rubel , J. P. Coad , G. De Temmerman , J. Likonen , L. Marot ,
A. Schmidtf, A. Widdowsonb and JET- EFDA Contributors*
JET-EFDA, Culham Science Centre, OX14 3DB, Abingdon, UK
a
Alfvén Laboratory, KTH, Association EURATOM-VR, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
b
CCFE/EURATOM Fusion Association, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, OX14 3DB, UK
c
FOM Institute for Plasma Physics, Rijnhuisen, NL-3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
d
Asssociation EURATOM-TEKES, VTT, PO Box 1000, 02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
e
Department of Physics, University of Basel, Association EURATOM – CRPP, Switzerland
e
IEF, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Association EURATOM-FZJ, Germany

Metallic mirrors will be essential components of all optical systems for plasma diagnosis
in a reactor-class device. First Mirror Test (FMT) has been carried out at JET on the
request of the ITER Design Team [1,2]. Up to date two exposures have been performed
in JET with carbon walls: 35 h of plasma operation (Step 1 in 2005-2007 [2]) and recently
accomplished Step 2 (2008-2009): 45 h exposure with 32.7 h of X-point operation. That
second test was performed with 32 mirrors made of polycrystalline molybdenum (Mo-
poly) including 4 specimens coated with a 1 µm thick layer of rhodium (Rh). Mirrors were
installed in carriers (cassettes with channels) placed on the outer wall and in the divertor:
inner leg, outer leg and base plate under the load bearing tile. Before and after exposure
mirrors underwent detailed surface analysis using optical methods, ion beam and
microscopy techniques.
The aims of this work are to provide an overview of results obtained in Step 2 and, based
on the outcome of the two campaigns, to discuss options for mirror maintenance and
cleaning in a steady-state reactor. Essential results are summarized by several points.
Divertor: Reflectivity of all mirrors in the divertor region has been degraded by 80-90 %.
It is caused by deposition of thick (> 35 µm), flaking-off coatings on surfaces. The growth
of a new layer is observed in places where such thick deposit peeled-off. This leads to
dust formation and large local differences in surface roughness and composition.
Outer Wall (midplane) The most important result is that only small reflectivity losses (5-
10 %) occur on Mo-poly mirrors at the channel mouth. This is due to the in-situ removal
of deposited species by charge exchange (CX) neutrals.
Composition: Deuterium and carbon-12 are the main elements detected on surfaces,
but other isotopes are also found in some locations thus indicating differences in the
material migration: (i) 9Be on surfaces from the divertor base originates from the re-
erosion of beryllium originally deposited on the inner vertical target; (ii) 13C in the outer
divertor is related to the local re-deposition of the marker gas [3].
Rh-coatings have initial reflectivity 30% better than Mo-poly. The coatings survived the
test without detachment from the Mo substrate, but the implantation of CX neutrals in
mirrors on the outer wall caused Rh-Mo mixing and surface texture: resultant reflectivity
of pure Mo and Rh-coated mirrors was the same. It may indicate a limited use of coated
mirrors in a reactor.
The deposition in channels in the divertor cassettes is pronounced at the very
entrance; it sharply decreases with the distance from the plasma, λ ~ 5-7 mm.
The implications of these results for first mirrors and their maintenance in a reactor-class
device with carbon components will be discussed. The preparation for the next step of
FMT in JET with the ITER-Like Wall will also be presented.
[1] M. Rubel et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 77 (2006) 063501.
[2] M. Rubel et al., J. Nucl. Mater. 390-391 (2009) 1066.
[3] J. Likonen et al., This conference.
nd
*See Appendix of F. Romanelli et al., Fusion Energy 2010 (Proc.23 Int. Conf.,Korea, 2010).

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Arcing in DIII-D as a Source of PFC Erosion and Dust Production

O - 02
a, a a a
D.L. Rudakov *, R.P. Doerner , S.I. Krasheninnikov , K.R. Umstadter ,
W.R. Wamplerb, and C.P.C. Wongc
a
University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0417, USA
b
Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
c
General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA

Arcing may contribute significantly to plasma facing component (PFC) erosion and
dust production in a tokamak [1]. In DIII-D tokamak featuring inconel vacuum vessel
protected with graphite tiles on most plasma facing surfaces, arc tracks are routinely
observed during the vessel inspections. Two main types of arc tracks are observed:
“unmagnetized” random walk tracks and “magnetized” tracks that are mostly straight
and nearly perpendicular to the local magnetic field. Unmagnetized tracks are formed
during glow discharges and are mostly found on metallic surfaces near diagnostic
port edges. Contribution of those tracks to PFC erosion is negligible, but they may
potentially lead to deterioration of diagnostic mirrors. Magnetized tracks are produced
by unipolar arcs occurring during normal plasma operation.

In DIII-D, magnetized arc tracks are found predominantly in the upper and lower
divertors and on the upper outer divertor baffle tiles. Arc tracks on a number of
representative graphite tiles have been analyzed by contact profilometry. The tracks
are typically 3–10 µm deep, 50–200 µm wide and 5–20 mm long. By estimating an
average track volume and the approximate total number of the tracks, one can
estimate the total amount of carbon eroded by arcing over the total exposure time of
the tiles (a few run years). An upper bound estimate gives about 1 g of carbon. This
is substantially lower than the net erosion of carbon in the lower divertor alone during
a single run year, estimated at about 5 g [2]. Therefore, arcing is probably not a
significant contributor to the net PFC erosion in DIII-D. However, arcing can not be
ruled out as a contributor to dust production, since the dust inventory on the lower
divertor surfaces in DIII-D is estimated at ~1 g, and an upper bound estimate of the
dust production by disruptions during a run year also gives ~1 g [3].

Erosion by arcing of a thin tungsten layer deposited on graphite was observed in

Divertor Material Evaluation System (DiMES) experiments. Tungsten and vanadium
stripes ~100 nm thick and 3×30 mm2 in size deposited on a DiMES sample were
exposed in the lower divertor of DIII-D near the outer strike point in two ELMing
H-mode discharges for a total of ~7 plasma seconds. Upon the sample extraction, a
few arc tracks resulting in substantial erosion were observed on the tungsten stripe.
In contrast, no arc tracks were observed on vanadium.

This work was supported by the US Department of Energy under DE-FG02-

07ER55917, DE-AC04-94AL85000, and DE-FC02-04ER54698.

[1] A. Herrmann et al., J. Nucl. Mater. 390–391, 747 (2009)

[2] C.P.C. Wong et al., J. Nucl. Mater. 196–198, 871 (1992)
[3] D.L. Rudakov et al., Nucl. Fusion 49, 085022 (2009)

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +1 858 455 2895; fax: +1 928 569 6303.
E-mail address: [email protected] (D. Rudakov)

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Deposition and Qualification of Tungsten Coatings Produced

by Plasma Deposition in WF6 Precursor Gas O - 03

V. Philippsa*, A.K. Sanyasib, H.G. Esser a, M. Zlobinskia, J. W. Coenen a,

S. Brezinseka , D. Ivanova c, P. Petersson c

a
Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Plasma Physics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH,
Association EURATOM-FZJ, Partner in the Trilateral Euregio Cluster, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
b
Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar – 382428, India
c
Alfvén Laboratory, KTH, Association EURATOM–VR, Stockholm, Sweden

Tungsten is the most promising candidate as plasma-facing component in future

fusion devices and is intensively investigated in present fusion devices and lab
experiments. In present devices, W coatings on graphite substrates are often used
instead of bulk W tiles, due to several constraints with W bulk tiles, such as the large
electromagnetic forces and the heavy weight, which are often incompatible with
mechanical support structures and also the high costs of bulk W tiles.
To develop a procedure for possible in-situ coatings of plasma-facing materials
with tungsten, similar to carbonisation, boronisation and siliconisation, a RF-assisted
GDC in a mixture of 95% H2 and 5% WF6 has been used to deposit W on fine grain
graphite substrate with thicknesses of up to 0.5 μm in a laboratory deposition
chamber. The W-coatings have been characterised for its composition and
microstructure by various post mortem analysis techniques, such as SEM, SIMS,
NRA and EPMA, showing the deposition of a dense W coating with a rough surface
structure but free of fluorine. The W coatings have been exposed to HHF tests in the
JUDITH e-beam facility and tested for heat shock resistance by laser spot heating.
No failure was observed in ELM-like loadings up to 700 MW/m2 for 1 ms. The W
coated samples have been also exposed to the plasma edge in the TEXTOR limiter
lock where surface temperatures near to the melting point of W have been reached
without any visible damage to the coating. The W release has been monitored
spectroscopically on neutral W sputtered by imaging impurities (C, O) and compared
with that of a solid W plate under identical plasma conditions. A lower sputtering yield
was observed due to the difference in surface roughness.
In further experiments, WF6 has been puffed through a hole in a Graphite plate
positioned near the LCFS in TEXTOR in a number of identical discharges. The local
growth of the W layer was observed by in situ W spectroscopy, plasma light and post
mortem analysis. The plasma contamination by F injected with the WF6 has been
monitored by visible and VUV spectroscopy before, during and after the experiments,
demonstrating the disappearance of enhanced F radiation within few shots after the
injection.
The experiments proof that plasma deposition of W in a H2/W mixture is a
promising in situ method to produce W coated plasma facing components of fusion
devices, by which a full high Z PFC environment can be provided for a certain
operational time and that contamination of the device with F remains limited.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +49 2461 61-6331; fax: +49 2461 61-2660.
E-mail address: [email protected] (V. Philipps)

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Neutron tomography as a new method for 3D structure analysis

of CFC as plasma facing material O - 04
B. Schillingera, H. Greunerb*, Ch. Linsmeierb
a
Technische Universität München, FRM II and Faculty for Physics E21, Lichtenbergstr.1,
85748 Garching, Germany

bMax-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, 85741 Garching, Germany

Carbon fibre composite (CFC) is used as plasma facing material for the highly heat
loaded divertor components of Wendelstein 7-X. These components are based on a
water-cooled heat sink structure made of copper, which is protected by CFC NB31
tiles. During operation with high hydrogen particle fluxes the CFC tiles reach surface
temperatures in excess of 1000°C. The large mismatch in the coefficients of thermal
expansion for CFC and Cu causes high thermally induced stresses and potentially
results in failures of the interface and in morphology changes of the CFC material,
respectively.

High heat flux tests up to 10.000 cycles at 10 MW/m² and overloading tests up to 32
MW/m² were performed to evaluate the expected operational limits of these
components. A slight increase of the surface temperature was measured during the
cycling tests. The analysis of the spatial distribution of possible structural material
modifications as well as of interface failures after such loading could identify the
possible causes. Neutron tomography opens up the possibility to analyse such
structures on centimetre-sized samples non-destructively with a high spatial
resolution. Different loaded samples were investigated at the ANTARES neutron
imaging facility of the FRM II reactor within the framework of FEMaS. A contrast
enhancement by vacuum infiltration with a liquid gadolinium agent resulted in a
spatial resolution of about 25 µm. The distribution of internal cavities, cracks and the
extent of interface delamination was visualized by neutron computed tomography.

The paper describes the method and presents the results of these examinations. The
integrity of the CFC structure could be confirmed after the long term cycling tests.
However, small localized interface failures were revealed and identified as the reason
for the slight surface temperature increase during the loading. The detection of these
small failures would have been unlikely by conventional metallographic preparation.
The tomographic examination yields an important contribution for the detailed
interpretation of spatially extended interface failures. Full high resolution 3D
information of the plasma facing material and the interface to the heat sink can be
obtained by this method.

*Corresponding author. Tel.: +49 89 32991229; fax: +49 8932991212.

E-mail address: [email protected] (H. Greuner)

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Nanoindentation of Self Ion Implanted Tungsten and Tungsten Alloys

for Plasma Facing Applications O - 05
D.E.J Armstronga,*, A.J.Wilkinson, and S.G.Roberts
a
Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

There is a great deal of interest in using tungsten alloys as critical plasma facing
components in the divertor. For this to occur the mechanical properties, and how they
change under the extreme conditions faced in the power plant must be understood.
Of particular importance are the effects of neutron damage on mechanical properties.
Neutron irradiation in a fusion reactor will cause a large amount of damage to the
crystal structure and also transmutation of W to Re and Os, producing He, and hence
degrade the mechanical properties of the material. Low-energy neutron irradiation of
candidate materials is possible; however it can take several years to create
significant levels of damage. Hot cells and remote handling facilities are then
required for testing the resulting active samples.

Ion-implantation can be used to mimic the displacement damage produced by

neutrons. However the depth over which the damage occurs is only a few hundred
nanometres to a few microns in depth. Thus standard mechanical testing techniques
are not suitable for measuring changes in mechanical properties due to implantation.
Specimens of pure tungsten, W-5wt%Ta, W-1wt%Ta and W-5wt%Re have been
irradiated using an ion-beam facility at the University of Surrey, UK. 2 MeV tungsten
ions were used, at 500oC, producing a damaged layer of depth ~200nm with doses
aimed at generating damage levels of 0.5 displacement per atom (dpa),1dpa,
5dpa,and 15dpa.

High Resolution-EBSD has been used to measure the elastic strains found in the
implanted layer as compared to unimplanted regions. Nanoindentation has been
performed using an MTS Nano XP. An increase of≈5% to 30% in hardness in the
implanted layer is seen as the dose is increased. The depth at which this occurs over
is in agreement with the depth of 200nm predicted by SRIM. The increase in
hardness also varies with composition; the W5Ta alloy has a much larger increase in
hardness, than the W5Re alloy which in turn has a larger increase than the pure W.
As well as the increase in hardness an increase in elastic modulus is also seen. This
magnitude of this increase is independent of dose and composition and is ≈15% of
the unimplanted value.

Due to the poorly defined stress states around the indenter extracting parameters
such as yield stress and work hardening is difficult from indentation experiments.
Recently novel micro-mechanical-testing techniques have been developed based on
the imaging and loading of FIB machined micro-cantilevers using a nanoindenter.
Work is now ongoing using such micro-cantilevers to allow the mechanical properties
of the very shallow implanted layers in tungsten alloys to be measured. This will allow
yield stress and work hardening of the ion implanted damaged layer to be measured
directly without influence of the underlying material. Results will be reported at the
conference.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +44 01865 273768.

E-mail address: [email protected]

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Comparison of deuterium retention for ion-irradiated

and neutron-irradiated tungsten O - 06
Y. Oyaa,*, M. Shimadab, T. Odac, M. Harad, Y. Hatanod, P. Calderonib and K. Okunoa
a
Radioscience Research Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka,
422-8529, JAPAN
b
Fusion Safety Program, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, 83415, USA
c
Department of Nuclear Engineering and Management, School of Engineering,
The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, JAPAN
d
Hydrogen Isotope Research Center, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-8555, JAPAN

Plasma facing components research for fusion applications has recently focused on
tungsten materials. One of the key issues under evaluation is tritium retention in
neutron-irradiated tungsten. In our previous research, it was found by TDS (Thermal
Desorption Spectroscopy) that the deuterium retention for the 0.025 dpa neutron-
irradiated tungsten was about three times as large as that for un-irradiated one. The
TDS spectrum was extended toward higher temperature side, indicating that
deuterium was stably trapped in radiation damages. In order to elucidate hydrogen
isotope trapping mechanisms in damaged tungsten, comparison of deuterium
retention for ion-irradiated and neutron-irradiated tungsten is important. In the present
study, iron ion was implanted into tungsten to introduce the irradiation damages and
deuterium retention was compared by TDS.
The disk-type samples with 6 mm diameter and ~ 0.2 mm thickness were prepared
from a rod of tungsten under stress-relieved conditions supplied by Allied Tungsten
Co. Ltd.. The samples were polished mechanically and pre-heated at 1173 K for 30
minutes in vacuum to remove the surface impurities and damages induced by the
polishing process. The 2.8 MeV Fe+ was implanted into the sample to introduce the
damages of 0.025 dpa or 0.3 dpa at The University of Tokyo. Thereafter, the sample
was installed in TPE (Tritium Plasma Experiment) at Idaho National Laboratory and
deuterium plasma irradiation was performed with a flux of ~ 1.0 × 1022 D+ m-2 s-1 and
a fluence up to of 6.0 × 1025 D+ m-2. The sample temperature during the plasma
exposure was 473 K. After plasma exposure, TDS was applied with heating rate of
0.5 K s-1. The surface morphology was also observed by SEM after TDS experiment.
The D2 TDS spectra for un-irradiated tungsten showed a large desorption peaks at
around 550 K. It was clearly different from that for the 0.025 dpa neutron-irradiated
tungsten, which has larger desorption stages at around 700 K. In the case of ion-
irradiated tungsten samples of 0.025 dpa and 0.3 dpa, the deuterium desorption
behaviour was quite different from that for neutron-irradiated tungsten. The deuterium
desorption spectra were extended toward lower temperature side and the deuterium
desorption rate was increased as the amount of irradiation damages increased.
However, it was found that the D2 TDS spectra for ion-irradiated tungsten could not
represent that for neutron-irradiated one, indicating that the deuterium trapping
mechanism for neutron-irradiated tungsten has a difference from that for ion-
irradiated one.
This work was performed under the Japan- US joint research project, TITAN.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +81-54-238-4803; fax: +81-54-238-3989.

E-mail address: [email protected] (Y. Oya)

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In-situ measurement of hydrogen isotope retention

using ion beam analyses during plasma exposure O - 07
M. Yamagiwaa,*, Y. Nakamuraa, N. Matsunamib, N. Ohnoa, S. Kajitab, M. Takagia,
M. Tokitanic, S. Masuzakic, A. Sagarac, K. Nishimurac
a
Department of Energy Engineering and Science, Graduate School of Enginnering, Nagoya University,
Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
b
EcoTopia Science Institute, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
c
National Institute for Fusion Science, Toki 509-5292, Japan

Control of hydrogen isotope retention in plasma-facing components (PFC) is

essential to establish steady-state operation. In particular, tritium retention inside the
vacuum vessel poses serious problems in the operation of ITER and gives a limit for
the number of plasma discharges. Further, the dynamic behaviour of hydrogen
retention in PFCs is of importance to investigate because it strongly influences
plasma operation. However, direct measurements of the dynamic behaviour of
hydrogen retention in PFC are extremely difficult in fusion devices due to the difficulty
in the in-situ surface analyses.
We have developed a high density DC plasma source equipped with ion beam
analysis devices including Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA), Rutherford Back
Scattering spectroscopy (RBS), Elastic Recoil Deflection (ERD), which can analyze
the surface property in-situ during the plasma exposure. The DC plasma source can
produce a high density plasma up to 1019 m-3 in steady state. A 3He beam obtained
from the Van de Graff accelerator is led to the sample through the plasma in an
ambient D2 pressure of ~0.5 Pa. The retained deuterium near the sample surface
was observed by the D(3He+, p)α NRA method, and protons are detected by a
surface-barrier solid-state-detector(SSD) located in a high vacuum region, which is
separated from the sample region by using a mylar film. A 3He+ analyzing beam has
the energy of ~1.0 MeV. The beam current can not be monitored at the sample during
plasma exposure. Then, a rotating gold plate was equipped between the sample and
the beam exit and used for a beam chopper, where the beam current was monitored
by using RBS.
An irradiation experiment has been performed in the device using tungsten
sample at the surface temperature of 700 K. The density of deuterium on the
exposed tungsten surface was measured during and after the plasma exposure. The
D-retention increased to 3x1016 cm-2 during the deuterium plasma exposure with the
deuterium fluence of 1.8x1018 m-2, and it decreased to one-third of the maximum
value within four hours from the plasma irradiation. The results show that the
deuterium retention changes significantly during the plasma exposure and after the
exposure, representing a clear feature of a dynamic retention.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +81 52 789 5429; fax: +81 52 789 3944.
E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Yamagiwa)

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Deposition of 13C tracer in the JET MKII-HD divertor

O - 08
a* a a a b b
J. Likonen , A. Hakola , S. Koivuranta , M. Airila , J. P. Coad , A. Widdowson , J.
Strachanc, D.E. Holed, M. Rubele, S. Brezinsekb, S. Grünhagenb, M. Stampb
and JET- EFDA Contributors*

JET-EFDA, Culham Science Centre, OX14 3DB, Abingdon, UK

a
Association EURATOM-TEKES, VTT, PO Box 1000, 02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
b
EURATOM/CCFE Fusion Association, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 3DB, UK
c
PPPL Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 0854, USA
b
Dept. of Engineering and Design, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QH, East Sussex, UK
d
Alfvén Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology, Association EURATOM-VR, 100 44 Stockholm,
Sweden
rd
* Appendix of F. Romanelli et al., Proc. 23 IAEA Fusion Energy Conference 2010, Daejeon, Korea

Erosion of plasma facing components and deposition on them have a great impact on
the tritium retention and the lifetime of the first wall in present and future fusion
devices. Post-mortem surface-analysis techniques are widely used to tackle these
questions but they can typically provide only campaign-integrated data. Interpreting
such results is difficult because a range of different plasma types, geometries and
divertor plasma parameters have been used. In contrast, 13C puffing experiments
carried out at the end of a campaign are ideal for investigating migration of materials
in controlled plasma conditions.
During the last experimental day of the JET experimental campaign in 2009, 13CH4
was introduced repeatedly into series of identical plasma discharges (H-mode, Ip=
2.5 MA, Bt= 2.5 T). This way, the 13C atoms can migrate under controlled conditions
and the process is not mixed-up with variations of magnetic configurations. In the
experiment, the inner strike point was located on the inner vertical target tile 3 and
the outer strike point on the load bearing tile 5. A total of 3.3x1023 molecules of 13C-
labelled methane were puffed into the scrape-off layer through a hole in 48 outer
divertor tiles 6, uniformly dispersed in the toroidal direction. After the experiment, a
set of CFC divertor tiles was analysed using secondary ion mass spectrometry
(SIMS) and Rutherford backscattering (RBS).
13
C was observed to migrate both to the inner and outer divertor, and the highest
amounts of 13C were found at the bottom of the outer vertical tile 7 and on the top of
the outer vertical tile 8. The amount of 13C on the inner vertical tiles 1 and 3 is
somewhat lower. On these tiles, the highest amount of 13C was found in the outer
SOL close to the inner strike point at the top of tile 3. Also the inner floor tile 4
contains some 13C. Heavy toroidal deposition of 13C was observed near the puffing
location on tile 6. The cryo pumps at the divertor were regenerated before and after
the 13C puffing experiment, and the gas was collected by the active gas handling
system (AGHS) and stored in a 25 litre reservoir for gas chromatography (GC). GC
analyses indicated that about 1/3 of the injected 13C was already pumped away and
can’t be found by the post-mortem analysis. The global 13C migration pattern
observed experimentally will be compared with EDGE2D simulations and the local
deposition pattern observed near the puffing location on tile 6 will be investigated
using the ERO code.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +358 20 7226364; fax: +358 20 722 6390.

E-mail address: [email protected]

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Predicting time evolution of hydrogen co-deposition in ITER

based on self consistent global impurity transport modelling O - 09
K. Schmid, M. Reinelt, K. Krieger

Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, 85748 Garching, Germany

The prediction of erosion and co-deposition processes for ITER is necessary

information for the design and material choice for the first wall. In particular the
formation of co-deposited layers determines the tritium retention during the nuclear
phase [1]. For the ITER material choice with Be at the main wall, W at the divertor
entrance and dome baffles and CFC at the strike points, it can be expected that co-
deposited layers containing C, Be and W are formed. From Lab experiments scaling
laws have been derived [2] to predict the hydrogen retention in co-deposited layers,
but to predict the actual retention in these layers their composition and growth rate
has to be determined.

Currently, predictions for co-deposited layer formation in ITER are mainly limited to
the divertor area and are based on simulations which only include the
erosion/deposition processes in a small plasma volume close to the divertor strike
point. These simulations have to make ad-hoc assumptions about the Be impurity
influx from the main chamber which results in rather large uncertainties.

This work presents predictions for the hydrogen co-deposition in ITER based on a
global erosion deposition model introduced in [4]. This model yields the time and
poloidal-position-resolved surface compositions, impurity influxes into the plasma,
and re-deposition impurity fluxes in a self consistent way. From this information the
growth rate of Be/C/W mixed layers is calculated. Using the local plasma parameters
to estimate particle energies and surface temperatures [5] the scaling laws from [2]
are used to predict the hydrogen retention.

These new calculations show that in contrast to previous work not only the deposition
near the strike points is important for the tritium retention but also co-deposition at the
dome baffle and the divertor entrance baffles plays a significant role.
This contribution presents an overview over the main features of the applied global
erosion/deposition model and discusses the predicted co-deposited layer formation
with respect to its impact on tritium retention in ITER.

[1] J. Roth, E. Tsitrone, A. Loarte, et al., J. Nucl. Mat. 390-391 (2009) 1

[2] G. De Temmerman, M. J. Baldwin, R. P. Doerner, et al., 390-391 (2009) 564
[3] A. Kirschner, D. Borodin, V. Phillips, et al., 390-391 (2009) 564
[4] K. Schmid, M. Reinelt, K. Krieger, J. Nucl. Mat. accepted (PSI-19 proceedings)
[5] V. Barabash, G. Federici, J. Linke, et al., J. Nucl. Mat. 313–316 (2003) 42

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +49 89 3299 2228; fax: +49 89 3299 1212.
E-mail address: [email protected] (K. Schmid)

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Modelling of Beryllium Erosion/Deposition and Local Transport O - 10

at ITER First Wall Blanket Modules Using the ERO code

D. Borodina,*, A. Kirschnera, D. Matveeva,b, A. Galonskaa, V. Philippsa, U.Samma,

S. Carpentier-Chouchanac, R.A. Pittsc, P.C. Stangebyd, J.D. Elderd
a
Institute of Energy and Climate Research - Plasma Physics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH,
Association EURATOM-FZJ, PartnerIn the Trilateral Euregio Cluster, Jülich, Germany
b
Department of Applied Physics, Gent University, Rozier 44, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
c
ITER Organization, Science Division, Route de Vinon sur Verdon – 13115 St Paul Lez Durance –
France
d
University of Toronto Institute Aerospace Studies, Ontario, Canada M3H 5T6

Plasma-surface interaction (PSI) leads to material erosion and, thus, limits the
lifetime of plasma-facing components (PFC) in ITER. In addition, retention of tritium
demands time consuming cleaning if the amount of in-vessel tritium exceeds the
safety limit (~1kg). Thus, modelling of PSI is of importance to understand the
underlying physics and to estimate the ITER duty cycle. Predictive modelling can be
indispensible for the principal decisions like choice of first wall materials or shaping of
PFCs. Previously, the ERO code was successfully applied for PSI in the ITER
divertor [1]. Here, the aim is to study the PSI on the blanket modules (BM) to
estimate its lifetime by net erosion, tritium retention and the erosion flux of Be.
ERO is a 3D Monte-Carlo impurity transport and PSI code. It tracks the Be
atoms eroded from BM surface, their ionization and complicated trajectory in the
plasma influenced by electromagnetic field in the complex 3D geometry. If tracked
particles impinge the surface ERO calculates deposition/reflection and possible
erosion of additional atoms. In the case at hand first modelling was carried out
previously [2] with 2D MC guiding centre motion LIM code. The results (net erosion-
deposition pattern) are used as benchmark for ERO.
The BMs have a special toroidal shape optimized for the power load handling
[3], leading to shadowing of plasma flux coming to certain parts of the BM surface by
its other parts and other BM tiles. Shadowing prevents re-erosion and absence of
leading edges reduces erosion. The overall BM dimension of about 1m in each
direction makes the toroidal and poloidal plasma curvature of importance. Therefore,
the 3D pre-calculated plasma parameters and magnetic field must be applied. Two
steady state scenarios (high and low density) are available as well as ramp phase.
ERO calculations show that gross erosion (depending on yield assumptions) can
reach 0.03mm/h. However about 50% or more can be re-deposited.
There are a number of important parameters for the simulations such as
physical erosion yields. The details of the model concerning the incidence angle and
energy of particles, local flow velocity (friction force), sheath potential, surface
temperature and other factors can also have some influence. The main uncertainties
and their influence on final modelling results are analysed in a view of many
dedicated experiments at existing devices used for benchmarking of ERO e.g. Be
sputtering at PISCES-B linear divertor simulator.

[1] A.Kirschner et al., J. Nucl. Mater. 363–365 (2007) 91

[2] S.Carpentier, PSI-19, J. Nucl. Mater. (2010), in press
[3] P.C.Stangeby, J. Nucl. Mater. 390–391 (2009) 963–966

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +49 2461 61 5623; fax: +49 2461 61 2660.
E-mail address: [email protected] (D.Borodin)

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Tungsten and carbon based PFCs erosion and eroded material deposition
under ITER-like ELM and disruption loads at the plasma gun facility QSPA-T O - 11
N. S. Klimova,*, V. L. Podkovyrova, D. V. Kovalenkoa, A. M. Zhitlukhina, V. A. Barsuka,
L. B. Begrambekovb, P. A. Shiginb, R. N. Giniyatulinc, J. Linked, I. S. Landmane,
S. E. Pestchanyie, B. N. Bazyleve, A. Loartef, B. Riccardig, V. S. Koidanh
a
SRC RF TRINITI, Pushkovykh street, 12, 142190, Troitsk, Moscow Region, Russia
b
NRNU MEPHI, Kashirskoe shosse, 31, 115409, Moscow, Russia
c
Efremov Institute, 196641, St. Petersburg, Russia
d
Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, EURATOM Association, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
e
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany (KIT)
f
ITER Organization, St. Paul-lez-Durance, F-13108 Cadarache, France
g
Fusion for Energy, Josep Pla, 2, Torres Diagonal Litoral B3, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
h
RRC «Kurchatov Institute», Moscow, Russia

This work concerns experimental study of ITER divertor PFCs erosion at the
plasma gun QSPA-T (TRINITI) [1] which provides the hydrogen (or deuterium)
plasma heat loads relevant to ITER ELM and disruption in the range of 0.2-5 MJ/m2
and 0.5 ms pulse duration. The primary attention is focused on the following points:
a) the experiments at large numbers of pulses (up to 500 ELM pulses and up to 20
disruption pulses); b) the dust and films which are formed after the deposition of
eroded material; c) the hydrogen isotopes trapping and retention in the eroded
material; d) the cracks formation on the tungsten PFCs under ELM-like plasma heat
loads and followed high heat flux thermal fatigue testing.
Under ELM and disruption heat loads the CFC erosion was mainly due to
PAN-fibers damage. The significant part of eroded materials deposited on the
vacuum chamber. The maximum deposition rate equaled to 2·10-2 μm/pulse
(tpulse = 0.5 ms) was observed in the downstream of plasma at the distance 30-60 cm
from the target in the disruption simulation experiments (Q = 2.3 MJ/m2). The typical
deposited film density was varied from 0.5 g/cm3 (flake-like films) to 2 g/cm3 (solid
compact films). According to the thermodesorption spectroscopy obtained by using
MICMA facility (MEPHI) the typical relative concentration of hydrogen isotopes
(H+D):C equaled 0.2 for the compact films (density ≥ 1.5 g/cm 3) and significantly
exceeded the value obtained by extrapolation the data received for lower deposition
rates ((0.5-2)×10-4 μm/s) [2]. So the mechanisms of hydrogen trapping during ELM
may differ from mechanisms of hydrogen trapping between ELMs.
Cracks formation is the main mechanisms of tungsten based PFCs damage at
the heat loads lower than melting threshold (Qmelt = 1.0 MJ/m2, tpulse = 0.5 ms). The
additional process which intensified the crack formation arises due to macrobrush
edge melting at heat loads higher than 0.5 MJ/m2. The cracks which had arisen at the
edges then propagated to non-melted material as a result of the following pulses. The
tungsten PFCs exposed to ELM-like loads in the QSPA-T were tested afterwards on
the TSEFEY electron beam facility (Efremov Institute) to high heat flux thermal
fatigue testing. The testing showed significant widening (up to 10 times) of the cracks
which arisen as a result of exposure in the QSPA-T.

[1] N. Klimov, et al., J. Nucl. Mater. 390–391 (2009), 721-726.

[2] L.B. Begrambekov, et al., J. Nucl. Mater. 390-391 (2009), 685.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +7 903 614 5724; fax: +7 495 334 5776.
E-mail address: [email protected] (N. S. Klimov)

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Thermal shock response of fine and ultra fine grained

tungsten based materials O - 12
G. Pintsuk*,a, H. Kurishitab, J. Linkea
a
Forschungszentrum Jülich, EURATOM Association, 52428 Jülich, Germany
b
International Research Center for Nuclear Materials Science, IMR, Tohoku University, Oarai, Ibaraki
311-1313, Japan

Among several other critical issues for the development towards a commercial fusion
reactor the choice of a suitable plasma facing material seems the most challenging.
Thermal loads, either applied in steady state or transient mode, combined He and
hydrogen attack, and the impact of high energy neutrons causing material
degradation and transmutation pose high demands on the material, particularly on its
long-life stability. The most promising materials yet seem to be tungsten or tungsten
based materials. Despite their good thermo-physical properties, their low sputter
threshold, and the comparably low neutron activation, the thermo-mechanical
properties are the weakest point of these materials. Brittleness at low temperatures
and an increasing ductile to brittle transition temperature (DBTT) when irradiated with
neutrons, after recrystallization and by hydrogen inventory are the main drawbacks
that are addressed by various R&D initiatives.

In this work, the focus is set on the investigation of fine and ultra fine grained
tungsten base materials doped with 0.5-1.1 wt% TiC that have proven to perform well
in mechanical investigations [1] as well as neutron and He-studies [2]. To stretch the
characterization to high thermal loads, thermal shock analyses were performed with
the means of an electron beam by applying repetitive ELM like loads (n = 100) at
various temperatures (RT, 100 °C, 150 °C) with a pulse duration of 1 ms and an
absorbed power density of ~1 GW/m2. By correlating the microstructural properties,
i.e. grain size, TiC-particle distribution, and impurity content, with the existence or
non-existence of crack formation above a certain temperature, the materials
behaviour was qualified and subsequently compared to an extensively characterized
reference material [3]. It is shown, that the cracking threshold is significantly reduced
even down to RT with increasing TiC-content, with reduced O-content and by
applying a post-manufacturing treatment of the material at 1650 °C, which changes
the material’s microstructure from ultra fine to fine grained.

[1] H. Kurishita, S. Matsuo, H. Arakawa, et al., J. Nucl. Mat. 386-388, 579 (2009)
[2] H. Kurishita, S. Kobayashi, K. Nakai, et. al, J. Nucl. Mat. 377, 34 (2008)
[3] G. Pintsuk, A. Prokhodtseva, I. Uytdenhouwen, Proc. Int. Conf. Fus. React. Mat., Sapporo, Japan
(2009)

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +49 2461 61 6300; fax: +49 2461 61 3699
E-mail address: [email protected] (G. Pintsuk)

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Mass Spectrometry Study of Destruction of Methane

by a Radio Frequency Discharge P01A
M. Mozetiča, A. Vesela, A. Drenika,*
a
Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia

In order to understand the kinetics of a-C:H formation in laboratory plasma RF

reactors for scavenger experiments, destruction of methane was studied in a low
pressure electrodeless radio frequency discharge. The plasma was ignited in pure
methane at flow rates ranging from 25 sccm to 140 sccm by means of a radio
frequency generator capable of delivering up to 1000 W output power. The generator
was coupled to the experimental system by means of a 6 turn, 4 cm diameter coil.
Depending on the output power and gas flow rate, the system was operating either in
E or H mode. The composition of the discharge was analysed by means of mass
spectrometry. It was found that the destruction of methane depended strongly on the
discharge power, gas flow rate and operating mode. Radicals created by the
discharge were found to recombine and form bigger molecules, such as ethylene and
acetylene.

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Investigations of Different Carbon-Like-Diamond Layers

as Candidates for the Coating of PFCs P01B
M. Lauxa,* and D. Naujoksa
a
Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, 17491 Greifswald, Germany

Structure elements of the first wall of W7-X will be screwed from the plasma side to
the cooled support. Recognizing the rather high temperatures caused by the
expected stationary power flux of about 50 kW/m2, TZM (99.39% Mo) was chosen as
screw material. It was proposed to cover the exposed heads of the estimated 28000
screws from direct plasma contact by a Diamond-Like-Carbon (DLC) layer to avoid
the erosion and influx of high-Z materials into the plasma. The layer has to stand all
erosion processes (sputtering by ions and neutrals, chemical erosion, exfoliation,
arcing, etc.) to act as a reliable coverage during several experimental campaigns.
The layer must not absorb too much ECRH stray radiation and, additionally, has to
stand the forces during the screwing. Three candidate DLC materials have been
chosen and test-screws were covered by layers of ≈10μm thickness. Because of the
high heat load expected (100...250kW/m2) the layers have to withstand several
hundred °C. Although the screw-heads are almost hidden from the streaming plasma
itself they are target for neutrals, plasma radiation and particles, as well as for ECRH
stray radiation heating and eroding the layers. Furthermore, insulating layers facing a
plasma can provoke local breakdowns leading to subsequent arcing.
The investigations of the test layers were carried out in three steps: (i) charac-
terisation of the virgin layers, (ii) loading the layers by heat and particles, (iii)
observations on loaded layers. The general aim is to analyse the structure and
composition, test the proposed materials for stability and integrity during heat load,
sputtering and plasma exposure, and check the adhesion. Microscopy (visible light
as well as electrons), ion beam sputtering, thermal desorption, thermo-balance,
scratch-testing, mechanical screwing tests and metallography have been applied.
Additionally, screws have been exposed to a magnetized plasma having parameters
close to those expected near the wall of W7-X.
The DLC-layers tested were found to be dense, homogeneous and of the requested
thickness of 10µm. The layer material was amorphous – no signs of long range order
could be observed. The adhesion properties of all three layers were reasonable,
getting worse after heating or particle bombardment. The virgin a-C:H layer was
insulating and would force parasitic discharges in an edge-plasma environment. The
two other types of layers had very low resistance (unchanged by heating). All three
layer types passed the screwing tests.
For pure C, destruction and delamination of the layer at 750°C was observed.
The dominating process during exposure of the a-C layer to a magnetized plasma
was found to be chemical erosion with a yield that agreed well with that from
laboratory experiments. The yields for a-C:H and pure C were twice as large but
showed the same temperature dependence. An estimate of the lifetimes of such
layers for the W7-X environment resulted in several hundreds of working hours.
Thus, for the heads of the TZM-screws in W7-X a coating with a 10µm a-C layer is
recommended.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +49 3834 88 2367; fax: +49 3834 88 2509.
E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Laux)

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Deposition and Erosion of Polymer-like Hydrocarbon

Layer by Hydrogen Atoms P02A
I. Čadeža*, S. Markelja, P. Pelicona and Z. Siketića,b
a
Jožef Stafan Institute, Association EURATOM-MHEST, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Ruđer Bošković Institute, P. O. Box 180, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
b

Carbon is due to its high reactivity with hydrogen and therefore high hydrogen
retention replaced by tungsten and beryllium as a plasma facing material in current
fusion devices. In a background vacuum of the order of 10-7 mbar the hydrocarbon
impurities may still be present. We have previously studied the hydrogen atom
interaction with W, Cu and a-C:H by ion beam methods ERDA and RBS. A steady
increase of hydrogen concentration on the surface was observed without any
saturation when the sample was exposed to hydrogen atoms at temperatures below
100oC. This increase was identified as deposition of a polymer-like C:H film by
incorporating hydrocarbons from the background vacuum [1]. The deposition occurs
only when the hydrogen atom beam is on. On the other hand such film is easily
removed again by hydrogen atoms but at temperatures above 400 K [2]. Such
hydrocarbon deposition could represent an additional problem concerning hydrogen
retention, especially in the remote parts of the tokamak, where hydrogen atoms are
present.
Here we present results of a further study of this impurity deposition and erosion on
Cu, Si and W by ERDA and RBS. A clear transition from hydrocarbon deposition to
erosion was observed during exposure of the copper sample to D beam during slow
sample heating. Observed transition temperature is around 220oC. Measurement
also indicates difference of the deposition mechanism at the room temperature and at
the temperature around 100oC. At lower temperature layer growth is accompanied by
both [H] and [D] increase while at higher one only [D] continues to increase. This
indicates temperature dependence of isotope exchange in the growing film, which is
mainly done by incorporating H-containing hydrocarbons from the background
vacuum. The carbon concentration is determined from the shift of the Cu-edge in the
RBS spectra, which is due to the energy loss of the probing beam in the deposited
layer. The presence of hydrogen atom beam clearly induces layer deposition in our
system. On the other hand it has been established that hydrogen atoms enhance
hydrocarbon deposition in the presence of hydrocarbon radicals [3]. The possible
origins of such radicals in our vacuum chamber will be discussed. From the RBS
measurement we have also observed W deposition on Cu and Si, which originates
from the hot tungsten capillary of hydrogen atom beam source. The deposition rates
of both deposits will be presented and discussed. The background vacuum with
hydrogen atom-beam on and off was also analyzed by the mass spectrometer.

[1] S. Markelj, P. Pelicon, T. Schwarz-Selinger and I. Čadež, in preparation.

[2] T. Schwarz-Selinger, A. von Keudell and W. Jacob, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A. 18, 3
(2000) 995.
[3] A. von Keudell and W. Jacob, Prog. Surf. Sci. 76 (2004) 21.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +38 61 5885 293; fax: +38 61 5885 377.
E-mail address: [email protected] (I. Čadež)

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Studies of Nanostructures Formed in T-10 Tokamak Using Synchrotron

Radiation and Neutrons P02B
V.G. Stankevich, N.Yu. Svechnikov, B.N. Kolbasov*, A.M. Lebedev, K.A. Menshikov,
V.A. Somenkov, A.A. Veligzhanin, Y.V. Zubavichus

Russian Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, 123182 Moscow, Russia

Hydrocarbon films and flakes are formed under deuterium plasma discharges in T-10
tokamak. Homogenous 20-30 µm thick films, redeposited inside the vacuum vessel
far from graphite plasma facing components, may have atomic ratio D/C up to 0.9
and higher. The properties of such films were studied with application of small-angle
X-ray scattering using synchrotron radiation, wide-angle X-ray scattering
measurements, neutron diffraction and other techniques. According to the X-ray
diffraction (XRD) studies, the overall structural pattern of the films resembles the
pattern for an amorphous solid, with graphene-like sheets composed of aromatic
rings oriented mainly parallel to the film surface. The XRD peak positions showed the
presence of structural defects with interplane distances of 0.12, 0.24 and 0.66 nm.
The peak widths gave the in-plane sizes of the scattering structures equal to about 1
nm. Comparison of X-ray and neutron diffractograms suggests that the film structure
is strongly disturbed by broken bonds of carbon network and by nanopores filled with
atomic deuterium. The combination (Raman) scattering studies did not reveal
presence of molecular deuterium and protium in the films. The experiments
performed using near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy
have shown that the films contain about 63% of sp3 and ~37% of sp2 states. The
films display the properties of a wide-band semiconductor with a gap of about 3 eV.
X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy employing synchrotron radiation revealed that the
films contain at least 12 impurities of Fe, Mo, Cr, Ni, Nb and other transition metals.
The studies using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed defects
with unpaired spins that refer to unpaired π-bonds in Сsp2-nano-clusters which size is
~4 nm and spin orientation is non-isotropic.
Difference between film properties on its opposite sides was revealed using Fourier-
transform infrared spectroscopy and analysis of current-voltage characteristics
(CVC). On the wall facing side of the film, aromatic rings Сsp2 dominate, carbon
network is distorted. Amount of metallic impurities on this side is higher and
concentration of hydrogen isotopes, hydroxyls and С=О groups is smaller than on the
wall facing side. CVC is of semiconductor type with resistivity ρ = 105-107 Ω·сm. On
the plasma facing side, diamond-like Сsp3 structures prevail, ρ = 108-109 Ω·сm, while
CVC is quasi-ohmic. Different types of CVC hysteresis are observed on the opposite
sides of the films. They are caused by different types of charge traps, i.e. structural
defects serving as centers for hydrogen isotope and hydrocarbon adsorption.
Difference in properties of opposite film sides, apparently, is determined by the
process of film formation under discharges.
Deuterium retention can be monitored by two groups of vibrational sp3 modes with
different oscillator strengths, depending on the amount of deuterium in films.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +7.495 947 1100; fax: +7 499.943.0073.

E-mail address: [email protected] (B.N. Kolbasov)

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The Structure and Gas Trapping Properties of Plasma Deposited

Carbon and Carbon-Tungsten Films P03A
L. Begrambekov*, A. Kuzmin, A. Makarov, Ya. Sadovsky, P. Shigin,

National Research Nuclear University, 115409, Moscow, Russia

The report presents investigation of both formation of the carbon (C) and carbon-
tungsten (C-W) films deposited in plasma and trapping of gases in the films.
The experiments were carried out in the gas discharge described in [1]. Residual
gas pressure did not exceed P = 4·10-4 Pa. Argon (PAr = 0.1 Pa) and deuterium (PD
varied from 2.7·10-4 to 1.3·10-2 Pa.) were used as the working gases. Atoms
sputtered from W and C targets were deposited on the substrates made from fine
grain graphite, stainless steel (SS) and tungsten. The substrates were kept under
floating potential, at the temperature 350ºC. C and W atoms were deposited with
overall rates 1.1·1019 and 2.8·1019 at/m2s correspondingly. The average C/W ratio
in C-W films was≈2.5. The deposited films were examined by SEM and gas
retention in the films was analyzed by TDS in the stand presented in [2].
The C films turned out to be uniform and flat independently of the substrate. C-W
films on SS looked similarly until their thicknesses approached 0.4 μm. Then the
films started cracking, and exfoliation began when their thickness reached 0.75
μm.
0.5-0.7 μm-thick C-W films on the C and W substrates had columnar structure.
Columns with cross section≈3 μm (“big” columns) consisted of the layers. The
upper carved layers formed flopping hills on the film surface. Later new type of
columns - “small” ones (cross section≈0.5 μm) appeared. They grow mainly
around big columns forming subsequently original walls of columns. C/W ratio in
the big columns was higher than that in the small ones. The fragments of C films
lost their contact with the substrate when their thickness approached 1 μm. The
process of exfoliation was not registered, even when film thickness exceeded 2.5
μm. At the same time the 2 μm films on W substrate were intensively destructed.
Deuterium- and hydrogen concentrations (D/C and H/C) in the C films did not
depend remarkably on the type of substrate. D/C increased (from 0.001 to 0.01)
and H/C decreased (from 0.04 to 0.02), when PD grow.
H/C ratios in C-W films were higher than D/C ratios as well, but contrary to C films
both ratios increased along with PD. It is interesting to mention that D/C ratio of C-
W films was some times smaller than D/C ratio of C films and decreased from C
substrate to W substrate.
Experimental results are analyzed. Peculiarities of deposited film growth and
influence of the substrate on its formation and exfoliation are discussed.
Mechanisms of hydrogen trapping in the plasma deposited films are considered. In
particular, it is shown that the water molecules of residual gas sorbed on the film
surface are the main source of hydrogen isotopes for trapping in the deposited
films.

[1] L. Begrambekov, O. Buzhinsky, A. Gordeev et al. Physica Scripta 108 (2004) 72.
[2] A. Airapetov, L. Begrambekov, S. Brémond et al. J. Nucl. Mater. (2011)
doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2010.10.054.

*Corresponding author. Tel.: +07 495 323 9322; fax: +07 495 324 7024.
E-mail address: [email protected] (L.Begrambekov).

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Classification of hydrocarbon films obtained in tokamak T-10

under controlled conditions P03B

I. Arkhipov*, S. Grashin, A. Karpov, K. Vukolov, N. Svechnikov, V. Stankevich

RRC ‘Kurchatov Institute’, Kurchatov sq. 1, Moscow 123182, Russian Federation

Transport and redeposition of carbon in modern tokamaks result in formation of

amorphous hydrocarbon (a-C:H/D) films in remote areas of vacuum chamber.
Appearance of the films can lead to degradation of plasma-viewing elements that are
used by a majority of plasma optical diagnostics. Therefore study and classification of
a-C:H/D films obtained in different tokamaks and other plasma facilities is an actual
scientific and practical task.
Properties of a-C:H/D films deposited in tokamaks depend on such factors as
temperature, electromagnetic irradiation, intensive fluxes of high-energy ions and
neutrals as well as active gases and metallic impurities. Up to now hydrocarbon
deposits obtained at uncontrolled conditions mainly in form of flakes and dust were
studied in tokamak T-10 [1]. In this work a-C:H/D films were obtained under strictly
controlled conditions with using specially constructed diagnostic inserts placed both
close and far from graphite limiter and carbon ring diaphragm of tokamak Т-10. The
films deposited in regime of working pulses (~1 s) and vacuum conditioning were
studied. Samples (silicon wafers and metallic mirrors from Mo and stainless steel)
were oriented in radial, toroidal and poloidal directions. Experimental data were
obtained mainly in the course of campaigns of 2009 - 2010.
Composition, structure, surface morphology and optical properties of a-C:H films
were studied by EPMA, IR spectroscopy, ellipsometry, spectrophotometry, SEM and
AFM. Deposition and removal rates of obtained films were estimated as well. Studied
films were classified and compared with films obtained in other tokamaks and
experimental setups. Conclusions about transport and redeposition of carbon in
tokamak T-10 were made.
One of the main peculiarities of tokamak T-10 is high fluxes of impurities (including,
hydrocarbon radicals) on the first wall surface. Values of these fluxes can by several
times exceed those of other present tokamaks. Thus data on carbon transport and a-
C:H/D film properties obtained in T-10 can be very useful for impurities control and
preventing of first mirrors degradation in ITER.

[1] N.Yu. Svechnikov, et al., Plasma Devices and Operations, 137, 14 - 2 (2006)

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +7 499 186 01 27; fax: +7 495 330 21 92.
E-mail address: [email protected] (I. Arkhipov)

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Characteristics of co-deposited carbon layers on tungsten nano-structure

P04A
,
Y. Hamaji *, K.Miyata, T. Wada, Y. Ohtsuka, and Y. Ueda

Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan

C and W are plasma facing materials for 1st set of divertor of ITER. C has
good thermal and mechanical properties, and low atomic number. However, C is
easily sputtered and forms co-deposition layers with T. Therefore, studies on erosion
and re-deposition behaviour of C are important for safety in ITER.
Previous reports indicated that W nanostructure (fuzz) produced by high flux
He plasma exposure [1] enhanced C deposition, which was observed in TEXTOR
tokamak [2]. However, there have been no systematic studies for deposition
conditions, structure of deposition layers, and behaviour of hydrogen isotopes by
precisely controlled experiments.
In this study, C deposition characteristics on W fuzz by different deposition
methods are compared. Structure of C deposition layers was observed by Raman
spectroscopy and SEM, and the amount of D retention by NRA and TDS. W fuzz
samples were prepared by exposure to high density He plasma. Initial thickness of
fuzz was about ~500 nm. Two types of carbon deposition experiments have been
done; (1) irradiation by mixed D and C ion beam, (2) deposition by magnetron
sputtering. Our purpose is to investigate the effects of fuzz on the structure and
formation condition of C deposition layers.
Ion beam irradiation experiments have been done by the high flux mixed ion
beam device HiFIT with the C concentration up to about 3%. For the samples
irradiated with mixed D and C ion beam (C~1.0%, 450 °C, ion energy~150eV), most
of fuzz was sputtered, and very slight C deposition was observed. For the samples
irradiated with higher C concentration ion beam (C ~ 1.8%), C deposition layer on the
top of the fuzz was observed though some of initial fuzz was eroded. On the other
hand, no C deposition was observed on flat W samples under these conditions. This
indicates that C deposition takes place preferentially on fuzz surfaces. Similar results
were observed on the fuzz samples exposed to TEXTOR edge plasmas [2].
Carbon deposition characteristics by the magnetron sputtering method
(D:He=1:1, ~100°C) showed completely different. No clear C deposition layer was
observed on fuzz surfaces though C deposition layer was observed on flat surfaces
by the magnetron sputtering. Although the reason for the difference in C deposition
characteristics on fuzz surfaces between the abovementioned deposition methods is
not clearly understood, this indicates that effects of fuzz on C deposition strongly
depend on deposition conditions.
In this presentation, we will show the comparison of formation conditions, the
structural properties of deposition layers by Raman spectroscopy, and retention
properties by NRA and TDS between the different deposition methods.

[1] M.J. Baldwin, R.P. Doerner, Nucl. Fusion 48 (2008) 035001.

th
[2] Y. Ueda et al, J. Nucl. Mater. in print (2011), presented at 19 PSI (2010).

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +81 6 6879 7867; fax: +81 6 6879 7867.
E-mail address: [email protected] (Y. Hamaji)

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Spectroscopic study of plasma produced from CFC targets irradiated

by pulsed plasma streams P04B
M. Kubkowskaa, *, E. Skladnik-Sadowskab, M.J. Sadowskia,b, K. Czausb,
J. Zebrowskib, M. Ladyginac, and I.E. Garkushac
a
Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion (IPPLM), 01-497 Warsaw, Poland
b
The Andrzej Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies (IPJ), 05-400 Otwock-Swierk, Poland
c
Institute of Plasma Physics, NSC KIPT, 61-108 Kharkov, Ukraine

The paper reports on recent research on behavior of carbon fiber composite (CFC)
samples exposed to intense pulsed plasma streams, which were generated by a PF-
360 plasma accelerator operated at the IPJ in Swierk, Poland. The facility was
equipped with two coaxial electrodes of about 300 mm in length, and of 170 mm and
120 mm in diameter, respectively. The inner electrode (anode) was embraced with a
ceramic insulator of 80mm in length. Discharges were initiated at the initial deuterium
filling up to p0 = 6 hPa and they were supplied from a condenser bank of 234 µF
charged initially to 30 kV/105 kJ. The maximum discharge current amounted to about
1.8 MA, and the pulsed plasma streams were emitted mainly during a characteristic
current dip (peculiarity) observed about 5 µs after the discharge initiation.
Three investigated samples were cut of a piece of CFC of the Snecma N11 type
(used in the Tore-Supra tokamak). The surface of the irradiated samples was equal to
30 mm x (30-45) mm, and their thickness was 4-6 mm. These samples were fixed
successively upon a special support placed at a distance of 30 cm from the PF-360
electrode outlets, and their surfaces were perpendicular to the plasma streams
direction. To study characteristics of plasma generated by the erosion of the
irradiated CFC targets the use was made of the optical emission spectroscopy.
Spectroscopic measurements were performed side-on through a quartz window and
an optical collimator coupled with a fiber-cable and a Mechelle®900 spectrometer.
The observation axis was almost parallel to the sample surface. The spectroscopic
measurements were performed with different acquisition times but most were
performed with exposition time of 2 µs at different instants after the discharge current
dip. The optical spectra, as recorded mainly in the wavelength range from 350 nm to
700 nm, were analyzed using the NIST database. The distinct deuterium lines as well
as carbon lines were identified and analyzed quantitatively. It was estimated that the
average plasma density changed from 1018 cm-3 to 5×1015 cm-3 during plasma
expansion lasting about 20 µs. These values can be useful for further modeling of the
CFC erosion by energetic plasma streams.
To investigate the erosion of the irradiated samples they were also analyzed with an
optical microscope and weighed with an electronic balance. Some distinct erosion
craters were recorded, and it was estimated that one plasma shot can induce a loss
of 0.4-0.9 mg of the target material. Taking into consideration that each pulsed
plasma stream emitted from the PF-360, contains many micro-beams of accelerated
primary deuterons (of energy ranging from about 80keV to even several MeV) as well
as high-energy (about 3MeV) fusion-produced protons, it was impossible to identify
which particles caused the observed erosion craters. Nevertheless, it has been
shown that such pulsed plasma streams can be used to study materials of interested
for future fusion machines, and some data needed for their modeling have been
collected.
* Corresponding author: [email protected] (M.Kubkowska)

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Modelling of carbon deposition from CD4 injection

in the farScrape-Off Layer of TEXTOR P05A
A. Kirschnera,*, H.G. Essera, D. Matveeva,b, O. Van Hoeyb, D. Borodina, A. Galonskaa,
K. Ohyac, V. Philippsa, A. Pospieszczyka, U. Samma, O. Schmitza, P. Wienholda,
and TEXTOR teama
a
Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Plasma Physics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH,
Association EURATOM-FZJ, Partner in the Trilateral Euregio Cluster, Jülich, Germany.
b
Department of Applied Physics, Gent University, Rozier 44, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
c
Institute of Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan.

Erosion and re-deposition of wall material in fusion devices are critical issues due to
wall lifetime and tritium retention caused by co-deposition. Net layer deposition and
thus long-term tritium retention is expected to take place mainly at remote areas.
A dedicated experiment has been carried out at TEXTOR to study transport and
carbon deposition from injected CD4 molecules at remote areas. For this purpose a
cylinder equipped with injection tube and quartz microbalance (QMB) diagnostic on
its top surface has been exposed to the far Scrape-Off Layer (SOL) – i.e. 5-8cm
away from the Last Closed Flux Surface (LCFS) – of the TEXTOR edge plasma. Due
to the remote position of the cylinder and the magnetic field almost parallel to its top
surface the ion flux to the cylinder top surface and thus erosion due to ions is
negligible. Ohmic and NBI-heated discharges have been applied and the injection
rate has been varied between 1.2×1019 and 3.3×1020 CD4/discharge. Shot-resolved
measurements of the deposition on the QMB revealed deposition efficiencies (i.e.
amount of deposited carbon atoms on the QMB relative to amount of injected CD4)
between 0.002 and 0.008% depending on the radial position of the cylinder. The
difference of deposition between ohmic and NBI-heated discharges is not very
significant. Post-mortem analysis of the whole top surface of the cylinder results in a
deposition efficiency of about 1%. Details of the experiment can be found in [1].
This contribution focuses on modelling of the experimental findings. The transport of
injected CD4 is calculated with ERO. Observed CD emission pattern can be well
reproduced applying measured electron density and temperature profiles from He
beam diagnostic in TEXTOR. Overall modelled deposition efficiency on the cylinder
surface (∅10cm) for a representative discharge is about 2% applying Molecular
Dynamics (MD) data for reflection of returning species from Ohya. The reflection
coefficients are rather large (RCH4=RCH3=1, RCH2=0.9, RCH=0.6, RC=0.3) due to low
impact energies smaller ~3eV. As the QMB quartz is located about 1cm recessed
from the cylinder surface, ERO only models the flux of particles entering the QMB
aperture (∅0.8cm), which is about a factor of 20 larger than the measured deposition
on the QMB. The 3D-GAPS code has been applied to study the detailed transport
within the QMB housing showing that measured deposition can be reproduced if MD
reflection coefficients are used. Thus, important conclusion of the modelling is that –
in contrast to plasma-wetted areas - carbon deposition at remote (i.e. plasma-
shadowed) areas can be understood without enhanced re-erosion of re-deposits.
th
[1] H.G. Esser et al., 19 PSI Conference, San Diego 2010, in press J. Nucl. Mat.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +49 2461 61 4277; fax: +49 2461 61 2660.
E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Kirschner).

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Modelling of Deposition at the Bottom of Gaps in TEXTOR Experiments

P05B
a,b,* b b b b b
D. Matveev , A. Kirschner , H. G. Esser , A. Litnovsky , D. Borodin , B. Schweer ,
V. Philippsb, S. Brezinsekb, P. Wienholdb, and the TEXTOR team
a
Department of Applied Physics, Ghent University, Plateaustraat 22, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
b
Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Plasma Physics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH,
Association EURATOM-FZJ, Partner in the Trilateral Euregio Cluster, D-52425 Jülich, Germany

Fuel retention in fusion devices with carbon based armour materials is to a large
extent governed by the co-deposition process. Formation of fuel-rich carbon layers
takes place preferentially in remote areas hidden from direct plasma impact. As such,
gaps of castellated plasma-facing surfaces act as potential trapping sites for tritium,
thus representing a critical issue for continuous and safe operation of next step
fusion devices.
A dedicated experiment in TEXTOR using a test limiter with gap-like structures [1]
revealed that thick carbon layers are formed not only near the entrance but to a
certain extent also at the bottom in gaps. In this case, cleaning of gaps becomes a
challenging task. In the experiment it was not clear whether observed deposition on
the bottom results from normal discharges or from off-normal events like losses of the
plasma position control. Modelling performed with the 3D-GAPS code [2] for normal
TEXTOR discharges was not able to reproduce the significant level of deposition in
those most plasma remote areas without imposing extreme assumptions on particle
transport in gaps.
In order to clarify the deposition in gaps, a dedicated experiment is planned in
TEXTOR with injection of quantified amounts of 13CH4 molecules in the vicinity of a
gap and shot-resolved in-situ measurements of deposition at the gap bottom with
sensitive Quartz Microbalance (QMB) diagnostics. Predictive modelling with coupled
ERO [3] and 3D-GAPS simulations is applied to estimate the amount of injected
carbon capable of reaching the bottom of the gap. ERO calculates the transport of
injected 13CH4 molecules in plasma and provides fluxes of particles entering the gap.
The gap is located approximately 23 mm away from the injection hole and the gap
bottom is about 9 mm recessed from the plasma exposed surface. ERO simulations
for a representative TEXTOR discharge show that up to 0.7% of injected particles
can reach the gap aperture. The 3D-GAPS code is used to follow the transport of
these particles down to the QMB surface. Under a very conservative assumption of
no reflection and without re-erosion taken into account, only small fraction of particles
entering the gap can be deposited at the bottom resulting in carbon deposition
efficiency on QMB of the order of 0.01%. With such efficiency, an injection rate of
5×1019 molecules per discharge will be sufficient to reach a detectable level of
deposition on QMB. Application of an improved particle reflection model with
reflection coefficients according to Molecular Dynamics data leads to two times
smaller deposition efficiency still affordable from the point of view of QMB sensitivity.
Detailed results of refined predictive modelling will be presented in this contribution.

[1] A. Litnovsky et al, J. Nucl. Mater. 390-391 (2009) 556

[2] D. Matveev et al, Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 52 (2010) 075007
[3] A. Kirschner, V. Philipps, J. Winter, and U. Kögler, Nucl. Fusion 40 (2000) 989

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +49 2461 61 5628; fax: +49 2461 61 2660.
E-mail address: [email protected] (D. Matveev).

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Ion-surface interactions of seeding gas ions

with ITER-relevant armour materials P06A
A. Keima,*, S. Zöttla, F. Zappab, P. Scheiera, T.D. Märka and Z. Hermana,c
a
Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, EURATOM ÖAW,
Technikerstraße 25b, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
b
Departamento de Fisica, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Campus Universitário Juiz de Fora,
Juiz de Fora 36036-330, Brazil
c
J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic,
EURATOM IPP.CR, Dolejškova3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic

In recent measurements the interactions of seeding gas ions Ar+ and small
hydrocarbon ions with room temperature carbon-fibre-composite surfaces have been
investigated on the BESTOF apparatus in Innsbruck [1]. The experimental setup is
described in detail in earlier publications [2]. In the first part of this tandem mass
spectrometer ions are produced in an electron ionization source before entering a
reverse-geometry two-sector-field mass spectrometer. The mass selected beam of
projectile ions then is directed onto a surface sample at well defined incident
energies ranging from a few eV up to 100eV. Product ions formed in interactions with
the surface are analysed in a time-of-flight mass spectrometer at a scattering angle
of 90°.
In analogy to similar experiments [3] the data show extensive contributions of
sputtered hydrocarbons, which cover the surfaces at room temperature. Despite this,
there is no evidence of surface-induced reactions of the projectile ions with surface
hydrocarbons forming ArH+. In addition, the data show contributions of sputtering of
alkali contaminants Na+ and K+. Experiments of Z. Herman et al. indicate the
necessity of heating of the surface to at least 600°C to access measurements of ions
with clean, uncovered surfaces [4]. Therefore, the experimental setup is presently
being modified to allow for heating of the surface. In this work we present recently
measured data on interactions of N2+ with CFC and for various surface temperatures
ranging from room-temperature to 600°C, hence for both hydrocarbon-covered and
clean surfaces.

[1] A. Keim, Int. J. Mass Spectrom., in press (2010)

[2] C. Mair, J. Chem. Phys. 111, 2770 (1999)
[3] A. Qayyum, Chem. Phys. Lett. 376, 539 (2003)
[4] J. Roithova, J. Phys. Chem. B 106, 8293 (2002)

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +43 512 507 6254; fax: +43 521 507 2932.
E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Keim)

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Interaction of low pressure hydrogen plasma with materials of interest for

fusion: study of the negative ion surface production P06B
A. Ahmada,*, P. Kumara,b, M. Carrèrea, J.M. Layeta and G. Cartrya
a
Physique des Interactions Ioniques et Moléculaires, UMR 6633—CNRS/Université d’Aix—Marseille,
Centre de St. Jerome, service 241, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
b
Inter University Accelerator Center, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg New Delhi, 110067,India

We are studying negative ion surface production on surfaces in hydrogen and

deuterium low pressure plasmas [1-3]. The plasma is created in a helicon reactor
powered by a 13.56 MHz RF generator. In the diffusion chamber of the helicon
reactor, a negatively biased sample held by a temperature controlled sample holder
faces a mass spectrometer placed 35mm away. The sheath in front of the sample
accelerates positive ions towards the surface, while the negative ions created on the
surface upon bombardment are accelerated towards the plasma. They cross the
plasma and are extracted by the mass spectrometer, where they are analysed
according to their energy. Negative hydrogen ion distribution functions (IDFs) are
studied depending on experimental conditions and surface material, with the aim of
better understanding negative ion surface production at the plasma-surface
boundary. In this paper, we discuss the influence of extraction voltage on the shape
of IDFs, and draw the main mechanisms at the origin of the negative ion creation.
Most of studies are performed using graphite sample (HOPG), but we also compare it
with other materials of interest for fusion like tungsten or doped diamond.

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Hydrogen Retention and Release in the RFX-mod Graphite First Wall

P07A
A. Canton*, S. Dal Bello and P. Innocente

Consorzio RFX, associazione EURATOM/ENEA sulla Fusione, 35127 Padova, Italy

RFX-mod is a toroidal experiment (major/minor radius 2/0.46 m) for the confinement

of thermonuclear Hydrogen plasmas in the Reversed Field Pinch magnetic
configuration. The first wall is entirely covered by tiles made of polycrystalline
graphite and it bears a strong thermal power deposition that can locally reach values
of the order of tens MW/m2 and strong particle fluxes from the plasma of about 1021-
1022 m2/s. Hydrogen retention in the graphite of the wall has a direct impact on the
operation of RFX-mod. In fact, during the discharges, plasma density is entirely
sustained by particle in-fluxes from the wall and the control of Hydrogen retention is
the way to control plasma density during experiments.

With the aim both to improve our control capability and to study the more general
issue of the behaviour of graphite as first wall material for future fusion experiments,
we analysed the Hydrogen retention and release under different conditions of the
RFX-mod wall. We measured the Hydrogen that is left in the wall during the plasma
operation and that is removed during the wall cleaning treatments (baking and
Helium Glow Discharge Cleaning (GDC) sessions). Local but more detailed
information was obtained by the analyses of graphite samples that have been
inserted inside the vessel up to the first wall envelope surface in three different
toroidal-poloidal positions by means of dedicated manipulators. Some tiles have
been also removed and analysed, giving information about particles absorption under
long-term exposure to plasma and cleaning treatments. We found that during
operation a progressive accumulation of Hydrogen in the wall occurs and the
effectiveness of the cleaning treatments routinely applied is discussed. The
differences in the rate of accumulation on clean graphite and on graphite that has
been coated with Boron or Lithium are shown and discussed.

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Thermal Desorption spectroscopy investigation of co-implanted Hydrogen

and Argon in graphite P07B
Y.S Katharria, E. Areou, J.-B Faure, G. Cartry, J.-M. Layet, P. Roubin and T. Angot*

Laboratoire de Physique des Interactions Ioniques et Moléculaires, UMR 6633 CNRS-Université de

Provence, Centre Saint Jérôme, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France

In nuclear fusion research, impurity (N2, Ne, Ar, Kr…) seeding is receiving a
continuous attention because of its implication in plasma detachment and reduction
of heat load onto the divertor tiles [1]. Such studies mostly focused on power
exhaust, plasma stability and impurity transport. However, little attention is given to
the possible synergistic effects resulting from simultaneous bombardment of the
impurity with hydrogen or its isotopes on plasma facing components. Therefore, we
have undertaken particle beam experiments in order to investigate these fundamental
mechanisms.

In this work, 1.5 keV hydrogen (or deuterium) and argon ions were co-implanted in
graphite material, by simultaneously feeding a unique ion gun with both species.
Several experiments were performed by varying the partial pressure of gases, as well
as the ion fluence. Temperature programmed desorption (TPD) was performed and
desorption products compared to those resulting from single ion bombardment. It is
found that the presence of Ar ions during H bombardment increases the hydrogen
desorption yield and also result in a strong downshift of the desorption temperature
by nearly 300 K. It is proposed that Ar ions modify the H2+ ion range implantation and
that defects created by Ar ions assist trapping of H species. These mechanisms
should compare well with those implying chemical sputtering of hydrocarbon films
that were observed during low-energy Ar+ ion and H atom impact [2].

[1] Y. Corre et al. Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 50 (2008) 115012

[2] C. Hopf, A. von Keudell and W. Jacob, Nucl. Fusion 42 (2002) L27–L30

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +33 491 288 019; fax: +33 491 288 357.
E-mail address: [email protected] (T. Angot)

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Assessment of Fuel Re-absorption

by Thermally Pre-treated Co-deposited Layers P08A
D. Ivanovaa,*, M. Rubela, V. Philippsb, P. Peterssona, M. Freisingerb, M. Żłobińskib,
M. Matveevab, A. Schmidtb
a
Alfvén Laboratory, KTH, Association EURATOM–VR, Stockholm, Sweden
b
IEF, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Association EURATOM, Jülich, Germany
Reduction of in-vessel fuel inventory is essential in operation with the tritium,
especially in the presence of carbon plasma-facing components (PFC). Two basic
schemes for fuel removal are currently considered: (i) cleaning surfaces from co-
deposits, (ii) only desorption of hydrogen-containing species. The latter approach is
based either on surface heating by photonic means or long-term annealing of PFC.
As a result, the outgassed deposited layers remain in the vessel and they would be
repeatedly exposed to plasma. The question is: how does the fuel-depleted surface
respond to plasma during a subsequent exposure?
Systematic studies have been performed to address fuel re-absorption by carbon
deposits exposed to plasma after cleaning procedures. The investigation has been
done with graphite tiles from ALT-II, i.e. the main limiter at the TEXTOR tokamak.
Pure graphite plates are used as a reference material. The experimental program
comprises: (i) pre-characterisation of specimens; (ii) D desorption by baking the tile at
1000 oC or by µs laser pulses (surface temperature exceeds even 1200 oC)
accompanied by gas-phase control; (iii) surface analyses of the fuel depleted layers;
(iv) exposure to deuterium plasmas under laboratory conditions (glow discharge or
ECRH plasma) or in the tokamak; (v) quantitative deuterium determination in the re-
exposed materials. Analyses are done by means of gas-phase and material research
methods: thermal desorption spectrometry (TDS), ion beam techniques (e.g. NRA:
nuclear reaction analysis) and microscopy. The most important findings of the still on-
going research are listed below:
(a) TDS and NRA measurements of the D content in the original co-deposits and
after repeated exposures show good agreement between these methods (within
10%) thus indicating that most fuel is in the surface layer.
(b) Thermal treatment causes strong modification of the deposit structure. It
enhances surface roughness and layer brittleness leading eventually to flaking and
detachment of co-deposits.
(c) Fuel content in original layer is 4.7×1018 D·cm-2, whereas the re-absorption of
fuel during the subsequent exposure is on the level of 1.5×1017 D·cm-2, i.e. 30 times
lower. Moreover, the D uptake by the fuel-depleted layer is only 10-20 % greater than
measured on the reference graphite plate. This result is most probably attributed to
the differences in surface roughness.
(d) The desorption spectra of fuel species from the original and the re-exposed
surface are different and show that a lower fraction of fuel is bound in hydrocarbons
after the exposure to laboratory plasma.
The experiments performed to date indicate that the fuel re-absorption by thermally
cleaned carbon surfaces may not be significant and will not lead to an immediate re-
saturation of deposits. Also the dust produced in connection with surface heating will
contain less fuel than observed after laser-induced ablation [1].

[1] D. Ivanova et al., PSI-19, J. Nucl. Mater., in press.

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

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Tritium uptake in graphite tiles exposed to EAST plasma and then tritium gas
P08B
Jing Wua, Guang-Nan Luoa,*, Masao Matsuyamab

a
Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 1126, Hefei,
China
b
Hydrogen Isotope Research Center, University of Toyama, Gofuku 3190, Toyama
930-8555, Japan

Doped graphite GBST1308 (1%B4C, 2.5%Si, 7.5%Ti) with thick SiC gradient
coatings (SiC/C) is now being used as plasma facing materials (PFMs) on the
Experimental Advanced Superconductive Tokamak (EAST) in the Institute of Plasma
Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ASIPP). In our previous work [1], tritum
uptake behavior of the unirradiated graphite tile samples was investigated. In this
paper, the amount of adsorption and the depth profile of tritium have been studied
using β-ray-induced X-ray spectrometry (BIXS) [2, 3] in the irradiated graphite tiles
from EAST with following exposure to tritium gas.
Samples were cut from graphite tiles exposed to EAST plasmas, including erosion
and deposition ones and the third one from unirradiated tile for comparison, and were
then exposed to tritium gas after thermal pretreatment under the given conditions.
Each sample was analyzed by means of BIXS, and changes in the X-ray spectrum
with time were observed for a maximum time of 144 hours. To examine tritium
distribution in the bulk, the cross-section of tritium-exposed samples was also
measured by an IP method for comparison with the results of BIXS measurements.
The surfaces of the samples were observed by a digital microscope, and analyzed by
a small angle XRD. It was confirmed from XRD analyses that the surfaces of the
three samples mainly consist of SiC. The results of BIXS indicated the significant
amount of tritium was absorbed in the deposition sample in comparison with other
samples, which was supported by the IP measurements. In addition, it was found that
a variety of metallic elements existed in the deposition and erosion samples,
indicating that the plasma-facing materials are partly eroded by plasmas. Drastic
decrease in tritium retention appeared by lowering exposure temperature, and the
trapped tritium was maintained stable with time.

[1] J. Wu, et al., “BIXS measurements of tritium uptake in C and W materials for EAST”, J. Nucl.
Mater., in press.
[2] M. Matsuyama, et al., “Tritium assay in material by the bremsstrahlung counting method”, Fus.
Eng. Des. 39&40 (1998) 929.
[3] M. Matsuyama, et al., “Nondestructive measurement of surface tritium by β-ray induced X-ray
spectrometry (BIXS)”, J. Nucl. Mater. 290-293 (2001) 438.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +85 551 559 2525; fax: ++85 551 559 2525.
E-mail address: [email protected] (Guang-Nan Luo)

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Influence of deuterium ion and atomic exposure on dehydrogenation

of C:H films P09A
L.B. Begrambekov, A.S. Kaplevskiy, Y.A. Sadovskiy, P.A. Shigin*. A.M. Zakharov

National Researches Nuclear University MEPhI, Kashirskoe sh., 31, Moscow 115409, Russian Federation

The paper investigates the processes initiated by deuterium ions and atoms
irradiation (D) in hydrocarbon films (ratio H:C ≈ 0.2, the thickness ≈ 2.5 µm)
deposited by PCVD technique.
Energies of 50 eV/D and 400 eV/D were selected for irradiating D ions which
were extracted from deuterium plasma. Ion flux and fluence equaled 1016 D·cm−2·s−1
and 5·1019 D·cm−2 respectively. Average energy of atomic deuterium (D0) was about
0.2 eV. Atomic D0 flux and fluence were kept near the same as ion ones. Substrate
temperature was maintained at 550 K in all experiments. The irradiated samples
were subjected to sputtering in argon plasma up to different depths in the range of
20-900 nm. Argon ions with energy 300 eV were used. Then D and H atom contents
in remaining part of the films were measured by thermal desorptional spectrometry,
and D and H atoms depth distributions were calculated.
Experimental results showed that implanting D ions penetrated into and initiated
H atoms release from the layers much thicker than the ion stopping zone. As this
took place D retention did not compensate H diminution. 9.1·1016 and 1.3·1017 D·cm–
2
atoms were retained and 1.6·1017 and 1.7·1017 cm–2 H atoms were removed during
respectively 50 eV and 400 eV ion D irradiation. Decrease of H concentration in the
layer of the order of stopping zone was stronger, when 50 eV/D ions were used.
Atomic deuterium irradiation led to deuterium trapping mainly in the top surface
layers and did not cause to any noticeable hydrogen desorption from the films.
Calculations gave the value 3·10−14 cm2·s−1 for D diffusion coefficient in the depth
interval 0 - 200 nm, and 2·10−13 cm2·s−1 for interval 200 - 900 nm in the ion irradiated
films. These values are much higher than the maximum value of diffusion coefficients
for dense graphites at 550 K, which were found to be 10−15 - 10−17 cm2·s−1 [1]. Slower
D diffusion in the interval 0-200 nm could be explained by influence of irradiation
induced defects penetrating from the stopping zone into underneath layers.
D atom irradiation did not produce remarkable amount of radiation defects, and D
atoms diffusion coefficient for such films in accordance with above conclusion was
found to be close to the value obtained for interval 200 - 900 nm of plasma irradiated
films.
Conclusion is made that radiation defects and stresses initiated by them rather
than isotope exchange processes were the causes of liberation of H atoms from the
traps and their release.

[1] H. Atsumi. Hydrogen bulk retention in graphite and kinetics of diffusion. J. Nucl. Mater. 307–311,
1466 (2002).

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +7 495 788-56-99 (ext. 90 61); fax: +7 495 324 70 24.
E-mail address: [email protected] (P. Shigin)

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Time dependent low-energy deuterium interactions

with lithiated graphite plasma-facing surfaces P09B
C.N. Taylora,b,*, B. Heima,b, and J.P. Allaina,b
a
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
b
Birck Nanotechnology Center, Discovery Park, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA

Lithium has been utilized as a plasma-facing conditioning surface (PFS) in TFTR,

CDX-U, FTU, T-11M, TJ-II and NSTX as a means of achieving enhanced plasma
performance. In part, improved plasma performance is a result of reduced deuterium
recycling immediately following lithium wall conditioning. Work at Purdue University
has investigated the fundamental mechanisms responsible for deuterium retention
using surface characterization techniques such as in-situ X-ray and ultraviolet
photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS and UPS). XPS has been used to identify Li-O-D
interactions at 533.0 ± 0.6 eV and Li-C-D interactions at 291.2 ± 0.6 eV in the O 1s
and C1s energy ranges, respectively [1]. Previous studies have investigated time-
dependent deuterium irradiation of lithiated graphite with fluences up to 7 x 1017 cm-2.
Results suggest that a nominal lithium dose of 2 µm will saturate with deuterium at
fluences between 3.8 to 5.2 x 1017 cm-2 [2]. Wall conditioning in NSTX typically calls
for around 200 mg lithium to be deposited in between discharges [3], approximately
equal to a lithium dose of 200-300 nm. In addition, future upgrades will allow NSTX-
Upgrade to sustain a 5 sec plasma pulse, thus exposing the PFS to deuterium
fluences much higher than the one-second pulses currently sustained [4]. In the
present work we study the saturation limits of retained deuterium by lithium-
conditioned graphite PFS under more relevant fusion-device conditions. The possible
saturation of smaller lithium doses is examined for current deuterium fluences
(~1017 cm-2), as well as higher deuterium fluences (>1018 cm-2) for larger lithium
doses.

Controlled experiments utilize a monoenergetic ion source to introduce deuterium.

Fusion plasmas have a wider energy distribution than those supplied by conventional
ion guns. XPS spectra of lithiated graphite samples irradiated with 300 eV deuterium
(150 eV/amu for D2) are within ± 0.1 eV of spectra from samples irradiated with
1 keV deuterium (500 eV/amu for D2). This behavior indicates that surface chemistry
occurs at the ion end of range and that chemistry is not energy dependent. However,
because ion penetration depth is a function of ion energy, lithiated graphite is
conjectured to saturate faster at lower ion energies than at high ion energies.

[1] C.N. Taylor, J.P. Allain, B. Heim, et al., J. Nucl. Mater. (2010), doi:10.1016/
j.jnucmat.2010.09.049
[2] M. G. Bell, H. Kugel, R. Kaita, et al., Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 51, 124054 (2009).
[3] J. Menard, J. Canik, et al., Bulletin of the American Physical Society 54, (2009).
[4] C.N. Taylor, B. Heim, and J.P. Allain, J. Appl. Phys., In press (2011).

Work supported by USDOE Contract DE-FG02-08ER54990

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +01.765.494.7828; fax: +01.765.949.9570.

E-mail address: [email protected] (C.N. Taylor)

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Characterization of temperature-induced changes

in amorphous hydrogenated carbon thin films P10A
C. Hopfa,*, T. Angotb, E. Areoub, G. Cartryb, T. Dürbecka, N. Gehrkena, W. Jacoba,
C. Pardanaudb, C. Martinb, P. Roubinb, T. Schwarz-Selingera
a
Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, 85748 Garching, Germany
b
Laboratoire de Physique des Interactions Ioniques et Moléculaires, CNRS-Université de Provence,
Centre Saint Jérôme, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France

Redeposition of eroded carbon along with codeposition of hydrogen in fusion

experiments operating with carbon as a first wall material results in the build-up of
hydrogenated carbon films in deposition-dominated areas. Heating of these films
during plasma operation can modify them and, especially, drive out hydrogen, thus
decreasing the hydrogen isotope retention associated with the formation of these
films.

In this work, hard hydrogenated amorphous carbon thin films with an initial hydrogen
content of about 30% were heated in vacuum to different temperatures and held at
these for about 30 minutes. Afterwards, the cooled-down samples were analyzed by
various techniques. Fairly strict and reproducible correlations were found between all
the determined parameters and the heating temperature. Single-wavelength
ellipsometry showed that the real part of the refractive index of the films at 632.8 nm
wavelength decreased with annealing temperature while absorption increased. It also
showed swelling of the films with a thickness increase of about 50% for films heated
to approximately 1000 K. Ion beam analysis showed that hydrogen was released
from the films during heating with only about 5% of the initial H remaining at 1300 K
while no significant loss of carbon could be detected. The losses of hydrogen (H2)
during heating were monitored by thermal effusion spectroscopy and they are in good
agreement with the IBA results. Both results together indicate that hydrogen from
these hard films is mainly released as H2 in contrast to soft a-C:H films where a
substantial amount of hydrogen is released as hydrocarbons [1]. Raman
spectroscopy, sensitive to the sp2 carbons in the film, delivered evidence of an
aromatic domain size increasing under heat treatment. All observed changes set in at
about 700 K and the quickest change with temperature is observed around 900 K.

[1] E. Salançon, T. Dürbeck, T. Schwarz-Selinger, W. Jacob, J. Nucl. Mater.

363–365, 944 (2007)

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +49 89 3299 2617; fax: +49 89 3299 96 2617.
E-mail address: [email protected] (C. Hopf)

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Hydrogen-carbon deposit removal with a multi-pin-plane plasma device

P10B
M. Redolfia,*, L. Colinaa, G. Lombardia, X. Bonnina and K. Hassounia
a
CNRS LIMHP, UPR 1311, Université Paris Nord, Institut Galilée, 99 avenue J.B. Clément,
F-93430 Villetaneuse, France.

This project aims to study the feasibility of a plasma cleaning method, previously
tested in the context of the plasma-assisted destruction of combustion-engine
exhaust, namely VOCs and soot particles. This was achieved by means of a corona
plasma discharge, ignited between a multi-pointed electrode and an electrically
conducting substrate. In one instance, a gas mixture similar to that encountered in
the exhaust of combustion engines (atmospheric pressure oxygen-poor air and ppm
quantities of pollutants such as naphthalene, acetylene (soot precursor), etc...) is
allowed to flow in the space between the electrode and substrate. In another, soot
particles are deposited on the substrate and exposed to the plasma discharge, in the
presence of oxygen-poor air. The plasma produces chemically active species (ozone,
atomic oxygen) that can then interact with the VOCs and soot to break them down
into smaller, and, ideally, less harmful molecules.
We wish therefore to test these ideas in a fusion context. More specifically, both the
issues of detritiation and dust removal from the vessel walls of a fusion device can be
considered. In that case, we would envisage the electrode as mounted onto a robotic
arm capable of reaching the relevant areas of the walls in need of cleaning, along
with the provision of appropriate feed gases.
As a proof-of-concept experiment, we plan to build a fixed electrode facing a
substrate holder in an enclosure where various feed gases at different pressures can
be introduced. The substrates to be exposed to the plasma would include some
castellated or grooved surfaces, in order to measure the penetration of the cleaning
plasma into narrow trenches, as will be necessary for the ITER and JET-ILW device
walls. Hydrogen-rich dust or harder deposits obtained from the LIMHP CASIMIR
device would be placed on the substrate and exposed to the plasma. We would then
study the influence of discharge energy, exposure time, feed gas composition and
pressure, and any other relevant process parameters on the dehydrogenation of the
dust particles, the lifting of the dust from the substrate or its decomposition, the
penetration depth of the plasma cleaning action along the grooves, etc... If the
method looks promising in our laboratory set-up, a scaled-up device to be introduced
in a tokamak such as Tore Supra or JET would be envisioned in the future.

[1] N. Aggadi, et al., Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys., 165-175 (2006) 36.
[2] G. Lombardi, et al., J. Nucl. Mater. 390-391, (2009) 196.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +33 1 49 40 34 11; fax: ++33 1 49 40 34 14.

E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Redolfi)

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Influence of H-H discharge on hydrogen isotope retention

in boron films P11A

Y. Miyaharaa,*, M. Kobayashia, J. Osuoa, M. Suzukia, T. Fujishimaa,

N. Ashikawab, A. Sagarab, Y. Oyaa, and K. Okunoa
a
Radioscience Research Laboratory, Faculty of Science: Shizuoka University,
836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
b
National Institute for Fusion Science, 322-6 Oroshi-cho, Toki-shi, Gifu 509-5292, Japan

In the Large Helical Device (LHD) of the National Institute for Fusion Science (NIFS),
boronization has been applied as a first wall conditioning technique in order to keep
impurity concentration low in plasma. During plasma operation, hydrogen isotopes
would be implanted into the boron films, and interact with the impurities. Retention
behaviors of hydrogen isotopes in the boron films contained impurities should be
clarified for the stable plasma operation and tritium recycling. From our previous
studies, the impurities were found to exist in forms of O-B and C-B bonds, free
oxygen and free carbon in boron film. It was also found that O-B and C-B bonds
trapped deuterium to form B-O-D and B-C-D bonds, although free oxygen and free
carbon formed water and hydrocarbons which reduce the deuterium retention in the
boron films [1]. To simulate tritium recycling in actual fusion environment, the boron
films should be exposed to H-H discharge in plasma devices and complex
interactions with the impurities on hydrogen isotope retention should be clarlified.
The boron films were deposited on the Si substrates by the Plasma Chemical Vapor
Deposition (P-CVD) apparatus at Shizuoka university. These samples were exposed
to H-H discharge at LHD. The chemical compositions of the boron films were
measured by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and the hydrogen isotope
retention behavior in the boron film exposed to H-H discharge was investigated by
Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy (TDS). These results were compared with those
by ion implantation
The results of XPS showed that the concentrations of boron, carbon and oxygen in
the boron films were changed from 92% to 31%, from 2% to 41% and from 2% to
26% by H-H discharge, respectively, indicating that the trapping of impurities by the
boron film was proceeded. However, no contamination of impurities was found for the
deuterium implantation, showing that an introduction of impurities in boron films was
derived from the H-H discharge. In the H2 TDS spectrum for the H-H discharge
exposed sample, H2 was desorbed in the temperature range of 400-1100 K. On the
other hand, in the D2 TDS spectrum for the deuterium implanted sample, D2 was
desorbed in the temperature range of 300-800 K.It was indicated that the hydrogen
trapping by impurities would make a large influence on hydorgen retention in boron
films, which is almost consistent with the XPS results. Therefore, it is suggests that
the H-H discharge have a large impact on chemical states in boron films and the
retention behaviors of hydrogen isotopes.

[1] A. Yoshikawa et al., J. Nucl. Mater 367, 386-388 (2009)

*Yuto Miyahara: Tel.: +81 54 238 4752; fax: +81 54 238 3989.
E-mail address: [email protected]

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O-carborane boronization of MST during pulsed discharge cleaning

P11B
J. Ko*, D. J. Den Hartog, J. A. Goetz, P. J. Weix, and S. T. Limbach

Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison,

Wisconsin, USA

A technique for o-carborane boronization of the Madison Symmetric Torus (MST)

reversed field pinch (RFP) has been developed. Gaseous o-carborane, created by
heating the powder up to 100 °C, is injected during a pulsed discharge cleaning
process. The pulse repetition rate is being optimized to increase the fuel (o-
carborane) efficiency. Depth profiles for the aluminium coupons exposed to the
boronization process are routinely obtained by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy with
Ar ion beam etching. The characteristics of the deposited film, such as thickness and
hardness measured by profilometry and ellipsometry, respectively, will also be
identified. Significant reduction in wall recycling is observed after the boronization
followed by helium conditioning discharge for hydrogen removal, which is indicated
by the amount of deuterium puffing (See the figure below). In addition, long-lasting
(up to 50 % of the current flattop in a discharge) spontaneous enhanced confinement
(EC) periods are often observed after the boronization. The effective charge of the
plasmas before and after the boronization will be analyzed and compared using x-ray
spectroscopy.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +1 608 262 7704; fax: +1 608 262 7205.
E-mail address: [email protected] (J. Ko)

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Interaction of high flux D2/N2 plasmas with Be

P12A
a, a a a b
T. Dittmar *, M. Baldwin , R. Doerner , D. Nishijima , M. Oberkofler , T. Schwarz-
Selingerb, F. Tabarésc and K. Umstadtera
a
Center for Energy Research, University of California–San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., San Diego, CA
92093-0417, USA
b
Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, 85748 Garching, Germany
c
Asociatión EURATOM/CIEMAT para Fusión, Avda Complutense 22, 28040 Madrid, Spain

Reliable edge plasma temperature control and radiative cooling are considered
crucial to protect plasma facing components in high performance discharges in
current and future divertor machines. Positive results from ASDEX Upgrade with
nitrogen (N2) seeding in an all-tungsten tokamak [1] lead to the question whether N2
seeding would be a viable option within the ITER-like-wall project at JET [2]. One of
the open issues is the compatibility of N2 seeding with Beryllium (Be) as the main wall
material.
In order to study N2-Be interaction in realistic divertor plasma conditions we exposed
Beryllium samples to high flux D2/N2 plasmas in PISCES-B. At ion fluxes of
~4x1018 cm-2s-1, fluences of approximately 1.5x1022 ions/cm2 were accumulated per
exposure. For pure D2 sputtering yields of 4.2x10-3 per ion at -100 V bias voltage and
1.5x10-3 per ion at -50 V sample bias were calculated from mass loss measurements.
Adding approximately 10% N2 to the discharge reduced the target erosion rates by a
factor of 3 (-100 V bias). Similar results were obtained for exposures with ~4% N2. At
-50 V bias, the addition of N2 resulted in mass losses close to our detection limit. This
reduced erosion is probably due to a passivation of the target surface by the N2
leading to charging of the isolating target surface and hence a reduction of the
energy of the impinging ions. The formation of thin nitride layers on the target
samples was confirmed by XPS and AES. SEM imaging of the exposed target
surfaces showed a strong influence of the N2 on the surface morphology. While
samples exposed to pure D2 show “grass like” structures with nm sized tips, samples
exposed to N2/D2 plasmas show a smoother surface with µm sized erosion dents.
Additionally, arc tracks along the surface were visible on samples exposed at -100 V
bias, 10% N2 plasmas but not for the -50 V bias exposures or for 4% N2.
In addition to the Be target samples, non plasma wetted tungsten witness plates were
used to collect material sputtered from the Be targets. The deposits collected from N2
seeded plasmas showed smooth, non porous surfaces and are insulating. Thermal
desorption measurements (TDS) on these deposits showed small D2 and HD release
peaks at about 540K. Normalized to fluence and target mass loss, witness plates
exposed to N2/D2 plasmas retain roughly 50x less D2 than those exposed to pure D2
plasmas. During TDS different N2 containing species were released at temperatures
between 500 and 800 K.
Altogether our results show that introducing nitrogen into the plasmas can
significantly reduce Be erosion and D2 codeposition but the formation of insulating
layers could lead to problems in tokamak operation.

[1] A. Kallenbach et al., Nuc. Fus. 49 (2009) 045007

[2] G. Matthews et al., Phys. Scr. T 128 (2007)137.

*Corresponding author: [email protected] (Timo Dittmar)

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Effects of transient heating events on plasma facing materials

in a steady-state plasma environment P12B
K.R. Umstadtera,*, J. Bartona, R. Doernera, T. Schwarz-Selingerb,
G. R. Tynana, W.Wamplerc, J. Yua
a
Center for Energy Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
b
Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, 85748 Garching, Germany
c
Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, NM 87185

In the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) and other long-pulse

diverted tokamaks such as EAST and K-STAR, edge-localized modes (ELMs) will
result in large thermal transient loads on plasma-facing components (PFCs). These
components will have been exposed to long duration or steady-state plasmas,
resulting in a material surface saturated with hydrogen isotopes and with helium.
Nearly all heat-pulse tests of plasma facing materials (PFMs) have been completed
in vacuum environments without the presence of simultaneous plasma exposure.
Thus combined effects of thermal transients on materials undergoing plasma
exposure need to be explored.
Heat-pulse experiments have been conducted in the PISCES-A device using a short-
pulsed laser in divertor-like plasma conditions. Previous results [1] indicate that the
erosion of tungsten PFMs is enhanced as compared to transient-only or plasma-only
experiments, and the threshold energy for material removal by a transient heat pulse
in a steady-state plasma background is reduced. These results have been confirmed
in DIII-D experiments [2] where synergistic mass loss is three to five times greater.
NRA of exposed samples will be presented to examine a possible link between D
depth profiles and these effects. There exists a direct correlation between fluence
incident between transients and W-I line emission in the plasma. We will additionally
discuss the effects of He+D plasmas on similar PFMs.
A new laser capable of pulse durations of 0.3-10msec, similar to ELMs, has been
utilized in PISCES-B to evaluate the effects of transient heating of beryllium PFCs.
We calculate that transient heating by laser pulses at 1Hz during steady-state
deuterium plasma exposure (Γ~4E18 cm-2 sec-1, Te~8eV) heat the sample from 35ºC
to several hundred degrees. Initial results for beryllium (Fluence~1.5E22 cm-2)
indicate that retention is reduced under these conditions and the temperature at
which deuterium is released is altered. In addition, the surface structure is changed
although transient heating is well below the normal melting temperature of beryllium.
When higher irradiance laser pulses are used, there is a direct correlation between
peak temperature and Be-I line emission. Progress of a new fast-response surface
temperature diagnostic will also be discussed.

[1] Umstadter, K.R., et al., J Nucl. Mater. 386-388, 751 (2009)

[2] Umstadter, K.R., et al., accepted by J Nucl. Mater. (2010)

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +011 858-822-1167; fax: +011 858-534-4456

E-mail address: [email protected] (K.Umstadter)

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Depth distribution of deuterium implanted into beryllium

and heating rate-dependent desorption P13A
M. Oberkoflera,*, R. Piechoczeka, M. Reinelta, and Ch. Linsmeiera
a
Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, 85748 Garching, Germany

This contribution is a further step in the continuing effort to better understand the
retention and release mechanisms of hydrogen isotopes implanted into Be at keV
energies. An energetic D ion impinging on the Be target transfers its energy to atoms
of the metal matrix. This initiates a collision cascade in the course of which defects
are created and the D atom is slowed down. Various experiments point to the fact
that implanted hydrogen is trapped within the ion range at defect sites created by the
implantation itself (e.g. [1,2]).

The first part of this contribution deals with the D depth distribution after implantation
at room temperature. A mirror polished single crystalline Be sample with (0001)
surface orientation is implanted with D at 3 keV to a fluence well above 1017 cm-2.
Saturation of the Be lattice by D occurs beyond this threshold fluence [1]. The depth
profile is calculated in a simulation with the program SDTrim.SP [3]. The distribution
can be approximated by a smeared-out step function which extends up to the ion
range. The calculation result is compared to the measured depth distribution resulting
from nuclear reaction analysis (NRA). For the NRA investigations a beam of 3He ions
at various energies is used to probe the D-implanted sample. The experimental
assessment of the D depth profile is performed with the help of state-of-the-art
computational tools: The optimal 3He energies are chosen by means of Bayesian
experimental design [4] and a statistically sound evaluation of the depth profile is
performed with recently developed software [5].

In the second part of this contribution temperature programmed desorption (TPD)

spectra of D from polycrystalline Be are presented. D is implanted with fluences in
the order of 3*1015 cm-2. Implantation energies from 0.4 to 3 keV are used.
Temperature ramps vary from 0.2 to 4.0 K s-1. Variations in desorption temperatures
are observed. They are connected to the diffusive transport of D from trapping sites
to the surface. Interpretation of the spectra is aided by simulations with the recently
introduced CRDS code [2].

[1] M. Reinelt et al., New J. Phys. 11 (2009) 043023

[2] M. Oberkofler, M. Reinelt, and Ch. Linsmeier, accepted for publication in Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B,
(presented at the IISC-18 conference in Gatlinburg, Tennessee)
[3] W. Eckstein et al., Report IPP 12/3 (2007)
[4] U. v. Toussaint et al., Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 268 (2010) 2115-2118
[5] K. Schmid, and U. v. Toussaint, to be published, (presented at the 2010 Ringberg seminar of the
materials division of IPP)

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +49 89 3299 2144; fax: +49 89 3299 96 2144.
E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Oberkofler)

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Study of Helium Bubbles Evolution in Highly Neutron Irradiated Beryllium

by X-Ray Micro-Tomography and Metallography Methods
P13B

V. Chakina,*, A. Moeslanga, R. Rollia, H.-C. Schneidera, P. Vladimirova,

C. Ferrerob, and R. Pieritzb
a
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
b
European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, P.O. Box 220, F-38043 Grenoble cedex, France

Beryllium is planned to be used as a plasma facing material and as a neutron

multiplier in the test blanket module (TBM) in ITER, and also as a neutron multiplier
in the European Helium Cooled Pebble Bed (HCPB) blanket concept of DEMO. Any
case beryllium will accumulate some amount of helium due to nuclear threshold
reactions with high energy neutrons going under neutron irradiation at fusion reactoe
operation. The helium accumulation strongly depends on neutron fluence or damage
dose in the irradiated beryllium. For example the production of about 80 dpa, up to 25
000 appm of helium and also 700 appm of tritium is planned in beryllium pebbles
from the HCPB blanket of DEMO. At present beryllium is widely used as a neutron
reflector or moderator in research nuclear reactors. Prominent features of the
beryllium use in research reactors are low temperature operation parameters (50-70
°C) and a high neutron dose accumulation to the end-of-life of the beryllium blocks. It
seems very attractive to use fragments of the irradiated beryllium blocks with
following post-irradiation high temperature annealings for reproducing of fusion
reactor parameters on temperatures and helium accumulations. In the work the
fragments of the BR2 reactor beryllium matrix irradiated at 50 °C up to 22000 appm
of helium accumulation were investigated. The irradiated beryllium fragments were
annealed at 850 °C and 1000 °C both for 0.5, 1, 5 and 10 hours in vacuum. The
prepared beryllium samples were investigated by optical (OM) and scanning (SEM)
electron microscopes at KIT, and by X-Ray micro-tomography at ESRF.

Because beryllium for the use in a reactor is manufactured by powder metallurgy, i.e.
by hot pressing or hot extrusion methods, this leads to formation of pores and
beryllium oxide particles on grain boundaries. Under neutron irradiation, owing to
anisotropic growth of grains in different crystallographic directions, an evolution to
increase of grain boundary porosity occurs. Post-irradiation high temperature
annealing involves to the process redistribution of helium atoms with formation of
helium bubbles. This leads to the increase of beryllium swelling having different
values for different parts of the annealed beryllium samples depending on the
distance to the external surface. The evolution of helium bubble sizes and amount
takes place on variety of the anneal parameters (temperature and exposure). In
particular, the increase of the parameters leads to increase of swelling by means of
the increase of bubble sizes and amount. The presented results are discussed and
summarized as a model describing the evolution of helium bubbles in a connection
with microstructure defects (boundaries, dislocations, point defects).

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +49 7247 82 3639; fax: +49 7247 82 4567.
E-mail address: [email protected] (V. Chakin)

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Quantum studies for plasma facing components for ITER

P14A
A. Allouchea,*
a
Physique des Interactions Ioniques et Moléculaires, CNRS & Université de Provence, Marseille -
FRANCE

Quantum theory within the DFT frameworks provides very powerful tools in analyzing
the fundamental chemical processes governing the reactivity of plasma facing
surfaces in nuclear fusion devices. In this contribution we present results on plane-
waves DFT calculations on the reactivity of beryllium and lithium doped graphite
surface. Atomic or molecular oxygen are always present in the tokamaks (because of
accidental leaks) or in laboratory experiment. Beryllium and lithium are both good
oxygen getter, Be cover the largest part of the inner ITER wall, and Li is sometimes
used to dope the graphitic components.
Since the reactivity of Be toward hydrogen can hardly be studied in situ, many
experiments are developed in laboratories. Unfortunately the beryllium surface can
be very easily oxidized even at relatively low temperature and under ultrahigh
vacuum conditions. This reaction dramatically pollutes the experimental measures
and more specifically the TDS (Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy) ones.
The problem of oxygen adsorption and dissociation on beryllium surfaces is still
largely under discussion, by analogy with oxidation of other sp-metals such as
aluminum or magnesium, it is generally agreed that O adsorption, and then
2
dissociation, is an activated process. DFT is carried on in order to evaluate the
barriers to dissociation of the oxygen molecule above the special symmetry points of
the Be(0001) surface. Then the interaction of molecular and atomic hydrogen with
this partially oxidized surface is studied in comparison with metallic beryllium surface.
Deposition of a lithium thin layer onto graphite was found to considerably suppress
physical sputtering. DFT calculations are developed on lithium interaction with
pristine and defective graphite surfaces, oxidized or not, in order to evaluate
hydrogen retention and restitution. Li is found to significantly enhance H/D
adsorption. Oxygenation or/and perturbation (single vacancies) is shown to give rise
to complex structures modifying hydrogen trapping on surface and inducing Li
diffusion towards the inner graphite layers.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +33 491 288 576; fax: +33 491 288 905.
E-mail address: [email protected]

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Transient effects during sputtering of a-C:H surfaces by nitrogen ions

P14B
K. Dobesa*, P. Naderera, A, Golczewskia, K. Tichmannb, T. Schwarz-Selingerb,
C. Hopfb, and F. Aumayra
a
Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Association EURATOM-ÖAW, Vienna, Austria, EU
b
Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, 85748 Garching, Germany, EU

In fusion devices nitrogen seeding is used to radiatively cool the plasma edge in
order to reduce the power load on highly exposed plasma facing components. Hence
the interaction of nitrogen ions with amorphous hydrogenated carbon (a-C:H) layers,
which are built up by co-depostion of carbon and hydrogen isotopes in carbon
containing fusion devices, is of considerable interest.
Sputtering yields of polymer-like a-C:H thin films by N2+ molecular ions were studied
in-situ and real-time using a highly sensitive quartz crystal microbalance (QCM)
technique developed at the technical University of Vienna [1]. 370 nm thick a-C:H
films with a hydrogen content of 50% were deposited onto the gold electrode of a
quartz crystal in an ECR methane plasma [2]. The mass change of the a-C:H layer
under N2+ bombardment was deduced from monitoring the change in the resonance
frequency of the SC cut quartz driven at its thickness shear mode. A highly accurate
electronics allows detecting mass changes of 10-2 a-C:H monolayers per second [3].
When bombarding a fresh plasma-deposited a-C:H layer with nitrogen ions we
observe a sputtering yield, which decreases exponentially with fluence until a steady
state value of approximately 1/3 of the initial sputtering yield is reached after a typical
fluence of some 1015 N2+ ions per cm2. The fact that reaching this steady state
roughly corresponds to the removal of a surface layer of a thickness similar to the ion
penetration depth suggests a correlation of this transient phase to the formation of a
hydrogen depleted, nitrogen containing modified surface layer.
By using a set of rate equations, which take into account chemical sputtering and
depletion of hydrogen as well as the implantation and chemical sputtering by nitrogen
projectiles, both the transient as well as the steady state sputtering yield can be
described quite well.

[1] G. Hayderer, M. Schmid, P. Varga, HP. Winter and F. Aumayr, Rev. Sci. Instrum.
70, 3696 (1999)
[2] T. Schwarz-Selinger, A. von Keudell and W. Jacob, J. Appl. Phys. 86, 3988 (1999)
[3] A. Golczewski, K. Dobes, G. Wachter, M. Schmid and F. Aumayr, Nucl. Instr. Meth.
B 267, 695 (2009)

* Corresponding author: Tel.: +43 1 58801 13435; fax: +43 1 58801 13499.
E-mail address: [email protected] (Katharina Dobes)

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DIVIMP simulation of W transport in the SOL of JET H-mode plasmas

P15A
A. Järvinena,*, C. Giroudb,, M. Grotha, K. Kriegerc, D. Moultond, S. Wiesene,
S. Brezinseke and JET-EFDA contributors¹

JET-EFDA, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, OX14 3DB, UK

a
Aalto University, Association EURATOM-Tekes, P.O.Box 4100, 02015 Espoo, Finland
b
EURATOM/CCFE Fusion Association, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxon. OX14 3DB, UK.
C
max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, EURATOM-Assoziation, D-85748 Garching, Germany
d
Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK
e
IEF-Plasmaphysik, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Association EURATOM-FZJ, Jülich, Germany

The performance of future reactors highly depends on the impurity content of the
core plasma. The impurity contamination of the core plasma should be kept low
enough in order to avoid extensive radiation. The requirement is particularly stringent
for high Z materials, such as tungsten, for which the core concentration should be
kept below 10-5. To address the effect of wall materials on these parameters
experimentally, the first wall of the JET tokamak has been exchanged to the ITER-
like wall materials, i.e., beryllium in the main-chamber and tungsten in the divertor.

In this study, the Monte-Carlo trace-impurity code DIVIMP is used to predict the
tungsten concentration in the steady-state inter-ELM phase of a JET ELMy H-mode
plasma (2.7 T, 2.5 MA, Pin ~ 16MW, δ ~ 0.4). In DIVIMP, tungsten sputtering at the
target plates and its transport in the SOL are calculated on background plasmas
computed by the 2-D fluid code EDGE2D/EIRENE. The tungsten concentration is
studied in different SOL regimes to investigate the screening of the divertor tungsten
source by the SOL, and thereby to map out the feasible operating space in JET. The
investigated SOL regimes are modelled with EDGE2D/EIRENE starting from a low-
fuelling case via increased deuterium fuelling, including carbon sputtering and
transport [1]. Tungsten sputtering in DIVIMP was imposed by C+4 being the impacting
species and tungsten self-sputtering. The effect of ELMs to the tungsten sputtering is
not included.

The tungsten concentration at the core boundary of the lowest fuelling case was 10-4.
Increasing the deuterium fuelling with factors 2 to 3 in the EDGE2D/EIRENE
simulations lowers the peak target temperature and thus results in a reduction of the
tungsten concentration at the core boundary to 5*10-6. The peak outer target
temperature was reduced from 50 eV to below 10 eV, at the maximum fuelling rate.
Thus, with low Z impurities present, keeping the peak target temperature below
10 eV is required to maintain the core tungsten concentration below 10-5 in a steady-
state inter-ELM plasma.

[1] D.Moulton, PSI 2010

*A.Järvinen: Tel.: +358 50 345 8857.

E-mail address: [email protected] (A.Järvinen)
¹See the Appendix of F. Romanelli et al., Proceedings of the 23rd IAEA Fusion Energy Conference 2010, Daejeon, Korea

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Assessing Erosion of JET Tiles

P15B
A. Widdowsona,*, C.F. Ayresa, J.P Coada, A. Hakolab, J. Likonenb
and JET-EFDA contributors1
JET-EFDA, Culham Science Centre, OX14 3DB, Abingdon, UK
a
EURATOM/CCFE Fusion Association, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, OX14 3DB, UK
b
Association EURATOM-TEKES, VTT, PO Box 1000, 02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland

Erosion/deposition studies have been ongoing in JET since operations commenced

in 1983. As a result of such studies it is known that material deposited in the
shadowed regions of the divertor (including tiles and cooling louvres) comes from
erosion of the first wall via physical and chemical sputtering (in the case of a carbon
first wall) and also transient events [1]. Through post-mortem analysis of tiles the
amount of deposit per JET campaign has been calculated in excess of 500 g,
however a corresponding quantification of erosion is still required.

The introduction of tiles coated in a marker material has improved information on

erosion. In the 2005-2007 JET campaigns CFC tiles were coated with tungsten [2] to
evaluate tungsten erosion for the forthcoming ITER-like Wall project, however little
information on carbon erosion can be inferred from this data. In addition the total
thickness of marker coatings is limited by the sampling volume of non-destructive
analysis techniques, such as ion beam analysis. Consequently marker layers are
typically only a few microns thick depending on the coating material. The fact that the
layers are thin limits their usefulness as erosion markers in high erosion zones.

Erosion from the JET divertor has also been evaluated through a series of
micrometer measurements on modified CFC tiles. The results revealed small
amounts of erosion on the vertical outer divertor tiles
[3] for the operating period 1999-2001. Following the success of this experiment a tile
profiling instrument was developed and built at the Culham Centre for Fusion Energy
which allows the front surface of tiles to be profiled at points specified by a grid
before and after installation in JET. A series of tiles located in the divertor and the first
wall were measured using the instrument prior to installation in 2005 and 2007.
These tiles were removed from JET in 2010 and are available for re-profiling. Results
of profiling an IWGL tile and a divertor tile will be presented and the amount of
erosion/deposition evaluated and compared with complementary erosion/deposition
diagnostics and analysis.

[1] Pitts, R. et al., Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 47, B303 (2005)
[2] Coad, J.P. et al., J. Nucl. Mater. 390-391, 992 (2009)
[3] Coad J P et al. J. Nucl. Mater. 313-316, 419 (2003)

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +44 1235 464874 fax: +44 1235 464554.
E-mail address: [email protected]

This work, part-funded by the European Communities under the contract of Association between EURATOM/CCFE was carried
out within the framework of the European Fusion Development Agreement. The views and opinions expressed herein do not
necessarily reflect those of the European Commission. This work was also part-funded by the RCUK Energy Programme under
grant EP/I501045.
______________________
1)
See the Appendix of F. Romanelli et al., Proceedings of the 23rd IAEA Fusion Energy Conference 2010, Daejeon, Korea

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Parameter studies and benchmarking of the global near-wall impurity transport

P16A
M. Reinelt,*, K. Krieger and K. Schmid

Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, 85748 Garching, Germany

The long term re-distribution of first wall materials by the plasma-wall-interaction

plays an important role in multi-element fusion experiments such as ITER or JET-ILW
(ITER-like wall). The iterative erosion / deposition cycles during discharges change
the impurity source distribution, thus influencing the plasma performance and leading
to net-erosion or deposition zones with massive changes of the wall material. This
can pose restrictions on the life time of armour material or lead to safety issues due
to T accumulation [1]. Therefore, interpretative and consequently validated predictive
models are required that allow an assessment of critical scenarios.
For these purposes we developed the code WALLDYN, which can simulate the time
evolution of the first wall surface under global re-distribution by plasma transport of
the wall materials based on a self-consistent analytical description [2]. The code
evaluates numerically the local flux balances along the first wall yielding the time
evolution of the surface composition. The coupled processes changing the surface
concentrations include sputtering by background- and impurities fluxes, charge-
resolved re-distribution of elements and temperature induced processes such as
chemical phase formation, sublimation, and oxidation by background gas [3]. If we
assume, that the complex plasma-wall-interaction in a tokamak environment can be
described as this balance approach (i.e. coupling of elementary processes), then the
single processes can be validated separately by comparison with established codes
(e.g. TRIM for sputtering) and experimental results.
It turns out that the plasma transport of impurities very close to the main wall is a
critical part of the model and has been treated in a simplified manner in most
simulations so far by “teleporting” particles from the simulation grid edge to the wall
over a cm gap (standard grid) [4]. If the impurity transport is modelled up to the first
wall by bridging the gap with an extended grid, the global redistribution model is very
sensitive to the plasma parameters in the simulation cells close to the wall. First
attempts to benchmark the plasma and impurity transport in the near-wall region
were performed in [5]. To further benchmark the plasma transport near the main wall
we compare WALLDYN simulations including impurity transport based on extended
grid DIVIMP plasma (sol28) with JET experimental results [4]. We characterize the
influence of local plasma properties such as temperature gradients, density or cross
field diffusion on the global re-distribution and the time evolution of the Be erosion.

[1] K. Schmid, this conference

[2] K. Schmid, M. Reinelt, K. Krieger, J. Nucl. Mat. accepted (PSI-19 proceedings)
[3] Ch. Linsmeier, M. Reinelt, K.Schmid, J. Nucl. Mat. accepted (PSI-19 proceedings)
[4] K. Krieger et al., J. Nucl. Mat., 390-391 (2009), 110-114
[5] M. Reinelt, K. Krieger, S. Lisgo, K. Schmid, S. Brezinsek, JET TF-E, J. Nucl. Mat. accepted (PSI-19
proceedings)

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +49 89 3299 1614; fax: +49 89 3299 1212.
E-mail address: [email protected] (M.Reinelt)

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Erosion and re-deposition of W and Ni in the divertor and

midplane regions of ASDEX Upgrade P16B
A. Hakolaa,*, L. Aho-Mantilaa, M. Airilaa, S. Koivurantaa, K. Kriegerb, J. Likonena,
V. Lindholma, M. Matikainena, M. Mayerb, R. Neub, V. Rohdeb, K. Sugiyamab, and
ASDEX Upgrade Team
a
VTT, Association EURATOM-TEKES, P. O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
b
Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, D-85748 Garching, Germany

Key factors that determine successful operation of future fusion reactors are a
sufficiently long lifetime of their plasma-facing components and a low accumulation of
tritium in the reactor vessel. These topics have been addressed by studying erosion
and re-deposition of W and Ni in the divertor and low field side midplane regions of
the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak during the 2008 and 2009 experimental campaigns. In
both campaigns, ASDEX Upgrade was operated with a fully W-covered first wall and
regular conditioning of the vessel by boronizations.

Erosion/deposition patterns for W and Ni were determined using Rutherford

backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). In
the divertor zone, campaign-integrated data were extracted from inner- and outer-
divertor marker tiles, having poloidal W, Ni, and graphite regions on them; the Ni
stripes were located only at the outer divertor. At the outer midplane, discharge-
resolved information about erosion was obtained by inserting graphite probes with
50-nm thick W, Ni, Al, and carbon stripes into the boundary plasma for typically 3—5
subsequent identical discharges.

In both campaigns, the outer divertor was a net erosion zone for W and Ni while the
inner divertor was found to be a net deposition region for W. The average erosion
rate of both elements peaked close to the outer strike point and gradually decreased,
even turned into marginal net deposition, poloidally towards the outer-divertor baffle.
Re-deposition, on the other hand, was the largest in the private flux region vertically
below the inner strike point. In 2008, significant re-deposition was also measured
around the outer strike zone. We observed that the erosion of Ni is 5—10 times
higher than that of W and that deposition of these elements is two times larger on
graphite than on the metallic marker stripes. Furthermore, in 2009 both erosion and
deposition rates were 1.5—2 times larger than in 2008 due to higher particle and
power loads during plasma operations.

The midplane probe experiments reveal an exponential decrease of erosion as a

function of the radial distance from the separatrix, and at approximately 5 cm radially
outside the plasma edge, the erosion of Ni is 2—3 times higher than that of W. The
erosion pattern has been qualitatively reproduced by the ERO code simulations but
the amount of erosion is underestimated by several orders of magnitude, indicating
an erosion threshold effect. Fast ions can explain part of the discrepancy and also
the addition of C and other impurities (e.g. Ar) from preceding discharges have been
noticed to move the ERO results into the direction of the measurements.

This work was carried out within the framework of the EFDA Task Force on Plasma Wall Interactions.
*Corresponding author: Tel.: +358 400 102 840; fax: +358 20 722 6390.
E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Hakola)

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Long-term evolution of tungsten surfaces in ASDEX Upgrade

P17A
a,* a b c b
M. Mayer , M. Balden , E. Fortuna-Zalesna , A. Hakola , K.J. Kurzydlowski ,
S. Lindiga, R. Neua, M. Pisarekb, M. Rasinskia, K. Rozniatowskib, K. Schmida,
K. Sugiyamaa, ASDEX Upgrade Teama
a
Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, 85748 Garching, Germany
b
Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, Warsaw University of Technology, Association
EURATOM-IPPLM, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland
c
VTT, Association Euratom-Tekes, P.O.B. 1000, 02044 VTT, Finland

As was shown previously with erosion marker stripes [1], the outer divertor of ASDEX
Upgrade is a net tungsten erosion area. The long-term evolution of tungsten surfaces
at the outer divertor strike point of ASDEX Upgrade was investigated after the
discharge campaign 2009 with 5275 plasma seconds by scanning electron
microscopy, focused ion beam cross-sectioning, transmission electron microscopy,
and various ion beam analysis techniques. The initial surface consisted of a 10 µm
thick tungsten coating on fine-grain graphite deposited by the CMSII technique and
showed a crystalline roughness in the µm range due to the growth of large tungsten
grains and a larger-scale roughness due to the initial substrate roughness.
Despite the fact that net erosion of tungsten occurs, a complicated pattern of net
erosion and net redeposition areas is observed on the microscopically rough surface.
Net erosion areas are observed on faces of the rough surface inclined towards the
magnetic field, while net redeposition is observed in shadowed areas, such as
valleys. This pattern can be explained by the gyro-motion of eroding species due to
the combined acting of the magnetic field and the electric sheath potential, which
impinge preferentially on plasma-inclined faces, and the prompt redeposition of
tungsten, which is almost homogeneously distributed [2].
The initially rough surfaces get considerably smoother due to preferential net erosion
of tungsten on plasma-exposed faces and net redeposition of tungsten in the
shadowed areas. Redeposited tungsten layers have a spongy, foam-like structure
with a large number of pores, the pore diameters range from a few to a few ten nm.
The redeposited layer reaches thicknesses of up to 3 µm. These redeposited layers
incorporate also impurities, especially B, C, N, O and Fe. The consequences of these
long-term morphology and compositional changes are discussed.

[1] M. Mayer et al., Phys. Scr. T138 (2009) 014039

[2] K. Schmid et al., Nucl. Fusion 50 (2010) 105004

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +49 89 3299 1639; fax: +49 89 3299 2279.
E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Mayer)

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Carbon erosion and deuterium retention of tungsten-doped

amorphous carbon films exposure to deuterium plasma P17B
P. Wang*, W. Jacob, P. A. Sauter, M. Balden

Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, 85748 Garching, Germany

One of the most crucial plasma-wall-interaction issues in unclear fusion is tritium

retention via tritium co-deposition with eroded carbon [1]. For a next-step device such
as ITER, the use of carbon materials together with metallic plasma-facing materials
(PFMs) will lead to cycles of erosion of the PFMs by hydrogen and subsequent
deposition of mixed carbon-metal layers. These layers will be partly on areas
subjected to further erosion during the lifetime of the plasma-facing components [2].
Therefore, the erosion behavior and deuterium retention of such mixed layers need
to be investigated.
We investigated the erosion of tungsten-doped amorphous carbon (a-C:W) films in
deuterium plasmas and the retention of deuterium in these films. a-C:W films with 0-
6.5 at.% tungsten concentration were produced by magnetron sputtering. Films with
different thicknesses varying from 0.3 to 1 μm were investigated. They were exposed
to deuterium plasmas with incident ion energies of 30 and 100 eV per deuterium
atom. The carbon erosion rates were determined from the carbon areal density
changes measured by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. The total amount of
retained deuterium was obtained by the D(3He,p)4He nuclear reaction analysis at
700 keV.
Carbon erosion yields of tungsten-doped amorphous carbon films are clearly lower
than the yields of pure amorphous carbon and decrease strongly with increasing W
concentration. The carbon removal rates from a-C:W films decreases with increasing
deuterium fluence due to tungsten enrichment at the surface. At lower deuterium
energy (30 eV per D), the total removable amount of carbon saturates in all tungsten-
doped films for D fluence above about 1024 m-2. This means that further erosion of
carbon stops. For 100 eV per D this saturation was only observed for W
concentration higher than 6.5 %. For this higher energy we also observed a slight
sputtering of W due to the presence of a small fraction (a few percent) of D+ ions in
the plasma which impinge on the surface with energy of 300 eV.
For 30 eV per D retention in 2.8 % a-C:W films saturates at a D fluence above
6×1023 m-2. The D retention is in this case about 7×1020 m-2 which is noticeably
higher compared to a pure tungsten film. D retention in 5 % and 6.5 % a-C:W films
increases monotonically with increasing fluence. At higher deuterium energy (100 eV
per D) retention is higher than at 30 eV D. For fluences above 2×1024 m-2 we find a
decreasing D retention with increasing fluence. This is attributed to the observed
tungsten sputtering.

[1] W. Jacob, J. Nucl. Mater 337-339, 839 (2005)

[2] M. Balden, E. de Juan Pardo, I. Quintana, et al., J. Nucl. Mater 337-339, 839 (2005)

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +49 89 3299 2545; fax: +49 89 3299 1212.
E-mail address: [email protected] (W. Peng)

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XPS and SIMS Analyses of Mixed Deposition Materials

P18A
C. P. Lungu, a,*, J. Likonenb, A. Hakolab, C. Porosnicua, I. Jepua, A. Anghela,
A. M. Lungua, P. Chirua, C. Ticosa, Gh. Oncioiuc, A. Victorc,
and JET EFDA Contributors**
a
National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, MEdC EURATOM Association
Magurele-Bucharest, 077125, Romania
b
VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, TEKES EURATOM Association, Espoo, Finland
c
Institute for Nuclear Research, Pitesti, Romania,

The generation of mixed deposition materials has been identified as a major topic of
concern for ITER. JET provides a source of Be-C-W mixed materials, and in future
mixed materials such as tungsten beryllides are expected to be generated in JET
ILW. Compositional information will already be collected from continuing analyses
programmes using Ion Beam Analysis techniques, SEM and EDS. However, these
methods do not address other film properties such as chemical states, structure and
thermal/electrical properties. Further techniques such as XPS/AES and SIMS are
needed that may add information on film properties, either for predominantly carbon-
beryllium films present on current JET tiles, or in preparation for surface films that
may be expected from the Be/W wall now being installed.

Measurements were performed on post-mortem samples as parts of current JET

tiles, as well as on mixed films that may by expected after the JET ITER-like wall
operation. The mixed films were prepared using Thermionic Vacuum Arc (TVA)
method based on the electron-induced evaporation [1]. The behaviour of these films
at different temperatures is crucial for the fuel retention and release. For this purpose
some graphite and silicon substrates were coated with Be, Be-W and Be-CW films
and annealed at 273 K, 573 K and 673 K. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (VG
IX70S double focusing magnetic sector SIMS) was applied for the depth profiling of
the Be, O, C and W atoms, as well as BeO molecule. 5keV O2+ primary ions, (current
250 nA, sputtered area 300 x 220 µm2) were used in the analyses. In order to infer
Oxygen content and formation of BeO molecule Xe+ primary ions (5keV, ion current
250 nA) were used. The sputtering rates were: 0.56nm/s (Be-W) and 0.73nm/s (Be-
CW). The SIMS results were compared with XPS measurements and a good
agreement was highlighted.

Acknowledgement: This work was supported by EURATOM and carried out within the framework of
the European Fusion Development Agreement. The views and opinions expressed herein do not
necessarily reflect those of the European Commission.

[1]. C. P. Lungu, I. Mustata, V. Zaroschi, et al., Phys. Scripta 128, 157(2007)

*Corresponding author: Tel:+40 74 314 7419 ; fax +40 21 457 4468.

E-mail address: [email protected]
_____________________________________________
**See the Appendix of F. Romanelli et al., Proceedings of the 23rd IAEA Fusion, Energy Conference 2010, Daejeon, Korea

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Micro-distribution of fuel and metal in carbon based plasma facing materials

P. Peterssona*, G. Possnertb, A. Kreterc, M. Zlobinskic, T. Dittmard P18B

a
Royal Institute of Technology, Association Euratom – VR, Stockholm, Sweden
b
Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Association Euratom – VR, Uppsala, Sweden
c
Institut für Energieforschung - Plasmaphysik, Forschungszentrum Jülich,
d
CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France

Most of present-day devices have plasma-facing components made of graphite

and/or Carbon Fibre Composites (CFC) due to the excellent power handling capacity
under high heat load. For ITER a metal wall is planned, except for the strike points
were CFC is suggested, to minimize carbon tritium co-deposits

The aim of this work was to investigate the relation between deuterium and heavy
impurities such as metals on the surface of CFC (e.g. NB41 which is an EU reference
material for divertor tiles in ITER). Samples were exposed to deuterium plasmas in
the TEXTOR tokamak in Jülich Germany. Thick deposits from TEXTOR and on CFC
from Tore Supra at Cadarache France were also investigated.

The resulting distributions were determined by Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA),

Rutherford Back Scattering (RBS) and Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE). With
a 3He+ ion beam the reaction 2D(3He,p)4He was used for deuterium, 12C(3He,p)14N for
carbon and x-rays induced by the incoming beam and back scattered particle for
detection of heavier elements. Measurements were made both with a 1 mm beam
and by a micro-beam focused down to 10 µm spot size and scanned over the sample
to obtain maps of the different elements.

For samples from Tore Supra metal (i.e. steel components) distributions in the range
of 1-7×1020 atoms/m2 in the erosion zone of the toriodal pump limiter and 3-7×1020
atoms/m2 within the accessible depth in the deposition zone. The simultaneous
measured distribution of the deuterium concentrations were 6-23×1021 atoms/m2 for
the erosion zone and 3-25 ×1022 atoms/m2 in the deposition zone. For samples
exposed in TEXTOR the amount of deuterium after exposure was measured
(~6×1020 D/m2) and compared to the amount after laser cleaning (<5×1019 D/m2).
During this type of measurements any changes in the metal distribution can be used
as an indicator of whether the substrate surface has been modified by the laser pulse
or if only the deuterium content has been affected as desired.

Maps of the different distributions are presented and discussed for the different
situations. Good knowledge of the local variation can help in the knowledge of both
fuel retention and possible formation of small particles i.e. dust.

*Corresponding author: Tel: +46-8-790 7735 Fax: +46-8-24 54 31

E-mail address: [email protected]

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Influence of Impurities on Deuterium and Helium Retention in Carbon Materials

A. Kretera,*, M.J. Baldwinb, D. Nishijimab, R. Seraydarianb and R.P. Doernerb P19A

a
Institute of Energy and Climate Research - Plasma Physics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH,
Association EURATOM-FZJ, Partner In the Trilateral Euregio Cluster, Jülich, Germany
b
Center for Energy Research, University of California at San Diego,
9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0417, USA

The first generation of the ITER divertor will employ carbon based plasma-facing
materials for the strike point areas. The divertor target will be subjected to mixed
species fluxes such as hydrogenic isotopes, beryllium eroded from the main wall,
helium produced in DT reactions and argon seeded for cooling of the divertor plasma.
It is necessary to test how carbon materials perform with respect to hydrogen
retention under the realistic mixed species plasma conditions.

The PISCES linear plasma laboratory offers a unique test bed for material testing
under the ITER-relevant conditions. Our earlier work [1] showed that the impurity
seeding can significantly influence the deuterium retention in carbon materials.
However, the effect of impurities depends strongly on exposure parameters, such as
incident ion energy Ei and sample temperature Ts. The retention and its behaviour
were similar in different grades of CFCs and fine-grain graphites.

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of impurities on the deuterium
retention under the variation of exposure parameters in a systematic manner.
Samples of fine-grain graphite ATJ were exposed to plasmas containing (i)
deuterium, (ii) deuterium and helium, (iii) deuterium and argon, (iv) deuterium, helium
and beryllium and (v) deuterium, argon and beryllium. The fractions of He and Ar
were kept at a level of 10% and of Be at 0.3%. The exposures for each species
mixture were carried out at Ei of 35 and 120 eV and Ts of 470 and 700 K, except for
both cases with Be, where targets were kept at 700 K to allow the formation of a
carbide layer. For a direct comparison, all plasma runs were stopped at a total
fluence of 1×1026 D/m2. Thermal desorption spectrometry (TDS) resolving D2 and He
was used to measure the amount of retention in the samples.

The presence of He and Ar tends to reduce the amount of retained deuterium in

comparison to the pure D plasma. The dependences of the D retention on Ei and Ts
appear to be interconnected, so that no clear trend was observed by variation of
either of both parameters. The beryllium seeding results in a redistribution of TDS
peaks, pointing towards different D trapping mechanisms. However, the total amount
of the D retention is only weakly affected by the addition of Be. The amount of
retained He strongly increases with Ei. The presence of Be supports the He retention.
E.g., for Ei = 35 eV and Ts = 700 K the addition of Be increased the amount of stored
He by a factor of 40, which was then 5 times higher than the amount of D in the same
sample.

[1] A. Kreter, M. J. Baldwin, R. P. Doerner et al., Phys. Scr. T138, 014012 (2009)

*Corresponding author. Tel.: +49 2461 61 3419; fax: +49 2461 61 2660. E-mail
address: [email protected] (A. Kreter).

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Chemistry of the first wall of future fusion devices:

Interaction of energetic oxygen ions with the beryllium tungsten alloy Be2W
P19B

M. Köppena,*, H. Löchelb, T.-V. Phana, J. Riescha, A. Vollmerb and Ch. Linsmeiera

a
Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, 85748 Garching, Germany
b
Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, BESSY II, 12489 Berlin, Germany

The three elements beryllium, carbon and tungsten are going to be used as armour
material covering the inner wall of the vacuum vessel of the future fusion device
ITER. Contamination of the surfaces and the plasma by oxygen is inevitable after the
vacuum vessel is exposed to air for e.g. maintenance. Plasma processes lead to
formation of ‘mixed materials’ due to erosion, transport and redeposition. Newly
formed phases show different physical properties compared to the original surface,
e.g. melting point, thermal conductivity and hydrogen retention. Therefore
fundamental research of solid state reactions is required. Previous studies have dealt
with various binary systems containing Be, C and W. Binary systems have been
subject to various experiments. [1] Next step is increasing the number of reaction
paths by adding more elements.
In this study, the interaction of energetic oxygen ions with the beryllium tungsten alloy
Be2W is investigated by depth-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). [2]
The sample is prepared in-situ in the preparation chamber ‘LAICA’ which is directly
interconnected to the analysis chamber ‘SurICat’. A 4 nm tungsten layer is deposited
on a beryllium plate. The sample is alloyed at 900 K for 60 min. The O-implantation
energies for these experiments are chosen such, that implantation range is still
accessible via depth-resolved XPS. According to simulations with SDTrim.SP
implantation energies of 500 and 1,000 eV satisfy the experimental conditions for O-
fluences of 5 ∙ 10 14 cm-2. Between the single implantation steps the sample is heated
for 30 min at 600 K. Photoelectron spectra are taken after each experimental step.
High resolution spectra of core levels of every element present are taken at up to six
different information depths. In addition survey scans at two different photon energies
are performed.
The W 4f and Be 1s spectra reveal formation of beryllium tungstate BeWO4 already
at room temperature (r.t.) in significant amounts due to energy deposition of
implanted oxygen ions. The spectra of the W 4f region show formation of BeWO4
mainly near the surface. This is in qualitative agreement with the simulated
implantation depth profiles. No indication for oxygen diffusion at r.t. is provided. In
previous experiments in a Be-rich environment the ternary compound has proven to
be stable to temperatures up to 1,100 K. Contrary to these results, annealing at 600
K already leads to decomposition of BeWO4. This decrease of decomposition
temperature is attributed to the excessive amounts of Be. After decomposition at
600 K oxygen stays in the sample bound as BeO.

[1] Ch. Linsmeier, M. Reinelt and K. Schmid, J. Nucl. Mat., accepted (PSI-19
proceedings)
[2] F. Kost et al., J. Nucl. Mater. 390-391, 975-978 (2009)

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +49 89 3299 1497; fax: +49 89 3299 1212.
E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Köppen)

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Deuterium retention in co-deposited C-W-D films

formed in a magnetron deuterium plasma discharge P20A
Yu. Gasparyana,*, S. Krata, M. Zibrova, M. Mayerb, K. Sugiyamab, and A. Pisareva
a
National Research Nuclear University “MEPHI”,115409 Moscow, Russia
b
Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, 85748 Garching, Germany

Co-deposition of tritium with sputtered wall material in the inner divertor and in
remote areas is considered as the main channel of tritium accumulation in fusion
devices with a carbon wall. A high concentration of hydrogen isotopes is usually
observed in C-H codeposits. A mixed carbon and tungsten divertor is planned for
ITER, however hydrogen retention in mixed carbon/tungsten codeposits is not well
investigated.
Deuterium retention in mixed carbon-tungsten-deuterium (C-W-D) films co-deposited
during a deuterium magnetron discharge running with a mixed carbon-tungsten
cathode was studied in this work. Films were deposited on molybdenum and graphite
substrates installed in various positions in the discharge chamber. This resulted in
films with different C:W:D ratios. Some substrates were grounded, while other
substrates were biased with a negative potential. The temperature of the substrates
was not higher than 100 °C. Plasma parameters were measured with a Langmuir
double probe.
Films morphology and composition were analyzed by secondary electron microscopy
and ion beam analysis. The tungsten concentration was determined from Rutherford
backscattering (RBS). Deuterium and carbon concentrations were measured by
nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) using D(3He,p)4He and 12C(3He,p)14N reactions. The
concentration of other contaminations was derived from RBS spectra of the films on
the graphite substrates. Typically few percents of O were observed, while other
elements were below the detection limit. Thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) of
samples was performed in an UHV TDS stand with temperatures rising up to 1300°C.
The ratio of W:C in the films varied from 0.1 to 1. Total deuterium retention increased
both with C and W content, but the ratio D/(C+W+D) remained at a level of 20-30 %,
which is only slightly less in C-D films.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +7 495 3239325.

E-mail address: [email protected] (Yu. Gasparyan)

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Fuel Retention in Mixed Tungsten / Carbon Layers

P20B
L. Marota,*, G. De Temmermanb, K. Bystrovb, R. Steinera, and E. Meyera

a
Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
b
Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster, P.O.
Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands

Deuterium retention in mixed layers deposited on surfaces of the three ITER

plasma facing material (PFMs) has been investigated for all relevant binary material
combinations. However, only few data exist on the influence of the layer structure,
composition and thickness on the D-retention in both the layers and the deep bulk
regions below. Influence of simultaneous impact of D and He (typical of a DT fusion
reactor) on deuterium retention in such systems is also an issue.
Co-deposited tungsten and carbon layers have been deposited using a
specific magnetron sputtering design [1]. Experimental parameters such as the
carbon / tungsten deposition rates, the incident particle energy, and the substrate
temperature could be investigated separately. Deposition was carried out using a
mixture of deuterium and argon as process gas. Detailed characterizations of the
mixed tungsten/carbon films have been carried out by in situ X-Ray Photoelectron
Spectroscopy (XPS) and Secondary Electron Microscopy (SEM). These films were
exposed to different plasma conditions in the Pilot-PSI linear device. Samples were
exposed to pure deuterium and mixed D/He plasmas to study the effect of the
incident flux and surface composition (C/W ratio) on the retention. The latter was
measured by thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS).
The W/C films could be deposited with or without deuterium gas process. The
deuterium retention in such co-deposited layers was investigated as a function of the
deposition conditions and film composition.

[1] L. Marot, R. Steiner, M. Gantenbein, et al., Co-deposition of rhodium and tungsten

films for the first-mirror on ITER, J. Nucl. Mater. doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2010.08.062

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +41 61 267 37 20; fax: +41 61 267 37 84.
E-mail address: [email protected] (L. Marot)

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Effect of atomic Hydrogen and atomic Nitrogen densities near substrate

surface on microstructure of plasma nitrided layer P21A
K. S Suraja,*, S. Mukherjeeb, and P. Bharathib
a
Department of Physics, Pondicherry University, Puducherry-605014, India
b
Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar-382 428, India

The use of nitrogen seeding to reduce the edge plasma temperature has raised the
question of interaction of nitrogen with a tungsten first wall [1]. In presence of
hydrogen, in addition to nitrogen, these interactions become even more complex. The
present investigation reports the effect of ratio of atomic hydrogen and atomic
nitrogen density on the microstructure of the plasma nitride layer. An optical emission
spectroscopic (OES) investigation was carried out on N2-H2 plasma for typical
nitriding conditions. EN41B, SS8 and SS410 substrate samples were plasma nitrided
for different N2-H2 gas mixtures. It was observed that atomic nitrogen and Hα, were
the main species in close proximity to the substrate surface [2]. The atomic nitrogen
and atomic hydrogen density depends on dissociation rate of N2+ and H2+ ions
respectively that are reaching the substrate with translational energy gaining from the
ion sheath. From qualitative analysis of the emission spectral lines near the cathode
surface the concentration of [N] and [H] was estimated and established that
microstructure of nitrided layer has direct correlation with availability nitrogen and
hydrogen atoms on the substrate surface.

[1] K. Schmid, A. Manhard, Ch Linsmeier, A. Wiltner, T. Schwarz-Selinger, W. Jacob, S. Mändl, Nucl.

Fusion 50, 025006 (2010)
[2] K. S. Suraj, P. Bharathi, V. Prahlad and S. Mukherjee Surf Coat. Technol, 202, 301 (2007)

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +91 413 265 4402;

E-mail address: [email protected]

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Glow-Discharge Optical Emission Spectroscopy

for Plasma-Surface Interaction Studies P21B
Y. Hatanoa, N. Yoshidab, N. Futagamib ,H. Haradab, T. Tokunagab and H. Nakamurac
a
Hydrogen Isotope Research Center, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
b
Research Institute of Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Fukuoka, 816-8580, Japan
c
Tritium Technology Group, Japan Atomic Enegy Agency, Tokai-mura, 319-1195, Japan

Glow-discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GDOES) is a technique to measure

depth profiles of constituent elements in a solid sample by detecting emissions from
atoms accommodated in plasma by sputtering of sample surface. In most cases, Ar
is used as plasma work gas. High flux and low energy incident Ar ions provide large
sputtering rates (several tens of nanometers per second) with small sample damages.
Depth resolution is few nanometers. These characteristics of GDOES are in general
suitable for analysis of deposited layers on plasma facing materials (PFMs) and
measurements of depth profiles of implanted particles. There are, however, several
particular requirements in the field of plasma-surface interactions (PSI). In this paper,
we examined the applicability of GDOES for PSI studies.

(1) To distinguish hydrogen isotopes

Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) is commonly employed for this purpose.
However, secondary ion yield is strongly dependent on nature of chemical bond in
material (ionic, covalent and metallic), and hence this technique is not suitable for
analysis of interface between dissimilar materials such as deposited layers and PFMs.
GDOES is free from this type of problem, and resolution of its grating is sufficiently
high to separate H emission from that of D. However, isotopic measurement by
GDOES has been scarcely reported. We prepared H and D containing oxide layers
on metal substrates by oxidizing in H2O and D2O as model samples, and analyzed
with GD Profiler 2 (HORIBA Jobin Yvon Co.) by adjusting optics arrangements to
detect H or D emission. H and D could be clearly distinguished from each other, and
detailed profiles of hydrogen isotopes at oxide-metal interfaces could be measured.
(2) He measurement
Measurement of He with GDOES is relatively difficult because the energy for He
excitation (> 20 eV) is high compared with the first ionization potential of Ar (15.8 eV).
Hence, we used high power, high pressure Ne plasma because of higher ionization
potential of Ne (21.6 eV). The depth profile of He implanted into tungsten at 8 keV up
to fluence of 3×1021 m-2 at room temperature was successfully measured with large
diameter anode.
From these results, we concluded that GDOES is a powerful tool for PSI studies.
Details of the above-mentioned measurements will be reported in the presentation.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +81 76 445 6928; fax: +81 76 445 6931.
E-mail address: [email protected] (Y. Hatano)

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Quantification of Tungsten Sputtering at W/C Twin Limiters in TEXTOR

with the Aid of Local WF6 Injection P22A
S. Brezinseka,*, J.W. Coenena, M. Laengnera, A. Pospieszczyka, U. Samma,
and the TEXTOR-team
a
Institute of Energy and Climate Research - Plasma Physics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH,
Association EURATOM-FZJ, Partner In the Trilateral Euregio Cluster, Jülich, Germany

Tungsten is the most promising material candidate for plasma-facing components at

the divertor strike-point area of ITER in the activated operation phase. Apart from the
critical issue of power handling, in particular under impact of uncontrolled transients
described in detail in [1], the most important issue for the qualification of W as
plasma-facing material is the quantification of the W source strength, which is
connected to the components lifetime and, finally, to the W core accumulation.
Thereby W sputtering is dominated by impinging intrinsic impurities such as O or C or
extrinsic species for seeding like N and not by the fuel species itself.
A dedicated experiment to study the W and C sputtering under plasma impact was
carried out in TEXTOR with the aid of a spherical twin limiter with one half made of W
and the other of C. The limiter was installed in the TEXTOR vacuum lock system,
positioned in the near scrape-off layer and exposed to a set of plasma discharges
with variations of edge plasma parameters owing to strong gas puffing: Te from 25eV
to 85eV and ne from 5.0x1018m-3 to 1.5x1019m-3. 180° rotation of the limiter between
discharges allowed a direct comparison of W and C sputtering, local transport and
W/C mixing. Impurity fluxes and penetration depths were measured by optical
spectroscopy with the aid of 2D cameras with interference filters, an imaging
spectrometer as well as a high resolution survey spectrometer (363nm-720nm).
Access to the W impurity influx is given by spectroscopy of neutral and singly ionised
W of which the corresponding emission lines are preferable in the ultraviolet and blue
spectral region [2]. Experimental and modelled photon efficiencies have so far been
only available for Te<20 eV [3], whereas in the range of 20eV-100eV no experimental
data exist so far. In order to calibrate in-situ the W photon fluxes of different spectral
lines, WF6 has been injected in a second experiment into the plasma boundary
through a gas inlet installed in the vacuum lock system. WF6 is quickly dissociating
when entering the plasma and the emission pattern of different W lines (e.g. WI at
400.9nm, 505.3nm, 522.5nm etc.) has been recorded. Effective inverse photon
WF ⇒W
efficiencies, so-called S / XB WI 6 for different lines have been determined
simultaneously, thereby a constant value of 100 for the prominent WI line at 400.9nm
has been measured for Te>50eV which is in good agreement with GKU modelling.
These experimental photon efficiencies have been used to calculate the W sputtering
flux in the twin limiter experiment as function of local Te and ne. The W sputtering
yield decreases by factor 4 with decrease of Te from 85eV to 25eV and simultaneous
increase of the impinging deuterium flux by 50%. Contrary, the C sputtering yield
remains almost unchanged under identical experimental conditions.

[1] J.W. Coenen et al., this conference

[2] A. Pospieszczyk et al., J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 (2010) 144017
[3] L. Vainshtein et al., Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 49 (2007) 1833

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +49 2461 616611; fax: +49 2461 612331.
E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Brezinsek)

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Sputtering of tungsten surfaces by N+ and N2+ ions –

investigation of transient and molecular effects P22B
P. Naderera,, K. Dobesa*, N. Lachaud and F. Aumayra
a
Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Association EURATOM-ÖAW, Vienna, Austria, EU

Plasma edge cooling by nitrogen seeding is used in present fusion devices to

improve the overall plasma performance and reduce erosion of plasma facing
components especially in full tungsten devices like ASDEX Upgrade. When a plasma
containing nitrogen interacts with a tungsten surface the formation of a tungsten-
nitride surface layer within the ion penetration depth was observed [1]. As a result of
the nitrogen accumulation in these layers a reduced partial sputtering yield of
tungsten as compared to pure tungsten surfaces was found.
With a highly accurate quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) developed at the
University of Technology in Vienna [2] we have determined the total sputtering yield
of tungsten (at 460 K) during both the bombardment of N+ atomic and N2+ molecular
ions. Nitrogen ions in an energy range of some hundred eV up to 2 keV were
produced in an ECR ion source and selected according to their m/q ratio in a sector
field. A SC cut quartz coated with a 500 nm tungsten film was exposed to the beam.
The change of the resonance frequency of the quartz is a direct measure of the total
mass change of the surface film. In this way, total sputtering yields can be
determined in situ and thus transient effects such as the formation of a modified
surface layer upon ion impact can be studied.
In our measurements we observe that the sputtering yield of tungsten decreases
exponentially with fluence, which confirms that a transition from a pure tungsten to a
nitrogen enriched layer takes place. A steady state sputtering yield of roughly one
third of the initial sputtering yield is reached after several 1015 ions per cm2. The
steady state sputtering yield corresponds well to results of dynamic TRIDYN
simulations with a maximum nitrogen concentration of 50% in the tungsten-nitride
layer [1].
Furthermore when comparing steady state results from atomic N+ bombardment to
molecular N2+ sputtering a distinct molecular effect was found, i.e. the sputtering yield
per nitrogen atom for N2+ molecular ions is approximately 10% higher than that of two
equally fast N+ ions. In the investigated energy regime a N2+ ion can thus not be
considered as two independent nitrogen atoms impinging on the surface. In the
molecular case the overlapping collision cascades have higher energy densities than
those initiated by the atomic ions, leading to a sputtering enhancement in dense
cascades [3].

[1] K. Schmid, A. Manhard, Ch. Linsmeier, A. Wiltner, Nucl. Fusion 50, 2 (2010)
[2] A. Golczewski, K. Dobes, G. Wachter, M. Schmid and F. Aumayr, Nucl. Instr. and
Meth. B 267, 695 (2009)
[3] H. H. Andersen and H. L. Bay, J. Appl. Phys. 45, 953 (1974)

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +43 1 58801 13435; fax: +43 1 58801 13499.
E-mail address: [email protected] (Katharina Dobes)

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Self-passivating bulk tungsten-based alloys

manufactured by powder metallurgy P23A
P. López-Ruiza, N. Ordása, C. García-Rosalesa*, S. Lindigb, F. Kochb
a
CEIT and Tecnun (University of Navarra), Manuel Lardizabal 15, E-20018 San Sebastian, Spain
b
Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, D-85748 Garching, Germany

Tungsten is presently the main candidate material for the plasma exposed areas of
future fusion reactors (DEMO) due to its low erosion yield by sputtering with plasma
particles and its good thermo-mechanical properties. However, the use of tungsten as
first wall material implies an important safety concern in case of an accident with loss
of coolant and air ingress into the reactor vessel. In this situation, the high
temperatures achieved in the in-vessel components within 10 to 30 days due to the
decay heat [1] would lead to a strong exothermic reaction owing to tungsten oxidation
with the release of volatile radioactively activated tungsten oxides.

A possible way for avoiding this important safety issue would be the addition to
tungsten of alloying elements forming stable oxides, in such a way that at high
temperature in the presence of oxygen a self-passivating layer is formed protecting
material from further oxidation. In previous works [2] different binary and ternary
tungsten alloys have been manufactured via magnetron sputtering, demonstrating
that tungsten thin films containing 10 wt.% Si and 10 wt.% Cr exhibited excellent self-
passivating behaviour when exposed to air at temperatures up to 1000°C. However,
the PVD route is not applicable to DEMO because for the blanket first wall coatings
or tiles with a thickness of several mm are required.

Powder metallurgy is a suitable route for the production of bulk tungsten alloys with
tailored composition and microstructure while being a route of relatively low cost. In
this paper, results on the manufacturing of W-Cr-Si and W-Cr-Ti alloys by powder
metallurgy (mechanical alloying (MA) + hot isostatic pressing (HIP)) are presented.
First oxidation tests performed on preliminary W-Cr-Si bulk samples produced in
previous work [3] with starting powders milled in a SPEX mill, demonstrated a similar
self-passivating behaviour than W-Cr-Si thin films. In this work MA was performed in
a planetary ball mill. Different MA parameters were studied to find the best balance
between lowest possible amount of contaminants and effective milling. After HIPing,
densification close to 100% was obtained. The microstructure and the existing
phases were observed by FEG-SEM, FIB cross sectioning, EDX mapping and XRD,
and the mechanical properties were explored by micro- and nano-indentation.
Furthermore, the thermal conductivity of some samples was measured as a function
of temperature.

[1] D. Maisonnier, I. Cook, P. Sardain et al., A Conceptual Study of Commercial Fusion Power Plants,
Final Report, EFDA-RP-RE-5.0, 13 April 2005.
[2] F. Koch, S. Köppl and H. Bolt, J. Nucl. Mater. 386-388 (2009) 572-574.
[3] P. López-Ruiz, F. Koch, N. Ordás, S. Lindig, C. García-Rosales, “Manufacturing of self-passivating
W-Cr-Si alloys by mechanical alloying and HIP”, Fus. Eng. Des., accepted for publication

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +34 943 212 800; fax: +34 943 213 076.
E-mail address: [email protected] (C. García-Rosales)

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Oxidation behaviour of silicon-free tungsten alloys

for use as first wall material P23B
F. Koch*, J. Brinkmann, S. Lindig, Ch. Linsmeier

Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, 85748 Garching, Germany

Self-passivating tungsten-based alloys have been developed as first wall materials to

avoid the formation and evaporation of activated tungsten oxides in a future fusion
power reactor in case of a loss-of-all-coolant-accident with coexistent air ingress. The
current approach at IPP is to use alloyed tungsten with the intention to ensure the
formation of a passivating (i.e. adhesive and tungsten diffusion-tight) oxidation layer
out of the alloy, which leads to a reduction of the oxidation rate of about three orders
of magnitude compared to pure tungsten in the temperature-regime between 600 and
1000 °C. This behaviour is observed on films of W-Cr-Si alloys, which show strongly
decreased oxidation rates, when compared to thin layers made out of pure tungsten
[1, 2].

The elements currently used for the alloying of the tungsten involve silicon, which
renders the formation of WSi2 or W 5Si3 at elevated temperatures possible. These
tungsten silicides could compromise the mechanical processabilitiy of the resulting
material because of intermetallic-phase brittleness. As for bulk tungsten or tungsten
alloy-material the mechanical properties are crucial both during construction and
operation of a fusion reactor, a search for alternatives is currently undertaken at IPP.

Investigations on potential chemical compositions for the self-passivating alloys have

been performed. A system containing tungsten, chromium and titanium was identified
as a promising path to follow during further work on this topic. These types of silicon-
free tungsten alloys exhibit similar or even slightly superior performances in respect
of thermal stability of the oxide-layer and the reduction of the oxidation rate when
being compared to the classical W-Cr-Si. Furthermore, as a decisive advantage of
these silicon-free tungsten alloys, they may show a higher ductility, less brittleness
and therefore a better mechanical processability, than their silicon containing
counterparts.

[1] Phys. Scr. T128 (2007) 100–105

[2] Journal of Nuclear Materials 386–388 (2009) 572–574

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +49 89 3299 2104; fax: +49 89 3299 962104.
E-mail address: [email protected]

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Morphology, Structure and Composition of Dust Formed in Globus-M Tokamak

R.Kh. Zalavutdinova,*, A.E. Gorodetskya, V.K. Gusevb, P24A

A.N. Novokhatskyb, I.V. Mazulc, and A.P. Zakharova
a .
A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, RAS, Moscow, Russia
b
A.F. Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute, RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia
c
Efremov Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia

Morphology, structure and composition of graphite (RGTi) in-vessel plasma facing

components and dust formed during operation of Globus-M spherical tokamak were
studied by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD)
and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), respectively. Currently about 90% of the
inner vacuum vessel (austenitic stainless steel) surface area is covered by RGTi tiles
(614 pieces) with sizes of 12×12×1 cm3. The tiles were manufactured from
recrystallized graphite doped with 2 at.% Ti and 0.3-0.7 at.% Si and were protected
by B/C:H films obtained by boronization from carborane C2B10H12 (7-8 procedures
per year, ~30 in total). The dust was collected from bottom divertor tiles exposed to
direct plasma impact as well as from shadowed zones located underneath them after
about 10000 pulses (~1000 s). The typical plasma pulse in Globus-M is characterized
by high power deposition onto the RGTi tiles (up to 5-10 MW/m2). It was observed
dust of two kinds: carbon and metallic.
As follows from SEM, the carbon dust collected from the bottom divertor tiles had a
shape of broken stones (~10 μ) that was caused by thermocycling and brittle fracture
of graphite under interaction with plasma. Identical thickness (~1 μ) of graphite debris
could be connected with deuterium embrittlement of surface layers due to deuterium
accumulation at a depth about 1 μ. Deuterium content in the tiles was found to be of
1022 D/m2 [1]. XRD and EPMA showed that the dust consisted of well graphitized and
amorphous carbon and TiC inclusions. The amorphous phase could be formed as a
result of chemical (or physical) erosion of carbon and its subsequent redeposition on
the tiles. The crystalline sizes of 100-300 nm were the same for initial and damaged
graphites.
The carbon dust collected from the shadowed zones consisted of smooth spheres
(10-30 μ), free-form dense agglomerates and sponge agglomerates with size up to
100 μ. Formation of the carbon spheres is probably connected with their nucleation
on metallic particles and catalytic growth in plasma. Ti, Cr, Fe, and Ni were found in
the spheres. In any case the spherical shape indicates that a particle of dust was
presented in plasma for some time. The free-form and sponge agglomerates
composed of B, C, and O and could be formed during boronization or consequent
discharges with condensation of gaseous products onto primary dust.
The metallic dust (so-called “metallic ice”) collected from the shadowed zones had a
shape of plates with sizes of 10-1000 μ and thicknesses of 2-4 μ and contained
mainly Fe, Cr, Ni, Ti (stainless steel components) and O. The steel was oxidized and
quantity of ferrite phase was larger than in the initial steel. There were a lot of traces
from microarcs that resulted in steel melting and cohesive tearing-off the plates.
This work is supported by the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences
(program No. 27; 2010).
[1] V.K. Gusev, V.Kh. Alimov, I.I. Arkhipov et al. // Nucl. Fusion 2009 V. 49 095022.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +7 495 3302192; fax: +7 495 3348531.

E-mail address: [email protected] (R.Kh. Zalavutdinov)

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Characterization of mixed material dusts in JT-60U

P24B
a b c c a
N. Ashikawa , N. Asakura , T. Hayashi , M. Fukumoto and T. Muroga
a
National Institute for Fusion Science, Toki, Gifu 509-5292 Japan
b
Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Rokkasho, Aomori 039-3212 Japan
c
Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Naka, Ibaraki 311-0193 Japan

Dust control is an important issue related to the accumulations of radioactive

impurities in core plasmas and the tritium retention in thermonuclear fusion devices
with magnetic confinements. Thus, for understanding characteristics of dusts, their
performance and compositions have been investigated in tokamaks and
stellarator/heliotrons.
The dust collections in JT-60U were carried out in 2010 by a polycarbonate
membrane filter, which is a polymer film with pores of 0.1 μm. Dusts at plasma facing
areas, underneath the plasma facing tiles, divertors and baffle plates in different
toroidal section have been investigated. 12 tungsten-coated CFC tiles have been
installed at the upper part of the outer divertor since 2005, and irradiated by the
divertor plasma. These tungsten coatings less than 50 micron were made by the
vacuum plasma spray (VPS) method. Compositions of the collected dusts are
analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray
spectrometry (EDX) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).
An analysis of carbon-tungsten mixed dusts in JT-60U has been difficult with EDX,
because the peak of the tungsten is located close to that of silicon. EDX results by a
curve fitting showed that the observed peak is the combination of those of tungsten
and silicon. The purpose of this study is to enhance resolution of the XPS
measurement to analyze quantitatively the composition of the dust flakes. In this
study, an indium film was newly used as the substrate instead of carbon tape to
reduce the silicon background.
Large dust flakes of several 100 microns collected at P-8 under the dome were
selected for the analysis to obtain sufficient intensities for XPS. XPS measurements
of the dust flakes showed signals of the plasma facing materials, such as carbon,
tungsten and iron with clear tungsten peaks. The new analysis showed that the dust
flakes contains about 1% of tungsten in carbon. Compositions of tungsten-carbon
mixed dusts at different poloidal positions will be reported using the present technical
method.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +81 572-58-2258; fax: +81 572-58-2628.

E-mail address: [email protected] (N. Ashikawa)

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Influence of the plasma and surface conditions on the formation

of dust on plasma exposed graphite P25A
K.Bystrova,*, C. Arnasb, D.Mathysc, L.B. van der Vegta, O.Lischtschenkoa,
G.A. van Swaaija, Y. Kuangd and G. De Temmermana
a
FOM Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Association EUROATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio
Cluster, The Netherlands.
b
Laboratoire PIIM, UMR 6633 CNRS-Université de Provence, Marseille, France
c
Centre of Microscopy, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70,CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
d
Debye Insititute for NanoMaterials Science, Utrecht University, The Netherlands

The issue of gross and net erosion of carbon under ITER relevant plasma
conditions remains an open question, especially the importance of local re-deposition
and the structure of the deposits formed under such conditions. It has been observed
previously [1] that thick co-deposits are readily formed on the surface of graphite
targets exposed to ITER-relevant hydrogen plasmas in Pilot-PSI. These co-deposits
consist of cauliflower-like dust particles and, surprisingly, accumulate in the region
exposed to the peak particle and heat flux. The diameter D of the particles varies
from sub-micrometer range to ~60 μm. The dust formation mechanism as well as the
influence of the plasma conditions on the dust production requires further studies.
Polycrystalline graphite targets were exposed to hydrogen, mixed
hydrogen/argon and nitrogen plasmas in Pilot-PSI. The influence of the electron
temperature, ion energy, plasma composition and surface temperature on the
evolution of the surface morphology was investigated. In addition, CH4 injection
through a molybdenum target was carried out to study the influence of the substrate
material on the re-deposition process. SEM and TEM techniques were used to
characterize the particle structure, size distribution, surface coverage and get some
insight into the formation mechanism.
Observations show that increasing the ion energy in hydrogen plasma
prompted formation of large (D>30 μm) dust particles, which are not detected on the
surface of floating targets. Addition of argon into the hydrogen plasma beam, on the
other hand, shifted the particle size distribution towards smaller values (Dmax≤10 μm).
Co-deposits formed during CH4 injection experiments are similar to that observed on
plasma-exposed graphite surfaces. In addition to cauliflower-like microparticles, TEM
analyses of graphite targets revealed the formation of spherical nanoparticles and
chains of nanoparticles consisting of agglomerations of graphitic nuclei (10-20nm).
This strongly suggests formation of dust particles in the plasma.
In pure nitrogen plasma surface morphology of graphite evolves completely
differently. Pyramidal structures were formed on the surface of floating graphitic
targets. Some of them have nano-scaled objects attached to their tops. Negative
biasing of the target led to growth of densely-packed filaments (~10-50 nm in
diameter). At the same time, no spherical-shaped dust microparticles were observed
in nitrogen.
These results point out the possibility of dust formation in the plasma of ITER
divertor and its accumulation on the target surface.
[1] K.Bystrov et al., J. Nucl. Mater. (2010), doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2010.11.067

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +31306096930; fax: +31306031204; E-mail address: [email protected]

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Characteristics of different dust sampling techniques in view of the

classification of particles from full-tungsten ASDEX Upgrade P25B
N. Endstrassera,*, V. Rohdea, M. Baldena, U. v.Toussainta, M. Ramppa, E. Fortuna-
Zalesnab, J. Ferenc-Dominikb, M. Rasinskib, R. Neua and the ASDEX Upgrade Team
a
Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, 85748 Garching, Germany
b
Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warszawa, Poland

Quantification of the impact of dust produced by plasma-wall interaction processes in

fusion experiments in order to assess the impact of different types of dust on
operation and safety of a future fusion power plant requires detailed investigation of
the physical and chemical properties of these classes of dust.
A first preliminary diameter based classification of about 500 arbitrarily selected dust
particles collected on silicon wafers during the 2008 ASDEX-Upgrade campaign was
presented in [1] revealing B, C and W as dominating elements. This classification
scheme was considerably refined to a total number of 7 classes after careful analysis
of the outer morphology and elemental composition of more than 50000 dust
particles trapped on 5 silicon wafer collectors during 2009 campaign [2]. The therein
described spheroid metallic particles were also observed in close vicinity of vacuum
arcing sites [3] indicating these particles originate from local melting triggered by
both, off-normal plasma events and arcing. The sectioning of several particles typical
for each of the 7 identified dust classes via focussed Ga ion beam revealed inner
cavities and sponge like structures stressing the need to quantify also the porosity for
each dust particle class [4]. Subsequently a comparative study of the outer
morphology and elemental composition of particles trapped during three consecutive
campaigns of ASDEX-Upgrade with full tungsten first wall configuration on silicon
wafers was carried out introducing a more detailed particle classification scheme
using non-dimensional parameters to describe the shapes of particles attributed to
each class. The influence of off-normal events such as loss of coolant accidents and
first wall boronization on the dust composition was assessed. In this study three
different sampling methods are compared using this refined classification: filtered
vacuuming technique, adhesive carbon tape method and silicon wafer collection at
the example of 2009 AUG campaign samples. The particle size selectivity and the
sampling sensitivities for each dust particle class are discussed and at the example
of tungsten dominated spheroids the variation of estimated accumulated mass in this
campaign is assessed. Furthermore, an online service for the analysis of scanning
electron microscopy images of particles developed in close cooperation with IAEA is
presented and a proposal for a common standard on dust classification is made to
guarantee the production of data sets directly usable as input for dust transport and
radiation energy loss studies.

[1] Rohde et al., Phys. Scripta T138 (2009) 014024

[2] N. Endstrasser et al., J. Nuc. Mat. (2010) doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2010.07.045
[3] V. Rohde et al. J. Nuc. Mat. (2010) doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2010.11.045
rd
[4] M. Balden et al., 23 IAEA FEC Contribution and Nucl. Fusion (2011) submitted

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +49 89 3299 1526; fax: +49 89 3299 1812.
E-mail address: [email protected] (N. Endstrasser)

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First results from dust detection during plasma discharges in Tore Supra
P26A
H.Rochea*, A.Barbutia, J.Bucalossia, L.Ducobua, C.Grisoliaa, T.Loarera, B.Pegourié,
P.Spuiga, C.H.Skinnerb, S.Vartaniana, and B.Vincenta
a
CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France.
b
Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA.

During tokamak operation, material from plasma facing components is eroded,

transported and finally re-deposited in the form of layers that can trap a significant
fraction of the plasma fuel, whose inventory must be limited in future fusion devices.
These layers produce flakes and dust that can penetrate the plasma discharge,
sometimes leading to disruptions. In-vessel dust has been recognized as a safety
and operational issue for next step devices such as ITER even though this is not the
case in present day tokamaks [1]. As a consequence, it is essential to develop
methods for dust detection and dust removal. At present dust measurement
techniques are still immature.
An electrostatic dust detector has been developed by Princeton Plasma Physics
Laboratory [2] to detect dust particles on a remote surface. With its ability to perform
long pulses, Tore Supra offers a unique opportunity to test this detector. Therefore a
set of electrostatic dust detectors has been installed in one of the pumping ducts of
the Tore Supra vacuum vessel.
This detector is made of a fine grid of interlocking circuit traces biased to 50V. Every
conductive particle which reaches the sensitive surface creates a temporary short
circuit, before the particle is ejected or vaporized by the current flowing across. The
resulting current pulses are recorded and sorted by level and duration. The pulse
duration can be related to the size of the dust particles. This detector provides real-
time information on dust generation and a preliminary correlation of the dust signals
with plasma events has been obtained.
One of the detectors has been covered with a film of Kapton to protect its sensitive
surface from dusts. It is used as a reference to discriminate pulses created by
particles from electrical pickup.
The good correlation which exists between the dusts detected by the electrostatic
detector and the particles observed on the visible CCD camera will be shown. The
first results show that dust particles are detected systematically after disruptions, and
from time to time during plasma current ramp up and during plasma current plateau.
After disruptions, we observed that dusts are measured for up to 5 seconds, and their
number can reach several hundreds for a detector sensitive surface of ~25 cm².
Finally an evaluation of the dust collected over the plasma campaign in late 2010 will
be presented and discussed.

[1] J.Roth, et al., J. Nucl. Mater. 390-391 (2009) 1-9

[2] C.H.Skinner, et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81, 10E102 (2010)
*Corresponding author: Tel.: +33 (0)442256376; fax: +33 (0)442254095.
E-mail address: [email protected] (H. Roche)

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ITER In-Vessel Dust and Tritium Control Implementation Status and Plan
P26B
S. Ciattaglia1*, F. Le Guern2, Y. Kim1, J. Palmer1, S. Rosanvallon1, W. Shu1
1
ITER Organization, Route de Vinon sur Verdon, 13115 Saint Paul Lez Durance,
France
2
Fusion for Energy Joint Undertaking, Josep Pla 2, Torres Diagonal Litoral - B3,
08019 Barcelona, Spain

In order to obtain the licensing for construction and later for operation, ITER has to
demonstrate that the radioactive doses to the staff and to the public and the
environmental releases in normal and postulated accidental conditions are minimized
and well within the general safety objectives.
The main potential sources of such doses are the activated dust produced and
accumulated in the vacuum vessel, the tritium retained there and the activated
corrosion products that could be mobilized during an in-vessel accident of water
coolant (LOCA).
A systematic safety analysis has assessed the radiological risks for ITER in normal
conditions (e.g. chronic release during in-vessel maintenance) and accident
scenarios (e.g. mobilization of inventories and releases through the various
confinement barriers in the event of LOCA or a hydrogen/dust explosion with air).
Maximum admissible inventories of in-vessel dust and tritium have been fixed.
The strategy for control of the in-vessel dust/tritium inventory is mainly based on their
measurement and removal.
All this has been presented in the Preliminary Safety Analysis Report that is being
assessed by the French Safety Authorities. Limits and strategy are commitments for
ITER: it has to be demonstrated continuously that the machine is operated inside
such limits and that sufficient margins are maintained.
The paper will recall the strategy adopted and will focus on the relevant tools, now
part of ITER baseline design, foreseen to control dust and tritium inventory. In
particular the paper will concentrate on the R&D results obtained so far on some
systems such as the various kinds of diagnostics for measurement, the removal
techniques particularly that based on baking of the divertor at 350°C and the tritium
tracking procedure. The ITER In-Vessel Viewing System (IVVS) that allows for in-
vessel inspection of plasma facing surfaces to look for possible damage caused
during plasma operations, shall also be used for metrology measurements of the
plasma chamber and its components and the main results will be presented too.
The relevant uncertainties will be pointed out as well as the main lines of further R&D
necessary to validate tools and procedures.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +33 4 42 17 67 07

E-mail address: [email protected] (S.Ciattaglia)

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Advances in Dust Detection for Tokamaks

P27A
B. Raisa,*, C.H. Skinnerb, A.L. Roquemoreb
a
Université de Provence, Aix-Marseille, France
b
Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ 08543

Dust production in next-step magnetic fusion devices will be significantly higher than
in contemporary devices due to the more intense plasma wall interactions and the
increase in erosion levels. Methods to measure the inventory of dust particles and to
remove dust if it approaches safety limits will be required in next-step tokamaks such
as ITER. An electrostatic dust detector, based on a 5 cm x 5 cm grid of interlocking
circuit traces biased to 50 V, has been developed to detect dust on remote surfaces.
Impinging dust particles created a temporary short circuit and the resulting current
pulse was recorded by counting electronics [1]. The total number of counts was
proportional to the mass of the impinging dust. The detector was calibrated with
carbon and lithium particles in air and vacuum environments and was successfully
tested for the first time on the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX). The
sensitivity in vacuum for carbon particles with a count median diameter of 2.14 μm
was found to be 0.15 ng/cm2/count.

Typically 90% of the total number of particles that landed on the detector are
vaporized by the current pulse and ejected from the detector, however about 10%
may remain on the surface of the detector [2]. These may produce signals at a later
time, complicating efforts to correlate the dust signal with plasma events. A helium
puff system was developed to clear the residual dust from the electrostatic detector
and any incident debris or fibers that might cause a permanent short circuit. Helium
puffs were delivered by three nozzles of 0.45 mm inside diameter. An angle of 30º
with respect to the surface of the detector and a helium backing pressure of 6 bar
was found to be the optimal configuration. Two consecutive helium puffs cleared
carbon particles from the entire surface of the detector.

[1] C. H. Skinner, B. Rais, A. L. Roquemore, H.W. Kugel., R. Marsala and T. Provost, Rev. Sci.
Instrum. 81, 10E102 (2010).
[2] C.V. Parker, C.H. Skinner and A.L. Roquemore, J. Nucl. Mater., 363-365, 1461 (2007).

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +33 6 98 13 58 79; fax: +33 9 56 77 36 91

E-mail address: [email protected] (B. Rais)

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Carbon deposition on beryllium substrates and subsequent delamination

P27B

R. Mateus1,*, N. Franco1,2, L.C. Alves1,2, M. Fonseca3, P.A. Carvalho1,4, E. Alves1,2

Associação Euratom/IST
1
Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear - Laboratório Associado, Instituto Superior Técnico,
Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
2
ITN, Instituto Tecnológico e Nuclear, Estrada Nacional 10, 2686-953 Sacavém, Portugal
3
CFNUL, Centro de Física Nuclear, Universidade de Lisboa,
Av. Prof. Gama Pinto 2, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
4
ICEMS, Departamento de Engenharia de Materiais, Instituto Superior Técnico,
Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal

Beryllium and carbon are foreseen as materials for plasma facing components of
future fusion devices. Erosion, re-deposition and annealing arising from heat-load
events during reactor operation will produce mixed material layers and compounds
on the plasma facing surfaces, leading to changes in local melting point, sputtering
behaviour, hydrogenic species retention and dust formation due to delamination.

In order to mimic the erosion/deposition processes, carbon layers have been

evaporated onto beryllium plates and annealed in the 373 to 1073 K range for 90
min. Ion beam measurements revealed a smooth beryllium and carbon interdiffusion
at the samples surface up to 773 K. A carbide formation reaction front became
apparent for higher temperatures in scanning electron microscopy observations, with
the volume fraction of Be2C crystals resulting also evident in X-ray diffraction
patterns. The annealing treatments induced delamination of large surface areas
through telephone cords blistering attributed to strain energy release. At 1073 K
cracking occurred preferentially along blister boundaries. This fracture behaviour
seems caused by the different thermal expansion coefficients of the phases. The
results show that delamination of re-deposited layers in PFCs is a natural mechanism
of dust formation.

*
Corresponding author. Tel.: (+351) 218 419098; fax: (+351) 218 41781;
E-mail address: [email protected]

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Computer Simulations of Plasma-Carbon and Lithiated Carbon Interface

P28A
a,* b a c
P. S. Krstic , J. Dadras , C. O. Reinhold , J. Jakowski
a
Physics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6372 , USA
b
Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville TN, USA
c
National Institute for Computational Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge TN, USA

We have studied chemical sputtering, hydrogen retention and other properties in the
least known, intermediate-to-low range of impact energies (1-30 eV), with H, D, T
atomic and molecular projectiles of hydrogenated amorphous carbon surfaces [1].
Successfully combining atomistic, molecular dynamics (MD) modeling using massive
computation with “in house” particle beam experiments [2] provided a benchmark for
the MD approach, enhancing its predictive capabilities. The best results are achieved
when preparation of the hydrogenated carbon target surfaces mimics the particular
experimental conditions as a function of impact fluence, energy and type of projectile
species and of the rovibrational state (when applicable). The energy distributions of
ejected molecules confirm the partial thermalization of the impact cascade. Sputtered
hydrocarbon molecules have rovibrational energies in the range 1.5-2 eV, with
relatively “cold” translational and rotational motion, close to 0.5 eV. In contrast,
translational and rovibrational energies of sputtered deuterium molecules are close to
1 eV, with approximate equipartition between rotational and vibrational modes. We
also show that number of terminal hydrocarbon moieties created by cumulative
bombardment at the interface exhibits only a weak dependence on the isotopic mass.
However, the sputtering yields exhibit a clear mass dependence which originates in
the increased energy transfer for increasing projectile mass [1,3]. To study synergetic
effects of plasma irradiation, we extended the MD simulation using predefined
distributions of impact particles in energy, angle, and angular momentum, leading to
encouraging comparison with available plasma-irradiation experimental data. Finally,
for carbon mixed with a highly polarizable lithium, we were able to explain the
experimentally found specifics [4] of the chemistry and dynamics for deuterium
bonding in lithiated/oxidated carbon, employing the quantal Self-Consistent-Charge
Density-Functional Tight-Binding (SCC-DFTB) method [5]. This opens new prospects
for improved simulations of the mixed-materials plasma-surface interface.

We acknowledge support of DOE OFES, NICS, NCCS and LDRD program of ORNL.

[1] P.S. Krstic, S.J. Stuart, and C.O. Reinhold, New J. of Phys. 9, 219 (2007); P.S. Krstic, C.O.
Reinhold, and S.J. Stuart, Europhys. Lett. 77, 33002 (2007); C.O. Reinhold, P.S. Krstic, S.J. Stuart, et
al; Journal of Nuclear Materials 401, 1 (2010).
[2] F.W. Meyer, P.S. Krstic, L.I. Vergara, et al, Phys. Scr. T128, 50 (2007).
[3] P.S. Krstic, C.O. Reinhold, and S.J. Stuart, J. Appl. Phys. 104 103308 (2008); C.O. Reinhold and
P.S. Krstic, J. Nuc. Mat.,doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2010.07.046)
[4] C.N. Taylor, J.P. Allain, B. Heim, P.S. Krstic , C.H. Skinner , H.W. Kugel, J. Nuc. Mat. (in press,
2010), doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2010.09.049
[5] G. Zheng, M. Lundberg, J. Jakowski at al, Int. J. Quantum Chem. 109, 1841 (2007).

* Corresponding author: Tel.: +1 865 574 4701; fax: +1 865 574 1118.
E-mail address: [email protected] (P.S. Krstic)

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Simulations of low energy D bombardment of W and WC alloys

P28B
A. Lasaa,*, C. Björkasa, K. Vörtlera and K. Nordlunda
a
Division of Material Physics, Dept. of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014

Tungsten (W) is expected to be one of the basic plasma facing materials in ITER and
future fusion devices. Due to plasma wall interactions, such as sputtering and re-
deposition processes, tungsten-carbides are expected to be present in the reactor
walls. The aim of our work is to simulate these plasma-wall interactions in order to
study sputtering and fuel retention processes, as well as the damage caused in the
W-based materials by the bombardment of low energy D.

Molecular Dynamics (MD) has been used for cumulative bombardment of 3000 D
ions, with the following energies and substrates: 10eV, 30eV, 50eV, 100eV, 200eV
and 300eV for pure W, using 2 different parametrizations of the interatomic potential
[1,2]; 10eV, 20eV, 30eV, 50eV and 100eV for tungsten-carbide (WC), with both W
and C surfaces; 20eV and 100eV for amorphous W2C, and 10eV, 20eV, 30eV, 50eV
and 100eV for crystalline W2C, again with both W and C surfaces.

As expected, W sputtering is zero below its physical sputtering threshold (~340eV).

This result confirms that, so far, the code simulates properly the sputtering behavior
of W-based materials. The C and C-cluster sputtering in WC shows a peak around
30eV-50eV; detailed analysis of the atom trajectories showed that the erosion can be
explained by the swift chemical sputtering mechanism [4], verifying that other
sputtering mechanism than the physical one is important also in WC at low energies.
To get a better picture of the damage and retention of hydrogen isotopes in the
material, D trapping and the release of D-clusters have also been analyzed.

The aim for the near future is to continue simulating the sputtering and damage
processes in the plasma-facing materials; different mixtures of W, C and Be,
irradiated by different plasma components and impurities (D, Ar, C...). The data
obtained can be used in simulation codes in need of detailed information about
sputtering behavior of materials in the low energy regime.

[1] N. Juslin et al., J. of Applied Physics 98 , 123520 (2005)

[2] T. Ahlgren et al., J. of Applied Physics 107, 033516 (2010)
[3] N.V. Antonov, B.I. Khripunov, V.B. Petrov, V.V. Shaptin and V.I. Pistunovich, J. Nucl. Materials 220-
222, 943-946 (1995)
[4] E. Salonen, K. Nordlund, J. Keinonen and C. H. Wu, Phys. Rev. B 63, 195415 (2001)

*Ane Lasa: Tel.: +358 465843028;

E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Lasa)

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Simulation for Dynamical Process of Hydrogen Retention

in Graphite Material under Continuous Injection P29A
S. Saito a,*, A. Takayamab, A. M. Itob, H. Nakamuraa,b
a
Department of Energy Engineering and Science, Graduate school of Engineering,
Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-01, Japan.
b
National Institute for Fusion Science, 322-6 Oroshi-cho, Toki 509-5292, Japan.

The divertor plate of nuclear fusion reactor, which consists of graphite tiles or
carbon fiber composites, is bombarded with hydrogen plasma. The hydrogen plasma
erodes the divertor plate, yielding H2 and other hydrocarbon molecules such as CHx
and C2Hx, which are undesirable impurities in plasma confinement experiments. To
understand the nature of chemical and physical interactions between hydrogen
plasma and the divertor plate, it is important to clarify the elementary processes of
the reactions.
Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation with modified Brenner’s reactive empirical
bond order (REBO) potential [1] is a powerful tool to investigate plasma wall
interaction on divertor plates in a nuclear fusion device. However, the size of MD
simulation box is generally set less than several nm because of the limits of a
computer performance. To extend the size of the MD simulation, we are developing a
hybrid simulation code between MD code using REBO potential and binary collision
approximation (BCA) code. Using the BCA code instead of computing all particles
with a high kinetic energy for every step in the MD simulation, considerable
computation time is saved. It is possible to simulate submicrometer size materials by
the hybrid simulation code.
In our previous researches [2, 3], we investigated the interactions between an
ideal graphite crystal and single hydrogen atom by the hybrid simulation. In those
researches, the hybrid simulation code could not treat the continuous injection of
hydrogen atoms.
In this paper, we improve the hybrid simulation code to treat the continuous
hydrogen injection into a graphite material. The continuously injected hydrogen
atoms destroy the bonds between carbon atoms. As the result, the ideal graphite
material becomes an amorphous hydrogenated carbon material. We investigate the
dynamical process of hydrogen retention in graphite material whose structure is
changed by continuous hydrogen injection.

[1] D. W. Brenner, O. A. Shenderova, J. A. Harrison, S. J. Stuart, B. Ni, and S. B. Sinnott: J. Phys.:

Condens. Matter 14 (2002) 783.
[2] A. Takayama, S. Saito, A. M. Ito, T. Kenmotsu, H. Nakamura, to be published in Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.
(2011).
[3] S. Saito, A. M. Ito, A. Takayama, T. Kenmotsu, H. Nakamura, to be published in J. Nucl. Mater.
(2011).

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +81 572 58 2351.

E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Saito)

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Hydrogen diffusion in tungsten:

Comparison of DFT, MD and Experimental Results P29B
U. von Toussaint*, P.N. Maya, A. Manhard and W. Jacob

Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, 85748 Garching, Germany

A thorough understanding of tungsten-hydrogen interaction is mandatory for the first-

wall development of fusion reactors for which tungsten is one of the most promising
materials. While hydrogen retention in undamaged tungsten is presently considered
as tolerable the diffusion of hydrogen into the bulk towards the interface may lead to
severe interface problems. Extrapolation of present day measurements towards a
fusion reactor requires a proper physics based modelling of the relevant processes.
Here we report results from a comparison of DFT-based modelling of hydrogen
diffusion in bulk tungsten with classical molecular dynamics simulations. The
respective minimal activation energies for diffusion are estimated by the direct
saddle-point search and by the nudged elastic band method, showing relevant
discrepencies of up to 0.2 eV between the different approaches. The rate constant for
diffusion is calculated within the harmonic transition state theory approximation. The
simulation results are discussed and compared with experimental data.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +49 89 3299 1817; fax: +49 89 3299 961817.
E-mail address: [email protected]

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Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Hydrogen Atoms on SiC Surface

P30A
Zhongshi Yang, Qian Xu, Rongjie Hong, Guang-Nan Luo*

Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 1126, Hefei 230031, China

SiC has much lower chemical erosion, high temperature sputtering and hydrogen
recycling compared with pure graphite. Therefor thick SiC coatings on graphite
should lead to better plasma performance for a sufficiently long life compared with
much thinner boron or silicon films prepared by RF boronization and siliconization.
SiC coatings of 200 μm thickness have been developed on the multi-element doped
GBST1308 (1%B4C, 2.5%Si, 7.5%Ti) graphite tiles using chemical vapour reaction
(CVR) combined with chemical vapour infiltration (CVI), and now are being applied to
the first phase of the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) at
the Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ASIPP) [1]. In fusion
society, the investigation on the interactions between plasma and SiC materials has
been scarcely performed up to now and the mechanism and the processes of the
interactions have not been well understood. In this work, molecular dynamics (MD)
simulations were carried out to study the surface effects of SiC under hydrogen ions
irradiation.
The initial computational cell consists of 4000 silicon atoms and 4000 carbon
atoms in lattice sites of β-SiC crystal with crystal size 10a0×10a0×10a0, where
a0 = 0.436 nm is the lattice constant. In order to form a surface, periodic boundary
conditions were removed in the z direction and the atoms in the lowest three atomic
layers were kept fixed at their original positions all times. Atomic H projectiles with a
series of kinetic energies from 0.1 to 100 eV were used to interact with SiC target. In
this work, a multicomponent potential for C-Si-H systems was adopted [2], which is a
semiempirical potential developed for modeling both the chemistry and the bulk
properties of C-Si-H systems based on the Tersoff formulation. At relatively lower
incident energy, the projected H atoms tend to be absorbed on the surface of the
simulated cell. The absorbed sites with different formation energy have been
analyzed. With increasing the incident energy, the defects emerged in the crystal cell
under successive irradiation of H atoms and the incident H atoms could travel a
rather long distance below the surface. We also have investigated the interactions
between the H atoms with different defects in the crystal cell, namely C vacancy, Si
vacancy and some interstitial configurations.

[1] G. -N. Luo, et. al., Phys. Scr. T128 (2007) 1.

[2] K. Beardmore and R. Smith, Philosophical Magazine A, 74 (1996) 1439

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +86 551 5592525; fax: +86 551 5592525.
E-mail address: [email protected]

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Molecular Dynamics Simulations

of the Sputtering Behaviour of Mixed Be/W/C-Materials P30B
A. Meinander*, C. Björkas, K. Vörtler, A. Lasa, and K. Nordlund

Helsinki University, Department of Materials Science, 00014 Helsinki University, Finland

The interactions between ions with kinetic energies of the order of 1 – 100 eV with
materials are an interesting borderline between physics and chemistry. Since the
energies involved are comparable or only slightly higher than the strengths of
chemical bonds, chemical effects can be expected to give a significant contribution to
material erosion in this energy regime. This issue is particularly important due to the
ongoing development of the ITER fusion reactor, where ions in this energy range will
interact with the complex Be/W/C-based plasma materials surface.
Several types of chemical effects have indeed been reported in these systems.
Numerous experiments have shown that any carbon-based first wall material in the
bottom part of the reactor (the divertor) erodes with high yields at energies clearly
below the physical sputtering threshold. While this anomalous erosion can at high
temperatures be understood by hydrogen-induced formation of volatile species that
desorb by thermal activation, the effect does not show any temperature dependence
between liquid nitrogen and room temperature, showing that a thermally activated
mechanism cannot be the full explanation.
Molecular dynamics (MD) computer simulations have shown that both the carbon and
beryllium erosion can be explained by a special type of chemical sputtering, where
the incoming energetic ion enters between two carbon atoms, forcing them apart if its
kinetic energy is low enough that it spends a substantial amount of time between the
atoms. Also reflection of low-energetic species (less than about 10 eV) can be
described with MD much better than with codes based on the binary collision
approximation (BCA).
In order to realistically model the complex multi-scale behaviour of the plasma-wall
interactions, a joint effort encompassing different modelling techniques is necessary.
For example, 3D Monte-Carlo (MC) methods have been successfully used to
simulate impurity transport, taking into account erosion and deposition processes.
The plasma transportation is well described in such models, e.g. in the MC code
ERO, but the modelling of the plasma-wall interaction processes is not complete. For
instance, the sputtering yield is often calculated with the help of codes based on
BCA, which is inaccurate for low-energy bombardments, and assumptions for the
sticking of molecules and the re-erosion of re-deposited layers must be done. By
combining the two methods, MD and MC, one can achieve a higher level of accuracy.
We present results from recent MD simulations of the sputtering and reflection
behaviour of mixed Be/W/C-based materials, with incident ions within the energy
range of 1 – 100 eV. These results can be used as input for e.g. plasma impurity
transport codes, to make realistic predictions for future fusion reactors.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +358 50 377 0802.

E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Meinander)

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Simulating the Plasma-Induced Evolution of Surfaces

P31A
Faiza Seftaa, Karl D. Hammonda,b*, and Brian D. Wirtha,b,*
a
Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94708
b
Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996

Tungsten is a leading candidate material for the divertor in ITER and other future
nuclear fusion reactors, as chemical sputtering is virtually absent and physical
sputtering is not expected at the relevant ion potentials (tens of volts). However,
helium plasma bombardment experiments have demonstrated that surface defects
and bubbles form even at modest ion energies, and in some cases “fuzz” [1] and
“coral” [2] like surface features exist after a few hours of exposure. We investigate
the formation mechanisms behind these surface features using molecular dynamics
and kinetic Monte Carlo simulations, focusing on surface defect formation and bubble
formation, growth, and rupture. Sub-surface helium bubbles, in particular, are found
to leave behind relatively stable surface defects after they burst. We quantify the
helium density that causes bubbles to burst as a function of temperature, surface
crystallography, and bubble depth. These quantities will be used as input to larger-
scale simulations of surface evolution. We also find that ad-atom/surface vacancy
defects can form at energies as low as 25 eV on the [100] surface, but more stable
crystal planes such as [110] and [111] give considerably higher activation energies for
ad-atom formation. We also study the migration behavior of ad-atom/surface
vacancy pairs, revealing a slight tendency of these defects to cluster together and
suggesting a path to the larger structures observed experimentally. These results,
combined with bubble rupture and formation data, are used in a kinetic Monte Carlo
calculations to simulate the formation of surface defects over length scales
inaccessible by traditional atomistic simulations.

[1] M.J. Baldwin, Nucl. Fusion 48, 035001 (2008)

[2] S.J. Zenobia, Phys. Scr. T138, 014049 (2009)

*Corresponding author: Tel.: 1 (865) 974-2554; fax: 1 (865) 974-0668

E-mail address: [email protected] (B.D. Wirth)

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Simulation of He and H defect clusters in W

P31B
a, a b a
N. Juslin *, K. Hammond , F. Sefta , and B. D. Wirth
a
Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
b
Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

Tungsten is considered a viable divertor candidate material to face the extreme

particle and heat flux conditions in a fusion reactor. The divertor will be subject to
high intensity, low energy hydrogen isotope and helium bombardment from the
plasma, which can lead to modification of surface and bulk properties, erosion,
swelling, fuel retention, etc. Helium plasma exposure experiments have
demonstrated that surface defects and bubbles form even at modest ion energies,
and in some cases “fuzz” [1] and “coral” [2] like surface features exist after a few
hours of exposure. Neither the mechanisms of tungsten fuzz formation, nor the
impact on device performance in a fusion environment are currently known.

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are well suited to describe the time and length
scales associated with formation of small defect clusters and plasma–surface
interaction events and can provide input for longer time and larger length scale Monte
Carlo (MC) simulations to investigate tungsten nanoscale fuzz formation. In this
presentation, we specifically describe interatomic potentials developed to describe
the W-He-H system under conditions of plasma interaction and atomistic simulation
results to examine the interactions between helium, hydrogen and small point defect
clusters, as well as the behavior of helium bubbles in tungsten. In particular, a newly
derived pair potential for W-He describes the energetics of He-vacancy defects in W
in good agreement with recent ab initio results.
The energetics, mobility and stability of clusters are important quantities to
parameterize the input for future MC simulations, which will be used to further study
long term effects of helium in tungsten and provide insight into the formation of nano-
fuzz.

[1] M.J. Baldwin, Nucl. Fusion 48, 035001 (2008)

[2] S.J. Zenobia, Phys. Scr. T138, 014049 (2009)

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +1 510 931 3167; fax: +1 865 974 0668.
E-mail address: [email protected] (N. Juslin)

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Construction of fuel retention model for full carbon devices

P32A
a a
M. Yoshida *, T. Tanabe ,
T. Hayashi , T. Nakanob, K. Masakib and K. Itamib
b

a
Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University
b
Japan Atomic Energy Agency,

Although fuel retentions in the redeposited carbon layers on the inner divertor tiles
and the plasma shadowed area have been extensively studied, little work has been
devoted to those in eroded divertor area and main chamber (first wall).
We have been examining retention of all hydrogen isotopes of H, D and T in the
redeposited layers on plasma facing tiles of JT-60U. In this study, we have measured
hydrogen isotopes retentions in eroded tiles located in divertor, baffle and first wall by
means of TDS and SIMS. The results are analyzed in terms of incident flux, tile
temperature and discharge time. Taking previous results of the retention in the
redeposited layers into account, the mechanism of hydrogen retention including
isotopic exchange effects is clarified and a model to derive total retention of all
hydrogen isotopes in JT-60U is constructed.
The most important finding is that the hydrogen retention at surface and near surface
was saturated with the saturation concentration determined by the tile temperature,
irrespective of redeposited or eroded tiles. Owing to surface depression by the
erosion, the thickness of the saturated layers on eroded tiles increased quite slowly
with fluence dependence of Г0.13~0.16, while the thickness of the redeposited layers in
which hydrogen retention was saturated with the same saturation concentration as
that of near surface regions, increased linearly with the fluence, i.e. Г1.0. Another
important finding is that bulk retention was also nearly saturated. The bulk retention is
attributed to hydrogen retention at near surface layers of carbon particles (grains)
which is easily saturated and very slow hydrogen diffusion in the particles hardly
allow the growth of the thickness of the saturated regions.
Thus the total hydrogen retention in the JT-60U vacuum vessel is separated into
three components, (1) hydrogen retention in the redeposited layers on divertor and
plasma shadowed area, (2) hydrogen in the surface saturated regions of eroded tiles
(most tiles of divertor, baffle and fist wall, and (3) bulk retention. Because of the huge
volume of the first wall tiles, the last one occupies a significant part of the total
retention in earlier time but is saturated soon. Then the second becomes appreciable,
also owing to slow but continuous increase and large surface area of the first wall.
Finally, the retention in the redeposited layers dominates the total retention. Since the
saturated concentration in the redeposited layers decreases with increasing
temperature, the total retention could be significantly reduced by higher temperature
operation. According to this retention mechanism and supposing all plasma facing
tiles to be carbon in ITER, the integrated amount of retained hydrogen are calculated
to be more than one order of magnitude less compared to the current estimation
made by Roth et al [1].

[1] J.Roth, et al., PPCF 50 (2008) 103001

*Corresponding author: Masafumi Yoshida, Tel.: +81 92 642 3975; fax: +81 92 642
3795. E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Yoshida)

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Multi-Scale Modeling of Hydrogen Retention in Co-deposits

P32B
P.N. Mayaa,*, S.P. Deshpandeb, M. Warrierc and Udo von Toussainta
a
Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, 85748 Garching, Germany
b
Institute for Plasma Reseach, Bhat, Gandhinagr 382428, India
c
Computational Analysis Division, BARC, Visakhapatanam, AP-530012, India

Fuel retention in co-deposits is one of the potentially limiting constraints in the

steady-state operation of the future fusion devices [1]. New generation tokamaks
such as ITER, will use a combination of high and low Z materials as plasma facing
components at different parts of the firstwall. This leads to multi-material co-
deposition [2]. Understanding and quantification of retention in these co-deposits is
required to estimate the total in-vessel fuel inventory.

In the present work, we discuss a multi-scale model for the estimation of the fuel
retention in hydrocarbon co-deposits and the possibilities of extension to multi-
material deposits. The model is based on the insights derived from the simulations
performed at different time and space scales. MD simulations were performed to
understand the fundamentals of the growth of hydrocarbon co-deposits. These
results were implemented in an equilibrium Monte Carlo model for simulating the
structure of the deposits [3,4]. The diffusion of the hydrogen within these films were
studied using time-dependent Monte Carlo simulations. The comparison of the model
predictions with experimental data will also be presented in the presentation. The
extension of this model for carbon-tungsten systems will be discussed in the second
part of the presentation.

[1] G. Federici, C.H. Skinner, J.N. Brooks et.al., Nucl. Fusion 41R, 1967 (2001)
[2] A. Loarte, B. Lipshultz, A.S Kukushkin et.al.,Nucl. Fusion 47, S203 (2007)
[3] P.N. Maya, S.P. Deshpande and M. Warrier, Contrib. Plasma Physics, 46, 757 (2006)
[4] A. Rai, P.N. Maya, R. Schneider et.al., J. Nucl. Mater., 363-365, 1272 (2007)

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +49 89 3299 1070

E-mail address: [email protected] (P.N. Maya)

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Tracing of hydrogen isotopes with the ERO code

P33A
a, b c a c
O. Van Hoey *, A. Kirschner , I. Uytdenhouwen , G. Van Oost and R. Chaouadi
a
Department of Applied Physics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
b
Institute of Energy and Climate Research - Plasma Physics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH,
Association EURATOM-FZJ, Partner in the Trilateral Euregio Cluster, Jülich, Germany
c
Institute for Nuclear Materials Science, SCK•CEN, Association EURATOM, Mol, Belgium

Tritium retention will be a crucial issue in next step fusion devices. Predictions for
the in vessel tritium content are indispensable for the design of ITER and DEMO.
Reliable predictions can, however, only be made by developing sophisticated
computer models, benchmarked by dedicated experiments. The VISION I plasmatron
- refurbished in 2008-2009 at the SCK•CEN in Mol (Belgium) - is a very promising
experiment in this context [1]. Recently, modelling activities for VISION I were
started. During the first stage of the project, plasma-surface interaction will be
modelled by the ERO code. ERO is a 3D Monte Carlo code, calculating erosion,
transport and deposition of plasma impurities for a given background plasma
interacting with a target [2]. The code is now being adapted in order to meet the
requirements for its use in the VISION I experiment.
Up to now, hydrogen was not traced in ERO and the contribution of hydrogen
from hydrocarbon break-up to the erosion of the target could not be taken into
account. As a first step in adapting the code, therefore, the tracing of hydrogen was
implemented. Now hydrogen atoms, molecules and ions originating from the gas puff
or the background plasma are followed. Like other traced particles, hydrogen hitting
the surface can either be reflected or deposited (TRIM database). Besides physical
sputtering (Bodhanski and Yamamura formulas), hydrogen and hydrocarbon ions
also induce chemical erosion (user specified yield, typically 5-10%).
This new feature in ERO can also help improving interpretation of experimental
results in the TEXTOR tokamak. 13CH4 puffing experiments in TEXTOR were already
studied before with ERO [3,4]. The new runs show that background and puffed
hydrogen fluxes are comparable (respectively 9.02 and 5.74 1016 cm-2s-1) and that
erosion effects related to hydrogen from 13CH4 break-up significantly lower the
modelled 13C deposition efficiency. Including these effects, without changing any
parameters (reflection coefficients 1.0 and 0.1 for respectively neutral and ionized
hydrocarbons and enhancement factor 5 for both chemical and physical erosion),
lowers the sticking efficiency on a graphite roof limiter from 6.1% to 1.8%. However,
similar to the previous studies, enhanced re-erosion of deposited carbon still has to
be assumed in order to reproduce the very low experimental 13C deposition
efficiencies around 0.2% for this case. A more detailed parameter study is now being
performed. For benchmarking, the modelled deposition and optical emission profiles
will be compared with experimental data from TEXTOR.

[1] I. Uytdenhouwen, J. Schuurmans, et al., AIP Proceedings 996, 159 (2008)

[2] A. Kirschner, V. Philipps, et al., Nucl. Fusion 40, 989 (2000)
[3] K. Ohya, A. Kirschner, Phys. Scr. T138, 014010 (2009)
[4] A. Kirschner, P. Wienhold, J. Nucl. Mater. 328, 62 (2004)

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +32 14 33 30 10; fax: +32 14 32 12 16.

E-mail address: [email protected] (O. Van Hoey)

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On the thermal instability caused by plasma-wall coupling

P33B
E. Marenkova,*, S. Krasheninnikovb, A. Pigarovb, A. Pisareva, I. Tsvetkova
a
National Research Nuclear University “MEPhI”, 115409, Moscow, Russian Federation
b
University of California at San Diego, 92093, La Jolla, California, USA

Hydrogen isotopes recycling and retention in the first wall materials are among major
issues in fusion devices and in tokamaks, particularly. Interaction between the edge
plasma and surrounding surfaces can strongly influence properties of the core
plasma and, consequently, the tokamak discharge [1]. High energy/heat loads can
lead to damage of the first wall and to release of trapped hydrogen, which is vitally
important for the discharge.

A qualitative analysis based on 0D model [2] demonstrates that plasma-wall

interaction can lead to appearance of a thermal instability, which may cause intensive
heating of the wall and release of a large amount of trapped hydrogen. The instability
development involves several processes, which are sequentially arranged in a
positive loop leading to the temperature increase. An initial increase of the wall
temperature results in a strong increase of the hydrogen desorption rate, and that
leads to enhancement of the charge exchange and radiation losses, which increase
the heat flux to the wall and prompt further increase of the wall temperature.

In this work we present an analytical study of this instability, and formulate the
conditions it is possible. Plasma particle and energy balance is treated within the
framework of the simple 0D model proposed in [2]. Description of hydrogen and heat
transport in the wall is considered by using a 1D model. The cases of metal and
carbon walls are considered separately because the processes involved in hydrogen-
wall interactions are different for these materials. Analysis of the dispersion equation
shows that instability is possible only for the graphite wall and only at high (more than
1000 K) temperatures. The solution for graphite is stable for smaller temperatures.
For the metal wall, the steady-state solution is stable over a very wide temperature
range.

[1] G. Federici, C.H. Skinner, J.N. Brooks, et al., Nuclear Fusion 41, 12R (2001)
[2] S.I. Krasheninnikov, T.K. Soboleva, Physics of Plasmas 13, 094503 (2006)

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +7 916 374 24 69; fax: +7 495 324 83 56.
E-mail address: [email protected] (E. Marenkov)

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Integrated scenario for controlling tritium retention

in carbon co-deposits in fusion devices P34A
J.A. Ferreiraa,*, F.L. Tabarésa, and D. Alegrea
a
Euratom-CIEMAT association. Av. Complutense 22 28040 Madrid (Spain)

The use of carbon materials in the high flux area of ITER is a concern due to the
formation of carbon codeposits [1]. Several uncertainties exist about the number of
pulses allowed before reaching the inventory limit of 700 g [2]. The presence of Be in
the first wall [3] and the large amount of gaps [4] in the present design of ITER are
key issues that will have a strong impact on the retention. There is a broad
experience on the use of carbon facing materials in fusion devices, and their flexibility
in handling high power and transient events [1] make carbon a candidate for the DT
phase if tritium retention problems can be obviated. Hence, some strategies should
be developed to face these problems.

In the present contribution, a global overview about the capabilities for co-deposit
cleaning using mainly nitrogenic species is shown. Several techniques including
plasma cleaning, thermooxidation and cleaning of gaps are addressed. In particular,
those involving the use of NO2 have shown a higher capability for the removal of
carbon layers than those using oxygen, both in plasmas and thermooxidation [5].
Water production will be also addressed because of the existing limited capability for
tritiated water handling in ITER.

In order to increase the availability of the reactor, it will be needed to develop

techniques able to reduce the tritium retention during normal operation. Nowadays
the scavenger technique is the only one able to inhibit the formation of co-deposits in
remote areas of the divertor during plasma shots [6]. The integration of this technique
in an ITER scenario will be also addressed.

[1] G. Federici, C. Skinner, J. Brooks et al. Nucl. Fusion 41 (2001) 1967-2137.

[2] J. Roth, E. Tsitrone, T. Loarer et al. Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 50 (2008) 103001.
[3] A. Kirschner, D. Borodin, V. Philipps et al. J. Nucl. Mater 390-391 (2009) 152-155.
[4] D. Matveev, A. Kirschner, A. Litnovsky et al. Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 52 (2010) 075007.
[5] I. Tanarro, J. Ferreira, V. Herrero et al. J. Nucl. Mater. 390-391 (2009) 696-700.
[6] F.L. Tabarés, J.A. Ferreira, A. Ramos et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 (2010) 175006.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +34914962579;

E-mail address: [email protected] (J.A. Ferreira)

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Deuterium-retention in iron oxides under low energy D2+-plasma exposure

P34B
T. Sogawaa,*, N. Matsunamia, N. Ohnob, M. Tokitanic, S. Masuzakic
a
Energy Science Division, EcoTopia Science Institute, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
b
Energy Engineering and Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-
8603, Japan
c
National Institute for Fusion Science, Toki 509-5292, Japan

Stainless steel (SS) is widely used for the nuclear fusion devices. When O2 plasma
discharge is performed for tritium removal, formation of iron-oxides such as Fe2O3
will take place [1]. Hence, the retention of hydrogen isotopes or deuterium (D) in the
oxide layers is important for designing the devices. In this study, we present the D-
retention in Fe2O3 films and compared it with D-retention in SS and iron (Fe).

Fe2O3 films were prepared by oxidation of Fe deposited on SiO2 substrate and Fe

sheet (99.99% purity and 0.2 mm thickness) in air. According to X-ray diffraction
(XRD) and Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) of 1.8 MeV H+, hexagonal
α-Fe2O3 (hematite) films are formed on SiO2 substrate at 400ºC with stoichiometric
composition (Fe:O=2:3) throughout the film, while cubic γ-Fe2O3 (maghemite) is
dominantly formed on Fe at 400ºC (a very thin layer, ~10 nm [2], of Fe2O3 on top of
~1.5 μm of mixed layers of Fe2O3 and Fe), and mixture of γ- and α-Fe2O3 (~0.7μm on
top of mix layers over 10 μm of predominantly Fe2O3 and a small fraction of Fe) on
Fe at 500ºC.

Samples were exposed to D2-plasma (glow discharge in 0.4 Torr D2, with AC-applied
voltage of 1.5kV for 15 min [3]). The projected range of D at the maximum energy of
1.06 keV is 12 and 8 nm in Fe2O3 and Fe [4]. Nuclear reaction analysis (NRA)
D(3He,α)H with 1 MeV 3He was employed to analyze the amount of D (an estimated
error of 20 %). We find the followings. (1) D-retention in α-Fe2O3 on SiO2 is 17-
20x1015 cm-2, nearly independent of the oxide layer thickness (0.16-0.82μm). This
indicates small diffusivity of D in the Fe2O3. (2) D-retention in Fe2O3 (γ-phase
dominant) and Fe2O3 (mixture of γ- and α-phases) are 47 and 36x1015cm-2. Both
results imply that D-retention in γ-Fe2O3 is larger than that in α-Fe2O3. Dependence
of D-retention on crystal structure is to be investigated. (3) D-retention in SS and Fe
is obtained to be 28 and 16x1015cm-2, comparable with that in α-Fe2O3.
Measurements of oxide layer thickness on SS and Fe and their contribution to D-
retention, diffusivity of D in iron oxides, DC-discharge for exposure of D with well
defined energy, dynamic retention of D, thermal release of D, D-retention in Fe3O4
are under way.

[1] C. Anandan, K.S. Rajam, Appl. Surf. Sci. 253, 6854 (2007).
[2] V. Kolarik, M. J.-Lorenzo, W. Engel, N. Eisenreich, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 346, 252 (1993).
[3] N. Matsunami, N. Ohno, M. Tokitani, J. Nucl. Materials 390-391, 693 (2009).
[4] J.F. Ziegler, J.P. Biersack, U. Littmark, The Stopping and Range of Ions in Solids, Pergamon Press,
New York, 1985.

Corresponding author: Tel.: +81 52 789 5204; fax: +81 52 789 5204.
E-mail address: [email protected] (T. Sogawa)

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DITS project: mapping of the topology of the erosion and deposition zones
at the surface of the toroidal pump limiter
P35A

R.Ruffea, P.Languillea, C.Martina,*, G.Giacomettia, C.Pardanauda, P.Roubina,

C.Dominicic, M.Cabiéc, E.Tsitroneb and B.Pégouriéb
a
PIIM, CNRS/Université de Provence, 13397 Marseille, France
b
Association Euratom-CEA, IRFM, CEA Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
c
CP2M, Centre Saint Jérôme, 13397 Marseille, France

Understanding and preventing in-vessel fuel retention is essential for next step fusion
devices since the tritium inventory is limited due to safety reasons. The “Deuterium Inventory
in Tore Supra” project (DITS) was initiated to gain insight on the retention mechanisms and to
compare the deuterium (D) inventory obtained from particle balance and post mortem
analysis. The vessel walls of Tore Supra were loaded with deuterium in a dedicated
experimental campaign. A cumulated D inventory of 10 g was estimated from particle balance
measurements in addition to the previous ~35 g present in the machine.

After plasma operations, N11 carbon fibre composite (CFC) tiles were dismantled from the
toroidal pump limiter (TPL) and the poloidal inner bumpers, and prepared for post mortem
analysis in a collaborative European effort.

By D sensitive techniques – nuclear reaction analysis and thermal desorption – a robust

estimation of the D inventory trapped in the main plasma facing components (CFC N11
Sepcarb) was calculated. The dominant retention mechanism is codeposition (~95% of the D
inventory) from which a significant amount was deposited on the gap surfaces (~30%).

By microstructural means – SEM, TEM, Raman and AFM – analysis of topology and
morphology of those deposits constitute another possibility to evaluate D and C content, their
transport in the SOL and can contribute to the global post mortem study.

Major results have been obtained on deposit properties on the top of the TPL which is a
fingerprint of plasma interactions with CFC (e.g. erosion and deposition zones):
(i) loosely attached thick deposits presenting tips pointing toward low field side (LFS)
(ii) tightly attached thin heterogeneous deposits with tips oriented toward LFS
(iii) eroded tiles presenting striation due to rippling of the surface (cf this conference
C.Martin et al.)
Both tips and striation are signatures of ion flux direction and ion interaction with TPL tiles.

We present in this poster a mapping of the TPL surface's topology thanks to deposit
thickness and net erosion measurements, with a complementary mapping of the orientation
of striation (erosion ripple) and tips growth. The thickness map will be useful to calibrate
confocal measurements and to access to the total mass of carbon eroded from the TPL. It
will be also of prime interest to normalize NRA profiles to the total plasma operating time.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +33 491 28 27 06; fax: +33 491 28 89 05

E-mail address: [email protected] (C.Martin)

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Post-mortem measurements on fuel retention

at JET in 2007-2009 experimental campaign P35B
S. Koivurantaa*, J. Likonena, A. Hakolaa, J. P. Coadb, A. Widdowsonb, D.E. Holec, M.
Rubeld
a
Association EURATOM-TEKES, VTT, P.O. Box 1000, 02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
b
EURATOM/CCFE Fusion Association, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 3DB, UK
c
Dept.of Engineering and Design, School of Science and Technology, University of Sussex, Brighton,
BN1 9QH, East Sussex, UK
d
Alfvén Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology, Association EURATOM-VR, 100 44 Stockholm,
Sweden

Long lifetime of plasma-facing components and fuel retention are critical issues of
future fusion devices. Carbon or carbon fibre composite (CFC) is a plasma-facing
material in many present-day fusion devices because of excellent power-handling
capabilities. The major disadvantage of carbon based materials is its chemical
erosion under hydrogen bombardment and associated to this the ability to trap large
amounts of tritium. This is especially dangerous in the case of deuterium-tritium
operation as it may lead to an unacceptable inventory of radioactive tritium. In ITER,
a retention of the injected tritium would lead to the in-vessel tritium safety limit of
1000 g set by nuclear licensing less than 1000 full performance ITER discharges
without any cleaning effort. Determination of deuterium retention in plasma-facing
components is crucial for the assessment and overall fuel inventory in plasma-facing
components.

In the period 2007-2009 JET operated with the MkII-HD divertor. The deuterium
inventory in divertor tiles exposed in 2007-2009 has been determined using Ion
Beam Analysis (IBA), Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) and optical
microscopy. IBA analyses give quantitative D/C ratio near the surface region (up to
depth ~7 μm) whereas SIMS provides information from greater depths. Thickness of
the co-deposited layers was determined both with SIMS and optical microscopy.

Deposits on the inner divertor vertical Tiles 1 and 3 have high Be/C ratio. On Tile 1
the Be/C ratio is bigger than one and on Tile 3 it is less than one which indicates that
there is somewhat less deuterium on Tile 1 than Tile 3. The thickness of the deposit
decreases from the apron of the Tile 1 to the bottom of the Tile 1 and then increases
on Tile 3. The thickness of the co-deposited layer on Tile 3 is larger than in Tile 1
resulting in a higher D retention. Both floor Tiles 4 and 6 have very thick deposition
on the sloping part. Deuterium is retained mainly in the shadowed area of Tiles 4 and
6. On the outer divertor Tiles 7 and 8 deuterium is retained mainly due to ion
implantation so the deuterium amount is small. From IBA and SIMS results the total
retained amount of D will be estimated by assuming toroidal uniformity of deposition
and by integrating over the torus. These results will be discussed in the paper.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +358 20 722 5091; fax: +358 20 722 6390.
E-mail address: [email protected]

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Nanostructural analysis of eroded CFC tiles of Tore Supra

P36A
a a a a a a a
C. Martin , R. Ruffe , C. Pardanaud , P. Languille , H. Hamad , G. Cartry , T. Angot ,
G. Giacomettia, B. Pégouriéb, E. Tsitroneb and P. Roubina

a
PIIM, CNRS-Université de Provence, Centre St Jérôme, 13397 Marseille cedex 20, France
b
CEA, IRFM, EURATOM Association, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France

The Deuterium Inventory in Tore Supra project is aimed at studying retention in the
carbon Plasma Facing Components (PFCs). After a D-loading PFCs campaign with
an in-situ trapped D inventory monitored through particle balance[1], a sector of the
Toroidal Pump Limiter (TPL) has been dismantled for an extensive post-mortem
analysis of the CFC tiles, combining techniques devoted to deuterium inventory [2]
and to structural and chemical characterisations. Due to the different rates of the
erosion/deposition processes, the TPL surface exhibits a pattern defining different
zones of interest for the analyses, in particular an erosion dominated zone.
Thanks to the coupling of electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), atomic force
microscopy (AFM) and Raman microspectrometry, we performed a multiscale
analysis of the structure of the tile surfaces extracted from different locations of the
erosion zone (2.4 m2). We analysed the topography, thickness, roughness, porosity
filling and atomic structure of both gap and top surfaces of CFC tiles. These
measurements give information on C-deposition and D-retention inside gaps and also
give some clues on particle transport in the SOL. We focused on erosion processes
at the surface characterising the carbon structure. The results are compared with
those obtained by laboratory plasma exposures performed on pure graphite and CFC
surfaces, with the aim of studying erosion processes at atomic scale.
Major results have been obtained on deposit properties inside gaps such as (i) the tip
morphology with well defined orientation similar to that previously observed for
deposits previously collected on Tore Supra and TEXTOR neutralisers [3], (ii) a
strong low field / high field toroidal asymmetry in deposit thickness and (iii) an up-
stream/down-stream poloidal asymmetry in roughness and deposit depth profile [4].
On the other hand, the top surfaces of erosion zone have revealed to be a fingerprint
of the interaction between the edge plasma and the CFC fibre or matrix. First, TEM
and Raman have shown that a smooth and thin layer (< 50 nm) of amorphous carbon
covers the surface, due to the amorphization of the original graphitic CFC material, its
thickness being related to the energy of ions impinging on the surface. Second, SEM
and AFM measurements have shown that ion fluxes induce a ripple pattern with
striation at the micrometer scale and, in addition, they have clearly revealed a
differential fibre/matrix erosion. All the phenomena observed on Tore Supra TPL are
investigated by combining these post-mortem analyses and laboratory plasma
experiments on HOPG graphite and CFC surfaces, to deduce relevant parameters to
model ion-induced erosion and to better describe the erosion/deposition processes at
micro- and nano-meter scales.

[1] E. Tsitrone, C. Brosset, B. Pégourié, et al., Nuclear Fusion 49, 075011 (2009)
[2] T. Dittmar, E. Tsitrone, B. Pégourié, et al., J. Nucl. Mater., on line (2010)
[3] M. Richou, C. Martin, P. Delhaès, et al., Carbon 45, 2723 (2007)

*Corresponding author: Tel.: + 33 491 28 27 06; fax: + 33 491 28 89 05.

E-mail address: [email protected] (C. Martin)

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Hydrogen Retention Properties of V-4Cr-4Ti Alloys

P36B
A.V. Golubeva1,* , A.V. Spitsyn1, N. Bobyr1, M. Mayer2, Yu. Gasparyan3, D.
Smirnov1, and V.M. Chernov4
a
– NRC ‘Kurchatov Institute’, Ac. Kurchatov sq., 1/1, Moscow RU-123182, Russia.
b
– Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, Boltzmannstrasse 2,
D-85748 Garching, Germany.
c
– Moscow Engineering and Physics Institute, Kashirskoe sh.31, Moscow 115409, Russia
d
– Bochvar Institute, 123060, PO Box 369, Moscow, Russia.

V-Cr-Ti alloys are promising constructive materials for nuclear and fusion reactors
due to their low activation by fast neutrons. In the Bochvar Institute a base V-4Cr-4Ti
(with 4% wt. Cr and 4%wt Ti) was produced with thermomechanical properties that
would allow it’s use in fusion devices. The hydrogen transport and accumulation in
the alloy was never investigated before but is expected to be a critical property due to
the potential high retention of hydrogen in vanadium.
In the present work we analyze the interaction of hydrogen with the base V-4Cr-4Ti
alloy produced in Russia (Bochvar Institute) under exposure to a deuterium gas
atmosphere and under irradiation by 300 eV deuterium plasma in the fluence range
of 1019 – 1021 D/cm2 and in the temperature range of RT-400 0C. Deuterium depth
profiles were determined by means of nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) using the
D(3He,p) re a ction a t va rious incide nt e ne rgie s from 700 keV to 5500 keV, thus
allowing to measure the depth profile until a depth of about 15 µm, and methods of
getter properties investigation. The deuterium concentration after deuterium plasma
irradiation was high (of the order of 5 at%) and exceeded far beyond the maximum
analyzable depth, indicating a strong diffusion and retention of hydrogen in this
material. It was found, that annealing does not led to activation of the alloy as a
getter, while after combination of annealing and argon glow discharge treatment V-
4Cr-4Ti alloy shows getter properties. That means that under these conditions a first
wall made of V-Cr-Ti may act as a hydrogen getter pump absorbing hydrogen from a
gas even at room temperature. The use of these alloys in a tritium-containing
environment seems questionable without additional protecting permeation barriers.
This work is supported by the joint Russian Foundation for Basic Researches -
Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft grant HRJRG-216 and contract with Russian Ministry of
Education and Science (14.740.11.413)

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +7 916 509 1003

E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Golubeva)

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Deuterium retention in bulk tungsten exposed

to the outer divertor plasma of ASDEX Upgrade P37A
K. Sugiyama*, K. Krieger, M. Mayer, M. Balden, S. Lindig and ASDEX Upgrade Team

Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, D-85748 Garching, Germany

Tungsten (W) is a promising material for the plasma-facing components in future

fusion reactors, and has been extensively studied in ASDEX Upgrade (AUG), which
has been operated with a full-W plasma-facing wall since 2007. There are two
options for use of W, either as W-coatings which are currently used in AUG or as bulk
W material. Because plasma-facing components with W coatings suffer from a low
damage threshold power flux density, components in future devices like ITER will
consist of bulk tungsten. Bulk W tiles are, therefore, going to be tested in also current
fusion devices, i.e. installed in JET as the horizontal divertor plate of the ITER-like
wall configuration in coming campaigns, and it is also planned to use bulk W tiles in
the next step divertor configuration (divertor III) of AUG. For this material, however,
one concern is the possibility of hydrogen diffusion and trapping / accumulation deep
into the W bulk, which can lead to significant tritium uptake in the plasma-facing wall.
As current studies with W layers are difficult to extrapolate to bulk W, D retention in
bulk W exposed to the AUG divertor plasma has been investigated to improve the
understanding of tritium inventory in W under fusion reactor conditions.
Four W blocks with a plasma-facing cross-section of 8 mm x 8 mm and a
thickness of 25 mm were simultaneously exposed to the outer divertor plasma by
using the AUG divertor manipulator system. The plasma-facing surface of one block
was mirror polished while the other three had machined surfaces with different
roughnesses. After exposure, D retention in each block was measured by nuclear
reaction analysis (NRA) using the D(3He, p)4He reaction and by thermal desorption
spectroscopy (TDS). NRA gives the D depth profile and the amount in the W surface
up to ≈ 7 µm in depth, while TDS provides the D release behaviour and the total D
retention in the W block. The surface morphology was examined by scanning
electron microscopy in order to check any depositions, surface damages and blister
formation.
D surface depth profiles measured by NRA showed that the maximum D
concentration was at the top surface (several hundred nm) with a concentration of
several at.% in all samples. The D concentration decreases with depth, and has a
plateau with ≈ 10-1 at.% in the sub-surface region (1 - 2 µm in depth) in the case of
technical surface samples, while the mirror-polished sample showed one order of
magnitude less D concentration in that region, indicating that the surface finalization
of the bulk material has some influence on the hydrogen retention. Eventually, all
samples showed a D diffusion tail into deeper regions (> 3 µm) with the concentration
in the range of 10-2 ~ 10-3 at.%. Based on these results, the consequences for fuel
retention in bulk W materials under fusion plasma conditions will be discussed.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +49 89 3299 1492; fax: +49 89 3299 1212.
E-mail address: [email protected] (Kazuyoshi Sugiyama)

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Behaviour of tritium in plasma-sprayed tungsten coating on steel

exposed to tritium plasma P37B
T. Otsukaa,*, T. Tanabea, and K. Tokunagab
a
Interdisiprinaly Graduate School of Engineering and Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki,
Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
b
Research Institute of Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-kouen, Kasuga, Fukuoka,
816-8580, Japan

As a plasma-facing wall in a future fusion reactor (DEMO) of Japan, a reduced

activation ferritic/martensitic stainless steel (F82H) is planned to be used with
tungsten (W) surface coating deposited by plasma-spray techniques [1]. Although the
W coating is porous, one may expect that the coating or the interface between the
coating and F82H substrate works as T permeation barrier. This study has been
devoted to examine the role of the W coating on T permeation through the W coated
F82H exposed to T plasma by surface and depth profiling of T with using Tritium
Imaging Plate Technique (TIPT) [2].
The samples used here were two types of plasma-sprayed W coating on a F82H
substrate. The coatings were made by an atmospheric plasma spray technique
(APS-W/F82H) and a vacuum plasma spray technique (VPS-W/F82H). The thickness
of the W coating was 1 mm. Particle sizes used for plasma spray were 17 and 50 µm
for the VPS-W and the APS-W coatings, respectively. The porosity of the coating was
0.6 % for the former and 6 % for the latter. Hydrogen including T (T/H=10-4) was
loaded by exposing the sample to DC glow discharge (DCGD) plasma at 533 K for 2
h. After the exposure, the sample was rapidly cooled to 233 K to avoid hydrogen
release and diffusion from/in the sample. T distribution on the surface of the W
coatings was measured by the TIPT at the same temperature. Subsequently the
sample was cut perpendicular to the surface of the W coating to get the cross-section
on which T distribution or T depth profile in the sample was measured by TIPT [2].
Except very near surface region within a few hundred µm where T was highly
segregated, T distributed rather homogenously in the whole thickness of the coating
for both VPS-W and APS-W. In the F82H substrate, T penetrated into a few mm with
a decaying concentration in depth. The surface segregation was likely caused by T
injection from the plasma and the segregated amount of T was higher for the VPS-W
coating than for the APS-W coating, probably due to the larger surface area of the
former than the latter. The homogeneous T distribution suggests the penetration of T
gas through open pores in the coating. At the interface, the T concentration in the
F82H substrate was about a half of that in the W coating. Both samples showed
nearly the same decaying concentration profiles of T in the F82H substrates. This
also suggests that T gas penetrates through the open pores in the coating and
directly faces to the part of the F82H substrate to give the same diffusion (decaying)
profiles. In other words, the W coatings did not work as the permeation barrier but
restricted T gas penetration only through the open pores.
[1] Y. YAHIRO, et al., J. Nucl. Mater., 386-388, 784 (2009).
[2] T. OTSUKA, et al., Phys. Scri., T 138, 014052 (2009).

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +81 92 642 4139; fax: +81 92 642 4139.
E-mail address: [email protected] (T. Otsuka)

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Concept Design of the ITER Glow Discharge Cleaning System

P38A
1,* 1 1 1 1 2 2
Y. Yang , S. Maruyama , G. Kiss , R. A. Pitts , M. Shimada , Y. Pan , M. Wang , T.
Jiang2, B. Li2

1 ITER Organization, 13067 St. Paul Lez Durance, Cedex, France

2 Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu, P.R. China

The present baseline design for ITER Glow Discharge Cleaning system (GDC) is DC
GDC. Following venting of the vacuum vessel, GDC will be carried out for a couple of
hundred hours to remove impurities (especially oxygen) from the near surfaces of in-
vessel plasma-facing components. This is a routine operation like in many nowadays
tokamaks. Before the venting of the vacuum vessel, GDC may also be conducted to
decrease the hydrogen isotopes inventory on the in-vessel surfaces.
Due to the restriction on the space, ITER GDC has to share the same penetration
through the vacuum vessel structure and blanket with the In Vessel Viewing System
(IVVS). The two systems are highly integrated into one assembly in each port they’re
sharing.
Another important function of GDC’s is to provide efficient shielding, especially
nuclear shielding, for the structures behind.
These features impose several restrictions on the electrode design. This paper will
summarize the requirements and concept design of the ITER GDC.
(1) Total glow current will be about 150 A, giving an averaged current density of
about 0.15 A/m2, matching standard values achieved on most past and present
tokamaks. This will be provided by a total of 6 GDC electrodes distributed at the
lower port level to provide good toroidal uniformity of the glow plasma within the
constraints imposed by availability of port access points.
(2) During GDC operation, the electrodes will be inserted right above the divertor
dome structure to achieve clear access to the main chamber and divertor regions.
(3) During plasma operation, the electrode will be retracted in a cut-out of the
blanket module and vacuum vessel triangular support, meeting the requirements on
nuclear shielding and reducing the neutron load to the structures and systems hidden
behind.
(4) Each GDC electrode will be integrated with an IVVS to form a single assembly
sharing the same access trajectory through the vessel support and blanket. When
the IVVS is needed for inspection, the GDC electrode will be retracted to a “parking
position” to clear the penetration path.
A series of difficult questions on the GDC electrode need to be answered during the
concept design stage, including: exact locations in different states, the working
temperature of the electrode, material selection. These are closely related with the
heat load and cooling design, which also put a number of obstacles to the design of
the service lines (such as cooling circuits and electrical cables) and the deployment.
These several meters long flexible structure will be in operation in a nuclear
environment, therefore shall be highly reliable as well. The electrode structure,
deployment system and support structures need to be robust and be optimized for
remote handling maintenance.
This paper will give an over-all description of the above-mentioned issues as a
summary of the concept design of ITER GDC.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +33 4 42 17 63 24; fax: +33 4 42 19 98 27.

E-mail address: [email protected] (Y. Yang)

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Ion beam analysis of 13C and deuterium deposition in DIII-D

and their removal by in-situ oxygen bake P38B
W.R. Wamplera,*
and the DIII-D 13C and Oxygen Bake Experimental Teams
a
Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, 87180-1056 USA

In response to concerns about potential erosion/deposition in the ITER main

chamber, an experiment was conducted in 2009 in DIIII-D to examine carbon
deposition when a secondary separatrix is near the wall. The magnetic configuration
for this experiment was a biased double-null, close to the one foreseen for ITER, but
with the primary separatrix at the top. 13C methane was injected toroidally
symmetrically from the lower pumping plenum near the secondary separatrix. ELMy
H-mode deuterium plasmas were used. 13C deposition was measured by nuclear
reaction analysis, on plasma-facing surfaces of 37 tiles to obtain the full poloidal
distribution, and on the edges of selected tiles to examine depositon in the gaps
between tiles. Here we present the results from the measurements of 13C and of
deuterium on these tiles. 48% of the injected 13C was found (assuming toroidally
symmetric deposition), mainly near the secondary outer strike point. Deposition of
13
C in the gaps was small. These results show that very little of the injected 13C was
deposited at the primary separatrix, whereas a large fraction of injected 13C was
deposited close to the point of injection near the secondary separatrix, in contrast to
previous studies with single null plasmas.
In April 2010, six of the tiles were put back into DIII-D where they were baked in
oxygen (2 Torr O2 and 8 Torr He) for 2 hours at 350°C to examine the efficacy of
oxygen baking to remove codeposits. Subsequent ion beam analysis of these tiles
showed that about 20% of the 13C and 53% of the deuterium, had been removed by
the bake.

Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-program laboratory managed and operated by Sandia

Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation, for the U.S. Department of
Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration, under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +1 505 844 4114; fax: +1 505 844 7775.
E-mail address: [email protected]

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Characterisation of hydrocarbon and mixed layers in TEXTOR

by Laser-Induced Ablation Spectroscopy (LIAS) P39A
N. Giersea,b*, S. Brezinseka, T. F. Giesenb , A. Hubera, M. Laengnera, R. Leyte-
Gonzalesa, L. Marotc, M. Naiim-Habibd, V. Philippsa, A. Pospieszczyka, U. Samma,
B. Schweera, M. Zlobinskia and the TEXTOR Teama
a
Institute of Energy and Climate Research - Plasma Physics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH,
Association EURATOM-FZJ, Partner in the Trilateral Euregio Cluster, Jülich, Germany
b
I. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Cologne, Germany
c
Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
d
CEA-IRFM, Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-
Durance, France

Laser based methods are investigated presently with the goal to create an in-situ
spatially and temporally resolved diagnostic for the characterisation of the first wall in
fusion devices. This contribution reports on laser ablation studies in lab experiments
on fusion relevant materials and layers and on Laser Induced Ablation Spectroscopy
(LIAS) experiments on similar materials and layers in the TEXTOR tokamak.
The basic concept of LIAS is that wall material (or deposits on it) is evaporated during
running plasma discharge by intensive laser radiation and the spectral line radiation
of ablated species is measured absolutely over the whole observation volume. With
known edge plasma parameters, the line intensities are converted into fluency of the
released particles. From this the composition of the particles ablated from the surface
can be inferred. With consecutive laser pulses on the same spot also the depth
profile (thickness) of the deposited layer can be determined.
A detailed laboratory analysis of laser ablation was performed involving post mortem
crater analysis of the laser spot, Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS),
analysis of the ablation plasma, microbalance measurements and time of flight
quadrupole mass spectroscopy analysis of ablated species. (TOF-QMS).
The investigations show that the particle source becomes more stable for higher
fluence (F≥10 J/cm2 ). For typical spot sizes of A=0.07 cm2 on fine grain graphite, a
volume of typically 3.1*10-7 cm3 is ablated per shot. For a:C-H layers and high laser
fluence a volume of around 1.0*10-5 cm3 (A=0.062 cm2) is removed.
The ablation process and plume is analysed for the composition of neutrals and ions,
the ion and neutral particle velocity and angular distribution with TOFQMS. Mainly
carbon C1-neutrals escape the ablation plume with a strong forward direction, with
velocities of ≈ 20 km/s , indepe ndent of the laser fluence. Also a smaller fraction of
C2 and C3 molecules have been observed.
LIAS Experiments have been started in TEXTOR on carbon bulk material and
W/C/Al/D2 layers deposited by magnetron sputtering at the University of Basel.
Samples positioned in the SOL of TEXTOR were irradiated at F=8.2 J/cm2 during
discharges with densities between 2.1-3.1×1019 m-3 and Ip=355 kA. Spectroscopic
analysis allowed the identification of the mixed material composition. For carbon bulk
material ablation, CI-III line radiation was observed as well as C2- and C3- molecule
band emission.
*Corresponding author: Tel.: +49 2461 61-2553; fax: +49 2461 61-2660.
E-mail address: [email protected] (N. Gierse)

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In-situ Measurements of Fuel Retention by P39B

Laser Induced Desorption Spectroscopy (LIDS) in TEXTOR

M. Zlobinski*, V. Philipps, B. Schweer, A. Huber, S. Brezinsek, U. Samm

and the TEXTOR-Team

Institute of Energy and Climate Research - Plasma Physics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH,
Association EURATOM-FZJ, Partner in the Trilateral Euregio Cluster, Jülich, Germany

Material erosion and deposition and the associated long-term fuel retention by co-
deposition is a critical issue for ITER and future fusion devices and requires both fuel
retention control and mitigation techniques. As a prerequisite a space resolved diag-
nostic to monitor fuel retention is required. For ITER, laser based methods in
combination with spectroscopy are proposed as possible in-situ methods to charac-
terise fuel retention and material deposition. This contribution reports about the
experimental methods and results obtained in the TEXTOR tokamak to determine in-
situ the fuel retention in dedicated wall samples by laser induced desorption
spectroscopy (LIDS).
A Nd:YAG laser pulse is guided via a 35 m fibre to the TEXTOR tokamak. With laser
intensities of 700 MW/m2 a 4 to 7 mm2 spot on wall components located in the
TEXTOR limiter lock system is heated to about 1800 K within few milliseconds [1].
The limiter is observed from the side and top with spectrometers and a synchronized
CCD camera using interference filters. The hydrogen Balmer lines are measured
quantitatively and via conversion factors the absolute local fuel inventory is
evaluated. This in-situ method is regularly cross-checked against ex-situ laser
induced desorption quantified by quadrupole mass spectrometry (LID-QMS) and
other methods. It has been found that the in-situ and ex-situ methods agree within a
factor < 2.
For the studies of long-term fuel retention by LIDS, thick deposited fuel containing
layers with fuel inventory up to 1023 /m2 have been analyzed by LIDS in TEXTOR
under various plasma edge, heating and desorption positions. For the conversion of
the Hα photons to desorbed atoms, conversion factors for the actual plasma
conditions were chosen. The accuracy of the data, its reproducibility and dependence
on plasma parameters and the optical observation system will be discussed.
In addition, studies of the dynamic short-term fuel retention, which only builts up
during the plasma loading, were done. For this purpose first wall materials have been
positioned under erosion dominated conditions in the SOL and the fuel retention was
measured by LIDS for various accumulated fluencies by rapidly repetitive laser shots.
By an optimised limiter design and timing scheme the dynamic retention signal could
clearly be separated from the background light. The data show that only a short
plasma exposure time (< 500 ms) is needed to refuel the laser depleted surface in
case of graphite walls.
The experimental experiences and data will be used to give an outlook to the
potential application of LIDS in ITER.

[1] B. Schweer et al., Journal of Nuclear Materials 390–391 (2009) 576–580

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +49 246161 2331; fax: +49 246161 2660.
E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Zlobinski)

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Studies on laser heating and laser ablation of ITER-like surfaces

P40A
A. Leontyev*, A. Semerok, and P.-Y. Thro

CEA-Saclay, DPC/SCP/LILM, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France

Laser heating and laser ablation of deposited layers with high tritium content is seen
as a promising method for detritiation of the plasma facing components in fusion
reactors [1]. In this work laser heating and laser ablation of ITER-like samples were
studied. The samples consist of stainless steel or tungsten substrate with deposited
layer composed of tungsten, aluminium or diamond-like carbon (DLC) with hydrogen
and deuterium content.

For laser ablation, a focused ytterbium fiber laser beam (1.06 µm wavelength, 1 mJ
pulse energy, 120 ns pulse duration, 20 kHz repetition rate, 10 J/cm2 fluence, 100 µm
laser spot diameter at e-1 intensity level) was applied. The heating measurements
were performed using a laser with 10 ms pulses and a fast pyrometer (10 μs
response time, 1.58–2.20 μm spectral range of sensitivity). To calculate the sample
heating temperatures, a computer code developed in our laboratory was applied [2].

The ablation thresholds and cleaning performances were found for 800 mm/s laser
beam scanning regime. Laser heating temperatures were measured and compared
with calculated ones. A good agreement was obtained between the measured and
the calculated temperatures, indicating that the developed computer code can be
applied with an appropriate tritium diffusion model to simulate laser detritiation of
ITER-like surfaces.

[1] G. Counsell, P. Coad, C. Grisola et al., Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 48, B189–B199 (2006)
[2] A. Semerok, S. V. Fomichev, J.-M. Weulersse et al., Journal of Applied Physics 101, 084916 (2007)

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +33 1 69 08 95 62; fax: +33 1 69 08 78 84.

E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Leontyev)

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Characterisation of Wall Components in Fusion Devices

by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy P40B
A. Huber*, B. Schweer, V. Philipps, N. Gierse, M. Zlobinski,
S. Brezinsek, V. Kotov, R. Leyte-Gonzales, Ph. Mertens, U. Samm
Institute of Energy and Climate Research - Plasma Physics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH,
Association EURATOM-FZJ, Partner In the Trilateral Euregio Cluster, Jülich, Germany

Plasma-facing components (PFC) in the main chamber (beryllium), the baffle region
(tungsten) and the divertor (carbon) of ITER are eroded by physical and chemical
sputtering (in case of C) and evaporation. The material is transported from net
erosion areas by the edge plasma to areas with net deposition, forming layers of
mixed materials with co-deposition of tritium. Knowledge of the distribution, thickness
and composition of these layers, which will be strongly inhomogeneous, especially in
poloidal direction, is essential for the safe operation of ITER. In situ characterisation
of deposition layers (tritium quantity and surface distribution, thickness, composition)
are of major importance for the operation of fusion devices.
Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is a well-known laser method for
quantitative analysis of surface matter composition and is proposed as possible
method for characterisation of the wall conditions in ITER. The principle of the
technique is to ablate the co-deposited layer with a laser pulse with P ≥0.5GW/cm2
and to analyse the light emitted by the plasma created by the laser-matter interaction
by spectroscopic means. The typical extension of the laser plasma plume (ne≈1022m-3
and Te≈1-2eV) is in the order of 1cm and the plasma lifetime (decay time) is below
1μs.
The feasibility of the LIBS method has been studied in laboratory experiments in a
vacuum chamber with a base pressure below 10-4Pa. The laser-induced plasma plume
from a Q-switched ruby laser with 1J maximum energy and 15ns pulse duration is
analysed by a high resolution cross-dispersion Echelle spectrometer (resolving power
λ/∆λ≈20000) in the spectral range between 375nm and 715nm. The obtained material
ablation rates are in the range of ~0.3÷0.6 μm/shot at the energy density range of
F~2.6÷7J/cm2 and saturate at about ~0.7μm/shot for higher energies. Stable
conditions of the laser plasma have only be achieved at laser energy densities above
8J/cm2, otherwise the fluctuation of a single line can reach about 100% independently
of the type of C-layer. Therefore, the operation at F<8J/cm2 is affected by uncertainties
that are too large for analysis of the ablated layer in a single laser pulse (not
recommended for ITER operation). The application of the LIBS method on well-known
prepared samples, supported by absolute calibrated spectroscopy, will allow
quantitative determination of the layer components. Laboratory results shows that for
F≥10J/cm2 on fine grain graphite (EK98), the ratio of the ablated C atoms to the
number of CII line photons resulting from the single ionised C is Cf=NC/I(photons)≈106.
The high conversion factor implies that to resolve the LIBS signal with good
photoelectron statistic 1/ √Nel≤3%, about 1018C atoms (content of C atoms in a 100 nm
thick layer) must be ablated from a C layer. This lower limit seems to be fully
appropriate for ITER, since one full power ITER pulse will provide a deposition similar
to e.g. a JET operational period in which layers much larger than 1μm are deposited.
The first results of the LIBS diagnostic at TEXTOR are presented and discussed.
work supported under EFDA contract WP09-DTM-01-3.1
*Corresponding author: Tel.: +49 2461 61-2631; fax: +49 2461 61-2660.
E-mail address: [email protected]

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Dependence of power density and energy fluence on ablation rates and

LIBS observation thresholds for laser-irradiated ITER relevant materials P41A
P. Gąsior, M. Kubkowska, J Wołowski

Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Warsaw, Poland

In research on ablative laser removal of fuel and co-deposits from PFCs,

the parameters of removal are commonly expressed in the dependence of the laser
energy flux defined as J/cm2 and calculated for single laser pulses or series of
pulses. Due to variety of recently available laser systems for removal applications,
which can provide pulses from broad ranges of energy and time duration, this
approach is no longer sufficient. The limitations of the fluence model is especially
clear when comparing the removal with the use of short pulse Nd:YAG lasers
operating in single nanoseconds and a part of J regime and fiber lasers operating in
the regime of one hundred nanoseconds pulse duration and single mJ energy.
To complete the fluence model and make it applicable for assessment of the laser
removal efficiency, the information on the laser power density should be included into
it. It is obvious, that especially for longer and low energetic pulses, the decreasing
power density can have deteriorating impact on the ablation rate even for high energy
fluence. While the removal process can be monitored by the LIBS method, the power
density threshold for the correct LIBS characterization should be determined.
The contribution includes a comparative experimental study on the influence of the
laser power density and energy flux on the ablation rate for Nd:YAG and Yb:fiber
laser systems. The ablation rate in function of fluence is estimated for various power
densities from a wide range from 106 to 1010 W/cm2 by the means of profilometry of
laser induced craters. The thresholds for LIBS observation are estimated with the
Mechelle 5000 spectrometer equipped with ICCD iStar. As the targets for the laser
irradiation there were used various calibrated samples with clean C, W, Al (as
Beryllium analogue) surfaces as well as with deposited layers containing various
mixes of these materials also with hydrogen contamination.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +48 (22) 6381005 ext. 66; fax: +48 (22) 6668372
E-mail address: [email protected] (Paweł Gąsior)

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Hydrogen permeability in pure Fe metal and FeC alloy

P41B
I. Peñalvaa,*, G. Alberroa, J. Aranburu, F. Legardaa, R. Vilab and C. J. Ortizb
a
University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU),Department of Nuclear Engineering & Fluid Mechanics,
Alda. Urquijo s/n, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
b
CIEMAT, Avda. Complutense 22, 28040, Madrid, Spain

Samples of pure Fe metal and FeC alloy with controlled chemical alloying element
contents and microestructure, supplied by the European Fusion Development
Agreement (EFDA), were experimentally analysed in the facilities located at the
University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU) in collaboration with CIEMAT.

In this work, the hydrogen transport parameter of permeability was experimentally

measured in pure Fe metal and FeC alloy by means of the gas evolution permeation
technique. The experimental temperature range explored was from 423 K to 823 K
and the high purity hydrogen loading pressures from 103 Pa to 1.5⋅105 Pa. We
observed that the permeability obtained for the two materials in this temperature
range follows an Arrhenius law. The resultant diffusive permeability for pure Fe metal
and FeC alloy were found to be ΦFe = 3.60⋅10-8 exp(-35.6 (kJ mol-1)/RT) and ΦFeC =
9.17⋅10-8 exp(-37.4 (kJ mol-1)/RT), respectively. The resulting activation energies turn
to be very close, whereas the permeation prefactor increases for the FeC alloy, in
comparison to pure Fe. These results are in good agreement with values found in the
literature for pure Fe metal and for low carbon content FeC alloys. According to the
results, the influence of the metallurgical composition of C in Fe alloys in the diffusion
of hydrogen is discussed.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +34 946014277; fax: +34 946014159.

E-mail address: [email protected] (I. Peñalva)

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Deuterium ion driven permeation in tungsten with different microstructures

P42A
H.T. Leea,*, E. Markinab, Y. Otsukaa, and Y. Uedaa
a
Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
b
Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, 85748 Garching, Germany

Buildup of tritium (T) inventory in tungsten (W) plasma facing components is a safety
concern for ITER and DEMO. Tritium inventory in W depends on the concentration
and distribution of various defects, and the rate at which tritium diffuses and reaches
such defects and is trapped. From a wide number of irradiation-desorption studies, it
is well known that a large part of the retained hydrogen in W is trapped in the bulk of
the material. Specifically, the W microstructure was found to strongly influence the
trapped H distribution and total retention [1]. However, such studies themselves do
not yield direct information on the H diffusion behavior. In comparison, ion driven
permeation experiments can investigate diffusion and trapping parameters that
influence retention. The data on hydrogen ion driven permeation in tungsten is very
limited with only one previous study having examined different W microstructures [2].
This paper presents deuterium (D) ion driven permeation and its dependence on
different tungsten microstructure.
Three different W specimens were investigated. Two polycrystalline
specimens of 99.99% purity with different grain sizes were obtained by annealing at
1300 ºC (W1) and recrystallization at 2000 ºC (W2). A third polycrystalline specimen
of similar purity with the smallest relative grain sizes was provided by IPP, Garching
(W3). The microstructure was characterized by taking specimen cross sections using
SEM microscopy. Permeation experiments were performed using the HiFIT device
for D ion irradiation at Osaka University. In comparison to previous ion driven
permeation studies, the parameter space explored both higher fluxes (1020 D/m2s)
and a wider temperature range (550-1050 K). The maximum energy of the incident D
ions was 1 keV.
Steady state permeation through the recrystallized W2 was lower by one order
of magnitude in comparison to the 1300 ºC annealed W1 specimen, while the lag
times were comparable. This indicates that the bulk trapping properties were similar
but the lattice concentration at the irradiation side was significantly lower for the case
of recrystallized W2 specimen. In contrast, the lag times of IPP specimen W3 was
longer by one order of magnitude in comparison to W1, while the steady state
permeation was similar. This indicates different bulk trapping properties, but similar
lattice concentration at the irradiation side. We present diffusivity data calculated
from simple diffusion theory for all three W specimens. Furthermore, we discuss if the
two most common assumptions in modeling and interpreting hydrogen diffusion and
trapping in W hold in the case of ion driven permeation. Namely: 1) hydrogen diffuses
via a single site (interstitial) with Frauenfelder’s [3] diffusivity, and 2) traps are in local
thermodynamic equilibrium and their concentrations are small in comparison to the
hydrogen concentration in the lattice.

[1] A. Manhard et al., J. Nucl. Mater. (2010), doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2010.10.045

[2] R. A. Anderl et al. , Fusion Technology 21 (1992) 745-752
[3] R. Frauenfelder, J. Vac. Sci & Tech 6, 388 (1968)

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +81-6-6879-7867; fax: +81-6-6879-7867.

E-mail address: [email protected] (H.T. Lee)

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Gaseous hydrogen permeation through CMSII coated

and ITER-grade bulk tungsten P42B
B. Zajeca,*, V. Nemaniča, and C. Rusetb
a
Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
b
National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Magurele-Bucharest 077125, Romania

Tungsten has been identified as a crucial plasma-facing material in future fusion

reactors. It is considered particularly suitable for plasma facing high heat flux
materials due to its high melting point, high thermal conductivity, low vapor pressure,
very high threshold for sputtering, and presumably low tritium retention property.
The only large-area application of tungsten to existing fusion reactors has
been done in ASDEX Upgrade and is currently in progress in JET ("ITER-like wall").
Combined Magnetron Sputtering and Ion Implantation (CMSII) technology was used
for W coating of carbon based materials (Carbon Fibre Composite - CFC and fine
grain graphite) since only this coating method provided no deterioration during
demanding thermo-mechanical tests [1]. The coating thickness was 10-15 µm or
20-25 µm depending on the position of the tile at the wall. While the thermo-
mechanical and structural properties of such coating are well known, not much is
known about its hydrogen interaction. The later is particularly important for the
assessment of tritium retention. Due to the low hydrogen diffusivity and very small
volume of W in the coated layer, the gaseous hydrogen permeation measurement at
400°C was selected for the experimental technique, where increasing & decreasing
transient and steady state permeation flux was monitored. Problems that could arise
with the CFC membrane sealing were overcome by deposition of the identical W
layer on the 0.5 mm Eurofer substrate. Two such double-layer membranes were
investigated. Obtained hydrogen permeability in tungsten layer (~10-13 mol H2 /m s
Pa0.5) is comparable to the upper range of published data. Measured diffusivity
(~10-14 m2/s) is several orders of magnitude lower compared to the average of
published data for tungsten, while the measured solubility (~1 mol H2/m3 Pa0.5) is
several orders of magnitude higher. The explanation can be given in terms of
hydrogen trapping that has significant impact on hydrogen migration.
The membrane made from bulk ITER-grade tungsten was also investigated in
our experimental setup since a considerable degree of scatter in hydrogen transport
parameters is present in published data. The results obtained on CMSII coated and
ITER-grade bulk tungsten are compared and discussed.

[1] C. Ruset, E. Grigore, I. Munteanu et al, Fusion Engineering and Design 84, 1662, 2009

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +386 1 4773521; fax: +386 1 4773440.

E-mail address: [email protected] (B. Zajec)

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Phase formation of Erbia coatings on Eurofer,

phase stability and deuterium permeability P43A
A. Brendel*, M. Werkstetter, Ch. Adelhelm, Ch. Linsmeier

Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, 85748 Garching, Germany

Erbia is a promising material for reduction of hydrogen permeation in future fusion

reactors, since it reduces permeability by a factor up to almost 1000 [1]. There exist
two crystallographic modifications: the cubic phase and the monoclinic phase [2].
Both phases were investigated concerning hydrogen permeation and phase stability
under high energy ion irradiation.

Thin films of Erbia were deposited on Eurofer steel substrates by a filtered cathodic
arc, varying the substrate temperature (RT – 600 °C) and sample bias (0 – -450 V).
Deposition at 600 °C without bias led to solely formation of the cubic Er2O3 phase.
Thin films of the monoclinic B-phase can be prepared in good crystallinity when a
negative bias voltage of 250 V is applied at 400°C [3]. The crystallographic phases
were analyzed by X-ray diffraction.

Neutron irradiation was simulated by 5.5 MeV Au++ irradiation in a special beamline
of IPP tandem accelerator, which led to max. 100 dpa within 5 hours. During the
irradiation the cubic phase changed partly into the monoclinic phase. The monoclinic
phase showed no changes.

[1] D. Levchuk, S. Levchuk, H. Maier, H. Bolt, A. Suzuki: Journal of Nuclear

Materials 367–370 (2007) 1033–1037.
[2] Ch. Adelhelm,Th. Pickert, M. Balden, M. Rasinski, T. Plocinski,C. Ziebert,
F. Koch, Hans Maier: Scripta Materialia 61 (2009) 789–792.
[3] Th. Pickert: Diplomarbeit, FH München (2009).

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +49 89 3299 2544; Fax: +49 89 3299 1212
E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Brendel)

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Influence of Silicon and Temperature on Hot-dip Aluminizing Process

and Subsequent Oxidation for Preparing Tritium Permeation Barrier P43B
Shilei Hana,*, P.Y. Leea, B.L. Houa, Shumao Wangb, C.J Pana, Z.C Suna
a
Southwestern Institute of Physics, P.O. Box 432, Chengdu Sichuan, China
b
General Research Institute for Nonferrous Metals, Beijing, China

In ITER D-T fuel will be used for fusion plasma. Therefore a material capable of
acting as a tritium permeation barrier on stainless steel is required. It is well known
that thin alumina layer can reduce the tritium permeation rate by several orders of
magnitude.

A technology is introduced here to form a ductile Fe/Al layer on the 316LN steel with
an alumina over-layer, which consists of two main steps, hot-dip aluminizing (HDA)
and subsequent oxidation process. According to the experiments that have been
done in pure Al, the coatings were inhomogeneous and too thick. Additionally, a large
number of cracks and porous band could be observed.

In order to solve these problems, the element silicon was added to the aluminum
melt with a nominal composition. The influence of silicon on the aluminizing and
following oxidation process was investigated. With the addition of silicon into the
aluminum melt, the coating became thinner and more homogeneous. The effort of
the silicon on the oxidation behavior was observed as well concerning the
suppression of porous band and cracks. The influence of temperature on the
formation of ductile phases and alumina over-layer in the oxidation treatment has
been also studied. At the temperature of 900℃, the brittle Fe-Al intermetallic layer and
aluminum coat transformed into ductile phase (FeAl and α-Fe(Al)).

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +86 28 8285 0434; fax: +86 28 8285 0956.
E-mail address: [email protected]

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An advance process of aluminum rich coating

as tritium permeation barrier on 321 steel workpiece P44A
Zhang Guikai*, Chen Chang’an, Li Ju

China Academy of Engineering Physics，Mianyang，Sichuan， P.R. China

Preparation of tritium permeation barrier (TPB) with highly performance to reduce

tritium penetration through on complex structures is a major problem in fusion
engineering. The best solution was identified in aluminium rich coatings, which form
Al2O3 at their surface [1]. We proposed an advance three-step process, Al-
electroplating in ionic liquid followed by heat treating and artificial oxidation, preparing
such aluminum rich coating [2].

In present work, the advance process was applied to 321 steel workpieces. In the Al-
electroplating, pieces were coated Al coatings by galvanostatic electrodeposition at
20mA/cm2 in aluminum chloride (AlCl3)-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (EMIC)
ionic liquid. The Al layers on those steel components all display attractive brightness
and well adhere to the surface. Within the aluminizing time from 1 to 30h, a series of
experiments were carried out to aluminize 321 steel pieces with Al 20μm coating at
700 °C [3]. After heat treated for 8h, a 30μm thick aluminized coating appears
homogeneous, free of porosity, and exhibit a three-layer structure consisting of an
outer (Fe,Cr,Ni)Al2 layer, transitional (Fe,Cr,Ni)Al layer and inner (Fe,Cr,Ni)3Al layer,
and then was selectively oxidized in argon gas at 700 °C for 50 h to form Al2O3 scale.
The finally fabricated aluminum rich coating has a double-layered structure consisting
of an outer γ-Al2O3 layer with thickness of 0.2 µm and inner (Fe,Cr,Ni)Al/(Fe,Cr,Ni)3Al
layer of 50 µm thickness, without any visible defects. Deuterium permeation tests
were taken to examine hydrogen isotope permeation property of such coating on one
end closed piece (Φ80X2, L150mm). The deuterium permeation rate through the
coated piece is reduced by 2-3 orders of magnitude at 600~727 °C, .i.e., the PRF
value is about 131 at 727 °C and about 2262 at 600 °C.

[1] A. Aiello, A.Ciampichetti, G.Benamati, J.Nucl.Mater329&3331398, (2004)

[2] G.K Zhang, J.Li. C.A. Chen ,The 14th International Conference on Fusion Reator Materials
(ICFRM-14）, September 6~11, 2009, Japan
[3] G.K Zhang, J.Li. C.A. Chen, Acta Metall.Sin 45, 983(2009) (in Chinese)

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +86-816 3626 819

E-mail address: [email protected]

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Ion-driven Permeation of Deuterium in Tungsten

by Deuterium and Carbon Mixed Ion Irradiation P44B
H.Y. Penga,*, H.T. Leea, M. Ohmoria, Y. Ohtsukaa, and Y. Uedaa
a
Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan

Tungsten (W) is a candidate for plasma facing material in future fusion

reactors and ITER. Although tungsten has low hydrogen retention under hydrogen
isotopes (H, D, T) irradiation, hydrogen will enter from the W surface and diffuse
towards the coolant structures. Diffusion affects hydrogen refuelling rates, retention,
and permeation, which are important in determining the operational cycle of a reactor.
Since tritium is a radioactive material, hydrogen diffusion also affects safety aspects.
The diffusion behaviour of hydrogen isotopes in W can be evaluated by studying the
permeation of deuterium in W.
In ITER, the existence of other plasma facing materials such as carbon-fibre
composites will result in the release of carbon (C) impurities through erosion and
transport processes. This results in the simultaneous irradiation of W by hydrogen
and carbon impurity ions. At present, only single D ion-driven permeation
experiments in W or C layers deposited on W have been performed, but the study of
the D permeation in W under D+C mixed ion irradiation has yet to be carried out. In
order to study such effects, we simultaneously irradiate W with D and C ions, and
compare the difference in permeation with D-only irradiation.
The experiments were performed with a high flux ion beam test device (HiFIT)
[1], where the incident energy of the ions was 1 keV at a flux of 1020 m-2s-1. The W
specimens used were of thickness of 30 μm, with purity of 99.99%. The irradiation
chamber and the permeation chamber were isolated by sealing the W specimen with
a copper gasket. The D permeation flux was measured by using a quadrupole mass-
spectrometer. The main experimental parameters varied were the specimen
temperature (550 – 1050 K) and the C fraction in the incident flux (0.1 – 3%).
Following D+C permeation experiments, depth profiles of the implanted C at the front
surface were measured.
In comparison to D-only irradiation, D+C mixed ion beam irradiation (~1% C)
resulted in a higher steady state D permeation flux, indicating surface modification by
incident C ions. The increase in the D permeation flux varied from a factor of two to
two orders in magnitude depending on the irradiation temperature. Under
simultaneous D+C irradiation, the system develops into two distinct steady state
regimes of C layer growth or formation of a dynamic C-W mixed layer formation [2].
We characterize the front surface of the W specimens from the measured C depth
profiles, and correlate the increase in steady state D permeation flux with the
respective modified front surfaces.

[1] Y. Ueda, H. Kikuchi, T. Shimada, et al., Fusion Eng. Design 61/62 (2002) 255-261
[2] Y. Ueda, et al., Fusion Eng. Design 81 (2006) 233-239

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +81 6 6879 7867; fax: +81 6 6879 7867.
E-mail address: [email protected] (H.Y. Peng)

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Influence of He implantation and W self-implantation

on deuterium permeation through tungsten P45A
E. Markinaa,*, M. Mayera, and H.T. Leeb
a
Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, 85748 Garching, Germany
b
Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan

During the operation of ITER as plasma-facing material tungsten will be

subjected to high fluxes of low energy particles including He and 14 MeV neutrons
originating from the nuclear reaction. Tungsten was chosen as a candidate material
for the ITER divertor due to its good thermal properties and low sputtering yield. In
previous studies [1,3] it was found that hydrogen retention in the material is strongly
affected by He pre-implantation [1]. The accumulation of radiation damage due to the
neutron bombardment is supposed to change the hydrogen retention in tungsten.
Various studies of the influence of radiation damage on hydrogen retention using
heavy ion implantation to model the neutron irradiation of the material were recently
published [2]. However, in these studies the diffusion properties of deuterium in
damaged tungsten were obtained from depth profile measurements using IBA
methods. The ion-driven permeation experiment gives a direct information about
diffusion of deuterium in material and it’s trapping behaviour.
The effect of neutron bombardment was modelled by implantation of the target
with a high energy tungsten ion beam (so-called self-implantation) [2]. Tungsten
samples cut from a cold-rolled tungsten foil with a purity of 99,9% produced by
Plansee (Austria) were implanted by 5,5 MeV W 2+ and 20 MeV W 6+ ion beams at the
tandem accelerator (IPP, Garching, Germany) to the different fluences.
Measurements of deuterium permeation through these damaged samples were then
performed at the HiFIT (Osaka, Japan) and PERMEX (Garching, Germany) devices.
Depending on the experiment the damaged zone was situated at the front or the rear
side of the specimen.
The influence of He on hydrogen permeation was also studied in two steps.
First the samples were exposed to a He plasma (500 eV, implantation fluence
1020 cm-2) at the KESCABO facility (IPP, Garching, Germany), the permeation
measurements were then performed in the PERMEX device using a low energy
(200 eV/D+) D3+ ion beam. The He exposed side in this measurements was on the
front. The amount of He was determined twice - before and after the permeation
measurement using the ERDA technique. The specimen surfaces after He and after
D implantation were investigated by SEM.

[1] K. Tokunaga et al., Journal of Nuclear Materials 313–316 (2003) 92–96

[2] O.V. Ogorodnikova et al.,J.Nucl. Mater. (2011), doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2010.12.012
[3] V. Kh. Alimov et al., Phys. Scr. T138 (2009) 014048

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +49 89 3299 2033; fax: +49 89 3299 2279.
E-mail address: [email protected] (E. Markina)

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Isotopic exchange in ITER-grade tungsten

exposed sequentially to low-energy, high-flux deuterium and protium plasmas P45B

V.Kh. Alimova,* B. Tyburskab, J. Rothb, K. Isobea, T. Yamanishia

a
Tritium Technology Group, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
b
Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, D-85748 Garching, Germany

Deuterium retention in polycrystalline ITER-grade tungsten (A.L.M.T. Corp., Japan)

exposed both to a deuterium plasma and sequentially to deuterium and protium
plasmas have been studied. This work was performed to reveal how isotopic
exchange during plasma operation is effective to remove tritium retained in the
plasma facing surface in a DT reactor.

The linear plasma generator (JAEA, Tokai) was used for delivering plasma beams at
various exposure temperatures. A bias voltage of -80 V was applied to the W sample,
resulting in an incident energy of 76 eV for D2+ or H2+ (38 eV per D or H), taking into
account the plasma potential of about -4 V as measured by a Langmuir probe. The
incident deuterium and protium ion fluxes and fluences were fixed at 1022 D(H)/m2s
and 1026 D(H)/m2, respectively. The D retention and D depth profiles in the W
samples were examined correspondingly by thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS)
and the D(3He,p)4He nuclear reaction at a 3He energy varied from 0.69 to 4.0 MeV
(NRA) allowing determination of the D concentration up to a depth of 7 μm.

After exposure to the D plasma, the deuterium retention increases with the exposure
temperature, reaching a maximum value of about 2.7×1022 D/m2 at 490 K, and then
decreases as the temperature rises further. The high D concentration (about 0.3
at.%) at depths of several micrometers, observed after exposure to pure D plasma at
temperature of the maximum D retention, is due to accumulation of D2 molecules in
voids created during the D plasma exposure. After sequential H plasma exposure at
about the same temperatures as for D plasma exposure, the D retention reduces by
a factor of 4-10, depending on the exposure temperature. The removal efficiency for
D as function of depth in the W sample indicates large diffusion depths for the
sequentially implanted hydrogen at temperatures above 490 K.

Stress-induced plastic deformation caused by deuterium super-saturation within the

near-surface layer and formation of superabundant deuterium-vacancy clusters are
suggested as mechanisms for nucleation and growth of microscopic cavities which
are responsible for deuterium trapping. At sequential protium plasma exposure,
further plastic deformation leads to exchange of considerable proportion of deuterium
by protium.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +81 76 445 6928; fax: +81 76 445 6931.
E-mail address: [email protected] (V.Kh. Alimov)

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Deuterium implanted into polycrystalline tungsten: Novel TPD investigations

A. Manhard*, K. Schmid, T. Dürbeck, U. v. Touissant and W. Jacob P46A

Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, 85748 Garching, Germany

Deuterium retention in tungsten is often studied by temperature programmed

desorption (TPD) in order to determine the total deuterium inventory and the binding
energies of the deuterium to the trap sites. However, in the analysis of TPD results it
has to be kept in mind that the resulting D2 release spectrum is influenced not only by
the binding energy distribution but also by the depth distribution of the trapped
deuterium and the heating ramp of the TPD experiment. Especially for elevated
temperatures during implantation, deuterium can diffuse deep into the bulk of the
sample. This can lead to a change of the shape as well as the position of the release
peaks, which makes the interpretation of the release spectra difficult.

The effects of deuterium release from trap sites, diffusion and the TPD heating ramp
can be separated by comparing the release spectra of identical deuterium loaded
tungsten samples for different heating ramps and for interrupted heating ramps. This
ramp and hold technique has already been successfully applied, e.g., for the
determination of the binding energy spectrum of hydrogen in amorphous
hydrocarbon thin films [1].

Previous experiments on D retention in W show that the deuterium inventory is

typically three to four orders of magnitude lower than the implantation fluence. With
increasing fluence the amount of retained D increases monotonically and approaches
saturation at several 1020 D/m2 around fluences of 1024 D/m2. D2 desorption is
characterized by two desorption peaks at 520 and 680 K at a heating ramp of
1.4 K/s. Deuterium depth profiling by nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) shows a sharp
surface peak and a broader secondary peak at a depth of approximately 1 µm with a
subsequent exponential decay into the bulk [2].

This presentation shows the results of such ramp and hold experiments for
polycrystalline tungsten that was mechanically polished and subsequently stress-
relieved and degassed. This grade of tungsten was thoroughly characterised in prior
work [2]. The deuterium implantation was performed in a fully quantified deuterium
plasma source [3] at a specimen temperature of 370 K. Samples were implanted with
a fluence of 6×1024 D m-2. The deuterium depth profile was determined by nuclear
reaction analysis (NRA) with a 3He beam prior to the TPD experiments and
subsequently used for the modelling of the D2 release spectra.

[1] W. Jacob, et. al., submitted to New Journal of Physics (Oct. 2010)
[2] A. Manhard, K. Schmid, M. Balden and W. Jacob, J. Nucl. Mater. (2010),
doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2010.10.045
[3] A. Manhard, T. Schwarz-Selinger and W. Jacob al., accepted for publication at Plasma Sources Sci.
Tech. (2010)

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +49 89 3299 1024; fax: +49 89 3299 1212.
E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Manhard)

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Modelling thermal desorption from tungsten surfaces

containing hydrogen precipitates: a continuum-scale approach P46B
R.D. Kolasinski*, and D.F. Cowgill

Sandia National Laboratories, Hydrogen and Metallurgical Science Department, Livermore, CA, USA

Exposing tungsten to high-flux hydrogen plasmas leads to the formation and

growth of sub-surface gas bubbles under appropriate conditions. When precipitation
is favored thermodynamically, trapping by bubbles can deplete the concentration of
hydrogen in solution and reduce the diffusing flux to traps located deep within the
material [1]. Hence, accurately modelling hydrogen precipitation in tungsten is
particularly important for predicting the tritium inventory in the ITER divertor. Much of
the existing understanding of hydrogen uptake has been derived from thermal
desorption spectroscopy experiments. As a pathway toward modelling the effects of
precipitation on retention, we simulate the release of hydrogen from bubbles during
heating after plasma exposure. It is common practice to fit desorption peaks by
modelling the release from atomic trap sites of different energies and adjusting the
trap concentrations to match the experimental spectra. However, in this work we are
able to simulate the release of hydrogen from bubbles and show how it also
contributes to desorption spectra. Simulations of thermal desorption that take into
account precipitation can therefore improve the interpretation of existing laboratory
results and are important for testing the present understanding of retention
mechanisms.
To simulate hydrogen release from bubbles, we leverage our previously
developed continuum-scale model for tungsten which incorporates bubble growth by
dislocation loop punching [2]. Based on recent post-mortem focused ion beam profile
studies [3,4], this growth mechanism appears predominant in recrystallized tungsten
after plasma exposure at moderate temperatures (< 700 K). Our 1-D diffusion model
incorporates an equation of state that takes into account real gas effects at high
pressure. This relationship is used to determine the stresses exerted on the
surrounding metal. We apply this same equation of state to calculate changes in the
pressure and fugacity of the hydrogen within the bubbles during a thermal desorption
ramp. The aforementioned microscopy studies provide guidance on the expected
bubble distributions. For polycrystalline metals with smaller grain sizes, the growth of
gas-filled subsurface structures appears more complex, possibly indicating that crack
propagation could be a mechanism for expansion. Using our model, we evaluate
mechanisms that contribute to the growth of these structures.
Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, for the United States
Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under Contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

[1] W.R. Wampler and R. Doerner, Nucl. Fusion 49, 115023 (2009).
[2] R.D. Kolasinski, D.F. Cowgill, and R.A. Causey, J. Nucl. Mater. (2010),
doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2010.10.077
[3] S. Lindig et al., Phys. Scripta T138, 014040 (2009).
[4] W.M. Shu, E. Wakai, and T. Yamanishi, Nucl. Fusion, 47, 201 (2007).

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +1 (925) 294-2872; fax: +1 (925) 294-3231.

E-mail address: [email protected] (R.D. Kolasinski)

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Deuterium retention in Tungsten-Tantalum alloys

P47A
K. Schmid, K. Moshkunov, A. Manhard

Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, 85748 Garching, Germany

The use of tungsten (W) as a first wall material is hampered by its brittle nature which
makes it not very well suited for withstanding the cyclic power loading conditions at
the first wall of a magnetic confinement fusion device. To alleviate this problem
alloyed W with a higher ductility is being developed. Promising candidates are W-Ta
alloys with an alloying fraction in the range of several % of Ta. However, when
choosing a first wall material one must consider not only its thermo-mechanical
properties, but also its compatibility with the D-T plasma environment. One important
requirement for a first wall material is a low level of hydrogen retention. While W is
known for its low retention the addition of a hydride former like Ta might increase
retention in the W+Ta alloy compared to pure W.

To investigate the influence of % levels of Ta in W on the retention of D, pure well

characterized [1] W samples and W+Ta samples were exposed under identical
conditions to energetic deuterium bombardment. The experiments were performed
both with mass separated D ion beams and with D ions from a D plasma, accelerated
by a DC bias. The use of ion beams and plasmas allowed to span wide energy (keV
to eV), flux (1018 - 1022 m-2s-1) and fluence (1023 – 1025 m-2) ranges.
After implantation the retained D was analysed using thermal desorption (TDS) and
nuclear reaction analysis (NRA). TDS thereby yields the total amount of retained D
and gives information about the D binding states in the materials. NRA complements
TDS by allowing to measure quantitative depth profiles of D from within the first
~10 µm.
Due to the importance of the material microstructure on D retention, the W+Ta
samples were also analyzed by SEM & FIB cross sectioning and by XRD to obtain
information about the crystallite size and the quality of alloying.

We will present the ratio of D retention in W+Ta alloys to that in pure W which,
depending on implantation conditions, ranges from 5 to 10. This difference in
retention will be discussed based on the binding energies obtained from TDS, the D
depth profiles from NRA and the structural information from SEM & XRD.

[1] A. Manhard, K. Schmid, M. Balden and W. Jacob, J. Nucl. Mater. (2010),

doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2010.10.045

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +49 89 3299 2228; fax: +49 89 3299 1212.
E-mail address: [email protected] (K. Schmid)

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Deuterium retention in tungsten-tantalum alloys

P47B
a, b a a b
Y. Zayachuk *, I. Uytdenhouwen , J. Schuurmans , and G. Van Oost

a
SCK•CEN, Boeretang 200, BE-2400 Mol, Belgium
b
Department of Applied Physics, Ghent University, Plateaustraat 22, 9000 Ghent, Belgium

Tungsten is considered as a material for the divertor of ITER, and the divertor and
the first wall of DEMO [1]. The practical use of tungsten is hindered by its high DBTT
and therefore high brittleness at the temperatures of operation. In order to improve
the ductility and thus the machinability tungsten alloys are considered. It was
demonstrated that tungsten-tantalum alloy has superior thermo-mechanical
properties comparing to pure bulk W. One of the issues still to be clarified is the
retention of hydrogen isotopes (including radioactive tritium) in this alloy and the
influence of various factors (such as the presence of helium ash, neutron irradiation,
thermal shock etc.) on it. While there exists a considerable database related to
hydrogen isotopes retention in pure tungsten (e.g., [2, 3]), no data are available
concerning retention in binary alloys and in W-Ta alloy in particular.

W-Ta samples were exposed to deuterium plasma in low flux, high temperature
plasma simulator VISIONI (Versatile Instrument for Study of ION Interaction),
installed at Belgian Nuclear Research Centre SCK-CEN. This device is able to
reproduce conditions expected at the first wall, as well as the divertor dome and
baffles, of ITER [4, 5]. Investigated materials included two grades of W-Ta alloy,
namely one with 1% Ta content and one with 5% Ta, as well as reference pure W and
Ta. Subsequent studies of deuterium retention were performed with thermal
desorption spectroscopy (TDS) and secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS).
Modification of surface morphology due to plasma exposure was studied by scanning
electron microscopy (SEM).

It was demonstrated that deuterium retention in the alloy is strongly influenced by the
presence and the amount of Ta. Comparison of retention data obtained for grades
with different Ta contents and reference data obtained for pure materials is presented
in the paper. The mechanism of interaction between D atoms and Ta, dissolved in a
W matrix, is discussed.

[1] O. Gruber, Fusion Engineering and Design 84 (2009), 170-177

[2] O. Ogorodnikova, Journal of Nuclear Materials 390 (2009), 651-654
[3] G. Wright et al, Nuclear Fusion 50 (2010)
[4] Y. Zayachuk et al, submitted to Fusion Engineering and Design
[5] G. Federici et al, Nuclear Fusion 41 (2001)

*Corresponding author:
E-mail address: [email protected] (Y. Zayachuk)

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Mechanical, Erosion and Permeation Properties of

Nanostructured W and W-Ta Coatings P48A
D. Dellasegaa,b,*, G. Grossob, E. Vassallob, C. Contic, V. Nemanicd, B. Zajecd, C.E.
Bottania,b and M. Passonia,b
a
Dipartimento di Energia, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
b
Istituto di Fisica del Plasma, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
EURATOM-ENEA-CNR Association, Milan, Italy
c
Istituto per la Conservazione e la Valorizzazione dei Beni Culturali, CNR, Milan, Italy
d
Jozef Stefan Institute team, Lubjana Slovenia

Full W first wall may represent one of the solutions foreseen for next generation
tokamaks.
The features of W, and particularly W coatings, are strongly influenced by the
structure and morphology of the layer at the nanometric scale (see e.g. [1]). In
addition, interaction with plasma determines morphological modifications like the
formation of porous open tungsten structures called “fuzzy tungsten” that exhibit
strongly different properties if compared with the normal film [2].
In order to investigate this problem we deposited W and W-Ta coatings with different
structure and morphology, on relevant substrates (EUROFER, CFC), exploring the
possibilities offered by the Pulsed Laser Deposition. Thanks to the flexibility of this
technique it is possible to study a very wide range of coating properties, like
composition, structure, crystalline growth and morphology (from compact to open,
fuzzy-like structures), by changing the process parameters, e.g. laser fluence,
background gas pressure, target composition, substrate temperature and subsequent
annealing. The deposited films have been characterized by high resolution SEM,
XRD, EDS and XPS.
We deposited both highly crystalline oriented W micrometric-thick coatings with a
columnar structure, amorphous like films with a random growth, porous “fuzzy like”
films and multilayered systems. We also produced W-Ta films with different fraction of
Ta, to begin an investigation of W-Ta alloys.
Mechanical and adhesion properties have been tested using scratch test (adhesion)
and micro/ nano-indentation (mechanical properties).
Permeation measurements on W and W-Ta films on EUROFER substrate are
presented. This campaign allows precise determination of hydrogen interaction with
W films.
In order to investigate the erosion effects on such systems the W coatings will be
exposed to ion flux from plasma produced by capacitively coupled RF plasma (CCP)
using hydrogen and noble gases. The erosion phenomena will be evaluated by
measuring the thickness change of the layers by profilometer. Additional plasma
exposures are foreseen.

[1] L. Veleva, Z. Oksiutaa, U. Vogt, et al., Fus. Eng. &Design 84, 1920 (2009).
[2] S. Kajita, W. Sakaguchi, N. Ohno, et al., Nucl. Fusion 49, 095005 (2009)

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +39 02 23996349; fax: +39 02 2399 6309.

E-mail address: [email protected] (D. Dellasega)

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Deuterium retention in various pre-damaged materials

as a function of the exposure temperature P48B
B. Tyburskaa,*, V. Alimovb, K. Ertla, J. Dornera
a
Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, 85748 Garching, Germany
b
Hydrogen Isotope Research Center, University of Toyama, Japan

During ITER operation, 14 MeV fusion neutrons will not only introduce new traps for
tritium in tungsten but also, after one year, will transmute it into an alloy containing
about 3% Re [1]. To account for these effects, deuterium retention in different batches
of irradiation damaged tungsten materials, including 97W-3Re samples, has been
investigated as a function of the exposure temperature. All samples were self-
implanted above the saturation dpa (displacements per atom), i.e. 0.25 dpa (for
Eth = 90 eV), using 20 MeV W ions and then exposed to high-flux, low-energy D
plasma at various temperatures ranging from 350 to 750 K.
The deuterium depth profiles were measured by means of NRA using the D(3He,α)p
reaction, and based on these results the dependence of the D concentration in the
radiation-induced defects on the exposure temperature was obtained for all materials.
The results indicate that in all investigated materials, D concentration in the radiation-
induced defects decreases with increasing exposure temperature. In all other
samples, the D concentration is comparable, but for 97W-3Re it drops somewhat
faster with the temperature, a behavior which was not observed in undamaged W.
The reason for that can be found in TEM observations of neutron-irradiated pure and
Re-containing tungsten [2]. These studies show that in the presence of even small
amounts of rhenium, the number of defects created during damaging is lower in
comparison with pure tungsten.
Based on these and our previous studies [3], one can derive a function for the trap
density dependence on the plasma exposure time and wall temperature which can
be used for a tritium inventory prediction for ITER.

[1] G.A. Cottrell, JNM 334 (2004) 166–168

[2] J.C. He et al., JNM 377 (2008) 348–351
[3] B. Tyburska et al., JNM 395 (2009) 150–155

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +49 89 3299 1606; fax: +49 89 3299 2279.
E-mail address: [email protected] (B. Tyburska)

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Interaction of D and He Plasmas with Tungsten in Fuego-Nuevo II

G. Ramosa,*, J.J.E. Herrerab, F. Castillob and M. Nietoa
P49A

a
Centro de Investigacion en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnologia Avanzada del IPN Unidad Queretaro,
76090 Queretaro, México
b
Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, C.U. 04310 México D.F.

Tungsten is one of the main candidate materials for plasma-facing components in a

future fusion power plant. The experience with tungsten as plasma facing material is
less than with graphite, and a need for a comprehensive database has been
identified [1]. Many studies simulate the plasma wall interaction using ion beams [2],
while only a few use plasma simulators [3,4] . Recently the question of the interaction
of neutrons added to the interaction of mainly helium plasmas with tungsten is
gaining relevance [5].The Fuego-Nuevo II [6] is a plasma focus device which can
produce dense magnetized helium and deuterium plasmas. Additionally it produces a
significant amount of high energetic neutrons during deuterium operation.

In this paper we present preliminary results of tungsten targets exposed to deuterium

and helium plasmas in the Fuego Nuevo II device..

[1] M. Kaufmann, R. Neu, Fusion Engineering and Design 82, 521(2007)

[2] A. Debelle, et.al, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 268, 223 (2010)
[3] M.J. Baldwin, R.P. Doerner, Journal of Nuclear Materials 404, 165 (2010)
[4] M.J. Baldwin et al., Journal of Nuclear Materials (2010) (in press)
[5] Q. Xu , N. Yoshida, T. Yoshiie, Journal of Nuclear Materials 367–370, 806 (2007)
[6] F. Castillo, et al., Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 45, 289 (2003)

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +52 442 2290804 x 81011.

E-mail address: [email protected] (G. Ramos)

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The TRitium Ion Implantation eXperiment (TRIIX)

for hydrogen isotopes retention measurements in plasma facing materials P49B
X. Baia,*, M, Shimadaa, M. Harab, Y. Oyac, Y. Hatanob and P. Calderonia
a
Fusion Safety Program, Idaho National Laboratory, 83415 Idaho Falls, ID, USA
b
Hydrogen Isotope Research Center, University of Toyama, Gofuku 3190, 930-8555 Toyama, Japan
c
Radioscience Research Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku,
422-8529 Shizuoka, Japan

The TRitium Ion Implantation eXperiment (TRIIX) was built in the early 1980’s at the
Idaho National Laboratory and successfully operated until the late 1990’s [1-5]. The
system has recently been refurbished to perform the study of retention and
desorption behavior of hydrogen isotopes implanted in plasma facing component
materials used in fusion reactor. TRIIX is currently capable of generating an intense
beam of deuterium ions with tunable mass, energy (between 0.4 ~ 10 kV) and flux
density (between 1018 ~ 1020 ion/m2.s). The beam is generated by a commercial
Duoplasmatron ion source [6], an ion accelerator and decelerator, a mass analyzer
and two electromagnetic lenses. The focused beam is directed into an implantation
chamber where targets are maintained in UHV conditions and at controlled
o
temperature up to 700 C. The chamber includes a vacuum manipulator to load
samples in vacuum and a pumping system providing ultra high vacuum for the ion
beam, implantation, and sample transfer volumes (background vacuum typically
below 10-6 Pa). The target chamber is also equipped with a Faraday cup coupled with
a final focusing aperture to control the beam size and measure its intensity.
TRIIX is located in the Safety and Tritium Applied Research (STAR) facility [7], a US
DoE National User facility operated by the INL Fusion Safety Program that is capable
to handle both tritium and radioactive samples. It is currently used in the frame of the
US/Japan TITAN[7] collaboration to investigate deuterium retention in plasma facing
materials, in particular tungsten. Results of tungsten exposure to deuterium ions and
subsequent Thermal Desorption System (TDS) analysis are reported in this paper
mainly to validate facility operation by comparison with reference data. Planned
activities to investigate the synergistic effect of neutron and deuterium irradiation by
testing samples that have been irradiated in the ORNL HFIR reactor are outlined. In
particular, neutron damaged nickel samples will be tested to validate modeling
results of neutron damage effects on deuterium retention with experimental data.

[1] R.A. Anderl, D.F. Holland, and G.R. Longhurst etc, Fusion Technol 8, 2299(1985)
[2] G.R. Longhurst, R.A. Anderl, and D.A. Struttmann, J. Nucl. Mater 141-143, 229(1986)
[3] R.A. Anderl, G.R. Longhurst, and D.A. Struttmann, J. Nucl. Mater 145-147, 344(1987)
[4] R.A. Anderl, G.R. Longhurst, and D.A. Struttmann, J. Nucl. Mater 145-147, 344(1987)
[5] R.A. Anderl, R. J. Pawelko, and S. T. Schuetz, J. Nucl. Mater 290-293, 38(2001)
[6] http://www.peabody-scientific.com
[7] P. Calderoni, J. Sharpe, M. Shimada etc, J. Nucl. Mater etc (2011)
doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2010.12.303

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +1 208 533 4068; fax: +1 208 533 4027.
E-mail address: [email protected]

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Hydrogen Retention in Tungsten Exposed to High-Flux Plasmas

P50A
a, b b b c a
M.H.J. 't Hoen *, B. Tyburska , K. Ertl , M. Mayer , H. Schut , J. Rapp
and P. A. Zeijlmans van Emmichovena
a
FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, EURATOM-FOM, Edisonbaan 14, NL-3439 MN
Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
b
Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, 85748 Garching, Germany
c
Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 15, NL-2629 JB Delft, The Netherlands

In future magnetic fusion devices as ITER, tungsten is foreseen as material for the
divertor. Tritium retention in W should be kept as low as possible for safety reasons
and to prevent fuel-loss. Unfortunately, continuous bombardment with MeV neutrons
degrades material properties and introduces damage into the material. In this
contribution we show the effect of radiation damage on the deuterium retention in
tungsten exposed to high-flux, low temperature plasmas.

Polycrystalline, W targets were annealed for 1 hour at 1000°C and pre-irradiated with
12.3 MeV W 4+ ions as proxy for neutron damage. Damage profiles, simulated by
TRIM, extend to 1.5 µm below the surface and show peak damage levels of 0.1-1.0
dpa (displacements per atom). The damaged targets have been exposed in Pilot to
plasma fluxes of ~1024 ions m-2s-1. To investigate the influence of the surface
temperature, exposures were done at two different temperature regimes (<500K and
650-950K) by using two different ways of cooling.

Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy was used to study the behaviour of the vacancies
by pre-irradiation and plasma exposure. Non-irradiated and irradiated targets showed
a clear distinct Doppler broadening profile. The targets exposed to Pilot-plasmas
showed a similar behaviour of the bulk material as the non-exposed targets, but with
a longer diffusion length.

The deuterium retention has been studied by Nuclear Reaction Analysis and Thermal
Desorption Spectroscopy. TDS and NRA show saturation in deuterium retention at
0.2-0.5 dpa and seem to depend on target temperature. The values found for the
saturation level are in good agreement with Tyburska et al.[1]. Since their
experiments have been carried out at much lower plasma fluxes, it can be concluded
that the saturation level is not significantly affected by the high fluxes used in our
experiments.

[1] B. Tyburska et al., Journal of Nuclear Materials 395 (2009) 150

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +31 30 6096 830; fax: +31 30 6031 204.
E-mail address: [email protected]

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Deuterium Depth Profile in Neutron-Irradiated Tungsten Exposed to Plasma

Masashi Shimada*,1, G. Cao2, Y. Hatano3, T. Oda4, P50B

Y. Oya5, M. Hara3 and P. Calderoni1

1
Fusion Safety Program, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, 83415, USA
2
Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison,
Madison, Wisconsin, 53706,U.S.A.
3
Hydrogen Isotope Research Center, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan
4
Department of Nuclear Engineering and Management, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656,
JAPAN
5
Radioscience Research Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, 422-8529,
JAPAN

Plasma-facing components will be exposed to 14 MeV neutrons from the D-T

fusion reaction, and is expected to receive a neutron dose of 0.7 displacement per
atom (dpa) by the end of operation in ITER. The effect of neutron-irradiation damage
has been mainly simulated using high-energy ion bombardment. The ions, however,
are limited in range to only a few microns into the surface. Hence, some uncertainty
remains about the increase of trapping at radiation damage produced by neutrons,
which penetrate much farther into the bulk material. With the Japan-US joint
research project: Tritium, Irradiations, and Thermofluids for America and Nippon
(TITAN), the tungsten samples (99.99 % pure from A.L.M.T., 6mm in diameter,
0.2mm in thickness) were irradiated to high flux neutrons at 323K (50C) and to 0.025
dpa in High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL).
Subsequently, the neutron-irradiated tungsten samples were exposed to a high-flux
deuterium plasma (ion flux: 1021-1022 m-2s-1, ion fluence: 1025-1026 m-2) in the Tritium
Plasma Experiment (TPE) at Idaho National Laboratory (INL). First result of
deuterium retention in neutron-irradiated tungsten exposed in TPE was reported
previously [1]. This paper will present the latest results in our on-going work of
deuterium depth profiling in neutron-irradiated tungsten exposed to plasma at 373K
(100C), 473K (200C), and 773K (500C) via nuclear reaction analysis (NRA). The
experimental data is compared with the result from non neutron-irradiated tungsten,
and is analyzed with Tritium Migration Analysis Program (TMAP) to elucidate the
hydrogen isotope behavior such as retention and depth distribution in neutron-
irradiated and non neutron-irradiated tungsten.

[1] M. Shimada, Y. Hatano, P. Calderoni, T. Oda, Y. Oya, M. Sokolov, K. Zhang, G.

Cao, R. Kolasinski, and J. P. Sharpe, “First Result of Deuterium Retention in Neutron-
Irradiated Tungsten Exposed to High Flux Plasma in TPE”, J. Nucl. Mater., (accepted
for publication)

*Corresponding author tel: +1-208-533-4472

*Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected]

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Hydrogen gas filled cavities under surface extrusions

on hydrogen-implanted tungsten P51A
M. Baldena,*, S. Lindiga, A. Manharda, V.Kh, Alimovb, O. Ogorodnikovaa, J. Rotha
a
Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, 85748 Garching, Germany
b
Tritium Technology Group, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan

Hydrogen-implanted tungsten is extensively investigated, e.g., regarding

hydrogen retention and surface morphology changes. The reported surface
extrusions vary from spherical, more classical blisters [1] to stepped, high-domed
structures [2,3]. Further, in the subsurface a spectrum of different crack and cavity
features is observed [3]. The presence and absence of features under similar
exposure parameter (fluence, flux, ion energy, implantation temperature, specimen
pre-treatment) as well as the dramatic variation in their size draw a confusing picture
of the morphological modifications described in the literature.
In this study, the three-dimensional morphology of surface extrusions on various
tungsten grades and the gas filling of cavities beneath the surface are analysed
applying scanning electron microscopy (SEM) assisted by cross-sectioning with a
focused ion beam (FIB) and by calibrated residual gas analysis with a quadrupole
mass spectrometer.
On polycrystalline hot-rolled tungsten, spherical blisters are formed by deuterium
(D) bombardment (33 eV per D) up to several 1024 D/m2. Their size depends on
implantation temperature (300–600 K) and ranges from several µm up to a few
hundred µm. Individual blisters were sequentially punctured with FIB and imaged with
SEM until an elastic relaxation was observed. A D2 spike was observed simultane-
ously with the relaxation if the volume of the blister cavities was large enough [4]. By
measuring the blister volume and the amount of released D2 molecules, the pressure
can be determined to be of the order of 1 GPa. The subsequent cross-sectioning
shows that delamination along grain boundaries roughly parallel to the surface
occurred. A blister cap of more than 10 µm was observed for blister with a lateral
expansion of >100 µm. The cap contains about 10 layers of grains.
On recrystallized tungsten, the extrusions formed by deuterium implantation range
from small in-grain crack systems to large stepped features with large cavities at
grain boundaries. The cavities are in many cases not located directly under the
extruded material, but also shifted laterally. Because their formations mechanism was
elucidated as gliding along the low-indexed slip systems {110}<111> [3], the position
of the cavity could be proposed and, therefore, the targeted degassing of the cavity
with FIB can be performed. The results of such degassing measurement will be
discussed together with classification regarding the proposed formation mechanisms
of the various surface extrusions.

[1] B.M.U. Scherzer, in: R. Behrisch (Ed.), Sputtering by Particle Bombardment II

(Berlin: Springer, 1983) pp. 271-355.
[2] W.M. Shu, E. Wakai and T. Yamanishi, Nucl. Fusion 47, 201 (2007).
[3] S. Lindig et al., Physica Scripta T136 (2009).
[4] M. Balden, S. Lindig, A. Manhard, J. Nucl. Mater., submitted.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +49 89 3299 1688; FAX: +49 89 3299 1212.
E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Balden)

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Hydrogen Interaction With Tungsten Surface

P51B
S. Markelj* , P. Pelicon , Z. Siketić
,a a a,b
and I. Čadež ,
a

a
Jožef Stafan Institute, EURATOM Association MHEST, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Ruđer Bošković Institute, P. O. Box 180, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
b

Tungsten is the material used for high heat load PFC in both current and future fusion
devices, such as ASDEX Upgrade and ITER. The interaction of hydrogen with
tungsten is important in order to understand the retention and recycling of hydrogen
on the walls of reactor. We are studying the processes occurring on tungsten surface,
which is exposed to neutral hydrogen atoms and molecules. The binding energy of
hydrogen atom on tungsten is usually taken to be 2.9-3 eV. Still tungsten exhibits
high hydrogen saturation concentration above 1 ML (1 ML - one hydrogen atom per
one tungsten atom) and hydrogen atoms are adsorbed in several binding sites
having different desorption energy. Polycrystalline tungsten is characterized by a
mixture of the binding sites observed for the single-crystal surfaces [1].

We have studied the interaction of hydrogen atoms and molecules by ion beam
methods ERDA and RBS. A polycrystalline tungsten sample (Plansee - ITER grade,
99.99% purity) was exposed to hydrogen atom beam and the surface was monitored
by ERDA and RBS in real time. The sample was initially cleaned by hydrogen atom
beam at high temperature (300oC), where it is known that atoms erode the
hydrocarbon [2] and also oxygen layer [3]. Three different saturation concentrations
were found in different temperature ranges that can be correlated to three desorption
energies. This is in agreement with the measurements of Tamm and Schmidt [1]. The
time variation of the hydrogen concentration is calculated by a kinetic model of
Jackson et al. [4], extended by including the Langmuir-Hinshelwood recombination
contribution. The hydrogen atom recombination with hydrogen atoms occupying
different binding sites also explains our experimentally obtained vibrational
temperature of recombined molecules produced on tungsten. Namely, the vibrational
populations for tungsten are higher and show a considerable overpopulation of highly
excited vibrational states, than predicted by assuming only single site with binding
energy of 2.9-3 eV. In order to obtain an insight into the recombination mechanism
with more than one binding site per unit cell, a Monte-Carlo simulation was
performed, confirming the above interpretation [5].

[1] P.W. Tamm and L.D. Schmidt, J. Chem. Phys. 54, 11 (1971) 4775
[2] T. Schwarz-Selinger, A. von Keudell and W. Jacob, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A. 18, 3
(2000) 995
[3] T. Sugaya and M. Kawabe, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 30, (1991) L402
[4] B. Jackson , X. Sha and Z.B. Guvenc, J. Chem. Phys. 116, (2002) 2599-608
[5] S. Markelj, Ph. D. Thesis, University of Ljubljana, October 2010

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +38 61 5885 265; fax: +38 61 5885 377.
E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Markelj)

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Simulation of Hydrogen Retention and Re-emission

from Tungsten Exposed to Divertor Plasmas P52A
K. Ohyaa,* and A. Kirschnerb
a
Institute of Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
ｂ
Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung – Plasmaphysik, Forschungszentrum Jülich,D-52425 Jülich,
Germany

In addition to co-deposition with eroded Be from the first wall, implantation and
retention of plasma ions in tungsten is important for tritium inventory in the divertor of
ITER. In tungsten, hydrogen isotopes are highly mobile and are retained in radiation
damage sites or defects of the crystal lattice. After saturating available traps, inward
diffusion and subsequent trapping increase the inventory. In order to study such
mechanisms, the diffusion process [1] was coupled to a Monte Carlo code, EDDY [2].
After benchmarking with an existing TDS experiment and other codes (PIDAT [3] and
ACAT-DIFFUSE [4]), tritium retention profiles on inner and outer targets and dome
regions, made of tungsten, are calculated for an ITER diverter plasma configuration.
Parameter studies on tritium retention and re-emission from the plasma-facing
tungsten are also presented with probable range of the material parameters.
Slowing down process of impinging ions and the depth profile of thermalized
particles are calculated with EDDY (based on the binary collision approximation) for
pseudo particles, each of which represents a differential ion fluence. The depth profile
is used as input profile in DIFFUSE, where a diffusion process is calculated with a
diffusion time (1 s), and the profile after diffusion serves as input for the calculation
with the next ion fluence. This sequence is performed N (e.g., 400) times to simulate
the time evolution of retained tritium in tungsten. In the diffusion process, trapping in
and detrapping from different trap sites and surface recombination with given rate
coefficients are taken into account.
The parameters of a real-sized divertor plasma of ITER are taken from a
B2/EIRENE code calculation. Using velocities of deuterium (D) ions along magnetic
field lines and the angles intersecting target plates, the ion fluxes are calculated. In
ITER, the toroidal magnetic field lines intersect the target surface at very shallow
angles between 1o and 3o, where the gyro-motion influences the angle of incidence of
the impinging ions. The angular distribution of the ions is calculated using a one-
dimensional PIC simulation with three dimensions in velocity space, where the gyro-
motion of the ions is taken into account [5].
The EDDY/DIFFUSE calculation reproduced well the observed temporal
evolution of released thermal D flux in the experiment, as did by other codes.
Nevertheless, strict comparisons with the experiment and predictions of long-term
tritium retention in the divertor are strongly influenced by material properties, which
are input parameters in the calculations.

[1] K.L. Wilson, M.I. Baskes, J. Nucl. Mater. 76/77, 291 (1978)
[2] K. Ohya, Phys. Scripta T124, 70 (2006)
[3] C. Garcia-Rosales, et al., J. Nucl. Mater. 233-237, 803 (1996)
[4] T. Ono, et al., J. Nucl. Mater. 390-391, 713 (2009)
[5] K. Inai, et al., J. Plasma Fusion Res. Ser., 8, 433 (2009)

*Corresponding author: Tel: +81 88 656 7444; fax: +81 88 656 7444.
E-mail address: [email protected] (K. Ohya)

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q
Effect of nitrogen seeding into deuterium plasma on
deuterium retention in tungsten
P52B
O. V. Ogorodnikova1,*, K. Sugiyama1, A. Markin2, A. Manhard1, T. Dürbeck1,
M. Balden1
1
Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, D-85748 Garching, Germany
2
Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow
119991, Russia

Tungsten (W) is the currently used plasma-facing material for ASDEX Upgrade and a
reference material for the high-flux, low-ion-energy region of the divertor in ITER. To
reduce the power flux onto the divertor and limiter tiles cooling by impurity seeding
into the plasma is necessary. In ASDEX Upgrade nitrogen (N) puffing through
nozzles in the divertor roof baffle reduces the divertor temperature and power flux as
well as the ELM size. In addition, the energy confinement is also improved [1].
However, the question about an influence of N on the fuel (deuterium (D) and tritium)
retention in tungsten is still open. Therefore, dedicated laboratory experiments have
been performed to investigate the interaction of low-energy N-seeded D plasma with
W. Tungsten samples were exposed to 1-5% N-seeded D plasma generated by
electron-cyclotron-resonance (ECR) plasma source. Different DC bias voltages were
chosen and applied to the substrate holder to accelerate the ions in the sheath leading
to an energy of about 60, 100 and 200 eV per ion. Irradiation temperatures were
ranging from 300 to 800 K.

The D and N retention in each sample was subsequently analysed by various

methods such as nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) for the depth profiling up to 6 µm
and thermal desorption spectroscopy for the determination of total amount of retained
D and N. It is found that the N amount in W is (7-9)x1019 N/m2 in the temperature
range between 300 and 650 K and slightly decreases down to 6x1019 N/m2 at 800 K.
This means that the nitride compound formed upon N-seeded D plasma exposure of
W is thermally stable and does not decompose at least up to 800 K. Highest nitrogen
concentration of 1020 N/m2 was observed at highest DC bias used in the present
investigation. The saturation of the W surface with N within the implantation zone
was observed already after 30 minutes of plasma exposure.

Changes of morphology and composition in the surface layer by plasma exposure

were investigated by analytic scanning electron microscopy. It is shown that seeding
of nitrogen into D plasma does not prevent blister formation and even results in the
increasing of the size of blisters in some cases. This is in agreement with depth
profile measurements which show an enhancement of the D diffusion into the bulk
and, consequently, an increase of the D retention in W in the presence of the N-
seeding in D plasma compared to pure D plasma. Therefore, it is assumed that N-
containing compounds on the W surface act as a diffusion barrier for D desorption
leading to an increased D diffusion into the bulk.

[1] Kallenbach A. et al and ASDEX Upgrade Team 2009 Nucl.Fusion 49 045007

*
Corresponding Author: Tel.: +49 89 3299 1919, FAX: +40 89 3299 1212.
E-mail address: [email protected] (O.V. Ogorodnikova)

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Ab-initio Modelling of Point Defects and Anisotropic Elasticity Effects in

Tungsten-Vanadium and Tungsten-Tantalum Alloys for Fusion Application P53A
M. Muzyka,*, J. Wróbela, K.J. Kurzydlowskia, S.L. Dudarevb and D. Nguyen-Manhb
a
Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology,
Woloska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland
b
EURATOM/CCFE Fusion Association, Culham Science Centre,
Abingdon, OX14 3DB, United Kingdom

W-V and W-Ta alloys are candidates for DEMO divertor applications because
of their high melting point and expected improved ductility and fracture toughness in
comparison with tungsten. We have recently identified the lowest energy inter-
metallic compounds, which should form at low temperatures, by using first-principles
density functional theory (DFT) calculations in combination with Monte-Carlo
simulations [1,2]. The predicted temperature of order-disorder phase transformations
is relatively low and at high temperature it is found that short-range orders are
present for both alloys.

In this work, a systematic DFT study of point defects (vacancy and self-
interstitial atoms (SIA)) as function of vanadium and tantalum concentrations in these
binary alloys has been carried out. Ab-initio calculations show that vanadium atoms
strongly trap SIA defects in W-V alloys, whereas Ta atoms in W-Ta alloys have very
little effect on either the formation energy or thermally activated mobility of self-
interstitial atom defects. Starting from predicted ground-state configurations predicted
for different alloy compositions, mono-vacancy formation energies have been
calculated. It is shown that in W-Ta alloys, they are very sensitive to the
concentrations and depending on local environment of vacancy sites, their values
can be changed from 3 to 5 eV whereas in W-V the corresponding change in
vacancy formation energies is found to be small. Furthermore, elastic constants
calculations were performed for all the ground states as well as for some meta-stable
cubic configurations in order to study the composition effect of alloying on mechanical
properties in W-Ta and W-V alloys. Using the general expression for Young modulus
and Poisson’s ratio, we are able to investigate in detail the anisotropic elasticity
behaviour for W-V and W-Ta across the all range of composition and therefore to
understand if alloying can improve the ductility of tungsten-based alloys.

This work is carried out within the European Fusion Development Agreement
(EFDA) materials programme on W&W alloys. Work at CCFE is funded by the RCUK
Energy Programme and EURATOM under EFDA.

[1] D. Nguyen-Manh, M. Muzyk, K.J. Kurzydlowski, N.L. Baluc, M. Rieth and S.L. Dudarev, Key
Engineering Materials, vol. 465 (2011), 15.
[2] M. Muzyk, D. Nguyen-Manh, K.J. Kurzydlowski, N.L. Baluc and S.L. Dudarev, MRS Proceedings,
Boston, Fall Meeting, 27 Nov. – 3 Dec. (2010).

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +48 22 234 8748; fax: +48 22 234 87 50.
E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Muzyk)

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Modeling Helium migration and Helium-vacancy cluster nucleation

at grain boundaries in α-Fe P53B
M. J. Caturlaa,*, C. C. Fub
a
Dept. Física Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Fase II, Universidad de Alicante, E-03690 Alicante,
Spain
b
Service de Recherches de Métallurgie Physique, CEA/Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France

The role of He on embrittlement of ferritic/martensitic steels is not fully understood.

Modeling can provide some insight on the basic processes occurring at grain
boundaries in the presence of Helium and defects produced by the irradiation. In this
work we present density functional theory (DFT) calculations of interstitial helium and
vacancy migration at grain boundaries in bcc Fe. These simulations show that helium
migrates slower at the grain boundaries than in the bulk while vacancies migrate
faster. Stabilities of different Helium-vacancy clusters at grain boundaries have also
been calculated with DFT. These values are used in a kinetic Monte Carlo model to
study the nucleation and growth of Helium-vacancy clusters for different
temperatures and He/vacancy ratios. Helium-vacancy clusters are considered to be
the nuclei for the formation of bubbles and voids. Calculations show that near a grain
boundary the concentration of these nucleation sites, He-vacancy clusters, is
reduced compared to the bulk. This is in agreement with the experimental
observation of void depletion close to grain boundaries. We also identify different
mechanisms of He accumulation at grain boundaries depending on temperature: at
low temperatures (~100K) no He-vacancy clusters are formed at the grain
boundaries, however there is a large supersaturation of He that could contribute to
grain boundary decohesion or embrittlment. At high temperatures (~600K) He-
vacancy clusters can grow by addition of new vacancies and these clusters could
then be responsible for helium embrittlement at this temperature.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +34 96 5903400, ext. 2056; fax: +34 96 5909726.
E-mail address: [email protected] (M. J. Caturla)

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Resistivity recovery of proton irradiated Fe-Cr alloys

P54A
a, a a b
G. Apostolopoulos *, K. Mergia , S. Messoloras , and A. Lagoyannis
a
Institute of Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection, N.C.S.R. “Demokritos”, GR-15310 Aghia
Paraskevi Attikis, Greece
b
Institute of Nuclear Physics, TANDEM Accelerator, N.C.S.R. “Demokritos”, GR-15310 Aghia
Paraskevi Attikis, Greece

High chromium ferritic/martensitic steels are important materials for application in

fusion devices due to their superior resistance to irradiation, in terms of low swelling
and low damage accumulation. The knowledge of fundamental properties of point
defects in these materials is important in order to quantitatively describe their
behaviour under long term irradiation. For this purpose, the study of simpler model
alloys, as Fe-Cr in the present case, can provide valuable information, allowing at the
same time an easier interpretation. Although extensive work has been performed on
dilute alloys, fewer experimental data are available to date on concentrated Fe-Cr
alloys [1,2]. In view of recent computational progress towards the understanding of
defect behaviour in this alloy system [3], more detailed experimental results are
currently needed.

In this work pure Fe-Cr model alloys with Cr concentrations between 5 and 15 at%
have been irradiated at cryogenic temperatures (~ 20K) with protons of energy 5
MeV. Damage production and subsequent recovery of the defects created during the
irradiation have been studied by means of electrical resistivity measurements.
Resistivity recovery spectra exhibiting several annealing stages have been recorded
up to a temperature of 600K. Changes in the recovery spectra with Cr concentration
reveal the effect of Cr on the migration of point defects.

[1] A. Benkaddour, C. Dimitrov and O. Dimitrov, Mat. Sci. Forum 15, 1263 (1987)
[2] A. Nikolaev, V. Arbuzov, A. Davletshin, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 9, 4385 (1997)
[3] D. Terentyev, P. Olsson, T. Klaver, L. Malerba, Comp. Mat. Sci. 43, 1183 (2008)

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +30 210 6503731; fax: +30 210 6533453.
E-mail address: [email protected] (G. Apostolopoulos)

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Plasma Impact on Materials at Displacement Damage Condition

P54B
a, a a a a a
B. Khripunov *, A. Brukhanov , V. Gureev , V.S. Koidan , S. Latushkin , V. Petrov ,
A. Ryazanova, E. Semenova, V. Stolyarovaa, V. Unezheva, L. Danelyana,
V..Kulikauskasb, V. Zatekinb

a
RRC Kurchatov Institute, Kurchatov Sq. 1,Moscow,123182, Russia.
b
Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.

Changes in plasma-surface interaction effects arising from the fusion neutron

irradiation may be anticipated for plasma facing materials suggested for application in
fusion devices such as ITER and future reactors. Investigation of radiation damage
probable influence on PFMs erosion properties and on tritium in-vessel inventory may
be considered actually as an experimental task of primary concern. Such an
experimental work is being done at Kurchatov Institute on the basis of ion accelerator
and plasma linear simulator LENTA. Two kinds of materials are under study: carbon
based materials including CFC and tungsten. High-energy ions accelerated with
cyclotron were used to produce displacement damage in the materials (C+ and He++
at 3-5 MeV). The displacement damage induced in the samples covered the range
from 1 dpa to 80 dpa. The samples were then subjected to deuterium steady-state
plasma exposure. Multiple exposures of each sample have been done to reach
deuterium ion fluence of 1025-1026 ion/m2 at 100-250 eV of ion energy. Erosion rate
has been measured and erosion yield evaluated. While significant influence of the
damage occurring in the surface layer on erosion rate was observed for carbon
materials, this was not found in the case of tungsten. Changes in the surface
microstructure were analyzed with Scanning Electron Microscopy technique;
comparison was made of damaged and non-irradiated materials. Surface
modification has been observed on the damaged tungsten with formation of blister-
like features, cavities, and column structures. Concentration of gases retained in
tungsten after plasma exposure has been analyzed with nuclear reactions methods.
Deuterium retention in irradiated tungsten was measured by ERDA. Deuterium
concentration in tungsten was determined at different depths of the damaged layer.
Increase of deuterium retention was found on the damaged tungsten with the largest
integral deuterium uptake measured 1.7∙1017 D/cm2. The helium pre-implanted by
high-energy irradiation has also been detected in the damaged tungsten with
maximum of 10% at.

The work was supported by RFBR projects Nr.08-08-12151 and Nr.10-08-01170-а.

[1] B.I. Khripunov et al., J. Nucl. Mater. 390-391 (2009) 921-924.

[2] V.S. Koidan et al., IAEA FEC-2010, FTP/3-3Rb, Daejon, Korea.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +7 (499) 196 79 00; fax: +7 (499) 943 00 73.
E-mail address: [email protected] (B. Khripunov)

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Spatially-dependent cluster dynamics modeling of microstructure evolution

in low energy helium irradiated tungsten P55A
T. Faneya,*, D. Xua, X. Hua and B. Wirthb
a b
University of California Berkeley, University of Tennessee

In fusion reactors, plasma facing materials will be irradiated with high ion fluxes. One
key plasma facing component particularly, the divertor, will face high fluxes of low
energy (~100 eV) helium and hydrogen. Tungsten is being considered as one of the
leading candidates as a material for the divertor. However, the behaviour of tungsten
under high dose irradiation with coupled helium/hydrogen exposure remains to be
determined.
The irradiation behavior and in particular, performance changes are intimately related
to microstructural changes, such as the formation of point defect clusters, helium and
hydrogen bubbles or dislocation loops. Computational materials modelling will
investigate the mechanisms controlling microstructural evolution in tungsten following
high dose, high temperature radiation exposure.
The aim of this study is to understand and predict primary defect production and
defect diffusion, clustering and interaction close to the inner surface of the divertor
due to low energy helium irradiation. These defects can be interstitial clusters,
vacancy clusters, helium interstitials and helium-vacancy clusters.
We report results from a spatially-dependent cluster dynamics model based on
reaction-diffusion rate theory to describe the evolution in space and time of all of
these defects. The inputs to the model (Diffusion coefficients, migration and binding
energies, initial defect production) are key parameters and are determined from a
combination of atomistic materials modelling and available experimental data.
We then compare our modelling predictions with experiments available in the
literature, which are mainly thermal desorption spectrometry experiments.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +1 510 502 2608;

E-mail address: [email protected] (Thibault Faney)

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TEM characterization of self-ion damaged polycrystalline W and W-alloys

P55B
X. Yia, M. Bricenoa, M. L. Jenkinsa and S. G. Robertsa,*
a
Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, United Kingdom.

Transmission electron microscopy has been used to study self-ion irradiation damage
in polycrystalline W and W-based alloys, which are possible candidate materials for
plasma facing components in a TOKAMAK. Polycrystalline W (99.99wt%,
99.95wt%), W-5Re and W-5Ta were irradiated with 2MeV W+ ions at nominally 500°C
to a dose of 1.05×1018 W + m-2, aimed at simulating and thus exploring the
displacement damage effect of fusion neutrons. Features of irradiation-induced
dislocation loops were extracted from series of diffraction contrast experiments,
including loop Burgers vectors, loop nature (interstitial or vacancy), and size
distributions and number densities. The influence of grain orientation, material purity
and alloying elements are demonstrated and the underlying mechanisms are
discussed.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +44 1865 273775; fax: +44 1865 273764.
E-mail address: [email protected] (S.G. Roberts)

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Thermal Property of Neutron Irradiated Tungsten and Its Alloys

P56A
a, a a a
M. Fukuda *, A. Hasegawa , T. Tanno , and S. Nogami
a
Department of Quantum Science and Energy Engineering, Tohoku University,
Sendai 980-8579, Japan

Tungsten (W) is one of the candidate materials for plasma facing components of
fusion reactor because of its high melting point, high resistance to sputtering, and
high thermal conductivity. During fusion reactor operation, plasma facing components
are exposed to high flux 14 MeV neutron irradiation, therefore, it is important to study
the effect of neutron irradiation on thermal properties of W. The objective of this study
is to investigate the thermal conductivity change due to neutron irradiation in W and
its alloys.
The addition of rhenium (Re) in W not only improves the low temperature ductility of
W, but also increases its high temperature creep strength [1], and it is one of the
major transmutation elements of W. Arc melted W and W-Re alloys were examined in
this work. The neutron irradiation experiments were performed in JOYO (fast reactor)
and JMTR (mixed spectrum reactor) at JAEA (Japan Atomic Energy Agency), and
HFIR (mixed spectrum reactor) at ORNL (Oak Ridge National Laboratory). Irradiation
fluence and temperature ranges were 1-12 x 1025 n/m2 and 400-800ºC, respectively.
Thermal conductivity was evaluated by two methods. One was the thermal
conductivity converted from the thermal diffusivity by laser flash analysis. The other
was the thermal conductivity converted from the electrical resistivity by four-probe
method.
Thermal conductivity of W and W-Re alloys decreased with neutron irradiation. In the
case of 750oC/1.54dpa irradiation in JOYO, thermal conductivity of W was decreased
to 80% of unirradiated W. In the case of W-Re alloys, thermal conductivity was
decreased with Re content, but reduction by neutron irradiation was smaller than that
of W. In the case of unirradiated W-5Re, thermal conductivity was decreased to 50%
of unirradiated W. In HFIR irradiated specimen, reduction of thermal conductivity was
larger than that of specimens irradiated in JOYO and JMTR.
The effects of irradiation damage level and Re content to thermal conductivity of W
and W-Re alloys will be discussed. The mechanism of thermal conductivity changes
will be also discussed considering the microstructure changes and composition
change due to transmutation.

[1] H. P. GAO, R. H. Zee, J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 20 (2001) 885-887

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +81 22 795 7924; fax: +81 22 795 7924.
E-mail address: [email protected]

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The Dependence of Thermal Diffusivity on Measurement Temperature

Affected by Irradiation Damage in Ceramic Materials P56B
M. Akiyoshia*, I. Takagib, H. Tsuchidab, T. Yoshiiec
a
Department of Nuclear Engineering, Kyoto University,
Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
b Quantum Science and Engineering Center, Kyoto University, Gokasho,Uji,Kyoto,611-0011,Japan
c
Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University, Kumatori-cho, Osaka 590-0494,Japan
Thermal conductivity and also thermal diffusivity is one of the most important
parameters for ceramic materials used in fusion reactors. Neutron irradiation induces
many defects in crystals, and they decreases thermal diffusivity severely. The
decrement was almost saturated with neutron dose around 30 dpa, but changed with
the irradiation temperature. On the other hand, thermal diffusivity of ceramics
decreases by phonon scattering as the temperature rises even in the perfect crystal.
Typical structural ceramics, α-Al2O3, AlN, β-Si3N4 and β-SiC specimens were
irradiated in the experimental fast reactor JOYO to 4-73 dpa at 650-1050 K. Thermal
diffusivity was measured at 123-413 K via the laser flash method. The result was
described by an approximation function α=k/Tn, where k and n are constants, T [K] is
measurement temperature and α [m/s2] is thermal diffusivity at each temperature.
Using the function, the thermal diffusivity at the irradiation temperature was
determined for each specimen with several assumptions [1,2].
In addition, the n parameter in the function was changed with the irradiation condition.
For unirradiated specimen, this n parameter is almost 1, but it is turned out that it
decreased with decline of thermal diffusivity at room temperature that represents the
amount of defects (Fig.1). This n parameter decides the thermal diffusivity at the
irradiation temperature, so the estimation of this parameter enables more reliable
evaluation of thermal diffusivity during the irradiation.
1 1
Neutron-Irradiated T73 Neutron-Irradiated T71
α-Al2O3 β-SiC
0.8 0.8 T55
T73
T72
n Parameter

T53
n Parameter

T55
T72
T53
0.6 T54
0.6 T57

T51 T58 T57 T54

0.4 0.4
T52 T52 T58

0.2 0.2

0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Thermal Diffusivity αRT / 10-4 m2s-1 Thermal Diffusivity αRT / 10-4 m2s-1
(a) α-Al2O3 (b) β-SiC
Fig.1 The n parameter in the approximation function α=k/T changed with the thermal
n

diffusivity of that specimen at room temperature.

[1] M. Akiyoshi, I. Takagi, T. Yano, N. Akasaka, Y. Tachi, Fusion Eng. Design, 81 (2006) 321-325.
[2] M. Akiyoshi, J. Nucl. Mater., 386-388 (2009) 303

*Corresponding author: Phone/Fax : +81-75-753-4837.

E-mail address: [email protected]

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Radiation Induced Conductivity for Er2O3 coatings on EUROFER

under 1.8 MeV electron irradiation P57A
C. Adelhelma, A. Brendela, E. R. Hodgsonb, M. Malob and A. Moroñob*.
a
Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, 85748 Garching, Germany.
b
EURATOM/CIEMAT Fusion Association, Avenida Complutense 22, 28040 Madrid, Spain.

The use of some type of electrical insulating ceramic coating will be necessry in order
to mitigate MHD (magnetohydrodynamic) pressure drop of liquid Li breeder/coolant in
future blanket systems [1]. Previous studies have shown that Er2O3 coatings
maintain the chemical compatibility with highly corrosive high temperature liquid Li.
However it is expected that during operation under the influence of the intense
radiation field the electrical behaviour of the insulating coating will be severely
modified. In particular, enhancement of the electrical conductivity due to RIC
(Radiation Induced Conductivity) [2] and RIED (Radiation Induced Electrical
Degradation) [3] must be examined.

Cubic phase Er2O3 coating on EUROFER substrate was produced at IPP Garching
using the method of cathodic arc deposition. Average thickness of the erbia coating
was 800 nm and it was deposited at 700 C. After being produced the sample was
delivered to CIEMAT where the sample was irradiated with 1.8 MeV electrons in
order to evaluate the electrical behaviour of the sample within the radiation field.
Before irradiation the electrical conductivity of the erbia coating was measured in
vacuum as a function of temperature from room temperature up to 450 C. Then the
sample was irradiated at 450 C and 700 Gy/s and the RIC was continiously
measured during irradiation. After being irradiated a clear increase in electrical
conductivity was observed together with electrical instability induced by both
irradiation and thermal treatment.

[1] S. Malang, P. Leroy, G.P. Casini, R.F. Mattas and Yu. Strebkov, Fus. Eng. Des. 16
(1991) 95-109.
[2] D.J. Huntley and J.R. Andrews, Can. J. Phys. 46 (1968) 147.
[3] E.R. Hodgson, Cryst. Latt. Def. and Amorph. Mater. 18 (1989) 169.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +34 91 3466204; fax: +34 91 346 6124.

E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Moroño)

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Database Development and Coordinated Research Projects

at the IAEA on Plasma-Material Interaction and Neutron-Induced Processes P57B
B. J. Braamsa,*, R. A. Forresta, and H.-K. Chunga
a
Nuclear Data Section, NAPC Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria

Within the IAEA Division of Physical and Chemical Sciences (NAPC) the Nuclear
Data Section is devoted to the development and dissemination of atomic and nuclear
data for applications. In connection with materials in fusion energy research our
activities are concentrated on plasma-material interaction processes and on fusion-
relevant neutron cross-sections. Plasma-material interaction data are included in the
ALADDIN numerical database and the AMBDAS bibliographical database. For
neutron processes the key databases are ENDF for evaluated data, EXFOR for
experimental data and CINDA for bibliographical data. The Section encourages
development of new data and new methods by way of Coordinated Research
Projects (CRPs). A CRP normally runs for about 4 years and involves 10-15 research
groups. The ongoing and planned CRPs in the area of fusion materials are:
- Data for surface composition dynamics relevant to erosion processes. This CRP
(2007-2011) is concerned with the behavior of mixed materials, such as C-Be-W, in a
fusion vacuum vessel.
- Characterization of size, composition and origins of dust in fusion devices. (2008-
2012.) Dust and tritium retention in dust are critical safety concerns for ITER and for
a reactor.
- Fusion Evaluated Nuclear Data Library FENDL 3.0. A primary objective of this CRP
is to provide an evaluated nuclear data library for fusion applications, extending the
present FENDL-2.1 library toward higher energies and including incident charged
particles and the evaluation of related uncertainties.
A CRP on “Erosion and tritium retention in beryllium surfaces” is being proposed for
the timeframe 2012-2016, overlapping with the operation of the JET ITER-Like Wall
and in time to prepare data before the start of operation of ITER. The databases and
information about the research projects are on the Nuclear Data Services and Atomic
and Molecular Data Unit web pages [1,2] and will be described further in the poster.

[1] Nuclear Data Section web page: http://www-nds.iaea.org/

[2] Atomic and Molecular Data Unit web page: http://www-amdis.iaea.org/

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +43-1-260021731.

E-mail address: [email protected]

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Erosion of Tungsten and Its Brazed Joints with Bronze Substrates

Irradiated by Pulsed Deuterium Plasma Flows P58A
V. Yakushin*, V. Polsky, B. Kalin, P. Dzhumaev, O. Sevryukov,
A. Suchkov, V. Fedotov

National Research Nuclear University «MEPhI»,115409 Moscow, Russia

Results on erosion of mono- and polycrystalline tungsten and brazed joints of

tungsten plates and bronze substrates under irradiation by high-temperature pulsed
(τp~20 µs) deuterium plasma (HTPP) flows, with the energy density Q=0.4−1.3 MJ/m2
and the pulse number N=2−30, imitating the expected plasma disruptions in fusion
reactors are presented.
The surface erosion character and heat-resistance of tungsten and brazed joints
were investigated by SEM, and erosion coefficients were determined by target mass
loss.
It is found that for the both types of tungsten the surface starts to significantly crack
even under relatively weak irradiation regimes (Q=0.4 MJ/m2, N=2). At that, surface
melting is not observed. Local meltings become visible with an increase of Q up to
0.5 MJ/m2. In addition, there is formation of blisters with a typical size of 1−2 µm on
the surface of monocrystalline samples and craters up to 2 µm in diameter on
polycrystalline samples. An increase of Q up to 0.6 MJ/m2 and higher results in
intensive melting of the surface layers and their additional cracking along the
boundaries of newly formed 50–150 nm submicrocrystalline grains as a result of
melting and subsequent hardening. Besides, craters ~10–30 µm in diameter are
formed on defects similar to those observed under unipolar arcs.
The dependence of the erosion coefficients from Q and N is identical for poly- and
monocrystalline tungsten. A significant decrease of the erosion coefficients and their
saturation with an increase of both parameters are observed. At that, the erosion
coefficients change in ranges of 0.2–0.3 µg/(J·cm2) for mono- and 0.2–0.7 µg/(J·cm2)
for polycrystalline samples.
The heat-resistance of brazed joints of tungsten plates with bronze under irradiation
by deuterium plasma flows is found to depend on the type of bronze. It is found that
at Q=1.0 MJ/m2, the brazed joints of monocrystalline tungsten with bronze of Cu-
0.6% Cr-0.08% Zr have the highest heat-resistance.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +7 495 323 9140; fax: +7 495 324 3165.
E-mail address: [email protected]

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An Investigation of Non-Destructive Examination (NDE) Methods

for the Analysis of Be to Cu alloy Bonded Samples P58B
J. Bushella,b,*, P. Sherlocka, and Dr P. Mummeryb
a
AMEC Nuclear UK Ltd, Booths Hall, Chelford Road, Knutsford, Cheshire, WA16 8QZ, England, UK
b
School of Materials, University of Manchester, Grosvenor St, Manchester, M1 7HS, England, UK

The task of bonding the dissimilar materials within the First Wall Panels (FWP), such
that components will survive the extreme environment of a fusion reactor, presents
challenges. Bonds must remain intact under high temperatures, exhibiting a
resistance to failure through static and cycling thermal loads, whilst also being
tolerant to irradiation. Commercialisation of manufacture in preparation ITER brings
with it a requirement for guaranteed repeatability and high quality of output. This is
important considering the high costs of replacement and potential damage to
underlying components, resulting from failure of the FWP components during service.
One way to evaluate the quality of individual bonded components would be through
the destructive testing or cutting of samples from completed components. However,
sampling and destructive testing is not ideal given the high cost of fabrication for the
FWP components and this will only statistically demonstrate the integrity of the
components, which leaves the possibility that flawed components could remain
un-revealed. Non-destructive examination (NDE) methods are therefore attractive for
evaluation of completed components, both prior to use and during service.
The work reported evaluates the effectiveness of several non-destructive
examination (NDE) methods when used for inspection of bond between the Beryllium
(Be) plasma facing material and the Copper alloy (CuCrZr) heatsink of the FWPs.
This is the main area of interest as this bond has been found to present the greatest
technological challenge and consequently requires the most attention within the FWP
manufacturing process. Failure of this bond in service could result in further damage
to the first wall and may preclude further tokamak operation due to excessive plasma
contamination with high Z elements.
Small samples of HIP-bonded Be-CuCrZr-SS were produced for this investigation,
following the current manufacturing route for the FWP. NDE techniques investigated
include ultrasonic, x-ray and electro-resistance methods, with the goal of identifying
defects both directly and through the measurement of local bond residual stresses. A
detailed characterisation of the bond region using SEM has also been performed.
Following tests using these techniques, consideration is given to the practicalities of
scaling up to full size components.

This initial work is intended to demonstrate the NDE methods that can be used to
inspect the Be-CuCrZr bond. Subsequent work will focus on relating measured
quantities to process control and structural integrity.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +44 7961586152

E-mail address: [email protected]

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Fabrication and Test of KO Preliminary Semi-Prototype

for ITER First Wall Qualification P59A
Suk-Kwon Kima,*, Jae-Sung Yoon, Hyun-Kyu Jung, Yang-Il Jung, Jeong-Yong Park,
Yong-Hwan Jeong, Byoung Yoon Kimb, and Dong Won Leea
a
Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
b
ITER Korea, National Fusion Research Institute, Daejeon, Republic of Korea

The ITER First Wall (FW) includes the beryllium armour tiles joined to a CuCrZr heat
sink with stainless steel cooling tubes. This first wall panels are one of the critical
components in the ITER machine with the surface heat flux of 5 MW/m2 or above. So,
a qualification program needs to be performed with the goal to qualify the joining
technologies required for the ITER First Wall. Based on the results of these tests, the
acceptance of the developed joining technologies will be established. The results of
this qualification test will affect the final selection of the manufacturers for the ITER
First Wall.
The detailed fabrication process of the KO qualification semi-prototypes (SP) will be
described as follows. [1-3] For the CuCrZr and stainless steel, the canned materials
are placed into the HIP furnace. HIP (Hot Isostatic Pressing) was conducted at
1,050 °C and 100 MPa for 2 hours with the heating rate of 5 °C/min and the furnace
cooling. During the heating process, the temperature was held at 900 °C for 210 min
for pressure control and the homogenizing of the materials. And, in the case of
beryllium to CuCrZr HIPping, the canned materials are placed into a HIP furnace. HIP
was conducted at 580 °C and 100 MPa for 2 hours with the heating rate of 4 °C/min
and the furnace cooling. The canning plates were removed by electro-discharge
machining. The surface of HIPped SP was mechanically machined, and the materials
were cleaned in ethyl alcohol by using an ultrasonic cleaner.
For the non-destructive tests (NDT) of the fabricated SP, visual and dimension
inspections were performed whenever needed in the fabrication process, ultrasonic
test (UT) was performed with ultrasonic probes. Destructive tests (DT) for the
qualification SP were performed on a small mockup which was fabricated together
with these SP. The small mockup for the destructive test has one small beryllium tile
without the cooling pipes. It is assumed that the small mockup has the same
properties as SP since the test mockup and SP are fabricated simultaneously with
the same manufacturing process by using the same facilities.

[1] Young-Dug Bae, et al., Fusion Sci. Technol. 56, 91 (2009)

[2] Jeong-Yong Park, et al., Fusion Eng. Des. 84, 1568 (2009)
[3] Dong Won Lee, et al., Fusion Eng. Des. 84, 1160 (2009)

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +82 42 868 8894; fax: +82 42 868 8917.
E-mail address: [email protected] (Suk-Kwon Kim)

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Micro-chemical analysis of highly heat loaded CFC/Cu interfaces from

Tore Supra and Wendelstein 7-X P59B
T. Höschen1,*, H. Greuner1, Ch. Linsmeier1, M. Missirlian2
1
Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, 85741 Garching, Germany
2
CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France

A comparison of high heat flux (HHF) test results of Tore Supra and Wendelstein 7-X
plasma-facing components was performed to study the fatigue behaviour of the
CFC/Cu bonding. Both types of actively water-cooled elements are made of CFC as
plasma-facing material bonded by active metal casting onto a CuCrZr structure. The
manufacturer Plansee improved the applied bonding technique in the frame of pre-
series development for the W7-X divertor targets. [1]
Samples with three different CFC materials were compared. One sample was cut
from a Tore Supra limiter element fabricated with N11-92 CFC material which fully
meets the technical specification. Another sample was taken from a Tore Supra
element covered with N11-98. This CFC material slightly deviates from the requested
properties [2]. The third investigated sample was cut from a W7-X prototype element
covered with NB 31.
All three components were cyclically loaded with up to 3000 pulses (10 s each) at
10 MW/m² at the HHF test facility GLADIS. The components showed stable
performance without significant surface temperature increase, except for the
elements covered with N11-98. Suddenly occurring defects of the N11-98 bonding
resulted in a collapse of bonding within the following 100 – 200 pulses.
A reliable bonding of CFC onto Cu structures requires the formation of carbides to
wet the carbon surfaces by liquid copper. To check whether the bonding itself could
be made responsible for the failure. Micro-chemical investigations were performed on
metallographically prepared cross sections of the respective joints. XPS was applied
to determine the carbidic and metallic chemical states of titanium. SIMS
investigations visualize the spatial distribution of the alloying elements.
The paper discusses the micro-chemical investigations with respect to the results of
the heat load test. The Ti 2p peak position in XPS measurements reveals that
titanium is present mainly in carbidic form in all three analysed samples. The lateral
elemental distribution visualised by SIMS 2d images differs reasonably between the
older Tore Supra samples and the improved bonding W7-X sample, where a thick
titanium interlayer is found all along the interface. In between the two Tore Supra
samples no qualitative difference can be found. Only little titanium is detected in
higher concentration at the interface itself but on both samples titanium is found also
in a distance to the interface diffused inside CFC pores.
[1] Schedler, B. et al., Phys. Scr. T128 (2007) 200–203
[2] Missirlian, M. et al., Influence of CFC quality on the performance of TS limiter elements under cyclic
heat loading, article in press, Fusion Eng. Des. (2010),

*Corresponding author. Tel.: +49 89 32991229; fax: +49 8932991212.

E-mail address: [email protected] (T. Höschen)

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Image based modelling of silicon carbide composites (SiCf/SiC)

for use in a fusion power plant’s breeding blanket P60A
Ll. M. Evansa,*, P. Mummerya, and S. Dudarevb
a
Material Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Grosvenor Street, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
b
Culham Centre for Fusion Energy, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 3DB, UK

Silicon carbide has been identified as a candidate material for use in fusion reactors.
The intrinsic mechanical behaviour of monolithic forms of SiC is poor, hence it is
primarily considered as a constituent in composites. SiC composites are being
evaluated because of their high operating temperatures and good activation
properties. The purpose of this work was to develop a mechanistic understanding of
the behaviour of SiCf/SiC composites under thermal and mechanical loading.

The microstructures of a tube made of 3D woven Hi nicalon fibres with CVD SiC
matrix were characterised in 3D by X-ray tomography. Imaging was performed using
the Metris 320kV custom bay at the Henry Moseley Imaging Facility at the University
of Manchester, UK. Meshes for finite element models were generated in the
Simpleware software package directly from these data. Input mechanical and thermal
data for the models were determined by; nanoindentation and appropriate interfacial
tests, laser flash, differential scanning calorimetry and thermal gravimetric analysis,
respectively. The quasi-static and thermal behaviour of the composites were
modelled in ABAQUS and ParaFEM and validated by experiment.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +44 161 306 3594.

E-mail address: [email protected] (Ll. M. Evans)

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Effects of Heat Treatment Conditions on the Micro-Structure

and Impact Properties of Eurofer 97 ODS Alloy P60B
S.F. Di Martinoa,*, R.G. Faulknera, N. Riddlea, M.A. Mongeb, A. Munozb
a
Science of Materials Department,Loughborough University, LE11 3TU Loughborough, UK
b
Departamento de Fisica, Universidad Carlos III, 28911 Leganes, Spain

High-chromium oxide dispersion strengthened ferritic-martensitic steels (RAFM) are

potential candidate materials for first wall application in the next nuclear fusion device
to be built, ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor). The reduced
activation material produced in this study is the ODS variant of the Eurofer 97 alloy,
containing a dispersion of yttrium oxide (0.3 wt.%). To date, one of the most pressing
challenges is the requirement of a material capable of withstanding high levels of
neutron irradiation whilst maintaining sufficient mechanical properties. The present
study focuses on the ductile to brittle transition temperature (DBTT), which should be
low enough to counteract the expected shift to higher temperatures caused by
neutron irradiation embrittlement. In order to evaluate the effects of heat treatment
conditions on micro-structure and DBTT properties, samples of Eurofer 97 ODS,
produced were produced by means of mechanical alloying in hydrogen atmosphere
and hot isostatic pressing (HIP). The samples were then normalised and tempered.
A range of twelve heat treatments, with normalising temperatures between 980°C
and 1300°C were investigated. These were chosen to identify any influence of heat
treatment upon the grain size, carbide distribution and composition, and grain
boundary character. This information was then used to indicate which heat treatment
parameters yielded the material with the most favourable impact properties, and how
the microstructure was affected. The characterisation of the various microstructures
produced was peformed by means of scanning electron microscopy, electron back-
scattered diffraction microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The Charpy
V-notch samples were tested using an impact testing machine modified for use with
sub-size specimens, with an atmospherically controlled chamber and instrumented
displacement sensor. Results showed that independently from the heat treatment
conditions, all the microstructures shared the same features: fine grained ferritic
matrix (sub-micron); fine and uniform carbide population decorating grain boundaries
and, to a lesser extent, within the grains; fine and uniform yttria dispersion; randomly
distributed regions of larger ferritic grains. The grain boundary character distribution
showed to be .unchanged except at the highest normalising temperature and the
slowest cooling rate. This heat treatment led to a microstructure containing a high
fraction of low angle boundaries, which displayed very encouraging DBTT behaviour:
a high USE and a DBTT downward shift compared to the as-received material of
150°C.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +44 (0) 1509 223153; fax: +44 (0) 1509 223949
E-mail address: [email protected] (S.F. Di Martino)

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Analytical TEM investigation of boron alloyed EUROFER 97

P61A
M. Klimenkov*, E. Materna-Morris, R. Lindau

IAM-AWP, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 71344 Karlsruhe, Germany

Martensitic tempered steels are established as high temperature material for the use
in turbines or power plants. The 8-10%Cr-steels are one development for the future
application as component in a Fusion reactor. For the thermal stability of the material
and precipitates, it is necessary to alloy the steel with a small quantity of boron. The
European reduced activation ferritic-martensitic (RAFM) reference material
EUROFER 97 [1] was alloyed with 10B and natural boron to study the influence of He
on the mechanical properties of irradiated material [2]. Helium will be generated by
the nuclear reaction 10B(n, α)7Li. The boron forms several precipitates of 200-500nm
size. The application of modern analytical methods shows that the precipitates are in
most cases complex. Detailed analysis was possible using combined electron energy
loss spectroscopy (EELS) and Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) spectroscopic
imaging. EELS spectroscopy conducted in the transmission electron microscope
(TEM) represents a powerful tool not only for the detection of light elements such as
boron or nitrogen but also for determination of chemical phases and even its
orientation to the electron beam. The possibility of direct measurement of chemical
bonding effects at the sub nanometer level has aroused considerable interest in the
materials science community.
The elemental mapping shows the distribution of different precipitates in the
specimen. Altogether four types of precipitates have been detected: M23C6
precipitates which are visible in the Cr map, the TaC and VN particles which are
visible in the Ta and V maps respectively. Large precipitates of 300nm-500nm size
have been identified as boron nitrides.
The chemical analysis of these precipitates has been performed using EDX and
EELS. EDX shows the chemical ratio of 3d metals and “heavy” elements such as Cr,
Ta or V inside precipitates. EELS has been used for detection of light elements such
as N, C and O.
Spatially resolved EELS and EDX methods were used for imaging and detailed
elemental analysis of different precipitates in the boron alloyed EUROFER 97.

[1] R. Lindau, et. al. Fusion Engineering and Design 75-79 (2005)
[2] E. Materna-Morris et. al., Journal of Nuclear Materials 386-388 (2009) 422
[3] H.K. Schmidt Microscopy Microanalysis Microstructure 6 (1995) 99

*Corresponding author ([email protected])

Tel.: +49 721 608 22903; fax: +49 721 608 22903

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Three-dimensional imaging and metrology of yttria dispersoids

by electron tomography P61B

A. Kruk*, B. Dubiel, and A. Czyrska-Filemonowicz

AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Metals Engineering and

Industrial Computer Science, International Centre of Electron Microscopy for
Materials Science, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30,
30-059 Krakow, Poland

Microstructure of the Oxide Dispersion Strengthened (ODS) alloys for high

temperature application [1-2] as well as the ODS steels for fusion were studied
mainly by scanning- and transmission electron microscopy (SEM, TEM). The precise
qualification of the shape, size and chemical composition of dispersoids (mostly Y-Al
oxide particles), which are the strengthening particles of these materials, is of great
importance for determination their influence on material properties.
Electron tomography allows for generation of 3D model (image) of the investigated
object(s) from the multiple 2D projection images, obtained over a range of viewing
directions. Promising results were achieved using electron tomography with EFTEM
or HAADF-STEM imaging [3].
We have performed electron tomography studies of the Y-Al dispersoids in ferritic
ODS alloy, Incoloy MA956, after isothermal annealing at 1350 °C up to 1000 hours.
The samples of dispersoids were prepared as extracted double-replicas. Tilt series
were acquired semi- automatically at FEI Tecnai G2 microscope using FEI 3D
software. Oxide Al/Y ratio was determined by EDS.
The results show precisely three-dimensional morphology of the oxide dispersoids,
their chemical composition (namely Al/Y ratio) and their changes during isothermal
annealing at 1350 °C. Several different types of Y-Al particles were observed and a
dependency between their chemical composition and their shape was established.
Therefore another tomography technique, FIB tomography, was used for detailed
characterisation and metrology of Y-Al dispersoids in the MA956 alloy.
FIB (Focused Ion Beam) tomography is based on a serial sectioning procedure
employing a FIB/SEM dual beam workstation. Repeated removal of layers as thin as
a few nm allows to explore at total a volume of some μm3. 3-D mapping of
dispersoids by serial FIB slicing and SEM imaging was performed using a 30 kV Ga+
ion beam to get a precise in-situ milling. The 3-D reconstruction and visualization led
to observe several types of dispersoids present in the matrix and allowed for precise
measurement of their size. The results achieved confirm the ability of FIB
tomography to get 3D reconstruction of the objects of 100 nm or even smaller. Such
3D reconstructions can serve as a basis for quantitative analyses of complex
structures in materials down to the nano-scale.

(iv) A. Czyrska-Filemonowicz and B. Dubiel, Journal of Materials and Processing

Technology, 55, 53-64 (1997).
(v) P. Krautwasser, A. Czyrska-Filemonowicz, M.Widera and F.Carsughi, Materials Science
and Engineering A, 177, 199 (1994).
(vi) P.A. Midgley and M. Weyland, Ultramicroscopy 96, 413 (2003).

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +48 12 617 25 66; E-mail address: [email protected]

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Characterization of Y2O3 and La2O3 nanoparticles in W-V and W-Ti ODS

tungsten alloys by small angle neutron scattering P62A
A. Muñoza,*, J. Martínez a, M.A. Monge a, B. Savoini a, R. Pareja a and A. Radulescu b
a
Universidad Carlos III, Avda. De la Universidad 30, 28911 Leganés, Spain
b
Institut für Festkörperforschung. Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 85748 Garching, Germany

W alloys and oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) W alloys are being considered as
potential structural materials for the modular helium-cooled divertor of the fusion
reactor DEMO [1,2]. Among the properties that make W a suitable material for
plasma facing material are its high melting point, good thermal conductivity, low
sputtering rate and low tritium retention. However, there are two important
deficiencies that could limit its use in the future fusion reactors, i.e. its high ductile-
brittle transition temperature (DBTT), which is in the temperature range 373-673 K,
and its recrystallization temperature (RCT) around 1500 K [3]. The DBTT and RCT of
W can be improved by addition of some impurities. For instance, the addition of Re
lowers DBTT of W and enhances its mechanical characteristics at high temperatures
[4-6]. However, the W-Re alloys undergo severe embrittlement under neutron
irradiation. On the other hand, it appears that the the DBTT and RCT for W can be
modified via a uniform dispersion of oxide nanoparticles as such ThO2, La2O3 or
Y2O3. It has reported that the addition of Ti or V by itself, or combined with either
Y2O3 or La2O3 can moderately enhance the strength and fracture toughness of W in
the temperature range below ~ 873 K or 1073 K, as well as its microhardness
noticeably, in comparison to pure W produced by the same procedure [7, Ref de los
workshops].
W and W-V and W-Ti alloys containing a dispersion of stable oxide, La2O3 or Y2O3,
have been prepared by mechanical alloying and subsequent consolidation by hot
isostatic pressing. The mechanical behaviour of these alloys at high temperature
appears to be related to the presence of a fine dispersion of oxide particle. In this
work, small angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurements performed on these
alloys will be presented. The analysis of the data has let us extract information about
the morphology and size distribution of the La2O3 and Y2O3 nanoparticles present in
the ODS W alloys.

[1] J.W. Davis, V.R. Barabash, A. Makhankov, L. Plöchl, K.T. Slattery, J. Nucl. Mater.
258-263, 308-312 (1998)
[2] H. Bolt, V. Barabash, W. Krauss, J. Linke, R. Neu, S. Suzuki, N. Yoshida, ASDEX
Upgrade Team, J. Nucl. Mater. 329-333, 66-73 (2004)
[3] I. Smid, M. Akiba, G. Vieider, L. Plöchl, J. Nucl. Mater. 258-263,160-172 (1998)
[4] F.W. Wiffen, Proceedings of Symposium on Refractory Alloy Technology for Space
Nuclear Power Applications, August 1983, Oak Ridge, TN, USA, p. 252
[5] M. Schuster, I. Smid, G. Leichtfried, Physica B 234-236, 1224 (1997)
[6] R. K. Williams, F.W. Wiffen, J. Bentley, J.O. Siegler, Metallurgical Transactions
14A, 655 (1983)
[7] M. V. Aguirre, A. Martin, J. Y. Pastor, J. Lorca, M. A. Monge, R. Pareja, Met. Mat.
Trans. 40A, 2283 (2009)

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +34 916249413; fax: +34 916248749.

E-mail address: [email protected]

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Microstructure analysis of tungsten materials

produced by different fabrication routes P62B
U. Jäntscha,*, M. Klimenkova , M. Rietha, T. Scherera and A. Hoffmannb
a b
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany; PLANSEE Metall GmbH, Reutte,
Austria

Present design concepts for nuclear fusion reactors include high heat flux
components which have to be operated at extreme physical conditions. Due to a
complex mix of requirements, the most promising materials for shield as well as for
structural applications are tungsten alloys. Their use as structural material is limited
by the onset of recrystallization and/or loss of strength at high temperatures –
typically above 1200°C. Since mechanical properties are defined by the underlying
microstructure, refractory alloys can behave quite different, even if their chemical
composition is the same [1,2].
Therefore, a screening study of the microstructure characteristics was performed with
various commercial tungsten half products. Grain size, orientation, anisotropy,
particle form and distribution were investigated using transmission electron
microscope (TEM), and a focused ion beam (FIB) system.
With the help of slice and view techniques in the FIB [3], it was possible to generate
3D models of oxide dispersion particles, which were visualized by surface rendering
revealing needle or platelet shaped particles depending on the processing conditions:
In one refractory alloy lanthanum the oxide particles have nearly a spicular structure
and 3D visualization of 3D reconstruction clearly indicates a considerable fraction of
the aligned particles is longer than 20μm. In contrast, a differently processed
lanthanum oxide tungsten refractory material investigated earlier exhibits sheet-like
lanthanum oxide particles. These results indicate the importance to correlate
structure and processing conditions.
Analytical TEM investigations were performed to study the presence of Lanthanum
on the grain boundaries and for imaging of lanthanum oxide in tungsten
microstructure, for example by TEM pictures and 2D EDX mappings.
Based on these investigations dislocations and defects in structure were
documented.
This presentation describes and discusses the correlation between the microstructure
and the specific fracture modes of common tungsten materials.

[1] M. Rieth, A. Hoffmann, Fusion Science and Technology 56 (2009) 1018-22.

[2] M. Rieth et al., Advances in Science and Technology Vol. 73 (2010) pp11-21.
[3] L. Holzer et al., J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 89 (2006), 2577.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +49 721 608 22905; fax: +49 721 608 24567.
E-mail address: [email protected]

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TEM investigation of W in the as-received and forged condition

P63A
W. Van Renterghem*, I. Uytdenhouwen

Institute for Nuclear Materials Science, SCK•CEN, Association EURATOM, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol,
Belgium

Tungsten is considered as a primary candidate to be used as a first wall material in

future tokamaks such as DEMO and beyond. The optimal production parameters
and the full characterisation (microstructure, thermo-mechanical properties) of the
material is still under investigation. In particular, the thermal shock behaviour and the
cracking resistance need to be characterised. For this investigation, pure tungsten
blocks were produced and provided by Plansee AG, Austria. The main steps in the
production process are isostatic pressing followed by sintering to obtain a cylindrical
block. This block is forged first in the radial direction and then along a cylindrical
direction. The last step is a stress relief treatment at 1000°C to remove residual
stress. Besides the purely stress relieved material also a recrystallized material was
characterized simulating a microstructural change of the material due to long term
operational conditions in a fusion reactor. The recrystallization treatment was
performed at 1600°C for 1 hour by Plansee AG.

The aim of this production method was to obtain a tungsten material with isotropic
grains and no porosity. However, the metallography performed on this material
showed that the grain structure is not as homogeneous as expected. In the as-
received condition, larger grains were observed near the edge of the cylindrical block
compared to the center and also differences between the top of the block and the
center were stated. Moreover, almost no porosity was present at the edge of the
block, but 1-2% porosity consisting of pores up to 5µm were found in the center. The
recrystallization treatment resulted in a grain growth, mainly at the edge of the block.

In this presentation, the influence of the production method and recrystallization on

the microstructure of the material, analyzed with transmission electron microscopy
(TEM), will be discussed. In total 8 specimens, 4 from the as-received and 4 from the
recrystallized material, were taken from the edge and center of the block, both at the
top and in the bulk. It was found that microstructure did not vary significantly with the
position of the specimen in the block, but that the recrystallization does have a big
influence. In all specimens from the as-received material, a large amount of small
angle tilt boundaries were observed. These boundaries were removed during the
recrystallization treatment and for these specimens only a limited amount of
dislocations were observed.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +32 14 333098; fax: +32 14 321216.

E-mail address: [email protected]

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Subsurface structures on rolled and re-crystallised W after D bombardment

P63B
S. Lindiga,*, M. Baldena, V.Kh. Alimovb, A. Manharda, C. Höschenc, T. Höschena
a
Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, 85748 Garching, Germany
b
Tritium Technology Group, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
c
Lehrstuhl für Bodenkunde, TU-München, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany

Tungsten is a promising candidate for a plasma facing material in the main chamber
and also for divertor areas in fusion reactors. The erosion of this high-Z material by
plasma is acceptably low and the D retention is intensively investigated by many
international groups. The absolute D retention in W seems to be tolerable for the next
generation of nuclear fusion devices like ITER or DEMO. But still clarification is
needed how and under which conditions D enters the material and where D is mainly
accumulated.

In this work two types of W specimens were investigated: i) rolled tungsten with a
mirror-finish polished surface (ITER grade Japan, grain sizes 2-100 µm) and ii) the
same W grade but after additional re-crystallisation at 2070 K for 2 h under H
atmosphere (~50 µm grain size). The W samples were exposed in a linear plasma
generator at elevated temperatures (320 – 700 K) by D bombardment with an energy
of 38 eV/D and with fluences up to 1027 D/m² at a flux of ~1022 D/m²s. The samples
were analysed with SEM combined with FIB for iterative cross-sectioning to obtain a
3D reconstruction. Additionally, EBSD was applied to determine the grain orientation
and deformation.

The D transport is driven by diffusion under super-saturation conditions and depends

strongly on temperature. The re-crystallised samples show at low temperatures
bizarre surface extrusions and the subsurface region is cracked and plastically
deformed (up to depth of 10 µm). At temperatures around 600 K stepped extrusions
appear, the grains remain undamaged, but large cavities are created at the first grain
boundary up to a depth of 50 µm with the same volume as the extrusion. The
extruded material moves along the <111>{110} slip system, which is activated above
the DBT temperature [1]. The positions of cracks and pores are determined by 3D
reconstruction of cross-section slices with the Amira software. Their positions and
elongations are compared with the lattice orientation and the grain cleavage planes.
At temperatures above 700 K no extrusions are visible.
In contrast, the observed extrusions on the rolled tungsten are blisters (typical 2 µm
diameter) and nearly similar over the whole temperature range, even above 750 K.
They relax partly by a FIB cut made several µm away. Obviously, networks of
channels exist between blisters which are gas filled and partly elastic [2].

Further first experiments were performed on a D loaded sample to investigate an

expected accumulation of D in grain boundaries on the surface by Nano-SIMS. It is
also tried to determine the lateral distribution of D on cross sections.

[1] S. Lindig et al., Phys. Scr. T138, 014040 (2009)

[2] M. Balden et al., submitted to J. Nucl. Mater.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +49 89 3299 1262; fax: +49 89 3299 961262.
E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Lindig)

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Elasticity and Screw Dislocations in W-Re and W-Ta Alloys

P64A
a,b* b b a
H. Li , L. Romaner , C. Ambrosch-Draxl , and R. Pippan
a
Erich Schmid Institute of Materials Science, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Jahn-Straße 12, A-8700
Leoben, Austria.
b
Chair of Atomistic Modelling and Design of Materials, University of Leoben, Franz-Josef-Straße 18, A-
8700 Leoben, Austria.

Using a first-principles approach, the elastic properties as well as the core structure
of the 1/2<111> screw dislocation in W-Me (Me=Ta, Re) alloys are investigated from
the atomistic point of view. For a range of Ta/Re concentrations the lattice parameter,
bulk modulus, and elastic constants are calculated and compared with pure W to
study the influence of solute atoms on the elastic properties. A periodic quadrupolar
arrangement of the dislocation is employed to model the core structures. We show
that W and W-Ta alloys at all concentrations exhibit a symmetric core structure. In
contrast, W-Re alloys exhibit a gradual transition to asymmetric cores. Furthermore,
the critical stress which has to be applied to move the dislocation at 0K (Peierls
stress σp) is calculated to determine the mobility of dislocations. The reduction of σp
and a change of slip plane explain the brittle to ductile transition in W upon Re
alloying. However, for W-Ta alloys the reduction of σp is found only with high Ta
concentrations. Finally, we investigate the correlation between the core symmetry
and the γ-surfaces for both W-Me cases.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +43 3842 402 4407; fax: +43 3842 402 4400.
E-mail address: [email protected] (H. Li)

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Visco-elastic model of the “fuzz” growth

P64B
S. I. Krasheninnikov*

University California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA

Recent experiments on the irradiation of Tungsten with helium-hydrogen plasma [1-3]

have shown the formation of “fuzz”, filled with nano-bubbles, on the front surface of
the sample. The “fuzz” growth was observed, within some temperature range of the
sample, where the thickness of the “fuzz” was increasing as a square root of the time
of the irradiation. The rate of “fuzz” growth depends on the temperature of the sample
as well as on the rate of helium ion flux. However, at relatively large helium fluxes the
rate of “fuzz” growth saturates.
We present theoretical model [4] describing all main features observed in
experiments. This model is based on plastic deformation of the “skin” of the “fuzz”
fibers caused by newly growing nano-bubble on the tip of the fiber. The main idea of
the model can be described as follows. Newly glowing bubble having high helium
pressure inside creates an excessive force on surrounding tungsten “skin” of the fiber
and forming pressure difference between base and nose of the fiber. As a result,
tungsten “flows” through the “skin” from the base to the nose.
This model predicts t1/2 growth of length of the fibers, strong temperature
dependence of the growth rate, and the saturation of the growth with ion helium flux
to the substrate.

[1] S. Takamura, et al., Plasma Fusion Res., 1, 051 (2006)

[2] M. J. Baldwin, and R. P. Doerner, Nucl. Fusion 48, 035001 (2008)
[3] R. S. Kajita et al., Nucl. Fusion 49, 095005 (2009)
[4] S. I. Krasheninnikov et al., The IAEA Fusion Energy Conference, Daejon, Korea
Rep., 11-16 October 2010, CN-180-FTP/P1-27

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +1 858 822-3476; fax: +1 858 534-7716.

E-mail address: [email protected] (S. I. Krasheninnikov)

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Characterization of powder metallurgy processed and hot rolled W-TiC alloys

P65A
Y.Y. Liana,*, X. Liua, Z.Y. Xua, Y.P. Huangb, C.S. Xiangb
a
Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
b
Northwest Institute for Nonferrous Metal Research, Xi’an, 710016 Shaanxi, China

Tungsten seems to be one of the most promise candidate plasma facing materials for
the divertor and the first wall in fusion devices because of the low sputtering yield,
high thermal conductivity, high strength at elevated temperatures and low tritium
inventory [1]. Unfortunately, these advantages are coupled with serious embrttilement
in several regimes, i.e., low temperature embrittlement and recrystallization
embrittlement which are strongly dependent on the chemical composition and the
fabrication method of tungsten based materials.
In order to improve both the low toughness and the resistance to embrittlement by
recrystallization of tungsten, W-TiC alloys have been fabricated by powder metallurgy
and plastic deformation. W-TiC composite powders were prepared by wet-planetary
ball milling, and subsequently the milled powders were consolidated by hot isostatic
pressing (HIP). Some of the as-HIPped samples were hot rolled at the temperature
1600°C. The effect of the fabrication method on the microstructure and mechanical
properties of W-TiC alloys was investigated. The low-temperature toughness was
measured using a single-edge-notched specimen under a three-point bending test.
The recrystallization behaviour investigated by annealed at temperatures from
1300°C to 2000°C. The etched sample surface and fracture surface after bending
testing are investigated by Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy
(SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM).

[1] Yuji Kitsunai, Hiroaki Kurishita, Hideo Kayano, Yutaka Hiraoka, Tadashi Igarashi,
Tomohiro Takida, Journal of Nuclear Materials, 271-272, 423 (1999)

* Corresponding author: Tel.: +86 28 82850376; fax: +86 28 82850956.

E-mail address: [email protected] (Y.Y. Lian)

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Application of transmission electron microscopy and FIB tomography to

microstructure characterisation of tungsten based materials P65B
S. Milc1*, A. Kruk1, G. Cempura1, H.J. Penkalla2 and A. Czyrska-Filemonowicz1
1
AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer
Science, International Centre of Electron Microscopy for Materials Science, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30,
30-059 Krakow, Poland
2
Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Energy- und Climate Research, IEK2, 52426 Jülich, Germany

Tungsten and its alloys are considered as probable candidate for plasma facing
material due to high thermal conductivity, high melting point, good mechanical
properties and small coefficient of thermal expansion. The requirement of divertor
design is the development of tungsten alloys having ductile–brittle transition
temperature below 600 °C and recrystallization temperature around 1300 °C [1]. One
of new material under consideration is W-1.7%TiC. Addition of carbides stabilizes the
tungsten microstructure at elevated temperature and should contribute to higher
tungsten strength and increases both temperatures [3].
The aim of the present work is detailed microstructural characterization of the two
investigated materials pure W and W-1.7%TiC alloy, particularly determination of
phases as well as particles’ size and shape. The microstructural analyses were
performed by light microscopy (LM), analytical scanning- and transmission electron
microscopy (SEM, TEM).
Very important problem connected with TEM investigation of these materials was
extremely difficult preparation of the specimens, due to the high atomic mass of W
the electron transparency is very low and requires very thin specimens. After many
trials by various techniques, a new method using special cutting of the sample and its
electrolytic polishing in 10% NaOH solution was successfully elaborated. The TEM
investigation of pure tungsten shows that grains with a low dislocation density,
various size and shape were characteristic features of its microstructure.
For characterization of W-1.7%TiC microstructure, FIB tomography and TEM
investigations were used. FIB tomography based on a serial sectioning procedure
employing a FIB/SEM dual beam workstation. The results show that the TiC particles
have mostly globular shape and their size can be estimated as about 0.1-0.2µm.
Particles are fairly uniformly distributed in the matrix. Additionally the microstructure
shows a high porosity with irregularly shaped pores of various sizes. Further
investigations and precise particle measurements are in progress.

[1] M.V. Aguirre, A. Martín, J.Y. Pastor, et al., J. Nuclear Materials, 404, 203-209 (2010)
[2] G.-M. Song, Y.-J. Wang, Y. Zhou; Int. J. Refract. Met. H., 21, 1-12 (2003)

The study was performed under co-operation between AGH University of Science and Technology and
Forschungszentrum Jülich within the bilateral project on fusion energy materials. The financial support
of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education (project No. 28.28.110.7018) is kindly acknowledged.
The authors would like to thank K.Plonska- Niznik and A. Gruszczynski, MSc for assistance in sample
preparation and FIB tomography.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +48 12 617 33 94;

E-mail address: [email protected]

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Thermal and Mechanical Characterizations of W-armoured

Plasma Facing Components after Thermal Fatigue P66A
D. Serreta,*, J.L. Gardareinb, M. Richoua, and M. Missirliana
a
CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint Paul-lez-Durance, France
b
Laboratoire IUSTI, 5 rue Enrico Fermi, 13453 Marseille, France

ITER is a future fusion device, aims at demonstrating the scientific and technical
feasibility of fusion power. In the domain of the ITER Plasma Facing Component
(PFC) design, monoblock geometry has been chosen to support high heat flux loads
on the vertical targets of the divertor component.
The current ITER Baseline foresees the use of carbon in the strike-point region
of divertor for the initial non-active phase of operation with hydrogen and helium
plasmas followed by an exchange to a full tungsten divertor for the nuclear phase
with deuterium and deuterium-tritium (D-T) plasmas. Hence, the tungsten (W) is
increasingly considered as a prime candidate armour facing the plasma for ITER and
a better knowledge of effects due to cyclic thermal fatigue and high temperature
usage on its long term is required.
Recently, high heat flux tests were performed on W monoblock-type mock-ups
to evaluate their performances in terms of thermal fatigue lifetime under the
conditions expected in the divertor strike-point region of ITER [1]. Main results show
that 10 MW/m² is currently the limit before appearance of surface alterations.
Beyond, an embrittlement of W armour near the loaded surfaces occurs (roughening
aspect, cracks) and later melted W droplets apparition due to high temperature
deformation and cyclic fatigue. Current numerical simulation tools are not able to
predict correctly these experimental results. A better characterization of structural
damage of W armour material, due to fatigue solicitations, is required for a better
understanding and prediction of fatigue lifetime related to W-armoured components.
In order to provide first results on the fatigue effect, thermal and mechanical
characterizations were performed on a batch of several tens of actively cooled
components with W armour after an intensive thermal fatigue campaign carried out in
the FE-200 electron beam facility [2]. Several scenarios and events (e.g. located
overheating, melting surface, failure, large cycling) happened during the high heat
flux test campaign enabling to define different categories of W samples demarcated
by specific threshold temperatures (typically, annealing, recrystallization and melting
temperatures). Based on these relevant categories, thermal diffusivity assessments
by flash lamp method and Vickers Hardness measurements were performed on
these different samples to investigate the effects of the thermal fatigue on each
category.
In this paper the main results of measurements performed on these different
samples are reported. In addition, the systematic grain size assessment, carried out
to correlate the thermal conductivity to the structural modification is also discussed.

th
[1] M. Missirlian, M. Richou, B. Riccardi et al., 23 IAEA Conference, Daejon South Korea 2010
[2] F. Escourbiac, S. Constans, N. Vignal et al., Fusion Eng. Des. 84, (2009)

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +33 (0)4 42 25 62 04; fax: +33 (0)4 42 25 49 90.
E-mail address: [email protected]

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Numerical Simulation of Tungsten Melt Layer Erosion

caused by JxB force at TEXTOR P66B

B. Bazyleva,*, Yu. Igitkhanova, J.W. Coenenb, V.Philippsb, Y. Uedac

a
Karlsruhe Instute of Technology Campus Nord, IHM, P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
b
Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Plasma Physics, Forschungzentrum Jülich EURATOM-
FZJ, Partner of Trilateral Euregio Cluster,Jülich, Germany
c
Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University Osaka, 565-0871; Japan

Tungsten is foreseen as one of the armour materials for plasma facing components
(PFCs) in the ITER divertor and dome and as the main material of DEMO. During the
transients expected in tokamaks (disruptions, ELMs, and VDE) the armour will be
exposed to hot plasma streams and localized impacts of runaway electrons (RE).
The heat fluxes are expected to be so high that they can cause severe erosion of
PFCs thereby limiting their lifetime. During the intense transients the melting, melt
motion, melt splashing and surface evaporation are seen as the main mechanisms of
metallic armour erosion. In case of RE impact and long time transients (VDE) a melt
layer can exist up to several seconds [1]. Experiments at TEXTOR [2] with long time
plasma action at the target surface in the strong magnetic field demonstrated that the
JxB force generated by thermo-emission electrons dominates in the acceleration of
the melt layer and leads to a high target erosion (up to 1 mm per event).

The expected erosion of ITER PFCs under short time transients has been properly
estimated using the code MEMOS validated against plasma gun target erosion
experiments in cases of short time transients, in which the JxB force is practically
negligible. To simulate large time scale melt motion TEXTOR experiments the code
was significantly updated, in particular acquiring some additional 3D features.
Several models of space-charge limited thermo-emission were implemented.

In this work new MEMOS simulations for the TEXTOR experiments on tungsten
targets damage under long time plasma heat loads up to several seconds with heat
fluxes up to 40 MW/m2 in a strong magnetic field are performed, with taking into
account 3D geometrical peculiarities of the experiments. The melt layer damage is
calculated for multiple plasma loads up to 3 shots. Main attention is focused on
investigation of melt layer erosion caused by the JxB force generated by thermo-
emission electrons. Different models of space-charge limited thermo-emission current
are considered. Numerical simulations carried out for the heat loads in the range 15 –
30 MW/m2 on the timescale of 5 s demonstrated reasonable agreement with
TEXTOR experimental data on tungsten target erosion.

[1] B. Bazylev et al. Journal of Nuclear Materials ICFRM-13 to be published

[2] J.W. Coenen et al. Journal of Nuclear Materials PSI2010 to be published

*Corresponding author. Tel.: +49 721 80624696; fax: +49 721 80624696. E-mail
address: [email protected]

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Annealing behavior and transient high heat loading performance of fine

grained W fabricated by fast resistance sintering technology P67A
J. Tan1, Z. Zhou1*, M. Zhong1, X. Zhu2, M. Lei2, W. Liu3, and C. Ge1
1
School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing
100083, China
2
Surface Engineering Laboratory, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian University of
Techology, Dalian 116024, China
3
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jingdezhen Ceramic institute

Tungsten samples with fine grain size have been fabricated by resistance sintering
under ultra-high pressure. The relative density of the fabricated pure tungsten can
reach ~ 98.5 % when using 10 μm size tungsten powders, and ~ 93.5 % when using
200 nm tungsten powders as the starting materials. The grain size is retained nearly
the same to the starting powder size. Annealing tests show that although the
recrystallization temperature of pure fine grained tungsten is not very high, between
1150 to 1300 °C. The increase of grain size is less than 20 µm after annealing at
1750 °C for 2 h. For evaluation the transient thermal loading response of these fine
grained tungsten, a high-intensity pulsed ion beam (HIPIB) apparatus was used for
providing the high heat flux onto the surface of tungsten at a heat flux parameter of
up to 160 MW m-2 s1/2. The surface morphologies of fine grained tungsten samples
after the HIPIB exposure were investigated using scanning electron microscope
(SEM).

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +86 10 62334951; fax: +86 10 62334951.

E-mail address: [email protected] (Z. Zhou)

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Understanding of crack formation in a double forged tungsten grade induced

by thermal shock loading
P67B
I. Uytdenhouwen

Institute for Nuclear Materials Science, SCK•CEN, Association EURATOM, Mol, Belgium

Tungsten and tungsten alloys are promising metals as protective materials for the
armour in future fusion reactors. These metals exhibit the highest melting point,
superior thermo-mechanical properties, low erosion, acceptable tritium retention and
moderate neutron activation properties. The main drawback is their intrinsic
brittleness at room temperature and their low recrystallization temperature.
During thermal shock events in ITER, tungsten materials will exhibit various crack
formations and failure mechanisms. The extensive heat loads on the surface of the
material will create high thermal stresses, huge temperature rises and therefore large
strain rates in the subsurface layers.
The microstructure of the double forged tungsten grade was examined by SEM, TEM
and metallography [1] in both the radial and longitudinal orientation to determine the
grain size, porosity level and grain tilt boundaries.
To better understand the crack formation and propagation at various temperatures,
very high mechanical tensile tests were performed (up to 2000°C). Because the
brittleness (DBTT: ductile to brittle transition temperature) of the tungsten material
also depends on the strain rate, a yield strength model based on a thermally
activated slip process was used to describe the flow properties combining both
temperature and strain rate effects. In addition the influence of the grain orientation
and recrystallization on the ductility is addressed. This is particularly important for
long term steady state operation where recrystallization of the tungsten armour may
occur.
A strong decrease in the flow properties after recrystallization was found, but this was
compensated by an increase in ductility at least for temperatures above the DBTT up
to 1000°C. An additional effect of creep was found already at 1500°C and a large
degradation for the as-received material was detected at 2000°C which is correlated
to the recrystallization. Depending on the strain rate, the crack formation changes as
a function of the temperature.

[1] “TEM investigation of W in the as-received and forged condition” by W. Van Renterghem et al.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +32 14 33 30 10; fax: +32 14 32 12 16.

E-mail address: [email protected] (I. Uytdenhouwen)

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Effect of Off-Normal Events on Reactor First Wall

P68A
a, a
Yu. Igitkhanov *and B. Bazylev
a
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Association EURATOM-KIT, IHM, Karlsruhe, Germany,

E-mail address: [email protected]

In the paper we analyse the energy deposition and the consequent erosion of
different functional materials like tungsten armour and possible tungsten alloy
composites for the first wall due to the various off-normal events impact. Runaway
electrons and vertical displacements events (VDE) represent a potential threat to the
integrity and availability for fusion reactor. Originated during the natural disruption or
in the pre-emptive disruption phase caused by the massive gas injection they
eventually release their kinetic and magnetic energy onto the plasma facing
component structures. The simulations were performed for 10-100 MeV of electron
energy with energy deposition to the wall of 10 MJm-2 and incident angles in the
range of about 1o -20o. The magnetic energy carried by the RE beam will be a
substantial part of energy for DEMO, and eventually it will be also deposited to the
wall due to the radiation and dissipation of eddy currents. The stopping power and
the attenuation time of runaway electrons in materials targets are calculated by
means of the ENDEP Monte Carlo code, which takes into account the production of
secondary electrons and polarization of solid media (density effect). The energy
deposition of RE into FW materials, the level of erosion, caused by RE impact and
energy deposition profiles where calculated for DEMO relevant conditions by using
the code MEMOS [1]. Calculations show that .both VDE and RE energy deposition
on the first wall depends on a number of parameters, including the plasma
parameters and assumed deposition area. For the VDE case, under the assumption
of 1 GJ of plasma energy deposited over a ~ 0.5 m toroidally continuous band, the
resulting energy density on the FW is ~ 60 MJ/m2 including toroidal and poloidal
peaking factors. For the RE case, the kinetic energy in the runaways is about 50 MJ
for a 15 MA runaway current and 10 MeV average runaway energy. However, in the
case of slow VDE's (~0.3 s), most of the remaining plasma magnetic energy can be
converted to runaway kinetic energy, resulting in up to 300 MJ of deposited energy
on the FW. The exact energy density will depend on the number of modules seeing
the total energy.

[1] Yu. Igitkhanov, B. Bazylev and I. Landman, Calculation of Runaway Electrons Stopping Power in
ITER, PSI, 201 , P1-99

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High Heat Load Testing of W-Y2O3 Armour Materials Fabricated

by Chemical Method P68B
M. A. Yara,*, S. Wahlberga, M. Omara, G. Pintsukb, J. Linkeb, H. Bergqvista, M.
Johnssonc, and M. Muhammeda
a
Division of Functional Materials, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), 16440 Kista, Stockholm,
Sweden
b
Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, EURATOM Association, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
c
Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University,10691 Stockholm,
Sweden

Tungsten based materials are considered as promising candidates for plasma facing
materials in a future fusion reactor. Since tungsten is not yet mature enough,
particularly for the improvement of the material’s ductility and strength,
nanostructured tungsten powders dispersed with yttrium oxide have been fabricated
through a novel processing route. Therein, a chemical bottom-up process is followed
by thermal processing in a controlled reducing environment. The obtained high purity
nanopowders were uniformly dispersed with Y2O3 and were sintered into oxide
dispersed strengthened (ODS)-W composites using spark plasma sintering technique
(SPS) at relatively low temperatures in order to limit the grain growth. Microstructural
characterization revealed uniform dispersion of the ultrafine oxide particles at grain
boundaries as well as nano-sized particles inside tungsten grains.

For the evaluation of the developed material for plasma facing armour application in
the fusion reactor, high heat load tests have been performed in an electron beam test
facility. Surface effects, i.e. roughening and crack formation in dependence of
temperature and power density, were determined for an applied number of 100 ELM
like loads with a pulse duration of 1 ms. The crack paths at the surface and
particularly versus the bulk material were investigated to determine the resistance of
the material to the formation of cracks parallel to the surface which finally would limit
the thermal transfer and lead to local overheating and probably melting. Furthermore,
the thermal stability of material, i.e. the resistance to recrystallization was determined
by thermal annealing up to 1800 °C and during the electron beam tests by applying
heat loads that lead to a surface temperature increase of > 2000 K.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +468 790 8157; fax: +468 790 9072.
E-mail address: [email protected] (M. A. Yar)

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Evolution of tungsten degradation under combined high cycle ELM

and steady state heat loads P69A
Th. Loewenhoff*, A. Bürger, J. Linke, G. Pintsuk, A. Schmidt, C. Thomser

Forschungszentrum Jülich, EURATOM Association, 52428 Jülich, Germany

In ongoing research, investigating the impact of thermo shock loads on divertor

materials, usually up to 103 shocks are applied. Within the ITER divertor lifetime 106
or more transient events are expected during H-mode operation due to edge
localised modes (type I ELMs) [1]. In order to simulate ELM-like heat loads the
electron beam facility JUDITH 2 (Juelich divertor test facility in hot cells) in
Forschungszentrum Jülich was used. A method was developed to apply the loads
with sufficiently high power density (~0.5 GW/m2), ELM-like pulse duration (0.5 ms)
and a frequency (25 Hz) close to the ELM frequency expected for ITER (several Hz)
and fast enough to enable experiments with 104-106 loads within a reasonable time.
Beam diameter and beam guidance are the main parameters to be under control in
order to achieve the desired conditions. The developed circular beam loading method
[2] provides stable conditions in case of small parameter fluctuations (e. g. vacuum
pressure) influencing the beam diameter and hence the power density. The digital
beam guidance system facilitates the application of additional steady state heat loads
during the interpulse time between successive ELM loads. Hence synergistic effects
originating from combined transient ELM-loads and steady state heat loads (SSHL)
can be evaluated at different base temperatures of the plasma facing material.

For the tests, tungsten tiles with a geometry of 12x12x5 mm3 were brazed to an
actively cooled copper heat sink and loaded with ELM intensities of 0.14 GW/m2,
0.27 GW/m2 and 0.41 GW/m2 (t = 0.5 ms) as well as 0, 5 and 10 MW/m2 additional
SSHL. Experiments were performed applying 103-106 ELM pulses. Depending on
ELM intensity, pulse number and SSHL different degradation levels can be observed
and evaluated by a number of diagnostics: Optical inspection and light microscopy as
well as laser profilometry for surface modifications (e. g. roughening), SEM and
metallographic analyses for cracks and erosion or melting of crack edges.

No material damage was found at 0.14 GW/m2 (independent of the SSHL) for up to
250,000 pulses. This value is therefore considered as damage threshold. For
0.27 GW/m2 surface modifications occurred at 105 pulses with and without SSHL. At
106 pulses (without SSHL) thermal fatigue induced cracks with eroded crack edges
were found indicating a continuous material degradation with increasing pulse
number. For 0.41 GW/m2 cracking already occurs at 104 pulses (without SSHL).
Detailed analyses of the results and the resulting material degradation are provided
in this paper.

[1] J. Linke, High heat flux performance of plasma facing components under service conditions in
future fusion reactors, Fusion Sci. Technol., 49 (2T), 455-464 (2006)
[2] Th. Loewenhoff et al., Experimental simulation of Edge Localised Modes using focused electron
beams – features of a circular load pattern, J. Nucl. Mater. (at press),
DOI:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2010.08.065 (2010)

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +49 2461 61 5843; fax: +49 2461 61 3699
E-mail address: [email protected] (Th. Loewenhoff)

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Comparison of the thermal shock performance of different tungsten grades

and the influence of microstructure on the damage behaviour P69B
M. Wirtza,*, J. Linkea, G. Pintsuka and I. Uytdenhouwenb
a
Forschungszentrum Jülich, EURATOM Association, 52425 Jülich, Germany
b
SCK·CEN , The Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, 2400 Mol, Belgium

One serious concern for the realisation of a thermonuclear fusion reactor is the
choice of the plasma facing materials (PFMs). These have to withstand very high
steady state heat loads (up to 20 MW/m²) and transient events like disruptions,
vertical displacement events (VDEs) and edge localised modes (ELMs) with heat
loads up to several MJ/m². One candidate as a PFM, beside beryllium and CFC, is
tungsten. Its advantages are a high thermal conductivity, high melting point and low
tritium inventory. However there are some drawbacks like the brittleness at low
temperatures and the high atomic number.

During a transient event like an ELM thermally induced stresses in the PFM cause
damages, e.g. surface modifications due to plastic deformation and crack networks.
How severe these damages are depends strongly on the materials mechanical and
thermal properties and on their microstructure. The grain orientation thereby
influences the crack propagation through the material. The formed cracks, particularly
when oriented parallel to the surface, could reduce the thermal conductivity and lead
to melting and erosion of whole surface parts of the PFM.

In order to understand the mechanisms which influence the damage behaviour and
the crack pattern, particularly related to the specific material properties, several
tungsten grades were tested in the electron beam facility JUDITH 1 (Juelich Divertor
Test Facility in Hot Cells) [1]. This work focuses on three single forged tungsten
grades, i.e. W-UHP (ultra high purity tungsten), WTa1, and WTa5. The latter contain 1
and 5 weight% of tantalum, respectively [2]. All three materials were tested at
different base temperatures and power densities for two different grain orientations
and in their recrystallised state.

The results indicate that WTa5 offers the best performance, which is most probably
due to the highest mechanical strength of all tested tungsten grades and almost
unaffected by the inferior thermo-physical properties. Furthermore, the cracking and
damage thresholds vary depending on the testing orientation which corresponds to
the materials anisotropic properties. Annealing and recrystallisation leads to a change
of damage and cracking thresholds and to a better conformity of the different material
orientations.

[1] J. Linke, et al., Journal of Nuclear Materials 283, 1152 (2000)

[2] Tungsten Material Properties and Applications, www.plansee.de/lib/Wolfram.pdf
(2010)

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +49 2461 61 5843; fax: +49 2461 61 3699.
E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Wirtz)

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Material performance of tungsten coatings under transient heat loads

P70A
a,* a a a b b
C. Thomser , A. Buerger , J. Linke , T. Loewenhoff , G. Matthews , V. Riccardo , A.
Schmidta, V. Vasechkoa
a
Forschungszentrum Jülich EURATOM-Association FZJ, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
b
Euratom/UKAEA Fusion Association, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, UK

First wall components for applications in future nuclear fusion devices need to fulfill
special requirements, e.g. a good thermal conductivity, a reasonable strength value
as well as a good compatibility with a deuterium/tritium plasma. Especially transient
and/or cyclic thermal loads in magnetic confinement experiments like ITER have a
severe impact on the material damage of the plasma facing components.

Tungsten coatings are being assessed for use instead of bulk tungsten components.
Within the ITER like wall project, realized at JET, a part of the thermally loaded wall
will consist of tungsten coated Carbon Fiber reinforced Carbon (CFC) modules. The
coating with a thickness of about 25 µm was produced by a Combined Magnetron
Sputtering and Ion Implantation (CMSII) coating technique in Romania [1].

In order to quantify the material degradation under transient ELM-like (Edge

Localized Modes) heat loads, small specimens of tungsten coated CFC substrates
were exposed to 100 short thermal pulses in the electron beam material test facility
JUDITH 1 (Juelich Divertor Test Facility in Hot Cells) for various power densities and
base temperatures. The damage threshold for the tested layer system of a
W/Mo/W/Mo coating was found to be approximately 158 MW/m2 for pulse durations
of 1 ms. The influence of base temperature in a range between room temperature
and 400°C is negligible. Additionally, the failure mechanism was investigated in light
microscopy as well as in SEM analysis of cross sections. These investigations have
shown that coating degradation is mainly dependent on the fiber orientation of the
CFC substrate.

Finally, high cycle thermo shock fatigue tests (ELM like heat loads) on tungsten
coated divertor tiles for the ITER like wall project with cycle numbers up to 105 pulses
for different power densities were performed in the electron beam test facility JUDITH
2. The results of the experiments confirm that increasing cycle numbers lead to an
accumulation of damage.

[1] C. Ruset et al., Fusion Engineering and Design 84, (2009), p. 1662

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +49 2461 61 4683; Fax: +49 2461 61 3699
E-mail address: [email protected] (C. Thomser)

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ITER ELM’s Simulation with Plasma Accelerators

P70B
a, a a a b
V.A. Makhlaj *, I.E. Garkusha , N.N. Aksenov , M.S. Ladygina , I. Landman ,
J. Linkee, S.V. Malykhinc, A.T. Pugachevc, M.J. Sadowskid, E. Skladnik-Sadowskad
a
Institute of Plasma Physics, NSC Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology, Kharkov, Ukraine
b
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), IHM, 76344 Karlsruhe, Germany
c
Kharkov Polytechnic Institute, NTU, 61002, Kharkov, Ukraine
d
The Andrzej Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies (IPJ), 05-400 Otwock-Swierk, Poland
e
Forschungszentrum Jülich, IEF 2 D-52425 Juelich, Germany

Divertor armor response to the repetitive plasma impacts during the transient events
in ITER and DEMO remains one of the most important issues that determine the
tokamak performance. Erosion of plasma-facing components in fusion devices leads
to contamination of the hot plasma by heavy impurities and can produce a substantial
amount of the material dust.

Experimental simulations of ITER transient events with relevant surface heat load
parameters (energy density and the pulse duration) as well as particle loads were
performed with quasi-steady-state plasma accelerator QSPA Kh-50 that is largest
and most powerful device of this kind. Pulsed plasma gun PPA and rod type injector
IBIS were used also for comparative studies of an initial stage of PSI, evaporated
impurities dynamics, features of surface damages appearing under varying plasma
parameters and sort of plasma ions.

Performed studies of plasma-surface interaction include measurements of plasma

energy deposited to the material surface as a function of the impacting energy and
angles of plasma streams incidence for W, C and adjoined W-C surfaces under
repetitive ELM-like plasma exposures. Dynamics of the W- and C-ions in near
surface plasma was studied by means optical spectroscopy. Particularly,
Mechelle®900 spectrometer equipped with a CCD-camera and operated in the
wavelength range (300 nm-1100 nm) with different exposition times was in use.
Some issues of the droplet splashing at the tungsten surfaces and the formation of
hot spots upon the graphite surface, which can be sources of the enhanced
evaporation and significant amount of dust, are also discussed basing on dust
dynamics and droplets monitoring with high speed camera.

Influence of material modification by plasma exposures on cracking thresholds of

tungsten is emphasized. It was found that increasing number of exposures shifts the
energy threshold for crack development to essentially lower values. Cracks evolution
and changes in their thickness with increasing exposition dose is studied for
deformed W grade and compared with sintered tungsten. Analysis of X-ray diffraction
peaks intensity, profiles, and their angular positions was applied to evaluate the
texture, the macro-strain and the lattice parameters. Non uniform changes of both
stress-free lattice spacing and half-width of diffraction maximum are observed under
heat loads above the tungsten melting threshold. Differences in evolution of tungsten
substructure after exposures with helium and hydrogen plasma streams of different
duration are analyzed.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +38 057-335-6726; fax: +38-057-335-2664.

E-mail address: [email protected] (V.A. Makhlaj)

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Experimental Investigation of Radiation Resistance of a Number of the P71A

Tokamak Plasma Facing Ceramic Materials by means of Plasma Focus Devices

Demina E.V.a,*; Gribkov V.A.a,b,e; Dubrovsky A.V.a; Pimenov V.N.a; Maslyaev S.V.a;
Ermishkin V.A.a; Chernyshova M.b; Miklaszewski R.A.b; Paduh M.b; Scholz M.b;
Zielińska E.b; Gaffka R.c; Gryaznevich M.c; Sadowski M.d; Skladnik-Sadowska E.d;
Tuniz C.e

aA.A. Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Material Science, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
bInstitute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Warsaw 01-497, Poland
cEURATOM/CCFE Fusion Association, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, United Kingdom
dA. Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, 05-400 Otwock-Swierk n. Warsaw, Poland
eThe Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, 34014 Trieste, Italy

For experiments simulating conditions realized on the first wall of tokamak chambers
we used 4 devices of the Dense Plasma Focus (DPF) types – PF-1000, PF-6 (both
are in operation at IPPLM, Poland), PF-5M (IMET, RF) and “Bora” (ICTP, Italy).
Researches undertaken on evaluation of dynamics of plasma and beams of fast ions
of deuterium have shown that the parameters of the above streams are very close to
that taking place near the tokamak’s wall during the so-called Edge Localized Mode
events (plasma temperature, energy of fast ion beam, etc.). Researches on
investigation of radiation resistance were provided for CFC types of ceramics and for
BN and Al2O3. The first ones are used in divertors of tokamaks whereas the last two
– in TAE Antenna coil on MAST spherical tokamak. We undertake experiments to
compare their radiation resistance. Samples of the materials (blocks of CFC, bulk for
BN and 20-μm film on Al substrate for Al2O3) were exposed on the axis of the DPF
devices to intense streams of hot plasma (Tpl≤1 keV, v≥107 cm/s and Npl~1018 cm-3)
and fast deuterons (Ei~100 keV). Time duration of the most intense phase of the
pulses is ~ 0.2...1.0 μs subsequently decreasing till lower figures (e.g. down to Tpl~2
eV) during 100 μs. The irradiation process was diagnosed by fast optical cameras,
laser interferometry and optical spectrometry. Experiments were performed at power
flux densities during first phase of action 109…1010 and 108…109 W/cm2. Irradiated
specimens were investigated by optical microscopy (OM), X-Ray structure analysis
(XRSA) and photometric analysis of structural images. Results:
1. Characteristic features of damage of material based on a carbon-fiber composite
(CFC) with additions of SiC of 8 and 40 vol.% were investigated. It was found that at
q = 109 W/cm2 an erosion of the surface layer is mainly associated with the
processes of sputtering and evaporation of the material. Degree of erosion depends
on orientation of fibers in relation to the direction of the streams and on the
percentage of the SiC dopant.
2. At 1010 W/cm2 Al2O3 coating is completely evaporated.
3. Direct comparison of samples of Al2O3 film and bulk of BN irradiated at 108-W/cm2
provided by means of OM has shown a wave-like structure that becomes apparent
more profoundly in Al2O3. Yet weighing of samples has shown that evaporation of BN
was ~ 2 times higher than that for Al2O3.
4. The XRSA has shown no evidence of cracking of Al2O3. So the insulation
properties of Al2O3 did not decline, and it may be potentially more beneficial if it is
kept below melting point.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +7 499 135 6301 ; fax: +7 499 1359604.

E-mail address: [email protected] (Demina Elena)

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Development of PWI-plasma Gun as Transient Heat Load Source

for ELM-simulation experiments P71B
M. Nagata*, K. Shoda, I. Sakuma, D. Iwamoto,Y. Kikuchi, and N. Fukumoto

Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji, Hyogo 671-2280, Japan

The divertor plasma-facing materials (PFMs) in ITER are exposed to both the steady-
state divertor plasma and the intense transient heat flux during edge localized modes
(ELMs). In ITER, the ELM heat loads are predicted to be 0.2–2 MJ/m2 during 0.1–1
ms on the divertor plate during each cyclic event. These intense transient heat loads
(>103 MW/m2) are more critical when compared with the static heat loads during
normal operation which are estimated to be up to levels of 20 MW/m2 for the divertor
targets. Thus, it becomes important to perform heat load tests for R&D of ITER PFMs
under these realistic conditions. Earlier transient heat load tests with plasma guns
simulators in Russia (e.g., QSPA-T) [1] demonstrated various erosion processes of a
tungsten (W) surface such as melt layer splashing, cracks and brides. In Japan, we
have recently started the ELM simulation experiments using the magnetized coaxial
plasma gun (MCPG) [2] under research collaboration with several institutions (UCSD,
Osaka Univ., Nagoya Univ., Kanazawa Univ., JAEA and NIFS).
The present MCPG in Univ. of Hyogo provides that the electron density and ion flux
of the plasma is ∼1 × 1021 m-3 and ∼5 × 1025 m-2s-1, respectively. The time of flight
measurement of magnetic fields provides the velocity of ∼50 km/s, corresponding to
the ion energy ∼30 eV for deuterium (D) ion. The initial W irradiation experiment
reported that although cracks were formed on a W surface at the energy density of
∼0.7 MJ/m2, no melting of the W surface was observed under a single pulse
exposure [3]. We are now developing the well-controlled MCPG with higher
performance to increase the energy density up to 1.5~2.0 MJ/m2 that may make it
possible to cause droplet ejection from a melting W surface. The capacitor banks
energy Wbank will be increased from 24.5kJ (C=1 mF) to 70.6 kJ (C=2.9 mF) at the
same charging voltage Vg=7kV. We have already obtained the energy density ~1.2
MJ/m2 of MCPG with Wbank = 30 kJ (C=2.4 mF, Vg =5 kV) in a preliminary
examination. This paper presents primarily the results from examining performances
of the improved MCPG facility and diagnosing plasma parameters. We will discuss
there dynamics of the gun-produced plasma stream, a cloud formation of dense
vapor plasma in front of a target surface and similarities of the plasma parameters
with ELM plasmoids [4].

[1] B.Bazylev, G. Janeschitz, I. Landman, et al., 22nd IAEA Fusion Energy Conference, 13–18,
October, Geneva, Switzerland, IT/P6-10 (2008).
[2] M. Nagata, Y. Kikuchi and N. Fukumoto, IEEJ Trans., 4, 1 (2009).
[3] Y. Kikuchi, R. Nakanishi, M. Nakatsuka, et al., IEEE Tran. Plasma Sci. 38, 231 (2010).
[4] A. Hassanein and I. Konkashbaev, J. Nucl. Mater. 313-316 664 (2003).

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +81 79 267 4865; fax: +81 79 267 4855
E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Nagata)

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Optimization of QSPA-Be plasma gun facility for ITER ELM, disruption,

and mitigated disruption simulation experiments. P72A
Preliminary results of Be erosion under ELM-like plasma heat loads

V. L. Podkovyrova, A. D. Muzichenkoa, N. S. Klimova, D. V. Kovalenkoa,*,

A. M. Zhitlukhina, L. N. Khimchenkoc, I. B. Kupriyanovb, R. N. Giniyatulind
a
SRC RF TRINITI, Pushkovykh street, 12, 142190, Troitsk, Moscow Region, Russia
b
Bochvar Institute, 123098, Moscow. Russia
c
RRC «Kurchatov Institute», Moscow, Russia
d
Efremov Institute, 196641, St. Petersburg, Russia

The first wall PFCs erosion under ITER transient plasma events such as ELM,
disruption and mitigated disruption is expected to determine the PFCs lifetime and
amount of erosion products in a form of dust particles and films. The magnitude of
ITER plasma heat loads during transient plasma events are not achieved in existing
tokamaks so other devices are used for armour testing. The quasistationary plasma
guns such as the QSPA-T [1, 2] and QSPA-Be facilities provide the hydrogen (or
deuterium) plasma heat loads relevant to ITER ELM and disruption in the range of
0.2-5 MJ/m2 and pulse duration 0.5 ms. Because of specific safety requirements
QSPA-Be facility was installed in Bochvar Institute and was licensed to work with
beryllium targets.
In this work the primary attention is focused on the following points: a)
optimization of QSPA-Be power supply system to obtain power pulse form relevant to
different transient plasma events of ITER; b) calibration of QSPA-Be which include
the measurements of plasma velocity, pressure, and heat loads depend on operating
parameters (gun voltage, gas consumption); c) experimental study of plasma stream
energy transformation to radiation for mitigated disruption simulation; d) experimental
study of beryllium erosion under ITER ELM-like plasma heat loads up to 1 MJ/m2.
Plasma gun facility operating mode corresponding to ELM and disruption-like
plasma heat loads on the target was determined. The plasma flow velocity, plasma
pressure, absorbed energy distribution on the target surface as well as radiation
spectrum were measured as a function of plasma gun voltage.
As a result of the experiments the different type of beryllium (TGP56-PS and
S-65C) were exposed by hydrogen plasma flow in the heat loads range of 0.2-
1MJ/m2, 0.5 ms pulse duration and inclined plasma action. Measured melting
threshold for both type of beryllium equal to 0.5 MJ/m2. The specific mass loss and
erosion rate determined as a result of mass loss measurement decreased with pulse
number increasing. After the second pulse the specific mass loss equal
3,5 g/m2/pulse (erosion rate 2 µm/pulse), after the pulse number 50 the specific mass
loss decreased down to 0,5 g/m2/pulse (erosion rate 0.3 µm/pulse). The mass loss
decreasing is a result of edges smoothing. According of the surface investigation by
means of optical and electron microscope the main erosion mechanisms of Be at the
heat load 0.5-1 MJ/m2 is a melt layer movement and splashing.

[1] A. Zhitlukhin et al., J. Nucl. Mater. 363–365 (2007) 301.

[2] N. Klimov, et al., J. Nucl. Mater. 390–391 (2009), 721-726.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +7 926 575 1957; fax: +7 495 334 5776.
E-mail address: [email protected] (D. V. Kovalenko)

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Dynamic Response of Refractory Metal Electrode to ~GW/m2 Plasma Heat Load

in the Stabilized Arc Discharges
P72B
Y. Uesugia,*, K. Yoshidaa, Y. Katadaa, Y. Yamaguchib and Y. Tanakaa
a
Kanazawa University, 920-1192, Ishikawa, Japan
b
Komatsu Industries Corp., 920-0225, Ishikawa, Japan

Tungsten, which will be used as a divertor target in ITER D-T operational phase, has
many advantages compared to CFC, such as low physical sputtering, low tritium
retension, high thermal conductivity, high melting temperature(3695 K) and so on.
The usage of tungsten, however, brings another problem different from CFC. The
surface modification by hydrogen and/or helium plasma irradiation at elevated
temperature has been studied extensively and it has been discussed what are
benefits and drawbacks when tungsten is used as plasma-facing components [1].
Study of the dynamic response of tungsten surface to the transient and extremely
high plasma heat load in type-I ELM’s and disruptions (>100MW/m2)[2] requires
experimental approaches different from those in steady state and low heat flux
experiments (<10 MW/m2). Simulation experiments of material erosion in ITER using
high power plasma guns have been intensively studied [3]. In the present
experiments, high current stabilized arc plasmas with ~GA/m2 are used as a high
heat flux pulse and steady state plasma source. The plasma heat flux onto the
cathode surface is several MW/m2 in steady state and is several GW/m2 in arc
ignition phase. These properties of high heat flux arc plasmas are very useful to
study the transient behaviour of the divertor materials during ELMs and disruptions in
fusion reactor complementally with other ELM/disruption experiments. In Fig. 1 the
abrupt ejection of molten hafnium (Hf) from the cathode surface observed by high
speed color camera is shown. The bright area in the figure is the hot molten cathode
with T=3,500 K ~ 4,000 K. The cathode surface temperature is estimated from RGB
intensities of the color camera image under black body approximation. In the
experiments disruptive ejection of the cathode molten materials, which may related to
some fluid dynamic instabilities, is observed in the steady state arc in addition to the
arc ignition phase with pulse ~GW/m2 heat flux.

Fig. 1 Successive pictures of Hf cathode with 150 A arc current during abrupt
disruptive instability. The cathode area is about 2 mm2. Each time interval is 125 µs.

[1] J.N. Brooks, J.P. Allain, R.P. Doerner, et al., Nucl. Fusion, 49, 3 (2009)
[2] A. Hassanein, V. Belan, I. Konkashbaev, et al., J. Nucl. Matter., 241-243, (1997)
[3] I.S. Landman, B.N. Bazylev, I.E. Garkusha, et al,. J. Nucl. Mater., 337-339(2005)

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +81 76 234 4843; fax: +81 76 264 6402.
E-mail address: [email protected] (Y. Uesugi)

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Experimental devices for PFM testing in NRI Rez, plc.

P73A
a, a a a b
O. Zlamal *, R. Vsolak , T. Klabik , V. Masarik and B. Bellin
a
NRI Rez, plc, Husinec-Rez, cp.130, 25068 Husinec, Czech Republic
b
Fusion for Energy, The European Joint Undertaking for ITER and the Development of Fusion Energy,
c/ Josep Pla, n.2, Torres Diagonal Litoral, Edificio B3, 08019 Barcelona, Spain

NRI Rez plc continues to perform fusion-related tasks from EFDA/F4E which are in
general aimed on the testing of PFM mock-ups. This paper is dealing with high-heat
flux generating devices, which are developed and operated under TW6-TVM-
TFTEST, TW4-TVB-TFTEST2 and TW3-TVB-INPILE tasks, respectively. TW6-TVM-
TFTEST and TW4-TVB-TFTEST2 tasks are focused on development and operation
of out-of-pile testing loop called BESTH device (BEryllium Sample THermal testing
device), while TW3-TVB-INPILE aims for development and operation of in-pile testing
rig, so far known as ‘TW3 rig’. Although both devices are used for generation of
almost same heat fluxes to Beryllium-coated mock-ups, the development of BESTH
device was already finished and the loop was put in full operation, where six First
Wall Qualification Mock-ups (FWQM) were already tested. The development of TW3
rig is ongoing and the rig is planned to be inserted to the LVR-15 research reactor’s
core by Q2/2011.
The paper describes both experimental devices, it capabilities, faced obstacles,
operational experiences and it also briefly deals with results, unless restricted under
commercial contracts.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +420 266 172 337; fax: +420 266 172 045
E-mail address: [email protected] (O. Zlamal)

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Recent Results in High Thermal Energy Load testing of beryllium

for ITER Fist Wall application P73B
I.B. Kupriyanova*, M. Roedig b, G.N. Nikolaeva, L.A. Kurbatovaa, J. Linkeb,

R.N. Giniyatulinc, V.L. Podkovirovd and L. Khimchenkoc

a
A.A. Bochvar Research Institute of Inorganic Materials Moscow, Russia
b
Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
c
Efremov Research Institute, S.-Peterburg, Russia
d
TRINITI, Troitsk, Moscow reg., Russia
c
Russian ITER DA

Beryllium will be used as a plasma facing material in the ITER First Wall and Port
Limiter. During ITER operating the beryllium armour of first wall will be exposed by (1)
steady heat loads (normal event) that will provoke both permanent and cyclic fatigue
stresses of moderate level and (2) plasma instabilities of different kind (“off-normal”
event), which will stimulate high local stresses (disruptions, VDE, ELMs). All these
events may lead to surface melting, cracking, evaporation and erosion of beryllium.
For Be armour, thermal fatigue/shock resistance is the most important factor,
because cracking may lead not only to the intensified armour erosion but to damage
of its joint with the heat sink structure.
This paper presents recent results of a complex HHF testing of two
modification of Russian beryllium grade TGP-56FW in comparison with reference S-
65C grade. Testing was performed in the frame of ITER IO qualification procedure.
The thermal loading of beryllium was performed using two actively cooled Be/CuCrZr
brazing mock-ups, each of them was armored with four beryllium tiles of
40×24×10 mm3. Each tile of every mock-up was loaded in the electron beam facility
JUDITH 1 (FZJ) in the following way: 1) VDE simulation test at 40 MJ/m2, 1 shot, 0.3
s; 2) Disruption simulation at 3 MJ/m2, 2 shots, Δt = 5 ms; 3) Low cycle fatigue test at
80 MW/ m2, 1000 shots, Δt = 25 ms. In addition to 1) - 3) tests, the second mock-up
was exposed to 1000 cycles at 2 MW/m2, Δt = 15 s heating /15 s cooling. The results
of metallographic studies of microstructure and cracks morphology in Be tiles after
this thermal loading will be reported and discussed. The overall results of TGP-
56FWgrade qualification have demonstrated the reliable performance capabilities for
application as armor of ITER First Wall.
Other important task of ITER R&D activity is the investigation of beryllium first
wall erosion in the ITER-like plasma-wall interaction conditions. To obtain the
experimental data for evaluation of the beryllium armor lifetime and dust production
under ITER-relevant transient loads (ELMs, disruptions, radiative heat) the new
plasma gun QSPA-Be facility has been prepared to operating in Bochvar Institute.
The results of first experiments with berylluim will be reported. Beryllium targets (80 ×
80 × 10 mm3) were tested by hydrogen plasma steams (5 cm in diameter) with pulse
duration 0.5 ms and heat load 0.5 – 2 MJ/m2. Experiments were performed at RT
initial temperatures. The investigations of evolution of surface microstructure and rate
of erosion process exposed up to 100 shots will be presented and discussed. The targets

*Corresponding author. Tel.: 7-499-190 8015, fax: 7-499-196-4168. E-Mail address:

[email protected]; [email protected] (I.B. Kupriyanov)

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Modelling of Massive Gas Injection with tokamak code TOKES

for ITER Disruption Mitigation Design P74A
I.S. Landmana*, S.E. Pestchanyia, Y. Igitkhanova, R. Pittsb
1
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, IHM, P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
2
ITER Organization, Cadarache, 13108, Saint Paul Lez Durance Cedex, France

In the future tokamak ITER the damage to the wall after the disruptions can be
mitigated using preventive massive gas injection (MGI) of noble gases into confined
plasma during the thermal quench. The gas gets ionized in the plasma, and then the
ions dump into the scrape-off layer (SOL) and impact on the target. The
contamination of core plasma results in fast loss of plasma energy by radiation. The
radiation distributes over the first wall which decreases the damage to divertor
plasma facing components. However, enhanced radiation load in e.g. vicinity of gas
jet entry is an issue for ITER design that can be addressed numerically.
For the modelling the tokamak code TOKES is applied. Preliminary results on
modelling of MGI with TOKES have been presented in [1]. Two-dimensional toroidally
symmetric plasma model allowed estimations of radiation fluxes and the expansion of
noble ions both across and along the magnetic surfaces. However, a simplified quasi-
stationary radiation model employed in [1] had not allowed validation of numerical
results against tokamak experiments. The processes only in the confined region
inside the tokamak separatrix were taken into account and the plasma surface
interaction neglected.
In this work, significantly improved non-stationary radiation model for 2D
plasma implemented in TOKES is employed. The new model was recently validated
against the tokamak DIII-D [2]. Also 2D modelling of plasma and neutrals in the whole
tokamak vessel with account of wall processes is achieved. Due to this the
contribution of atoms eroded and emitted from the wall surface during MGI to the
plasma contamination is numerically estimated. Elaborated predictive simulations for
MGI into ITER deuterium confined plasma with assessments of plasma fluxes and
radiation fluxes from the contaminated plasma onto the facing components are
presented.

[1] I.S. Landman et al., Fusion Eng. Des. (2010), doi:10.1016/j.fusengdes.2010.03. 273 044.
[2] I.S. Landman et al., Fusion Eng. Des. (2010), doi:10.1016/j.fusengdes.2010.12. 017

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +49 721 608 4696; fax: +49 721 608 4874.
E-mail address: [email protected] (I.Landman)

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Development of Transient Tolerant Plasma Facing Material

P74B
C.P.C. Wonga,*, B. Chena, D.L. Rudakovb, and A. Hassaneinc
a
General Atomics, PO Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
b
University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0417, USA
c
Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA

Plasma facing material (PFM) is a critical element of the high performance DT

tokamak reactor design. It is the interface between the plasma and the high
performance first wall and divertor components. Presently, solid W is projected as the
preferred PFM due to its low physical sputtering, high thermal performance at
elevated temperatures, and high neutron fluence tolerant properties. Unfortunately,
the commonly proposed material W could suffer radiation damage from implantation
of alpha charged particles and experience blistering at the first wall and the formation
of submicron fine structure at the divertor. Furthermore, it will melt under Type-I edge
localized modes (ELMs) and disruption events. A potential remedy was demonstrated
using linear machine material exposure which showed that, with a background of
low-Z material, the W-surface damage could be prevented or significantly reduced.
On transient tolerant, as a conservative engineering design, the first wall and divertor
PFM must withstand a few unanticipated disruptions even when the disruption and
ELM mitigation techniques are fully engaged. Using a low-Z sacrificial material, like
Si, deposited on the W-surface will allow W to withstand type-I ELMs and disruptions
without serious damage while retaining the capability of transmitting high heat flux for
power conversion. An equivalent Si thickness of 10 μm is sufficient to form a
shielding layer during a disruption that protects the W-substrate from serious
damage. Accordingly, transient tolerant PFM surface test buttons have been
fabricated and initial results have been obtained with exposure in the DIII-D divertor.
This paper is a status report on the development of the Si-W transient tolerant PFM
design.

This work was supported in part by the US Department of Energy under DE-FC02-
04ER54698 and DE-FG02-08ER54917.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +10 858 455-4258; fax: +10 858 455-2838.
E-mail address: [email protected] (C.P.C. Wong)

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Estimation of dust production rate from tungsten armour

after repetitive ELM-like heat loads P75A

S. Pestchanyia.*, I. Garkushab, and I. Landmana.

a
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, IHE, Germany
b
Institute of Plasma Physics of the NSC KIPT, Kharkov, Ukraine

The edge localised modes (ELMs) of plasma instabilities, intrinsic for the ITER
reference operational scenario, produce short periodic pulses of heat flux at the
divertor armour, being the most heat loaded part of the tokamak. The heat deposition
to the divertor armour reaches up to 1-5 MJ/m2 for ~0.1-0.5 ms during unmitigated
ELMs of type I, causing the divertor armour cracking or even melting.
Carbon fibre composite (CFC) being the reference material for ITER divertor armour
for first He-H stage of the reactor operation does not fit the safety requirements for
the thermonuclear stage of the ITER operation. Most suitable material for the armour
operating with D-T plasma is tungsten. It can withstand the stationary heat flux and
have tolerably low erosion rate and tritium retention. Further tungsten investigations
as the divertor armour material concerned its behaviour under action of ELMs and
disruptions. Simulations of the tungsten armour cracking due to the type I ELMs of
various sizes have been successfully performed in [1] and [2] using the PEGASUS-
3D code. The results of these investigations assume that the giant ELMs are
intolerable and should be mitigated for the industrial type reactor.
The ITER armour produced from tungsten with grains elongated perpendicular to the
armour surface to avoid the cracks going parallel to the heated surface. Cracking of
this armour due to the ITER-size ELMs is unavoidable, but it does not decrease the
effective armour thermo-conductivity because these cracks are perpendicular to the
heated surface. Most dangerous consequence of the armour cracking is production
of tungsten dust, which can contaminate the thermonuclear core of the reactor
decreasing its power gain or even initiating the disruption. In contrast with the CFC,
which is the reference ITER divertor armour material, contamination of the reactor
core with tungsten needs several orders of the magnitude less density in the reactor
core for the catastrophic consequences.
Estimation of tungsten dust production rate during the ELMs is extremely important
issue for ITER performance. With this aim a dedicated series of experiments have
been performed in the quasi-stationary plasma accelerator QSPA Kh-50. Tungsten
targets behaviour under the repetitive ELM-like plasma exposures have been studied
in these simulation experiments and the dust production rate have been measured
under the ITER ELM-like plasma shots of 0.25 ms time duration. The experimental
results valid for the ELMs of this duration are extrapolated for ELMs of different sizes
and time durations using the results of PEGASUS-3D simulations.

[1] S. Pestchanyi and J. Linke, Simulation of cracks in tungsten under ITER specific heat loads, Fus.
Eng. Des. V. 83, 15-24, (2007) 1657-1663
[2] S. Pestchanyi, I. Garkusha and I. Landman, Simulation of tungsten armour cracking due to small
ELMs in ITER. DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2010.05.005

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +49 721 6082 3408; fax: +49 721 6082 4874.
E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Pestchanyi)

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Influences of ELM-like Pulsed Plasma Bombardment on

Deuterium Retention in Tungsten P75B
D. Nishijimaa,*, Y. Kikuchib, M. Nakatsukab, M.J. Baldwina, R.P. Doernera, M. Nagatab,
and Y. Uedac
a
Center for Energy Research, University of California, San Diego,
9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093-0417, USA
b
Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji, Hyogo 671-2280, Japan
c
Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan

In-vessel tritium (T) retention in ITER is limited to 700 g for safety reasons, and thus
significant efforts have been made to accurately predict T retention [1]. Experimental
investigations on this issue have been conducted mainly in linear divertor plasma
simulators and ion beams under steady-state conditions. However, plasma-facing
materials (PFMs) in ITER will be subjected to cyclic transient plasma loads induced
by edge localized modes (ELMs) in addition to steady-state loads, and influences of
transient plasma loads on T retention in PFMs have not been clarified well.

In this study, stress-relieved pure tungsten (W) samples (25.4 mm in diameter and
1.5 mm in thickness) were first exposed to steady-state deuterium (D) plasma (ion
fluence ~ 5x1025 m-2 at sample temperature ~ 573 K) in the linear divertor plasma
simulator PISCES-A [2], and then bombarded by ELM-like pulsed D plasma (ion
fluence ~ 7.5x1021 m-2 per shot, surface absorbed energy density ~ 0.5 MJ m-2 at
pulse width ~ 0.5 ms) in a magnetized coaxial plasma gun (MCPG) [3]. The base
temperature of W samples before pulsed plasma bombardment was ~ 300 K, and the
peak surface temperature during bombardment is calculated to be ~ 1900 K by
numerically solving the heat conduction equation. Steady-state D plasma exposure
created D blisters (~ 1 µm in diameter) on the surface, which cracked at the edge of
the sample following 10 plasma gun shots. D retention properties of W samples were
examined by thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS). With no plasma gun shot, a
large desorption peak at ~ 850 K and a small one at ~ 670 K were observed. After 10
plasma gun shots, the small peak disappeared, while a high temperature peak at ~
1000 K emerged. This high temperature peak has been also observed in a high
temperature (773 K) ion beam irradiation experiment [4]. Regardless of the change in
the desorption spectra, it is found that the total D retention does not significantly alter
by pulsed plasma bombardment: 9.7x1020 and 9.9x1020 D m-2 with and without 10
transient shots, respectively.

[1] J. Roth, E. Tsitrone, T. Loarer, et al., Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 50, 103001
(2008)
[2] D.M. Goebel, G. Campbell, and R.W. Conn, J. Nucl. Mater. 121, 277 (1984)
[3] Y. Kikuchi, R. Nakanishi, M. Nakatsuka, et al., IEEE Tran. Plasma Sci. 38, 231
(2010)
[4] O.V. Ogorodnikova, J. Roth, and M. Mayer, J. App. Phys. 103, 034902 (2008)

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +1 858 534 0701; fax: +1 858 534 7716.
E-mail address: [email protected] (D. Nishijima)

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Analysis of molybdenum erosion and transport

for toroidal limiter in FTU using the ERO code P76A
R. Dinga,*, G. Maddalunoa, A. Kirschnerb
a
Associazione EURATOM-ENEA sulla Fusione, C.R. Frascati, Via E. Fermi 45 00044 Frascati (Roma),
Italy
b
Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Plasma Physics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH,
Association EURATOM-FZJ, Partner in the Trilateral Euregio Cluster, D-52425 Jülich, Germany

In fusion devices, the erosion of wall surfaces by plasma contact can limit the lifetime
of plasma-facing components (PFC). The eroded wall materials can be transported
into the main plasma, which seriously affect the plasma quality. Therefore, it is
important to understand the erosion and transport processes to make reliable
predictions for future devices, such as ITER.

The 3D Monte-Carlo code ERO [1], which simulates surface erosion, impurity
transport and deposition in a given background plasma, has been used to estimate
the target lifetime and tritium retention of the ITER divertor [2]. However, further code
development and benchmarking with existing experiment is still necessary. In this
contribution, ERO has been applied to simulate the erosion and re-deposition of the
toroidal limiter material in the FTU tokamak. In the near future application of ERO
code to FAST, the satellite tokamak proposed by Italian association on Fusion, is
foreseen too.

The full toroidal limiter in molybdenum, located at the inboard wall, is the main limiter
in high-magnetic-field FTU tokamak [3]. Its geometry has been implemented into the
ERO code. About half of the poloidal length is nearly tangential to the last closed flux
surface for circular or slightly elongated discharges and faces the core plasma
directly, where a constant cross field particle flux is assumed. Only the poloidal
component of incident plasma flux is considered and the molybdenum influx into
plasma, due to physical sputtering, is calculated according to the local incident angle.
The dependence of magnetic field, the electrical field parallel to the magnetic field as
well as the plasma flow velocity on the location in the scrape-off layer (SOL) is also
taken into account. The analysis of molybdenum erosion and re-deposition along the
limiter surface will be given. It is found that more than 50% of eroded molybdenum is
re-deposited. The net erosion rate of molybdenum is relatively low. The light emission
of molybdenum atom and ions are calculated using corresponding effective photon
emission coefficients and are compared with spectroscopic measurements.

In addition, the increase of Zeff due to the presence of molybdenum impurity in the
core plasma is analyzed, which is compared with diagnostics. Detailed modelling
results will be presented in comparison with experimental observations.

[1] A. Kirschner, V. Philipps, J. Winter, et al., Nucl. Fusion 40, 989 (2000)
[2] A. Kirschner, D. Borodin, V. Philipps, et al, J. Nucl. Mater 390–391, 152 (2009)
[3] A. Pizzuto, C. Annino, M. Baldarelli, et al., Fusion Sci. Technol 45, 422 (2004)

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +39 0694005539; fax: +39 0694005147.

E-mail address: [email protected] (R. Ding).

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Divertor Studies for FAST, a proposed European satellite tokamak

for the fast track to fusion P76B
V. Pericoli Ridolfini*, B. Viola, R. Zagórski1, G. Calabrò, F. Crisanti, G. Maddaluno
Associazione Euratom-ENEA sulla Fusione, C.P. 65-00044 Frascati, Roma, Italy
1
EFDA-CSU, Garching, Germany

One of the objectives of the proposed FAST tokamak is to investigate the plasma-
wall interaction in ITER and DEMO relevant conditions. The FAST main parameters
(R=1.82 m, BT≤8.5 T, Ip≤8 MA, Padd~30÷40 MW) make it very well suited for ITER and
quite well positioned for DEMO. Indeed the SOL reference quantity, P/Rx with 1≤x≤2,
is ~22 MW/m for x=1 (as in ITER) and ~11.9 MW/m2 for x=2 (as in DEMO with
Pα=0.54 GW, Padd=0.3 GW, R=8.5 m). Clear important contribution to DEMO relevant
technical issues derives from the full W wall and divertor and from the also foreseen
liquid metal (Li) divertor target. For a consistent design it is necessary to have a
reliable estimate of the thermal loads on the divertor targets by predicting the SOL
behavior for the different FAST scenarios. This has been done in two steps. Firstly a
self-consistent SOL description is performed with the coupled edge-core code
COREDIV, 1D in the core and 2D in the SOL. Next a more detailed analysis is carried
out with the code EDGE2D/EIRENE. Indeed, this code describes in more details the
SOL and divertor geometries and treats more reliably the neutral physics through a
Monte-Carlo technique, even though it is fully decoupled from the core. The fixed
inputs to the SOL that are requested by the code are derived from the outputs of
COREDIV. In this first stage we mainly aimed at optimizing the divertor design and at
identifying the conditions under which acceptable divertor thermal load are attained.
Particular attention is given to the configuration and the local conditions that can
favor the plasma detachment from both outer and inner targets. Five different ideal
geometries of the divertor have been considered, varying the tilting angle of the outer
and inner divertor plates (one or both) and/or the closeness of the divertor chamber
in order to modify the neutral dynamics.
The numerical investigations with the EDGE2D/EIRENE have scanned the
reasonable ranges of the main parameters that COREDIV foresees for the envisaged
FAST scenarios. They are ns,out=0.3-1.5×1020 m-3 for the plasma density at the outer
midplane, and PSOL=10-30 MW for the power input into the SOL. The extreme values
refer respectively to the full non-inductive case with an averaged plasma density
<ne>=0.7×1020 m-3 and significant impurity seeding and to the extreme H-mode with
<ne>=5×1020 m-3 and no injected impurity.
In general, detachment in the inner divertor is more easily attained than in the outer
divertor targets. On both it can be attained even with no impurity and relatively low
radiation losses at the highest density, but the intermediate density regimes require
an increase in the SOL and/or bulk radiation loss in order to alleviate the thermal load
on the outer target. To this purpose the effect induced by injecting Ar and Ne is
studied and will be extended also to N. However also the plate tilting angle and the
neutral dynamics are crucial factors, a careful optimization process of the divertor
geometry would be quite important. Also very important are the transport coefficients,
here assumed similar to ITER, with a significant benefit if they are increased,
specially for D⊥. The first simulations of the ELM load are also reported.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +49 89 3299 4202; fax: +49 89 3299 4312
E-mail address: [email protected] (V. Pericoli Ridolfini)

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W thick coatings on CuCrZr and steel for plasma facing components

P77A
G. Casadei a, R.Donnini b, S. Lionetti a, G. Maddalunoc*, R. Montanari b, N.
Ucciardello b

a
Centro Sviluppo Materiali (CSM), Via di Castel Romano 100, 00128 Rome, Italy
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rome - Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1,
00133 Rome, Italy
c
Association EURATOM-ENEA on Fusion, P.O. Box 65, I-00044, Frascati (Rome), Italy

Characterization of W thick (up to 4 mm) coatings deposited on CuCrZr alloy

(ELBRODUR) via Plasma Spraying, with optimised composite interlayer of Ni, Al, Si
and W, has been carried out. The structure of the system coating-interlayer and the
distribution of chemical elements have been investigated by SEM observations with
EDS microanalitical mapping. Coating and interlayer appear compact without macro
porosity and no long range diffusion of the elements forming the interlayer occurs in
the W coating.
The mechanical characteristics of the coatings have been investigated by means of
instrumented indentation tests at increasing temperatures up to 500 °C.
X-ray diffraction measurements carried out in the temperature range from 25 to 425
°C showed the presence of strains in the interlayer whereas they are negligible in
coating and substrate.
The results of present experiments confirm that Plasma Spraying is a reliable
technique for realizing W thick coatings for plasma facing components.
Recent results on W coating of stainless steel (AISI 316) substrates by using different
interface layers consisting of a grading mixture of W and SS powders, a mixture of
NiAl, SiAl and W and SiAl/W only will be also discussed.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +39 06 94005695; fax: +39 06 94005147.

E-mail address: [email protected]

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EDGE2D-EIRENE calculations of JET ILW pedestal

and SOL near radiative collapse P77B
J. D. Strachana*, P. Belob, G. Corriganc, M. Grothd, D. Hartingc, L. Lauro-Taronic, G.F.
Matthewsc, and S Wiesene, and JET- EFDA Contributorsf

JET-EFDA, Culham Science Centre, OX14 3DB, Abingdon, UK

a
PPPL Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
b
EURATOM/IST Fusion Association, IPFN, Av. Rovisco Pais 1049-001 Lisbon Portugal
c
EURATOM/CCFE Fusion Association, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 3DB, UK
d
Aalto University, Association EURATOM-Tekes, Otakaari 4, 02015 Espoo, Finland.
e
Institut für Energieforschung – Plasmaphysik, Assoc. EURATOM -FZ Jülich, D-52425 Jülich,
Germany
f rd
See Appendix of F Romanelli et al., Fusion Energy 2010 (Proc. 23 Int. Conf. Daejon, Korea) IAEA,
(2010)

EDGE2D is a fluid SOL code which models W in 6 super-stages. EIRENE is a Monte-

Carlo code which calculates the neutral deuterium and impurity neutrals. One
difficulty with tungsten is the high radiation per tungsten atom. Radiative collapse
occurs when tungsten impurity concentrations lead to the tungsten radiation being
significant in the electron energy balance.

In this paper, EDGE2D calculated effects due to radiative collapse on an hypothetical

JET H-Mode SOL, pedestal, and divertors. The tungsten was introduced by injection
(not sputtering) and the amount was increased until W radiation was significant in the
energy balance. The fraction of tungsten in the pedestal rose linearly with the
injection rate of the tungsten. Typically, about 100 times more tungsten must be
injected into the divertor compared to the outer mid-plane in order to achieve the
same pedestal tungsten density.

The primary effect on the pedestal electron energy balance is the reduction in
separatrix power flow. The energy balance in the outer and inner divertors, or SOL
indicate that the W radiation itself is insignificant in those regions. However, the
reduced power inflow has several effects. The electron energy balance in the
divertors indicates that the atomic deuterium processes (ionization, atomic and
molecular radiation) become the dominant and larger than the power flowing to the
targets.

The radiative collapse also reduced the plasma temperatures in front of the targets.
Consequently, when the tungsten radiation becomes large, the target temperatures
are reduced, lowering the W sputtering, and reducing the tungsten radiation. Thus
the W sputtering has a self-regulating nature. ELMs have not yet been considered
but are expected to be important.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +1235-46-4327.

E-mail address: [email protected]

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ASCOT simulations of 13C transport in ASDEX Upgrade

P78A
J. Miettunena,*, T. Kurki-Suonioa, S. Akaslompoloa, T. Makkonena, M. Grotha, E.
Hirvijokia, A. Hakolab, J. Likonenb, K. Kriegerc, and the ASDEX Upgrade Teamc
a
Aalto University, Association EURATOM-TEKES, 00076 Aalto, Finland
b
VTT Materials for Power Engineering, EURATOM Association, P.O.B. 1000, FI-02044, VTT, Finland
c
Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, 85748 Garching, Germany

In ITER, co-deposition of plasma fuel with carbon may lead to substantial retention of
tritium on the plasma-facing components. Thus, the atomic and molecular physics of
carbon and other impurities as well as their migration in a tokamak environment have
to be understood. A new simulation tool has been developed that avoids the
shortcomings of the fluid approach usually applied to the impurity migration problem.
ASCOT is a Monte Carlo guiding-center-following code employing magnetic and
plasma backgrounds that can originate from experimental sources. Today, ASCOT is
the most complete code of its kind in Europe. It accurately accounts for all the
neoclassical physics and can now be operated with 3D wall structures and magnetic
fields. Full orbit following can be adopted in situations where finite-Larmor-radius
effects are anticipated to play a significant role.
Migration and deposition of carbon is studied by trace-element injection experiments.
In 2007 in ASDEX Upgrade (AUG), 13CH4 (methane) was injected into the torus and
a set of wall tiles was removed for surface analyses with secondary ion mass
spectrometry. Less than 10% of the injected carbon could be accounted for by
assuming toroidally symmetric deposition [1]. In simulations with the DIVIMP code,
deposition in the inner divertor was only achieved by imposing a scrape-off-layer
(SOL) flow pattern suggested by experimental measurements [2]. The significance of
the DIVIMP results was also limited by other weaknesses: the simulation grid did not
extend all the way to the first wall, the ion drifts were not yet implemented in the
code, and both first wall structures and the magnetic field were assumed toroidally
symmetric.
To overcome these shortcomings, the ASCOT code has been upgraded to permit
impurity transport studies in SOL, including imposed plasma background flow and
atomic physics for carbon.
In this contribution we introduce ASCOT-PWI and report results from the first
simulations of the 2007 carbon injection experiments at AUG. According to these
results, the assumption of a toroidally symmetric wall is particularly insufficient for
predicting locations of high deposition in the main chamber. In particular, protruding
wall structures, such as port limiters near the injection location, are found to cause
very localized deposition patterns in toroidal direction. However, it should be noted
that at this stage no re-erosion was included in the simulations.

[1] A. Hakola, J. Likonen, L. Aho-Mantila, et al., Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 52, 065006 (2010)
[2] T. Makkonen, M. Groth, T. Kurki-Suonio, et al., J. Nucl. Mater., accepted for publication

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +358 9 4702 3158; fax: +358 9 4702 3195.
E-mail address: [email protected] (J. Miettunen)

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Relevant processes for hydrocarbon transport, break-up,

and light emission in an ITER divertor-relevant plasma P78B
G.A. van Swaaija,*, K. Bystrova, D. Borodinb, A. Kirschnerb, L. van der Vegta, J. Westerhouta,
R.C. Wieggersa, G. De Temmermana, O. Lischtschenkoa, W.J. Goedheera
a
FOM Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster,
PO. Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
b
Institute for Energy and Climate Research - Plasma Physics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH,
Association EURATOM-FZJ, Partner in the Trilateral Euregio Cluster, Jülich, Germany

Plasma-surface interaction in the ITER divertor including erosion of carbon target

plates and tritium retention due to co-deposition limits the availability of ITER.
Therefore, modeling of carbon erosion/deposition processes is of importance.
However, the model itself should be validated by dedicated experiments at existing
devices.
The chemical erosion of carbon, which produces hydrocarbons, is often diagnosed by
emission of the CH A-X Gerö band around 430 nm. At electron temperatures below 2
eV, such as expected close to the ITER divertor, assumptions underlying the
interpretation of such measurements become uncertain. In particular, the dissociative
recombination of CH4+, CH3+, and CH2+ yielding (electronically excited) CH is
expected to become an important contributor to light emission [1].
In the present work, simulated CH A-X molecular band emission intensity profiles
from the 3D Monte Carlo particle tracing code ERO [2] are benchmarked against
experiments in the linear plasma generator Pilot-PSI with Te ~ 1 eV, ne ~ 1020 m-3 at
the plasma axis and B=0.4 T. Using a target made of molybdenum, methane was
injected both through a hole in the center of the target [3] and into the edge of the
plasma where the electron temperature is lower. The contribution of dissociative
recombination to the production of excited CH has been included in the respective
simulations, and it is confirmed that this process dominates at electron temperatures
below 1 eV. From fluid modeling using the B2.5 code, we have indications that the
electron density and temperature decay in the final millimeters before the target.
Including this in ERO modeling was found to reduce simulated CH emission by a
factor ~ 2, underlining the importance of a thorough understanding of the plasma.
Finally, carbon deposition profiles from simulation and experiment were compared,
and an inventory of the final destiny of the injected methane was produced from
modeling. In the simulation, depending on the electron temperature, between 53%
and 68% of the methane injected through the target center returns to the target.
Experimentally, much lower values are found in hydrogen plasma; this could be
explained by the high chemical erosion of carbon.

[1] J. Westerhout, D. Borodin, S. Brezinsek, et al., 2010 Nucl. Fusion 50, 095003 (2010)
[2] A. Kirschner, V. Phillipps, J. Winter, et al., Nucl. Fusion 40, 989 (2000)
[3] K. Bystrov, C. Arnas, D. Mathys, et al., these proceedings

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +31 30 6096 839

E-mail address: [email protected] (G. A. van Swaaij)

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Plasma induced surface modification

in the divertor strike point region of ASDEX Upgrade P79A
E. Fortuna-Zalesnaa, *, M. Rasinskib, M. Pisareka, K. Rozniatowskia, M. Mayerb,
R. Neub, K. J. Kurzydlowskia, ASDEX Upgrade Teamb
a
Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, Warsaw University of Technology, Association
EURATOM-IPPLM, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland
b
Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Association EURATOM – IPP, D-85748 Garching, Germany

Tungsten (W) is a candidate material for the ITER divertor. In current fusion
experiments it is used both as bulk material (TEXTOR) and for coatings (evaporated
and plasma-sprayed) on carbon substrates (TEXTOR, ASDEX Upgrade and JT-60U)
(see for example [1]). Tungsten-coated tiles are also foreseen for the divertor and
shine-through protection plates of JET in the ITER-like Wall Project [2, 3]. In this
context, a detailed understanding of the behaviour of W-coated plasma-facing
components (PFCs) is essential for assessing the changes of materials during
operation by the damage by plasma interactions and mixed material formation,
related to tritium retention and components lifetime.

The present investigations were carried out on 13 samples from outer divertor Tile 1
of ASDEX Upgrade, with s coordinates from 1038 to 1231 mm, at different positions
with respect to the strike point. This tile was installed in the machine for the whole
2009 campaign, during which three boronizations took place. The samples differed in
received flux, which can be specified based on the s-coordinates. The tile was initially
coated with a 10 µm W layer deposited on fine grain graphite with a 2-3 µm Mo
interlayer. The aim of these post-mortem examinations was to describe material
mixing and plasma-induced damage of tungsten coatings.

It has been generally observed that the surface morphology of the tungsten coating
after the exposure shows a directional character of erosion and deposition. The
deposits form mostly in the shadowed areas. Their thickness, according to FIB/STEM
examinations varies from 200 nm to 1.5 µm, depending on the sample location and
amount of received flux. The investigations revealed mostly W and W/O deposits.
The structure of the re-deposited tungsten is highly porous and resembles a foam or
sponge.

The XPS and AES examinations confirmed that the main constituents of the deposits
are tungsten (40-60 at.%), oxygen (15-40at.%) and carbon (15-20at.%). Residues of
iron were also observed. The amount and morphology of the boron deposition varied
strongly with the position of the sample.

The roughness measurements confirmed surface smoothing caused by erosion.

[1] M. Mayer, M. Andrzejczuk, R. Dux, et al., Phys. Scripta 138, 014039 (2009)
[2] R. Neu, H. Maier, E. Gauthier, et al., Phys. Scripta 128, 150 (2007)
[3] G. F. Matthews, P. Edwards, T. Hirai, et al., Phys. Scripta 128, 137 (2007)

*Corresponding author. Tel.: +48 22 234 8748; fax: +48 22 234 8750. E-mail address:
[email protected] (E. Fortuna-Zalesna).

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WEST (tungsten-W Environment in Steady-state Tokamaks), a project aiming at

testing ITER Plasma Facing Components in Tore Supra
P79B
1 1 1 1 1 1
J. Bucalossi* , A. Argouarch , V. Basiuk , O. Baulaigue , P. Bayetti , M. Bécoulet ,
B. Bertrand1, S. Brémond1, P. Cara1, M. Chantant1, Y. Corre1, X. Courtois1,
L. Doceul1, A. Ekedahl1, F. Faisse1, M. Firdaouss1, J. Garcia1, L. Gargiulo1, C. Gil1,
C. Grisolia1, J. Gunn1, S. Hacquin1, P. Hertout1, G. Huysmans1, F. Imbeaux1,
M. Joanny1, L. Jourd’heuil1, M. Jouve1, A. Kukushkin2, M. Lipa1, S. Lisgo2, T. Loarer1,
P. Maget1, R. Magne1, Y. Marandet3, A. Martinez1, D. Mazon1, O. Meyer1,
M. Missirlian1, E. Nardon1, P. Monier-Garbet1, P. Moreau1, B. Pégourié1, R. A. Pitts2,
C. Portafaix1, M. Richou1, R. Sabot1, A. Saille1, F. Saint-Laurent1, F. Samaille1,
A Simonin1, E. Tsitrone1
1
CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
2
ITER Organization, Route de Vinon CS 90 046, 13067 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
3
PIIM, CNRS/Université de Provence, Marseille, France

The current ITER baseline foresees a full tungsten (W) divertor for the nuclear
phase with deuterium and deuterium-tritium plasmas. However, the required high
heat flux technology has never been tested in the demanding tokamak environment
under the steady state heat fluxes (~10 MWm-2) expected in ITER. In order to
mitigate the risks for ITER, it is proposed to equip Tore Supra with a full W divertor,
benefitting from its unique long pulse capabilities and the experience with actively
cooled high heat flux components.
A wide range of plasma equilibria (from single to double null) will be possible while
the new configuration will allow for H-mode access for several minutes at plasma
current of ~0.8MA, providing relevant plasma conditions for plasma-facing
component (PFC) technology validation. The lower divertor target design, the
materials and the assembly technologies will be closely based on that currently
envisaged for ITER divertor (W monoblock), while the pumping baffle and the upper
divertor region will be equipped with CuCrZr copper/stainless steel heat sink
technology with tungsten coating. Monitoring of the surface temperature of the
divertor and of the RF antenna will be ensured using endoscopes and cameras
coupled to automatic detection of thermal events for real time protection of PFCs.
Five years are expected to be required for manufacturing of the full toroidal W
divertor elements. This industrial-scale manufacturing with ~ 500 actively cooled high
heat flux components (i.e. total of 15,000 W monoblocks) and the associated quality
assurance tests with a fully relevant ITER design, materials and technologies will
consolidate the manufacturing process. In addition, this will offer a unique opportunity
to anticipate any difficulties in terms of series fabrication and integration, but also to
reduce the risks for the procurement of the second ITER divertor. The final divertor
configuration will complement existing W divertor (e.g. JET and ASDEX-Upgrade) by
adding the long pulse capability and actively cooled surfaces to the operational
experience being gathered elsewhere. Extended plasma exposure provides access
to ITER-critical issues such as PFC lifetime (melting, cracking etc.), tokamak
operation on damaged metallic surfaces, real time heat flux control through PFC
monitoring, fuel retention and dust production etc.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +33 442 253 291; fax: +33 442 254 990
E-mail address: [email protected] (J. Bucalossi)

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A solid tungsten divertor for ASDEX Upgrade

P80A
A. Herrmann*, H. Greuner, N. Jaksic, B. Böswirth, H. Maier, R. Neu, S. Vorbrugg
and ASDEX Upgrade team
Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Euratom Association, 85748 Garching, Germany

ASDEX Upgrade is a mid-size tokamak fusion experiment that was stepwise

transformed from a carbon to a tungsten first wall experiment. Starting with the
experimental campaign 2007 ASDEX Upgrade was operated as a full tungsten
experiment. It could be shown that tungsten and ITER like plasma performance are
compatible as long as the central heating of the plasma is high enough to suppress
tungsten accumulation in the core[1].
The transition from carbon to tungsten was realized by coating fine grain graphite
with W-PVD up to 4 μm thickness in the main chamber and with W-VPS of 200 μm
thickness at the outer strike line module of the lower divertor where the highest heat
load and highest erosion rate of up to 1 μm/campaign is expected. Unfortunately
tungsten coatings have a lower heat receiving capability compared to carbon due to
the thermal stress that is induced by high surface temperatures resulting accidentally
in a delamination of the coating [2]. The thick coatings in the lower outer divertor
were replaced in 2008 by 10 μm W-CMSII to reduce the effect of delamination onto
the plasma but reducing the lifetime in the outer divertor.
The lower strike line module of ASDEX Upgrade will be replaced in 2012 by targets
made from powder metallurgy (PM) tungsten to expand the operational space with a
full tungsten first wall. This PM tungsten divertor Div-III overcomes the problem of
delamination and/or erosion of tungsten coatings. In addition, it allows to investigate
erosion and deuterium retention at solid tungsten.
The design of Div-III is compatible to the existing divertor support structure. The
additional load due to the higher specific weight of the tungsten of about
0.5 kN/sector is small compared to the load caused by halo currents of about
50 kN sector. FEM modelling of the divertor support structure has shown that also for
the worst case of 450 kA halo current at 3.5 T toroidal field strength the induced van
Mieses stress is below 100 MPa. More critical are eddy currents induced by the
temporal variation of the poloidal and radial magnetic field component during
disruptions due to the higher electrical conductivity of tungsten compared to graphite.
The need to keep the eddy currents and the mass low results in a sandwich design
consisting of a 15 mm thick solid tungsten plate clamped together with a graphite
interface plate of about 15 mm thickness to the cooling structure. Target tilting is
realized by shaping the graphite interface plate rather than the tungsten plate that is
flat to minimize the manufacturing effort and to maximize the flexibility of divertor
shaping. Two sandwich targets are installed after a successful test of up to 30 MW/m2
for 1.8 s in the high heat flux test facility GLADIS.
The paper will present the design criteria, the qualification procedure of Div-III as well
as first experience from ASDEX Upgrade operation.
[1] Neu R et al 2009 Phys. Scrip. T138 6
[2] Herrmann A et al 2009 Phys. Scrip. T138

*Corresponding author. Tel.: +49 8932991388; fax: +49 8932992580.

E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Herrmann).

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Thermal stability of W/Mo JET divertor coatings on CFC substrate

P80B
a* b c a a
M. Rasinski , H. Maier , C. Ruset , M. Lewadnowska , K. J. Kurzydlowski

a
Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw
b
Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, Garching, Germany
c
Nat. Inst. for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Phys., Association Euratom-MEdC, Bucharest, Romania

Thin tungsten coatings produced by combined magnetron sputtering and ion

implantation (CMSII) with additional 3µm thick molybdenum interlayer deposited on
carbon fibre reinforced carbon (CFC) substrates were selected as the first wall
material for the divertor in the ITER-like Wall Project at JET. Elevated temperature in
the divertor region during the operation time shall promote carbon diffusion from the
substrate into the deposited layers. Due to the fact that both Mo and W easily form
carbides, brittle carbide phases may be created at the interface, strongly affecting the
thermomechanical performance of the coatings, once a critical carbide layer
thickness is exceeded. This was experimentally confirmed by high heat flux testing of
pre-annealed samples.

In the present study, a set of samples were annealed at different temperatures. The
Focused Ion Beam (FIB) technique was used for both sample preparation for electron
microscopy examination as well as first structural change investigation. Electron
diffraction analysis performed at STEM microscope revealed the formation of both
W2C and WC carbides in the W layer, as well as Mo2C carbide in the Mo layer. The
thickness of carbide layers was measured using SEM/STEM microscopy, providing
information about the kinetics of coatings degradation via transformation of metal
layers into carbide phase.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +48 22 234 8724; fax: +48 22 234 8514
E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Rasinski)

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Development and Characterisation of Reference Tungsten / Tungsten alloys,

and SiCf/SiC for DEMO Fusion Applications P81A
D.T. Blagoevaa,*, J.B.J Hegemana, M. Jonga, J. Opschoorb and C. Sarbuc
a
NRG (Nuclear Research and Consultancy Group), P.O. Box 25, 1755 ZG Petten, The Netherlands
b
ECN (Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands), P.O. Box 1, 1755 ZG Petten, The Netherlands
c
(NIMP) National Institute of Materials Physics (NIMP), PO Box MG. 7, Magurele, Bucharest, Romania

Tungsten and Tungsten alloys, as well as SiCf/SiC are considered as potential

materials in the DEMO fusion reactor. The present work is a summary of the results
obtained for these materials within the European Fusion Development Agreement
(EFDA) work programme.
Tungsten (W) and W alloys are currently considered as an attractive solution for the
helium cooled modular diverter components manufacturing in the future DEMO
reactor because of their strength at high temperatures, good thermal conductivity,
and low sputter rates. Nevertheless, lots of effort should be done towards improving
the W toughness at low temperature range. This work gives a glance at the first
results obtained on pure W and W alloys (ODS W) produced by Metal Injection
Moulding (MIM) technique at ECN, The Netherlands. Mechanical and physical
material characterization together with detailed microstructural examination were
performed so far and the results are reported hereafter. Additionally, the conducted
research aims to propose a fabrication technology and to demonstrate its potential for
mass production of components.
SiCf/SiC is identified as a potential structural material due to its corrosion resistance,
low neutron activation, chemical stability, attractive mechanical properties up to
1100°C, reasonably good thermal conductivity, and last but not least, SiC composite
is the only non-magnetic material among the candidates. Despite its promising
properties, there are issues to be addressed under intensive neutron irradiation, such
as: thermal conductivity decrease, swelling and mechanical properties degradation.
The work addresses mechanical and physical properties characterisation of new
unirradiated 2D and 3D Tyranno SA 3 fiber reinforced Silicon Carbide composites
(SiCf/SiC), known as EU reference material. An innovative tensile set-up was
developed at NRG to allow SiCf/SiC tensile testing in compression. Additionally, the
conducted research serves as a pre-irradiation investigation and to qualify test
procedures to be used for post-irradiation examination.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +31 22456 8341; E-mail address: [email protected]

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Interface engineering of the Tungsten-Fibre-Reinforced

Tungsten composites P81B
Juan Dua,*, T. Höschena and J-H. Youa
a
Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, 85748 Garching, Germany

Enhancing the properties of tungsten materials for their practical use in the divertor of
thermonuclear fusion reactors is very challenging. There is an urgent need to explore
novel toughening mechanisms for tungsten to retain its toughness even under
conditions of embrittlement.
In this work, such a toughening method for tungsten is proposed based on the
reinforcement of tungsten fibers (W f/Wm composites) and engineered interfaces. The
underlying toughening mechanism is analogous to that of a fiber-reinforced ceramic
matrix composite (FCMC), which relies on energy dissipation by controlled debonding
and friction at the fiber/matrix interfaces. The fracture properties of the engineered
interface are the key factors controlling the overall composite toughness. In this work,
intensive analysis has been performed on the fracture behavior of various
engineered interfaces of W f/Wm composites for exploring the feasibility of producing a
toughened Wf/Wm composite.
Commercial tungsten wires (fibers) were selected as reinforcement, while dense
tungsten was chosen as the matrix. Based on the brittle zirconia and erbia, the
ductile copper, the lubricating carbon, and their combinations, 14 types of coatings
were used as interfaces. The interfacial parameters were calibrated by means of a
fiber push-out test on a single-fiber W f/Wm composite. The results showed that the
interfacial fracture energy of employed interfaces satisfied the fracture criteria for the
crack deflection. Microscopic analysis of the interface structures was carried out
before and after the push-out test, indicating the interfacial debonding location were
in accordance with the interfacial parameter calibration results. The interfacial crack
deflection was directly demonstrated by a three-point bending (3PB) test. Mechanical
property prediction of the Wf/Wm composites with multiple fibers indicated that the
stress-strain curves of the involved W f/Wm composites were of typical ‘tough’ material
type, which agreed well with the interfacial parameter calibration results and the
interfacial crack deflection demonstration results, supporting the primary motivation of
this work.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +49 89 3299 1859; fax: +49 89 3299 1212.
E-mail address: [email protected] (J. Du)

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Synthesis of tungsten-fibre reinforced tungsten composites and in situ

observation of cracking by high energy synchrotron tomography P82A
J. Riescha,*, J.-Y. Buffièreb, J. Dua, A. Galatanuc, P. Hahnb, T. Höschena, S. Kimmiga,
M. Köppena, S. Lindiga, S.F. Nielsend, M. di Michiele, C. Prenticef, M. Scheele,
A. Zivelonghia, Ch. Linsmeiera, and J.-H. Youa
a
Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, 85748 Garching, Germany
b
GEMPPM INSA Lyon 20 Av. A. Einstein 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
c
National Institute of Material Physics, 77125 Magurele-Ilfov, Romania
d
Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, TU of Denmark, DK-4000, Denmark
e
European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 38000 Grenoble, France
f
Archer Technicoat Ltd., Progress Road, HP12 4JD High Wycombe, UK

The inherent brittleness of tungsten below the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature

strongly restricts its use as plasma facing material of fusion reactors. Metallurgical
efforts to enhance the toughness (e.g. grain refinement, alloying) still face stability
problems during operation. An alternative approach for enhancing the damage
tolerance is the application of the so called pseudo toughness mechanism. Tungsten
is reinforced by tungsten fibres (W f/Wm-composites) which enable controlled crack
deflection at engineered fibre/matrix interfaces. This leads to internal energy
dissipation by interface debonding and friction. Local stress can be reduced and thus
the global fracture toughness is improved [1, 2]. As this is a purely mechanical effect
there is reasonable hope that the toughness will withstand material embrittlement.
Conventional processing routes of tungsten (e.g. powder metallurgy) were not
applicable for Wf/Wm-fibre-composites. This resulted in the development of the
chemical vapour infiltration process of tungsten (WCVI). This technique combines the
chemical vapour deposition of tungsten with an additional infiltration step. First Drawn
tungsten wire is arranged in a regular pattern. Subsequent tungsten hexafluoride
(WF6) is infiltrated and by its decomposition the tungsten matrix is formed. The
advantages of this technique are low substrate temperature and a negligible
mechanical impact which are essential for maintaining the fibre pattern. By combining
controlled gas flow with optional temperature distribution it was possible to produce
samples with a density up to 92%. Additional redensification steps either by repeated
WCVI or hot pressing led to further density improvements up to 99%.
The key factor for the toughness improvement in Wf/Wm-composite is the interaction
of a possible crack with the microstructure (fibre, matrix, and interface). For an in-situ
observation of this effect high energy synchrotron tomography is the most adequate
technique. Therefore a possibility of tungsten tomography up to a diameter of 1 mm
was established and the crack formation and propagation was studied during
mechanical testing. The experiments were conducted at the European Synchrotron
Radiation Facility (ESRF) in Grenoble, France. The interaction between crack and
microstructure was clearly detectable. Crack deflection at the interface was observed
both for single-fibre and multi fibre samples. Hence the theoretical model of crack
deflection is validated.
[1] A.G. Evans, Acta Mater. 45, 1 (1997)
[2] J. Du, T. Höschen, M. Rasinski, S. Wurster, W. Grosinger, J.-H. You, Compos. Sci. Technol.,
(2010).
*Corresponding author: Tel.: +49 89 3299 1619; fax: +49 89 3299 1212
E-mail address: [email protected] (J. Riesch)

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Production of copper-µdiamond composites for first wall heat sinks

P82B
a,b,* a b a a c
D. Nunes , V. Livramento , N. Shohoji , H. Fernandes , C. Silva , U.V. Mardolcar ,
P.A. Carvalhoa, J.B. Correiab
a
Associação Euratom/IST, Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear- Laboratório Associado, Instituto
Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
b
LNEG, Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal
c
Departamento de Fisica e Núcleo de Termofísica, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa,
Portugal

Copper alloys have been selected as first wall heat sinks due to their favorable thermal
conductivity and radiation resistance [1]. However, the demand for operation
temperatures above the range proposed for ITER first wall (<300°C) poses extra
challenges, especially regarding thermal conductivity and mechanical strength [Fehler!
Textmarke nicht definiert.]. The extremely high thermal conductivity of diamond turns
its dispersions into excellent candidates for thermal management applications.
Additionally, particle dispersions can be used as reinforcement for increased strength
and, furthermore, Cu-Diamond composites with enhanced thermal conductivity will also
exhibit lower thermal expansion [2,3] mismatch with plasma facing W-based materials
than copper alloys. Natural diamond is known to have the highest thermal conductivity,
2000 W/(m.К), which compares with 390 W/(m.К) at 20°С for copper [4]). In the present
work, natural micro diamond (µD) has been selected to reinforce copper in composites
produced by mechanical alloying due to its strong resistance to amorphization and
graphitization as compared, for example, with nanodiamond. Moreover, phonon
scattering in diamond occurs for submicrometer crystallite size with a concomitant
thermal conductivity attenuation. On the other hand, electrons dominate heat conduction
in copper, whereas phonons control it in diamond. Hence, composite heat conduction
requires energy transfer between electrons and phonons at the interfaces, which
critically affects the material thermal behavior. The aim of the present study is to develop
Cu/µD composites for heat-sinks integrated in first wall panels of nuclear fusion reactors.
Powder mixtures of Cu and µD have been mechanically alloyed, and the reinforcement
dispersion was monitored for different milling times by X-ray diffraction and electron
microscopy. The load transfer at the interfaces was evaluated by microhardness
measurements, allowing inferring the quality of the interfaces and its effect on the
thermal properties of the material.

[1] R. Andreani, M. Gasparotto, Fusion Eng. Design 61, 27 (2002)

[2] K. Yoshida, H. Morigami, Microelects. Reliab. 44, 303 (2004)
[3] J.B. Correia, V. Livramento, N. Shohoji, E. Tresso, K.Yamamoto, T.
Taguchi,K.Hanada, E.Osawa, Mater. Sci. Forum 587, 443 (2008)
[4] S.V. Kidalov, F.M. Shakhov, A.Ya. Vul, Diamond & Related Mater. 16, 2063 (2007)

*Corresponding author. Tel.: +351 218418137; fax: +351 218418120.

E-mail address: [email protected] (D.Nunes)

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Thermal stresses and fatigue damage in monofilament reinforced copper

composites for heat sink applications in divertor elements P83A
M. Schöbela,*, HP. Degischera, A. Brendelb, RC. Wimporyc, M. Di Michield
a
Institute for Materials Science and Technology,TU Vienna, Austria
b
Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, Garching, Germany
c
Helmhotz-Zentrum-Berlin, Wannsee, Germany
d
European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France

Monofilament reinforced Cu composites (MFRM) are developed as heat sink

materials for divertor elements where a plasma facing W plate is attached to a
CuCrZr heat sink. Under pulsed operation, required for the Tokamak reactor type,
high thermal mismatch stresses between W (~ 5 ppm/K) and Cu (~ 16 ppm/K) lead to
delamination at the interface. SiC fiber and W wire reinforced copper composites are
applied as interlayer material, which combine the high
thermal conductivity of the matrix with low thermal
expansion of the fibers. With this approach the thermal
mismatch stresses are transferred from the macroscopic
W-Cu interface of the component into the composite
interlayer. Thermal micros stresses between the matrix
metal and the stiff fibers in the MFRM are evaluated and
their effect on the long term stability under service
conditions is studied.

In-situ neutron and synchrotron

diffraction were applied to
measure the micro stresses in
SiC fiber and W wire reinforced
Cu. Different interface bonding
qualities were investigated
during thermal cycling [1]. The
thermal stresses were
measured in-situ during thermal
cycling as well as after further
ex-situ cycles (Fig. 1). Fig. 2.: Synchrotron tomography:
[3] Thermal fatigue damage in
Complementary in/ex-situ Cu/SiC/20m after 50 ex-situ
Fig. 1.: Neutron diffraction:
[2] Thermal stresses in Cu/W/20m synchrotron tomography cycles (RT–550 °C), ESRF,
during thermal cycling (R–550°C) Grenoble, France.
revealed information on fatigue
before and after 50 ex-situ cycles,
HZB, Wannsee, Germany. damage mechanism and propagation (Fig .2).

[1] M. Schöbel, J. Jonke, HP. Degischer, V. Paffenholz, A. Brendel, R.C. Wimpory, M. Di Michiel,
accepted J. Nucl. Mater. (2011)
[2] M. Schöbel, J. Jonke, HP. Degischer, A. Herrmann, A. Brendel, RC Wimpory, T Buslaps,
accepted Adv. Eng. Mater. (2011)
[3] M. Schöbel, J. Jonke, HP. Degischer, A. Brendel, B. Harrer, M. Di Michiel, 42.
Metallografietagung, Leoben, pp 183 – 188, (2010)

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +43 1 58801 308 36; fax: +43 1 58801 308 99.
E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Schöbel)

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Sigma fibre reinforced copper for heat sink application

P83B
a, a
S.Kimmig *, A. Brendel
a
Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, 85748 Garching, Germany

SiC fibre reinforced copper shows a great potential as heat sink material in the
divertor of future fusion reactors, where heat loads reaches up to 15 MW/m². This
leads to an interface temperature between tungsten as plasma facing material (PFM)
and CuCrZr as heat sink material of up to 550°C. This temperature exceeds the
maximum operation temperature of the CuCrZr alloy. SiC fibre reinforced copper
matrix composite (CuMMC) can be used between the PFM and the CuCrZr alloy
where it combines high thermal conductivity (200 W/m*K) with a sufficient mechanical
strength (300 MPa) at elevated temperatures up to 550 °C.

Sigma SM1140+ fibres (TISICS Ltd) were coated by magnetron sputtering with a
titanium interlayer for better fibre/matrix bonding. The copper matrix was deposited
by electroplating, where the deposition time defines the fibre volume fraction. The
coated fibres were heat treated with a slow heat rate of 0.5 K/min at 550°C with a
dwell of 2 h for hydrogen degassing. Finally the composite was consolidated by hot–
isostatic pressing.
The ultimate tensile strength and also the Young’s Modulus of the SiC fibres were
determined by single fibre tensile tests. The uncoated fibres exhibited an average
strength of 3200 MPa and a Young’s Modulus of around 370 MPa. The tests were
repeated with coated and heat treated fibres to study the influence of interlayer to
reinforcement. Push-out tests verified the sufficient fibre/matrix bonding.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +49 89 3299 1664; fax: +49 89 3299 1212.
E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Kimmig)

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Microstructural Characterization of SiC Ceramic Multilayers

Using X-ray Laboratory Microtomography P84A
I. Tiseanua,*, C. Badinib, T. Craciunescua, S. Biaminob and K. Mergiac
a
National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics Plasma Physics and Nuclear Fusion
Laboratory, Atomistilor Str. 409, P.O. Box. MG-36, 077125 Bucharest-Magurele ROMANIA
b
Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli
Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
c
Institute of Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection, National Centre for Scientific Research
“Demokritos”, 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece

SiC based materials offer attractive properties for future fusion power plants. The
spatial distribution of porosity and density of these materials has to be determined for
assessing their performance at high temperatures and/or intense irradiation fields.
Further, SiC with controlled distribution of porosity and density is a promising concept
for high thermal load applications as this offers directional control of the thermal
conductivity.
In the current work we show that X-ray laboratory microtomography can be used to
determine simultaneously the local porosity and density of SiC ceramic multilayers,
fabricated by tape casting, de-binding and sintering. Different architectures layers
have been examined to establish relationships between manufacturing parameters
and material microstructure/properties. The method is nondestructive and accurate
down to the resolution of the instrument (~2 µm) and it provides detailed
morphological information such as pore shape, spatial distribution, and connectivity.
Relevant defects like cracks, voids, inclusions or delaminations can be quantified and
correlated with different manufacturing phases. By comparison with global methods
of porosity and density measurement and with direct observation with electron
microscopy one get substantial new information and results gain in confidence.

*I. Tiseanu: Tel.: +40214574051; fax: +40214574243.

E-mail address: [email protected] ; [email protected]

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Computed Tomography Inspection of the CFC Monoblock section of

ITER Inner Vertical Target Prototypes after Production, P84B
after High Heat Flux Testing and after Critical Heat Flux Testing

Th. Hubera,*, H. Traxlera, B. Harrerb, R. Kickingerb, B. Riccardic

a
Plansee SE, Innovation Services, Metallwerkstraße 71, 6600 Reutte, Austria
b
Upper Austria University of Applied Sciences, Stelzhamerstraße 23, 4600 Wels, Austria
b
Fusion For Energy, ITER Department, Josep Pla. 2, 08090 Barcelona, Spain

One of the technically most challenging components for the ITER (International
Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) machine is the divertor. Its main function is to
extract the power which has been directed into the scrape-off layer of the plasma
while at the same time maintaining plasma purity. The Inner Vertical Target (IVT) as
part of the divertor comprises plasma facing materials which are either carbon fibre
reinforced carbon composites (CFC) or tungsten. The ITER relevant design is a full
monoblock armouring being actively cooled during operation by a heat sink tube
made of a precipitation hardened CuCrZr alloy. The tungsten monoblocks are joined
to the cooling tube by copper casting and hot isostatic pressing, while for the CFC
monoblocks active metal casting and hot isostatic pressing are applied.

This paper focuses on the straight CFC section of IVT prototype components that
have been high heat flux tested at 20 MW/m² for 1000 cycles, followed by critical
heat flux testing. In order to investigate defects as well as defect creation and
evolution in the materials and their interfaces, computed tomography (CT) inspection
was applied. This non-destructive test method enables precise determination of
position and size of defects and structures in the CFC and at the CFC/Cu interface.
CT was performed at three different stages of a component life time, namely after
production, after high heat flux test and after critical heat flux test. The results of
these investigations are comparatively presented and discussed.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +43 5672 600 3128; fax: +43 5672 600 553.
E-mail address: [email protected] (Th. Huber)

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R&D activities for the production of 1,0 mm thick molybdenum armour layer
on copper substrates
P85A
M. Paveia,*, S. Dal Belloa, H. Groenveldb, D. Marcuzzia, P. Sonatoc, P. Zaccariaa
a
Consorzio RFX, EURATOM-ENEA Association, Corso Stati Uniti 4, I-35127 Padova, Italy
b
EXPLOFORM B.V.
c
Università degli Studi di Padova

In the framework of the activities for the development of the Neutral Beam Injector
(NBI) for ITER, the design of the Radio-Frequency plasma source has been carried
out. The most critical components of the plasma source are the rear vertical plates
facing the plasma, since they are hit by the back-streaming positive ions that are
generated, mostly for stripping losses, inside the 1 MV electrostatic accelerator. Such
high energetic particles, impinging the rear vertical surfaces of the plasma source,
cause heat deposition and physical sputtering. As consequence, the need of an
armour layer having low sputtering yield was established to be necessary.
Molybdenum and tungsten are the most suitable materials; nevertheless the required
thickness is around 0.5 mm.
Different technologies for the manufacturing of such a thick armour layer, that is not
common, have been investigated and samples have been manufactured by
explosion bonding and atmospheric plasma spraying. Samples have then been
tested: microscopic, outgassing, delamination, thermal shock, and thermal fatigue
analyses have been carried out. The results of tests performed on the explosion
bonded samples are presented in the paper, giving an overview on the critical
technological aspects and open issues.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +39 049 829 5845; fax: +39 049 8700718.
E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Pavei)

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Centerstack PFCs for NSTX Upgrades

P85B
a
K. Tresemer* , A. Jariwala, A. Brooks, J. Chrzanowski, L. Dudek
a
Princeton University, Plasma Physics Lab, Princeton, New Jersey, USA

The National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) is a low aspect ratio, spherical
torus (ST) configuration device which is located at Princeton Plasma Physics
Laboratory (PPPL). This device is presently being updated to enhance its physics by
doubling the TF field to 1 Tesla and increasing the plasma current to 2 Mega-
amperes. The heart of the upgrade involves a new Centerstack Assembly (CSA).
The CSA consists of the inner legs of the Toroidal Field (TF) windings, the Ohmic
Heating (OH) solenoid, three pair of inner Poloidal Field (PF) coils, thermal insulation,
diagnostics and an Inconel casing which forms the inner wall of the vacuum vessel
boundary. The outside surface of the Inconel casing is protected from the heat loads
by a layer of carbon fiber tiles

The upgrade of the Centerstack Assembly calls for an increase in the casing
diameter which required the replacing of all the carbon-based Plasma-Facing
Components (PFCs). Additionally, due to other upgrades to the operating capacity of
the device, the PFCs needed to be improved to withstand higher operating heat
fluxes and disruption forces. A combination of 2D and 3D carbon fiber composites
have been proposed to provide adequate thermal shielding as well as the sufficient
mechanical properties to tolerate higher, thermally-induced stresses within the tiles.
The attachment scheme for this upgrade presents several changes from the original
design: replacing the weld stud with a weld nut, changing the soft joints to a hard
design in order to facilitate the implementation of the Spiralock thread technology,
and finally, the removal of Grafoil from the system in order to thermally isolate the
Centerstack Casing.

This paper will describe the details of the design features of the PFCs and elaborate
on the major changes from the original layout, emphasizing the challenges of
adapting the present PFC configuration to a higher operating platform. (Note:
Upgrade work supported by U.S. DOE Contract No. DE-AC02-09-CH11466)

* Tel.: 001 609 243 3481; fax: 001 609 243 3248.
E-mail address: [email protected]

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NSTX Vacuum Vessel Protection Armour for Neutral Beam Injection Heating

C. Priniski, T. Dodson*, K. Tresemer, and T. Stevenson P86A

Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, P.O. Box 451, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA

In support of a planned upgrade for the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX)
a second large Neutral Beam Injector (NBI) is being added to the experiment. Each
of the two NBI systems can deliver approximately 7.5 MW of heating power to the
plasma. After transiting the main torus vacuum vessel, neutral beams from the
sources of both of these devices land on plasma facing plates currently armoured
with ATJ™ grade isotropic graphite. Due to the additional beam line this armour must
be repositioned, reattached, and upgraded to protect the vacuum vessel wall from
incident heating from neutral beam shine through, or in the case of an off-normal
fault, absorb the full energy of the NBI. Interlocks are designed to prevent the firing of
the NBI into the vessel without a plasma; however, the armour is the final barrier to
damage to the experiment. This paper will detail the redesign and analysis of the
armour, attachment, and services.

Early on in the design the decision was made to consolidate the footprint of both NBI
systems on the same area of armour in order to preserve space at the mid-plane of
the torus for plasma diagnostics. This presents the problem of twice the neutral beam
energy input to the same area. Complicating this further, the geometry of desired
tangency radii and a fixed 4 degree spread in the NBI sources create areas of
overlap where two high heat flux zones of up to 2.8kW/cm2 from each beam source
intersect. Various operational scenarios and carbon reinforced and graphite materials
have been analyzed to qualify the new armour designs for the higher heat loads.
Additionally, the overall attachment of the armour was redesigned to accommodate
new disruptive loads and provide for easier installation.

Work Supported by United States Department of Energy Contract No.

DE-AC02-09-CH11466

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +1 609 243 2748; fax: +1 609 243 3248
E-mail address: [email protected] (T. Dodson)

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Residual Stress Measurements of a CuCrZr Tube Brazed

to a Tungsten Tile Using Neutron Diffraction P86B
M. Kastriotoua, M. Grattarolab, C. Gualcob, M. Hofmannc, B. Schillingerc,
S. Messolorasa and K. Mergiaa,*
a
Institute of Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection, National Centre for Scientific Research
“Demokritos”, 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
b
ANSALDO Energia S.p.A., 16152 Genova, Italy
c
FRM-II, TU München, Garching, Germany

In plasma facing components for nuclear fusion reactors tungsten or carbon based
tiles need to be cooled through a heat sink. The joint between the PFC and the heat
sink can be realized using a brazing process. The main problem of bonding tungsten
or carbon based material to CuCrZr is the large difference in their coefficient of
thermal expansion (CTE). This difference creates very large residual stresses at the
interface and may result in damage of the joint simply from cooling it from the joining
temperature. A low yield strength material compliant layer, like pure copper, can be
introduced between the protective material and CuCrZr in order to lower the residual
stresses by plastic deformation. Another solution is to introduce a high yield strength
material interlayer with CTE matching the protective material, like molybdenum, in
order to transfer the residual stresses from the carbon/metal interface to the
strongest metal/metal one. Experimental verification of the induced stresses during
the brazing process is of vital importance.
In the present work neutron diffraction measurements have been employed in order
to measure the strains and residual stresses in a CuCrZr tube brazed to tungsten tile,
in the side of the tungsten tile. Three geometries have been used in order to measure
the axial, radial and tangential strains, at various distances from the weld. Also,
neutron radiography measurements were performed in order to assess the integrity
of the brazing process.

*K. Mergia: Tel.: +30 210 6503706; fax: +30 210 6533431.
E-mail address: [email protected]

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Advanced X-ray Imaging of Metal Coated/Impregnated

Plasma-Facing Composite Materials P87A
I. Tiseanua,*, T. Craciunescua, B. Pegourieb, H. Maierc,
C. Ruseta, M. Mayerc, C. Dobreaa, A. Simaa
a
EURATOM-MEdC Association, Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Bucharest,
Romania
b
Association EURATOM-CEA, CEA Cadarache, F-13108 St-Paul-lez-Durance, France
c
Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, Garching, Germany

Due to their excellent thermo-mechanical properties, Carbon Fiber Composites

(CFCs) are one of the candidate armour materials for ITER’s plasma facing
components. The heat flux received by these components is intense and requires
active water cooling. This is achieved through a welding (active metal casting, AMC)
between the metallic water loop and the CFC material. The CFC porosity plays a
major role in both fabrication and operating of PFCs. Firstly, the quality of the AMC of
the monoblock geometry developed for ITER depends on the metal impregnation
inside CFC. Secondly, a part of the fuel retention is due to the codeposition
mechanism inside CFC porosity.

The present work describes analysis results of relevant PFC materials coated with
refractory metals (W, Mo) and/or welded on heat sink structures (Cu, CuCrZr). The
experimental characterization of macroporosity is performed using an X-ray micro-
tomography technique. Numerical 3D images are used to describe the distribution of
macroporosity with respect to the position of the carbon fibre bundles and its
correlation with the impregnation pattern of the heat sink material. The identification
of the material composition was certified by X-ray fluorescence analysis.

Tungsten erosion and redeposition are of great interest, because a full tungsten
divertor is foreseen to be used during the deuterium-tritium operational phase of
ITER. Upgrade and work is currently in progress to completely replace the existing
JET CFC tiles with tungsten-coated tiles within the JET ITER-like wall project. The
need for a fast and nondestructive method which allows the quantitative
determination of the thickness of a tungsten coating on a carbon material on large
areas led us to develop a combined absorption/fluorescence X-ray technique. The
method provides fast analysis, high spatial resolution and a material selective
detection of deposited layers and intrusions. It was applied at the post-mortem
analysis on W coated fine graphite tiles from the divertor of ASDEX-Upgrade and on
JET ITER-like wall samples.
The combination of these X-ray Imaging techniques can be used for the quality
control monitoring of the new CFC ITER reference materials.

*I. Tiseanu: Tel.: +40214574051; fax: +40214574243.

E-mail address: [email protected] ; [email protected]

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Modification of the structure and optical characteristics of the surface of

tungsten mirrors under bombardment with 38 eV deuterium ions P87B
V.S. Voitsenyaa*, W.Kh. Alimovb, A.I. Belyaevac, A.A. Galuzad, K. Isobeb,
V.G. Konovalova, I.V. Ryzhkova, A.A. Savchenkoc, O.A. Skorika,
K.A. Slatinc, T. Yamanishib
a
IPP NSC KIPT, 61108 Kharkov, Ukraine;
b
Tritium Technology Group, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki, 319-1195, Japan;
c
National technical university “KPI”, Kharkov, Ukraine;
d
Institute of electrophysics and radiation technologies NAS of Ukraine, Kharkov, Ukraine

The results of temperature effects on modification of surface morphology and optical

properties of tungsten mirror samples exposed to low energy deuterium ions (38 eV)
up to ion fluence 1026 D/m2 are presented. It was found for samples recrystallized at
2073 K in hydrogen atmosphere after they were cut and polished, that the surface
state weakly depends on the exposure temperature in the range 320-695 K with the
exception of a rather narrow region around 535 K, where drastic changes of all
optical characteristics occur, according to optical reflectometry and ellipsometry data;
this range of exposure temperature is characterized by strong blistering [1].
It was found that the reflectance obtained in direct measurements at normal
incidence (optical reflectometry) drops for the W samples exposed at 535 K, whereas
the estimations of reflectance using the ellipsometry data demonstrate some
increase. On our point, the reason of this difference is that both methods,
reflectometry and ellipsometry, are based on different physical effects. In
reflectometry of specular reflection, the full energy specularly reflected from the
sample is measured, thus the surface defects result in an increase of the diffusive
component and, correspondingly, to a decrease of the specular reflectance.
Ellipsometry is based on investigation of the change of the state of polarization of the
specular component only and, therefore, it provides only information on the
specularly reflected fraction of the light, without taking into account the fraction
scattered by the blisters.
In the case of the strongly blistered surface of the specimen exposed at 535 K,
ellipsometry yields information about those parts of the surface that still remain free
from blisters. Thus the strong modification of the ellipsometric characteristics means
significant modification of the electronic structure for this particular specimen as
distinct from those exposed at other temperatures.
Concluding, on the surface of the specimen exposed to D+ ions at 535 K two
processes are realized: appearance of blisters and some modification of the
electronic structure of a near-surface layer.
It is worthy to note that similar behavior was not observed for mirror samples
fabricated from polycrystallized ITER-grade tungsten. The reason of this difference
will be discussed in the presentation.

[1] S. Lindig, M. Balden, V.Kh. Alimov, T. Yamanishi, W.M. Shu, J. Roth. Subsurface
morphology changes due to deuterium bombardment of tungsten. Phys. Scr. T138 (2009)
014040.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +38 057 3356437; fax: +38 057 3352664.
E-mail address: [email protected] (V. Voitsenya)

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Simulation of first mirror surface composition change

under ITER relevant irradiation P88A
D. Koguta,*, N. Trifonova
a
National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Kashirskoe sh. 31, Moscow, 115409, Russia

ITER optical and laser diagnostic systems will implement metallic mirrors as plasma-
viewing elements. The charge-exchange neutrals irradiation and impurity transport
can lead to the significant decrease in performance of mirrors due to the erosion of
their surfaces and changing of its composition profile. The optical properties
degradation of diagnostic mirrors will directly affect the signal quality and the
efficiency of the respective ITER diagnostics. First mirror material choice and impact
of erosion and deposition on their performance is intensively studied experimentally
and numerically [1-3]. However, these numeric simulations do not include the
relevant dynamic surface composition change under irradiation, which is important for
estimation of surface erosion.
In the current work TRIDYN-like code SCATTER is used for simulations of metallic
mirror surface composition modification under irradiation with ITER relevant fluxes of
CX-neutrals and ions [4]. The upper and midplane port location of the first mirror is
considered. Carbon and beryllium impurities deposition is also included in the model.
Comparison between the areas with prevailing erosion and deposition is presented
as well as the doze dependencies of the surface composition profiles.

[1] A. Litnovsky, V. Voitsenya, A. Costley and A. Donné, Nucl. Fusion 47 (2007) 833–
838
[2] A. Litnovsky, V. Voitsenya, T. Sugie, et al., Nucl. Fusion 49 (2009) 075014
[3] J. Brooks and J. Allain, Nucl. Fusion 48 (2008) 045003
[4] V. Kotov et al., J. Nucl. Mater. 390–391 (2009) 528–531

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +7 495 3247024.

E-mail address: [email protected] (D. Kogut)

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Passive protection of the ITER first mirrors

P88B
V. Kotov*, D. Reiter, A. Litnovsky and A. Kirschner

Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung – Plasmaphysik, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Association

EURATOM-FZJ, Trilateral Euregio Cluster, D-52425 Jülich, Germany.

First mirrors which face the plasma directly will be used in ITER to redirect light to the
protected optical diagnostic instruments. The mirrors reflectivity and thus diagnostic
performance can severely deteriorate because of erosion due to fast particles and
deposition of impurities [1]. Numerical simulations [2] have shown that the first mirror
erosion can be made acceptably low if the mirrors are installed sufficiently far behind
the first wall. However, the tolerable deposit thickness of 10 nm/a which would not
lead to serious loss of reflectivity can be exceeded even in the long ducts.

Recent experimental results at LHD [3] have indicated significant reduction of the
deposit thickness on samples protected in cylinders with fins. In the present paper
the efficiency of such fin structures for protecting first mirrors in ITER is analyzed.

The same model as in [2] is used to calculate the energy and angular distribution of
the incident particles at the entrance aperture of the diagnostic duct. The model for
impurity atom transport in the duct has been refined. In [2] an assumption of the
100 % reflection from the duct side walls was applied to account also for re-erosion.
In the present model a reflection probability RN<1 is used but re-erosion of the
deposit from the duct wall due to fast atoms is modeled explicitly.

For the simple cylindrical tubes even in the case of the length (L) to diameter (D) ratio
L/D=30 and RN=0.9 the model yields less than a factor of 103 reduction of the
impurity (Be) flux at the mirror compared to that at the entrance aperture (in the ITER
main chamber). For the tube with the same optical aperture and L/D, but equipped
with periodic fins (ring-shaped diaphragms) more than a factor of 104 impurity flux
reduction is obtained (for the same RN). Such an efficient attenuation would mean
that the mirror deposit thickness could be kept below 10 nm after several hundreds
ITER shots even under most pessimistic assumptions that aperture impurity fluxes
reach values of 1020 m-2/s, as indeed observed in some experiments [4].

The much stronger attenuation of the incident impurity flux in ducts with fins
compared to simple ducts obtained in the present simulations backs observations of
[3]. The possibility of the mirror self-cleaning in short ducts due to re-erosion of
deposits, as observed experimentally [4], will be also addressed in the paper.

[1] Litnovsky A. et al., Nuclear Fusion, 49 (2009) 075015

[2] Kotov V. et. al., “Numerical estimates of the ITER first mirrors degradation due to
atomic fluxes”, Symposium on Fusion Technology, September 2010, Porto, Portugal,
P2-117, Fusion Eng. Des., in print
[3] Akiyama T., Yoshida N., Presentation at the 18th Meeting of the ITPA Topical
Group on Diagnostics (Oak-Ridge, USA, May, 2010)
[4] Rubel M. et al, J. Nuclear Mater., 390-391 (2009) 1066

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +49 2461 612722; fax: +49 2461 612970
E-mail address: [email protected] (V. Kotov)

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Experimental modeling of film growth on diagnostic mirrors

in ITER-relevant conditions P89A
T. Mukhammedzyanova,*, K. Vukolova, A. Taranchenkoa, S. Zvonkova, I. Orlovskiya,
S. Krivitskyb and A. Ziminb
a
Russian research center “Kurchatov institute”, 123182 Moscow, Russia
b
Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 105005 Moscow, Russia

Most of the optical diagnostics in ITER contain mirrors for light transfer from plasma
to detectors. Estimations show that the first wall at the upper and equatorial
diagnostic ports will be subjected to hydrogen flux of ~1016 cm-2s-1 and carbon and
beryllium fluxes of ~1014 cm-2s-1 [1]. Therefore there is a risk of deposition of CH films
with Be inclusions on the first diagnostic mirror looking to plasma that can
significantly reduce the reflectivity of the first mirror [2, 3]. Estimation of the mirror’s
lifetime requires experimental modeling of deposition process in ITER-relevant
conditions including X-ray irradiation and mirror’s temperature elevation.
Such conditions have been simulated in two magnetron sputtering devices. In the
first one (Kurchatov), formation of soft CH films under X-ray irradiation of 0.1 Gy/s
was investigated. Mirrors made of polycrystalline Mo and stainless steel SS-316 were
exposed to carbon flux about 4·1014 cm-2s-1 for 2 hours. The expositions were
accompanied with mirrors heating to ITER-relevant temperatures, which are
expected to be within 100-150˚C in the operational mode. Under gas pressure of
18 Pa with X-rays on CH film growth was observed at the temperatures below 140̊C
resulting to degradation of mirror’s reflectivity by 7-30%. Though heating the mirror to
the temperature over the threshold (140̊C) prevented film growth, the reflectivity of
the mirror degraded by 7%. Turning off X-ray irradiation reduced the temperature
threshold down to 120˚C. Lowering gas pressure to 6 Pa raised the threshold of films
growth up to 170˚C and no influence of X-rays was observed in this case.
Another device (BMSTU) was used to examine the growth of metalized CH films on
the mirrors of the same type under gas pressure of 0.4 - 1 Pa and particle flux up to
4·1014 cm-2s-1. In experiments toxic Be was replaced by Al due to similar chemical
˚C leads to a thick
properties. Exposition for 2 hours at the temperature below 170
film growth that decreased mirror’s reflectance by 15-40%. Heating the mirror
reduced the rate of film growth but did not prevent it and degradation of mirrors
reflection was about 10%.
The experiments show that X-ray irradiation can stimulate film growth though its
influence becomes insignificant at low pressure expected in diagnostic ports.
Combined C, H and Al flux leads to formation of metalized CH films that cannot be
prevented by temperature elevation. Additional methods of mirrors protection and
cleaning must be developed to achieve acceptable lifetime of the first mirrors in ITER.

[1] V. Kotov et al. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Volumes 390-391, 528-531 (2009)
[2] K. Yu. Vukolov et al. Journal of Surface Investigation: X-ray, Synchrotron and Neutron Techniques,
Vol. 2, Num. 2, 264-269 (2008)
[3] D.L. Rudakov et al., Rev. Sc. Inst., Vol. 77, 10F126 - 10F126-4 (2006)

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +7-499-196-70-46; fax: +7-495-943-00-73.

E-mail address: [email protected] (Timur Mukhammedzyanov)

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First diagnostic mirror in ITER

designed for in-situ plasma cleaning treatment P89B
A G Razdobarin1, E E Mukhin1, V V Semenov1, S Yu Tolstyakov1, M M Kochergin1, G
S Kurskiev1, K A Podushnikova1, S V Masyukevich1, D A Kirilenko1, A A Sitnikova1, А
Е Gorodetsky2, V L Bukhovets2, R Kh Zalavutdinov2, А P Zakharov2, I I Аrkhipov2, V
S Voitsenya3, V N Bondarenko3, V G Konovalov3, I V Ryzhkov3, O A Skorik3
1
Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute, St.Petersburg, 26 Polytechnicheskaya, RF
2
Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Moscow, 31 Leninsky, RF
3
National Science Centre, Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology, Kharkov, Ukraine

The maintenance of the first optics operability is one of the most challenging issues
in designing optical diagnostics for ITER. In the areas featuring deposition-dominated
conditions the major threat stems from the intensive contamination with products of
the erosion of first-wall elements and divertor tiles. The problem is of special concern
in the divertor area and particularly in the ports used for divertor plasma diagnosing.
To prevent the deposition-induced degradation of the first collecting mirror of the
divertor Thomson Scattering system we suggest complex approach including the
choice of proper mirror design [1] and special cleaning discharge in immediate
proximity of mirror surface [2]. The implementation of cleaning discharge in ITER and
the requirements to the plasma to be used for mirror cleaning from hydrocarbon
deposits, are discussed along with our recent results on testing mirrors prototypes
under ITER relevant conditions.

[1] Mukhin E E et al. 2008 Prospects of use of diagnostic mirrors with transparent protection layer
in burning plasma experiments Int. Conf. Burning Plasma Diagnostics, AIP Conf Proc. 988 pp 365-9
[2] Mukhin E E et al. 2009 Progress in development of deposition prevention and cleaning
techniques of in-vessel optics in ITER Nucl. Fusion 49 085032

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +7 904 5184594; fax: +7 812 2975416

E-mail address: [email protected]

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Deviated Reflectivity Spectrum of Molybdenum

upon Low Temperature Deuterium Plasma Exposures P90A
B. Erena,*, L. Marota, R. Steinera, M. Wissea and E. Meyera
a
Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland

Metallic mirrors are foreseen to play a crucial role for all optical diagnostics in ITER.
First mirrors have to maintain a good reflectivity both in erosion and deposition zones
in the harsh ITER environment of charge exchange neutrals, UV and X-ray radiation.
Molybdenum is one of the most important candidates for the first mirrors, due to its
low sputtering yield under deuterium exposure. Molybdenum mirrors exposed to low
temperature (4-5 eV) deuterium plasma exhibit reflectivity spectra different from that
of bulk molybdenum. This difference is both due to implanted deuterium acting as
voids in the metal and enhanced surface scattering due to point defects on the metal
surface. The results presented show that these reflectivity changes are similar for
single- and nanocrystalline molybdenum mirrors [1]. Moreover, exposure of
magnetron sputtered nanocrystalline molybdenum films to deuterium plasma
revealed that after a certain deviation in the spectrum has been reached, the
reflectivity remains constant upon further exposure. Exposures were carried out in a
range of fluences between 1.2×1019 to 6.5×1020 ions/cm2 corresponding to up to 385
ITER discharges in equatorial ports and 11 discharges in the upper ports in the
diagnostic ducts close to first wall. Constant conditions of -200 V bias and 150 ºC
temperature were maintained on the sample. Further exposures performed in
tokamaks [2] or using an ion gun for higher flux result in reflectivity changes that are
comparable to those obtained with deuterium plasma exposure. No mechanical
damage, such as blistering and increase in roughness, are observed on the coated
molybdenum films upon any of the mentioned exposures. Deuterium (200 eV) is
calculated to have a 0.00047 atoms/ion sputtering yield on coated nanocrystalline
molybdenum films in comparison to the theoretical one: 0.001 atoms/ion.

[1] B.Eren et al, Reflective Metallic Coatings for First Mirrors on ITER, Fusion Eng.
Des. (2011), doi: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2010.12.038 (in press).
[2] M. Matveeva et al, 37th EPS Conference on Plasma Physics, Dublin, Ireland,
2010.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +41 61 267 3727; fax: +41 61 267 3784.
E-mail address: [email protected] (B. Eren)

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Active control over carbon deposition

by gas feeding for protection of diagnostic mirrors in ITER P90B
M. Matveeva*, A. Litnovsky, Ch. Schulz, S. Möller, P. Wienhold, V. Philipps,
H. Stoschus, U. Samm, and the TEXTOR Team

Institute of Energy and Climate Research - Plasma Physics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH,
Association EURATOM-FZJ, Partner in the Trilateral Euregio Cluster, Jülich, Germany

Future fusion devices such as ITER will require accurate and reliable measurements
of a wide range of plasma parameters necessary for the machine protection, basic
plasma control and envisaged research program [1]. ITER will be equipped with an
extensive set of spectroscopic and laser diagnostics using metallic mirrors as first
plasma-viewing elements. Erosion of the mirror surface and deposition of impurities
will change drastically optical properties of mirrors leading to an immediate impact on
the quality and reliability of detected signals and on a long-term performance of
respective diagnostics. The lifetime of mirrors becomes a critical issue for ITER
operation [2].
A gas feeding in the vicinity of mirrors represents a promising technique for mitigation
of impurity deposition. Series of experiments were performed in the TEXTOR
tokamak with a prototype of a diagnostic duct (the so-called periscope system)
equipped with molybdenum mirrors [3]. After the first exposure deposits having 400
nm in thickness were revealed at the surface of the first mirror. For the newest
experiments a half of each mirror was pre-coated with a 60 nm-thick amorphous
carbon film (a-C:D). The periscope was exposed in the scrape-off layer plasma of
TEXTOR under deposition-dominated conditions. Chemically reactive deuterium and
non-reactive helium gases were fed in the vicinity of mirrors at comparable rates to
overbalance the incoming adverse particle flux. The aim of this study was to
determine the relative contribution of physical and chemical erosion in deposition
mitigation. In recent experiments mirrors were exposed at elevated temperature
about 460 °C.
Exposure with deuterium feeding was performed to enhance the chemical erosion of
a-C:D layers by deuterium atoms and ions. After exposure, a full suppression of
deposition on the first mirror and even complete removal of the pre-deposited a-C:D
film were detected. The reflectivity of the mirror was restored. In case of exposure
with helium feeding, deposition on the first mirror surface was significantly
suppressed but still not sufficiently enough to protect the mirror completely. A part of
the mirror surface was covered with an 11 nm thick re-deposited layer causing the
decrease of the reflectivity.
In this contribution, experimental data will be presented along with results of
modeling of plasma-gas interaction inside the periscope system. The applicability of
gas feeding technique for the mitigation of deposition at ITER diagnostic mirrors will
be addressed.

[1] V. Mukhovatov et al, Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 45 (2003) A235–A252

[2] A. Litnovsky et al, Nucl. Fusion 49 (2009) 075014
[3] P. Wienhold et al., J. Nucl. Mater. 337-339 (2005)

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +49 2461 61 3126; fax: +49 2461 61 2660.
E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Matveeva)

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Nanostructured Rhodium Films for Advanced Diagnostic Mirrors

Produced by Pulsed Laser Deposition P91A
M. Passonia,b,*, D. Dellasegaa,b, G. Merloa,b, G. Grossob, M.C. Ubaldic and C.E.
Bottania,b
a
Dipartimento di Energia, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
b
Istituto di Fisica del Plasma, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, EURATOM-ENEA-CNR
Association, Milan, Italy
c
Dipartimento di Elettronica e Informazione, Politecnico di Milano and Fondazione Politecnico di
Milano, Milan, Italy

The fabrication of nanostructured/amorphous metallic films with structural properties

different from the corresponding crystalline materials represents a research area of
continuously increasing interest [1,2]. In particular the challenge of producing metallic
films with high reflectivity on a wide wavelength range (200-1000 nm) and improved
thermo-mechanical and resistance properties needs to be faced for the fabrication of
first mirrors working in many diagnostic systems of thermonuclear magnetic fusion
machines.
Here we present a mechanical, annealing and thermal fatigue investigation made on
Rhodium mirrors produced by Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD). We already explored
the possibilities offered by PLD for the production of Rhodium films with controlled
nanostructure [3]. The produced mirrors (characterized by SEM, XRD, and
profilometry) are few microns thick Rh films, deposited on, Mo substrate, having
diameter of 18 mm and proper planarity (λ/2 at 200 nm) and roughness. We
deposited films with different structures, both crystalline and amorphous-like. In
addition we also explored the deposition of multilayer systems and functionally
graded (i.e. continuous variation from crystalline to amorphous) films. Important
properties of the mirrors have been tested, namely: mechanical and adhesion, with
scratch and micro indentation tests, thermal fatigue using a 532 nm pulsed laser onto
the Rh films and annealing at 200-400 °C. Mirror optical properties have been
characterized by ellipsometry. In addition exposure tests are foreseen (e.g. FTU and
IFP-CNR, Milan).

[1] A. Inoue, Acta Mater. 48, 279 (2000).

[2] F.X. Liu, F.Q. Yang, W.H. Jiang, et al., Surf. & Coat. Tech. 203, 3480 (2009).
[3] M. Passoni, D. Dellasega, G. Grosso, et al., J. Nucl. Mater. 404, 1 (2010).

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +39 022399 3267; fax: +39 022399 6309.
E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Passoni)

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Fracture mechanics approach to Be/bronze joint structural assessment

P91B
V. Eliseeva, A. Kuzina, I. Mazulb, A. Gervashb, A. Alekseevb*, A. Malkovb
and A. Labusovb
a
Saint Petersburg State Polytechnical University, St.-Petersburg, Russia
b
The D.V.Efremov Scientific Research Institute of Electrophysical Apparatus (NIIEFA), St.-Petersburg,
Russia

Approach to a structural assessment of the joint of a Be tile and bronze sink of the
ITER FW is proposed. This approach is based on the linear elastic fracture
mechanics that is similar to methods used for structural assessments of components
containing cracks. It combines the following steps: (1) determination of analytical
asymptotic formulas valid in the singularity zone and (2) numerical simulation using
the finite element method to calculate the stress state in the vicinity of the singularity
zone. At the analytical step, asymptotic formulas are obtained for the geometry in
question. These formulas establish relationship between stresses (σ) and stress
intensity factor (K) in the singularity zone of the joint. It is assumed that stresses in
the singularity zone depend on the single stress intensity factor K which is an
unknown value. Asymptotic formulas provide the mode of dependence between σ
and K. Geometry of the joint, properties of used materials and boundary conditions
are the input data for this step. The numerical simulation step is used for
determination of K using calculated stress distribution σ(r) for the given load; r is the
distance from singularity point.
Proposed approach can be used for: (1) qualitative comparative analysis of the
different joints from the static strength point of view, (2) analysis of joints with defects,
(3) establishing the equivalent loading states for the joint (in geometrical/structural
singularity) for experimental testing of various geometries.

Two variants of the ITER FW mock-ups with different Be armour layouts have been
assessed using the proposed approach. The experiments are planning and intended
to obtain the values of stress intensity factor at joint’s failure. These experimental
data will be used for validation of the proposed approach.

*Corresponding author: [email protected] (Alexander Alekseev)

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Assessment of CFC grades

under thermal fatigue for the ITER inner vertical target P92A
M. Richoua*, M.Missirliana, C. Desgrangesa, N.Vignala, V.Cantonea and S. Constansb
a
CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
b
AREVA NP PTCMI-F, Centre Technique, Fusion, 71200, Le Creusot, France

The ITER divertor system is aimed at controlling the plasma density, exhausting the
alpha particles and reducing the impurity content of the plasma. It consists essentially
of two parts: a massive support structure called cassette body and the Plasma
Facing Components (PFC). The cassette body is aimed at supporting the PFC,
routing the water coolant into the PFC and providing neutron shielding whilst the
divertor is composed of 54 cassettes placed in a circular array. PFCs are actively
cooled thermal shields devoted to sustain the heat and particle fluxes under
operational conditions in the range of 10-20 MW/m2. PFCs of the divertor are the
dome, the particle reflector plates, the outer vertical target and the Inner Vertical
Target (IVT) constituted of units. European agency is in charge of the fabrication of
the IVT. Each unit of the IVT is composed of W monoblocks (baffle region) and CFC
monoblocks (strike point region). Thermal fatigue is one of the most important
damaging mechanisms for these PFCs due to the high number of operating cycles
(several thousands) and to the expected surface heat loads. ITER requires that CFC
monoblocks of the first IVT set, have to sustain 10 MW/m2 in steady state for 3000
pulses and 20 MW/m2 in quasi stationary condition (10 seconds) for 300 pulses. At
the moment, CFC grade choice has not been yet decided. In this frame, assessment
of different CFC grades under thermal fatigue was launched by European agency.
To assess thermal fatigue behaviour of European CFC grades, monoblock small-
scale components with different CFC grades were delivered to CEA/IRFM by two
European manufacturers (PLANSEE and ANSALDO Ricerche). CFC grades were
fabricated by two suppliers SNECMA (NB41, NB31 and N11 CFC grades) and
DUNLOP (DMS780, 3D and Megaggard CFC grades). Quality of the assembly
between CFC and Cu was assessed with an Infrared Thermography non-destructive
technique (SATIR test bed located in CEA Cadarache). After the initial examination,
components were tested by means of the electron beam facility FE200 (European
facility located at Le Creusot, France) with heat fluxes in steady state conditions in
5-20 MW/m2 range. The impact of thermal fatigue effect on component lifetime is
detailed in this study. In addition, the reported analysis relies on calculations based
on the FEM simulations and on the comparison with results obtained with non
destructive examination (IR thermography) undergone before, and after the thermal
tests.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +33 442252806; fax: +33 44225 4990.

E-mail address: [email protected]

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Mechanical characterization of EUROFER97

in tension at high strain rate P92B
E. Cadonia,*, M. Dottaa, D. Fornia and P. Spätigb
a
University of Applied Sciences of Southern Switzerland, 6952 Canobbio, Switzerland
b
Fusion Technology-Materials, CRPP/EPFL, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland

In a real fusion reactor, plasma disruptions are expected to occur that will yield
disruption stress peaking in about 1ms: that represents the typical loading rate of
dynamical tests. Thus, up to now, not enough attention has been paid to characterize
both the dynamic constitutive behaviour and dynamic fracture toughness behaviour
of the tempered martensitic steels. As a first step to fill that gap, this study has been
undertaken to investigate the tensile properties, yield stress and strain-hardening,
from static to highly dynamic regime at room temperature of Eurofer97 steel. Those
data are necessary to calculate the stress/strain field around the crack tip by finite
element simulations to model the toughness-temperature behaviour in the transition
region
This paper presents an experimental investigation on the strain rate sensitivity of
reduced activation steel Eurofer97 under uniaxial tensile loads in the strain rate
range from 0.001s-1 to 1000s-1. Round undamaged specimens of this material having
gauge length 5 mm, diameter 3 mm, were tested in universal machine to obtain its
stress-strain relation under quasi-static condition (0.001s-1), and in modified
Hopkinson bar to study its mechanical behaviour at high strain rates (300 s-1, 1000 s-
1
) respectively.
This tempered-martensitic stainless steel shows a quite high strain rate sensitivity.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +41 58 6666377; fax: +41 58 6666359.

E-mail address: [email protected] (E. Cadoni)

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Mechanical properties of ultra-fine grained ODS Fe-Cr based alloys

P93A
M.A. Auger*, V. de Castro, T. Leguey, A. Muñoz, M.A. Monge and R. Pareja

Departamento de Física. Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. 28911 Leganés, Spain

Irradiation resistance, high-temperature strength and reduced activation are the main
properties demanded for the structural materials to be used in the future nuclear
reactors in order to build devices with improved efficiency and safety. Among the
candidate materials, oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) reduced activation ferritic
(RAF) steels appear to be the most promising candidates with such properties. The
increasing interest in developing ODS RAF steels relies on the experimental results,
which have shown improved irradiation resistance, high-temperature properties and
thermal stability. The microstructure and composition of ODS materials, which
depend on how they are processed, are the key for achieving the desired properties.
The aim of the present work is the development of an ODS RAF Fe-Cr model alloy
with an enhanced ultra-fine grained microstructure and the assessment of its
mechanical properties.
ODS and non-ODS alloys with target compositions: Fe-14Cr, Fe-14Cr-0.3Y2O3 and
Fe-14Cr-2W-0.3Ti-0.3Y2O3 alloy (% wt) have been produced and characterized. The
blends of elemental powders and nanosized Y2O3 powder were mechanically alloyed
in a planetary ball mill under an atmosphere of either helium or hydrogen. The milled
powder was analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-
ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and laser diffraction (LD) techniques.
The alloyed powder was canned, degassed and consolidated by hot isostatic
pressing (HIP) for 2h at 1373 K and 200 MPa. After consolidation, the material was
forged at 1323-1423 K and finally heat treated at 1123 K for 2h. The microstructure
has been investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron
microscopy (TEM) techniques. Tensile tests in the temperature range 273-973 K
have been performed for all the alloys. A homogeneous dispersion of oxide
nanoparticles was observed in the ODS alloys, and the tensile properties were
enhanced in comparison to the Y2O3 free alloy. The obtained results demonstrate that
the powder metallurgy route applied in the present work can produce ODS ferritic Fe-
Cr alloys with enhanced microstructure and mechanical properties.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +34 91 624 91 84; fax: +34 91 624 87 49.
E-mail address: [email protected] (M.A. Auger)

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Spark plasma sintering of model ODS ferritic steels

P93B
T. Leguey*, M. A. Auger, V. de Castro, A. Muñoz, and R. Pareja

Departamento de Física. Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. 28911 Leganés, Spain

Reduced activation ferritic (RAF) steels are being considered as fusion material
candidates for structural components of the first wall. A nanosized dispersion of
stable oxide particles in these alloys is expected to enhance their radiation resistance
besides increasing their working temperature due to the high creep strength
attributed to the stable nanodispersoids. In order to develop these alloys with the
demanded mechanical properties and radiation resistance, the manufacturing route
still needs to be optimized.
In this work the spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique has been explored as an
alternative consolidation route for producing ultra-fine grained Fe-14Cr model alloys
containing a dispersion of oxide nanoparticles. Elemental powders of Fe and Cr, and
nanosized Y2O3 powder have been mechanically alloyed in a planetary ball mill and
rapidly sintered in a spark plasma furnace. In this sintering process an electrical
current is applied simultaneously with an uniaxial pressure for achieving
homogeneous high temperatures using very high heating rates. Two alloys, with
nominal compositions Fe-14%Cr and Fe-14%-0.3%Y2O3 (% wt), have been
fabricated and their microstructure and mechanical properties investigated. The
results have been compared with those obtained for other powder-metallurgy
processed alloys of the same composition but consolidated by hot isostatic pressing.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +34 91 624 9448; fax: +34 91 624 8749.
E-mail address: [email protected]

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Mechanical Properties of Ferritic-Martensitic Steel 1Cr13Mo2NbVB and

Austenitic Steel 12Cr18Ni10Ti Irradiated in the BOR-60 Reactor up to a P94A
Maximum Damage Dose of 108 dpa

A. Povstyankoa,*, A. Fedoseeva, T. Bulanovaa, and Z. Ostrovskya

a
Joint Stock Company “State Scientific Center Research Institute of Atomic Reactors”,
ROSATOM, Dimitrovgrad 10, Russia

Examinations of fast reactor core internals can give a big array of data on
properties of the materials irradiated at a high dose within a temperature range to
be reached during operation of the first wall structural elements of the DEMO
fusion reactor under design. The paper focuses on studies of mechanical
properties of the 1Cr13Mo2NiVB ferritic-martensitic steel and the 12Cr18Ni10Ti
austenitic steel irradiated up to a maximum damage dose of 108 dpa as the
material of structural elements in the BOR-60 reactor core. Results of
metallographic and TEM examinations of the 12Cr18Ni10Ti steel and fractographic
investigations of the specimen fractures after mechanical tests are presented.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +7 84235 46429; fax: +7 84235 35648.

E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Povstyanko)

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Characterisation of Poly- and Singlecrystalline Tungsten

by Instrumented Indentation P94B
B. Albinskia,*, W. Yaob, J.-H. Youb, H.-C. Schneidera
a
Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Institut für Materialforschung II, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
b
Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Bereich Materialforschung, 85748 Garching, Germany

Instrumented indentation is a common test method to determine materials properties

in an almost non-destructive way. For interpreting the load-displacement curves
exists a classical analysis technique, developed basically by Oliver and Pharr [1] and
followed by the international standard DIN EN ISO 14577. Based on this approach,
Tyulyukovskiy and Huber [2] developed a neural network analysis method. The
training of the neural networks was done with data from finite element simulation of
indentation tests. For the simulation a continuous, viscoplastic material behaviour
was assumed. This way the neural network software solves the inverse problem of
material characterisation, furnishing material parameters by analysing load-
displacement data.
In the present work, this method is used for identification of plastic behaviour of
single- and polycrystalline tungsten from macroindentation experiments at room
temperature. For both materials a remarkable creep could be observed. It is shown
that the continuum-based material model is able to characterise the isotropic tensile
properties of polycrystalline tungsten. Even if the material model cannot point out the
plastic anisotropy of singlecrystalline tungsten – due to the nonlinear tri-axial
deformation – all load-displacement-curves can be evaluated with the neural
networks. Further experimental study was made using SEM and profilometry in order
to observe the pile-up behaviour and corresponding plastic anisotropy of tungsten for
different crystal orientation. Investigations at elevated temperatures will follow.

[1] W. Oliver and G. Pharr, J. Mater. Res 7, 1564 (1992)

[2] E. Tyulyukovskiy and N. Huber, J. Mater. Res 21, 664 (2006)

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +49 721-608-24568; fax: +49 721-608-25882

E-mail address: [email protected] (B. Albinski)

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Influence of Processing and Alloying Method in Fracture Behaviour of

Tungsten-Vanadium Alloys for ITER P95A
T. Palaciosa,*, J.Y. Pastora, M.V. Aguirreb, A. Martina, J. Llorcaa,c, A. Muñozd, M.A.
Monged and R. Parejad
a
Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales-CISDEM, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E.T.S de
Ingenieros de Caminos, 28040 Madrid, Spain
b
Departamento de Tecnologías Especiales Aplicadas a la Aeronáutica, Universidad Politécnica de
Madrid, Escuela de Ingeniería Aeronáutica y del Espacio, 28040 Madrid, Spain
c
Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados de Materiales (Instituto IMDEA Materiales), C/Profesor
Aranguren s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
d
Departamento de Física, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Spain

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the mechanical behaviour of three W-V
alloys and compared them with a reference pure W. They are processed by hot
isostatic pressing (HIP). In two of them, with a content of 2 and 4 %V by weight, the
processing conditions are similar, this way we can determine the influence of the
content of V. The other one has been manufactured with a different procedure and
with a content of 2 %V in order to analyze the influence of the manufacturing method.

Additionally, we have developed a new experimental method that allows us to obtain

a very small notch tip radius around 5-7 µm though the development of a new
machined notch much more similar to a crack.

We have obtained the fracture toughness, mechanical strength, yield strength and
modulus of elasticity as function of temperature. The mechanical characterization
was performed by three point bending tests in an oxidizing atmosphere in a
temperature range between -197 °C (immersion tests in liquid nitrogen) and 1000 °C.

Finally, we have examined by optical and scanning electron microscopy the

microstructure and the fracture surfaces. This way it has been possible to determine
and analyze the relationship between the macroscopic mechanical properties and the
micromechanisms of failure involved, depending on the temperature and the
dispersion of the alloy.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +34 91 336 6648; fax: +34 91 336 66 80.
E-mail address: [email protected] (T. Palacios)

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On the brittle fracture of tungsten and tungsten alloys

and its impact on the material’s usage for fusion applications P95B
S. Wurstera,*, B. Gludovatza,b, and R. Pippana,b
a
Erich Schmid Institute of Materials Science of the Austrian Academy of Sciences,A-8700 Leoben
b
Christian Doppler Laboratory for Local Analysis of Deformation and Fracture, A-8700 Leoben

Within the last years, tungsten based materials experienced high attention, as they
are within a small number of materials applicable for highly heat loaded regions in
future fusion power plants. One of the major drawbacks, when working with tungsten,
is its brittleness at ambient temperatures hampering this applicability. The low
fracture toughness seems to be an intrinsic property of the material; nevertheless, it
is possible to control it up to a certain value with specific alloying agents, rhenium
probably the best known, or adjustment of a desired microstructure, ending up with a
material having in most cases good fracture properties in one or two testing
directions. Formation and stabilization of a desired microstructure is supported by
low-alloying content (La, Y, Ti…) or doping (K) of tungsten. The goals worth heading
for are manifold now: Understanding the strong ductilizing effect of rhenium alloying
in detail would pave the way for new tungsten alloys, relying on more abundant and
cheaper elements. Density Functional Theory calculations are of great help, as alloys
of various compositions, also metallurgical non-accessible ones, are easily at hand.
Using a completely different technique, micrometer-sized bending-, fracture-, and
tensile experiments are an adequate tool to gain more knowledge on the basic
mechanisms of deformation and fracture. By design of various different experiments,
it is possible to change the size and shape of the specimen with an accuracy of about
hundred nm, the type of loading and hence the stress state as a superimposition of
crack tip stress field and stress field that would be existent without any crack. The
crack velocity is strongly dependent on these factors; stable and unstable fractures
have been observed for different configurations. One topic of this paper will be the
detailed analyses of these experiments and the discussion of the consequences to
understand better the fracture process in tungsten alloys. The above-mentioned topic
of deformation respectively distinct microstructure is maybe the way most worthwhile
to follow. Recent experiments [1,2] show that the fracture toughness and even more
the fracture behaviour are strongly dependent on grain size and shape, texture and
dislocation density, to a lesser amount on impurity concentration. These facts provide
the basis for the work on highly deformed tungsten alloys made by high pressure
torsion after subsequent powder compaction. The restrictions to alloying, maybe
present at an industrial scale, are less stringent, opening a wide field of work, solely
confined again by the small sample dimensions currently accessible. By use of a
adequate heat treatment of this new W-X-composites, it is possible to end up with a
dense tungsten alloy of desired composition. The analyses of the fracture behaviour
of the different types of alloys and microstructures will be used to show the potential
of improvement in fracture toughness and show novel ways of better microstructural
design for fusion application.

[1] B. Gludovatz, Fracture Behavior of Tungsten, PhD thesis (2010)

[2] D. Rupp, S.M. Weygand, Phil. Mag., 90 4055 (2010)

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +43 3842 804325; fax: +43 3842 804116.
E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Wurster)

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Finite element crystal plasticity analysis

and microindentation tests of single crystal tungsten P96A
W. Yaoa,*, B. Albinskib, H.-C. Schneiderb, J-H. Youa
a
Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, 85748 Garching, Germany
b
Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Institut für Materialforschung II, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany

In this work, a combined FEM simulation and experimental microindentation

approach was taken to determine the micro-mechanical behaviour of single crystal
tungsten incorporating a crystal plasticity constitutive model. This model was
implemented in the finite element code ABAQUS/Standard using the user material
subroutine UMAT. Numerical simulations and microindentation tests were conducted
on single crystal tungsten in three crystallographic orientations [(100), (110) and (111)]
using a spherical indenter. Load-displacement relationships and out-of-plane
displacements were obtained from both simulations and experiment. Appropriate
crystal plastic parameters were determined by correlating the simulated and the
measured load-displacement curves. The pile-up patterns under the spherical
indenter showed four-fold, two-fold, and three-fold rotational symmetries for the (100),
(110), and (111) orientations, respectively. The comparison of microindentation
impressions obtained from the experiments with simulation results showed a
reasonably good agreement.

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +49 89 3299 1796; fax: +49 89 3299 1212.
E-mail address: [email protected] (W. Yao)

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Multi-colour Pyroreflectometry performance with parasitic reflexion

a b a a a
P96B
E. Delchambre , D. Hernandez , MH. Aumeunier , T. Loarer , E. Gauthier , S.
Constansc
a
Association EURATOM-CEA, DSM/DRFC, CEA Cadarache, F-13108 St. Paul-lez-Durance, France
b
PROMES CNRS 8521, Centre Felix Trombe, BP5, Odeillo, F-66125 Font Romeu, France
c
AREVA NP, Centre Technique-FE200, Porte Magenta BP 181, 71205 Le Creusot, France.

ITER environment raises the issues related to surface temperature measurements of

plasma facing components which will be metallic with low and changing emissivity.
Indeed assuming that the emissivity is known, if the reflected flux is not taken into
account in the standard process of infrared measurement, the temperature of the
surface will be wrong. In this paper we asses the performance of the multi-colour
pyroreflectometry method in such environment by simulating parasitic reflexion.
Parasitic reflexion is simulated in laboratory facing two blackbodies: the first one to
heat up a metallic surface, the second one to simulate parasitic source. The
experiment is performed on INOX. Experimental approach is completed by numerical
simulation in order to validate a model and extrapolate for surfaces with different
optical properties.
The multi-colour pyroreflectometry methods have been developed at the CNRS-
PROMES at two wavelengths [1]. The principle of the method is as following: the
illumination is provided by pulsed laser diodes working at 1.3 µm and 1.55 µm. From
the reflected light the bidirectional reflectivities at both wavelengths are determined.
From the emitted light, luminance is measured at both wavelengths. The method  
introduces the diffusion factor ηd (the ratio of bidirectional reflectivity ρ FD i0 , j0
to

hemispherical reflectivity ρ j0 , ∩ ) which is assumed to be independent with the
wavelength. Therefore, the absolute temperature as well as the emissivity can be
deduced from the resolution of a system of two linear equations [1]. This method is
routinely used at the Test bed Facility FE200 (AREVA) and has been also tested at
ASDEX on tungsten sample [2].
Numerical simulation of a temperature measurement by bicolour pyroreflectometry
has been performed adding a reflexion term in the total luminance received by the
detector in order to assess the error made when we do not take into account the
reflexion. In the case of tungsten heated at 800 °C and assuming a blackbody
environment at a surface temperature of 800°C, 1100 °C and 1600°C, the
overestimation is respectively of about ~ 0%, 24 % and 70 %. It is worth noting that
the overestimation starts when the temperature of the parasitic source is higher than
the surface temperature of the object that we observe. In the case of a temperature
environment lower than the target, the temperature measured can be slowly
underestimated. This is characteristic of a bicolour measurement. Indeed when the
target is heated up to 1600 °C and the parasitic source radiates at 800°C and
1100°C, the temperature is underestimated respectively of about ~ 1 % and ~ 2 %.
In this paper simulations are compared with laboratory experiments using a
blackbody to simulate a parasitic source. A tricolour approach is also tested to assess
reflexion contribution by introducing a background perturbation temperature as a new
parameter and reduce the uncertainties on surface temperature.
[1] D. Hernandez et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 66 (1995) 5548.
[2] Report Contract CEA and PROMES-CNRS. Ref: V3448.001-4

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

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Author – Index

Areou E. P07B
A delhelm C. P43A
P10A
P57A Arkhipov I. P03B
Aguirre M.V. P95A Armstrong D.E.J. O-05
Ahmad A. P06B Arnas C. P25A
Aho-Mantila L. P16B Asakura N. P24B
Airila M. O-08 Ashikawa N. P11A
P16B Ashikawaa N. P24B
Akaslompolo S. P78A Auger M.A. P93A
Akiyoshi M. P56B P93B
Aksenov N.N. P70B Aumayr F. P14B
Alberro G. P41B P22B
Albinski B. P94B Aumeunier MH. P96B
P96A Ayres C.F. P15B
Alegre D. P34A
Alekseev A. P91B
Alimov V.Kh. P45B
P48B
P51A
P63B
P87B
Allain J.P. I-03
P09B
Allouche A. P14A
Alves L.C. P27B
Alves E. P27B
Ambrosch-Draxl C. P64A
Anghel A. P18A
Angot T. P07B
P10A
P36A
Apostolopoulos G. P54A
Aranburu J. P41B

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for Fusion Applications
and
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1 International Conference on Fusion Energy Materials Science

Bonnin X. P10B
Badini C. P84A
Borodin D. O-10
Bai X. P49B P05A
P05B
Balden M. P17A
P78B
P17B
P25B Böswirth B. P80A
P37A Bottani C.E. P48A
P51A P91A
P52B Braams B.J. P57B
P63B
Brendel A. P43A
Baldwin M.J. P12A P57A
P19A P83A
P75B P83B
Barabash V. I-18 Brezinsek S. I-01
Barbuti A. P26A I-20
Barsuk V.A. O-11 O-03
O-08
Barton J. P12B
P05B
Bazylev B.N. O-11 P15A
P66B P22A
P68A P39B
Becquart C. I-13 P40B
Begrambekov L.B. O-11 Briceno M. P55B
P03A Brinkmann J. P23B
P09A
Brooks A. P85B
Bell M. I-03
Brukhanov A. P54B
Bellin B. P73A
Bucalossi J. P26A
Belo P. P77B P79B
Belyaeva A.I. P87B Buerger A. P70A
Bergqvist H. P68B Buffiere J.-Y. I-10
Beurskens M. I-01 P82A
Bharathi P. P21A Bulanova T. P94A
Biamino S. P84A Bürger A. P69A
Björkas C. P28B Bushell J. P58B
P30B Bystrov K. P20B
Blagoeva D.T. P81A P78B
Bobyr N. P36B Bystrova K. P25A
Bocquet J.-L. I-15

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for Fusion Applications
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Coad J.P. I-02

Cabié M. P35A
O-01
O-08
Čadež I. P02A
P15B
P51B
P35B
Cadoni E. P92B
Coenen J.W. I-20
Calabro G. P76B
O-03
Calderoni P. O-06 P22A
P49B P66B
P50B Colina L. P10B
Canton A. P07A Constans S. I-04
Cantone V. P92A P92A
Cao G. P50B P96B
Carpentier-Chouchana S. I-05 Conti C. P48A
O-10 Correia J.B. P82B
Carrere M. P06B Corrigan G. P77B
Cartry G. P06B Cowgill D.F. P46B
P07B Craciunescu T. P84A
P10A P87A
P36A
Crisanti F. P76B
Carvalho P.A. P27B
Czaus K. P04B
P82B
Czyrska-Filemonowicz A. P61B
Casadei G. P77A
P65B
Castillo F. P49A
Caturla M.J. I-15
P53B
Cempura G. P65B
Chakin V. P13B
Chang’an C. P44A
Chaouadi R. P33A
Chen B. P74B
Chernov V.M. P36B
Chernyshova M. P71A
Chiru P. P18A
Chrzanowski J. P85B
Chung H.-K. P57B
Ciattaglia S. P26B

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for Fusion Applications
and
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1 International Conference on Fusion Energy Materials Science

Donnini R. P77A
Dadras J. P28A
Dorner J. P48B
Dal Bello S. P07A Dotta M. P92B
P85A Drenik A. P01A
Danelyan L. P54B Du J. I-10
de Castro V. P93A P81B
P93B P82A
De Temmerman G. I-22 Dubiel B. P61B
O-01 Dubrovsky A.V. P71A
P20B
Ducobu L. P26A
P25A
P78B Dudarev S.L. P53A
P60A
de Vries P. I-01
Dudek L. P85B
Degischer H.P. P83A
Dürbeck T. P10A
Delchambre E. P96B
P46A
Dellasega D. P48A P52B
P91A
Dux R. I-21
Demina E.V. P71A
Dzhumaev P. P58A
Den Hartog D.J. P11B
Desgranges C. P92A
Deshpande S.P. P32B
Di Martino S.F. P60B
Di Michiel M. I-10
P82A
P83A
Ding R. P76A
Dittmar T. P12A
P18B
Dobes K. P14B
P22B
Dobrea C. P87A
Doerner R.P. O-02
P12A
P12B
P19A
P75B
Dominici C. P35A

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Eaton R. I-18 Faney T. P55A

Elder J.D. O-10 Faulkner R.G. P60B

Eliseev V. P91B Faure J.-B. P07B
Endstrasser N. P25B Fedoseev A. P94A
Eren B. P90A Fedotov V. P58A
Ermishkin V.A. P71A Ferenc-Dominik J. P25B
Ertl K. P48B Fernandes H. P82B
P50A Ferraris M. I-08
Esser H.G. O-03 Ferreira J.A. P34A
P05A
Ferrero C. P13B
P05B
Fonseca M. P27B
Evans Ll.M. P60A
Forni D. P92B
Forrest R.A. P57B
Fortuna-Zalesna E. P17A
P25B
P79A
Franco N. P27B
Freisinger M. P08A
Friesen F.Q.L. I-03
Fu C.C. I-15
P53B
Fujishima T. P11A
Fukuda M. P56A
Fukumoto M. P24B
Fukumoto N. P71B
Futagami N. P21B

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13 International Workshop on Plasma-Facing Materials and Components
for Fusion Applications
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1 International Conference on Fusion Energy Materials Science

Greuner H. O-04
Gaffka R. P71A
P59B
P80A
Galatanu A. P82A
Gribkov V.A. P71A
Galonska A. O-10
P05A Grisolia C. P26A
Galuza A.A. P87B Groenveld H. P85A
García-Rosales C. P23A Grosso G. P48A
P91A
Gardarein J.L. P66A
Groth M. I-01
Garkusha I.E. P04B
P15A
P70B
P77B
Garkusha I. P75A P78A
Gąsior P. P41A Gruenhagen S. I-02
Gasparyan Yu. P20A Grünhagen S. O-08
P36B
Gryaznevich M. P71A
Gauthier E. P96B
Guikai Z. P44A
Gavila P. I-04
Gureev V. P54B
Ge C. P67A
Gusev V.K. P24A
Gehrken N. P10A
Gervash A. P91B
Giacometti G. P35A
P36A
Gierse N. P39A
P40B
Giesen T.F. P39A
Giniyatulin R.N. O-11
P72A
P73B
Giroud C. P15A
Gludovatz B. P95B
Goedheer W.J. P78B
Goetz J.A. P11B
Golczewski A P14B
Golubeva A.V. P36B
Gorodetsky A.E. P24A
Grashin S. P03B

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Herrera J.J.E. P49A

Hahn P. P82A
Herrmann A. P80A
Hakola A. O-08 Hirai T. I-18
P15B Hirvijoki E. P78A
P16B
Hodgson E.R. P57A
P17A
P18A Hoffmann A. P62B
P35B Hole D.E. I-02
P78A O-08
Hamad H. P36A P35B

Hamaji Y. P04A Hong R. P30A

Hammond K.D. P31A Hopf C. P10A

P31B P14B

Han S. P43B Höschen C. P63B

Hara M. O-06 Höschen T. I-10

P49B P59B
P50B P63B
P81B
Harada H. P21B
P82A
Harrer B. P84B
Hou B.L. P43B
Harting D. P77B
Hu X. P55A
Hasegawa A. I-09
Huang Y.P. P65A
P56A
Huber A. P39A
Hassanein A. P74B
P39B
Hassouni K. P10B P40B
Hatano Y. I-09 Huber Th. P84B
I-17
Hugenschmidt C. I-14
O-06
P21B
P49B
P50B
Hayashi T. P24B
P32A
Hegeman J.B.J. P81A
Heim B. P09B
Herman Z. P06A
Hernandez D. P96B

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for Fusion Applications
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1 International Conference on Fusion Energy Materials Science

Igitkhanov Yu. P66B Jacob W. P10A

P68A P17B
P74A P29B
Innocente P. P07A P46A

Isobe K. P45B Jakowski J. P28A

P87B Jaksic N. P80A
Itami K. P32A Jäntsch U. P62B
Ito A.M. P29A Janzer A. I-21
Ivanova D. O-01 Jariwala A. P85B
O-03 Järvinen A. P15A
P08A
Jaworski M.A. I-03
Iwamoto D. P71B
Jenkins M.L. P55B
Jeong Y.-H. P59A
Jepu I. P18A
Jiang T. P38A
Joffrin E. I-01
Johnsson M. P68B
Joly L. I-15
Jong M. P81A
Jourdan T. I-15
Ju Li P44A
Jung H.-K. P59A
Jung Y.-.l P59A
Juslin N. P31B

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1 International Conference on Fusion Energy Materials Science

Ko J. P11B
Kajita S. I-09
Kobayashi M. P11A
O-07 Koch F. P23A
Kalin B. P58A P23B
Kaplevskiy A.S. P09A Kogut D. P88A
Karpov A. P03B Koidan V.S. O-11
Kasada R. I-09 P54B
Katada Y. P72B Koivuranta S. I-02
O-08
Katharria Y.S. P07B
P16B
Keim A. P06A
P35B
Khimchenko L.N. P72A Kolasinski R.D. P46B
P73B
Kolbasov B.N. P02B
Khripunov B. P54B
Konovalov V.G. P87B
Kickinger R. P84B
Köppen M. P19B
Kikuchi Y. P71B
P82A
P75B
Kotov V. P40B
Kim Y. P26B
P88B
Kim S.-K. P59A Kovalenko D.V. O-11
Kim B.Y. P59A P72A
Kimmig S. P82A Krasheninnikov S.I. O-02
P83B P33B
Kimura A. I-09 P64B
Kirschner A. O-10 Krat S. P20A
P05A Kreter A. P18B
P05B P19A
P33A Krieger K. I-21
P52A O-09
P76A P15A
P78B P16A
P88B P16B
Kiss G. P38A P37A
Klabik T. P73A P78A
Klimenkov M. P61A Krivitskyb S. P89A
P62B Krstic P.S. P28A
Klimov N.S. O-11 Kruk A. P61B
P72A P65B

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still K
Kuang Y. P25A
Kubkowska M. P04B
P41A
Kugel H. I-03
Kulikauskas V. P54B
Kumar P. P06B
Kuprijanov I. I-18
Kupriyanov I.B. P72A
P73B
Kurbatova L.A. P73B
Kurishita H. I-09
O-12
Kurki-Suonio T. P78A
Kurzydlowski K.J. I-11
P17A
P53A
P79A
P80B
Kuzin A. P91B
Kuzmin A. P03A

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for Fusion Applications
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1 International Conference on Fusion Energy Materials Science

Lewadnowska M. P80B
Labidi H. I-05
I-11
Labusov A. P91B Leyte-Gonzales R. P39A
P40B
Lachau N. P22B
Li B. P38A
Ladygina M.S. P04B
P70B Li H. P64A
Laengner M. P22A Lian Y.Y. P65A
Lagoyannis A. P54A Likonen J. I-02
O-01
Landman I.S. O-11
O-08
P74A
P15B
P70B
P16B
P75A
P18A
Languille P. P35A
P35B
P36A P78A
Lasa A. P28B Limbach S.T. P11B
P30B
Lindau R. P61A
Latushkin S. P54B
Lindholm V. P16B
Lauro-Taroni L. P77B
Lindig S. P17A
Laux M. P01B
P23A
Layet J.-M. P06B P23B
P07B P37A
Le Guern F. P26B P51A
Lebedev A.M. P02B P63B

Lee H.T. I-09 Linke J. I-18

P42A O-11
P44B O-12
P68B
P45A
P69A
Lee P.Y. P43B
P69B
Lee D.W. P59A P70A
Legarda F. P41B P70B
Leguey T. P93A P73B
P93B Linsmeier Ch. O-04
Lehnen M. I-23 P13A
P19B
Lei M. P67A
P23B
Leontyev A. P40A P43A
P59B
P82A

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still L
Lionetti S. P77A
Lipschultz B. I-20
Lischtschenko O. P25A
P78B
Litnovsky A. P05B
P88B
P90B
Liu Xiang I-18
Liu X. P65A
Liu W. P67A
Livramento V. P82B
Llorca J. P95A
Loarer Th. I-04
P26A
P96B
Loarte A. O-11
Löchel H. P19B
Loewenhoff Th. P69A
P70A
Lombardi G. P10B
López-Ruiz P. P23A
Loving A. I-01
Lungu C.P. P18A
Lungu A.M. P18A
Lunt T. I-21
Luo G.-N. I-07
P08B
P30A

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1 International Conference on Fusion Energy Materials Science

Martínez J. P62A
M addaluno G. P76A Maruyama S. P38A
P76B Masaki K. P32A
P77A Masarik V. P73A
Maier H. P80A Maslyaev S.V. P71A
P80B
Masuzaki S. O-07
P87A
P34B
Makarov A. P03A
Materna-Morris E. P61A
Makhlaj V.A. P70B
Mateus R. P27B
Makkonen T. P78A
Mathys D. P25A
Malkov A. P91B
Matikainen M. P16B
Malo M. P57A
Matsunami N. O-07
Malykhin S.V. P70B P34B
Manhard A. P29B Matsuyama M. P08B
P46A
Matthews G.F. I-01
P47A
P70A
P51A
P77B
P52B
Matveev D. O-10
P63B
P05A
Marcuzzi D. P85A
P05B
Mardolcar U.V. P82B
Matveeva M. P08A
Marenkov E. P33B P90B
Märk T.D. P06A Maya P.N. P29B
Markelj S. P02A P32B
P51B Mayer M. P16B
Markin A. P52B P17A
Markina E. P42A P20A
P45A P36B
P37A
Marot L. I-22
P45A
O-01
P50A
P20B
P79A
P39A
P87A
P90A
Mayoral M-L. I-01
Martin C. P10A
P35A Mazul I.V. P24A
P36A Mazul I. P91B
Martin A. P95A Meinander A. P30B

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Muhammed M. P68B
still M Mukhammedzyanova T. P89A
Melissen W. I-22 Mukherjee S. P21A
Menshikov K.A. P02B Mukhin E.E. P89B
Mergia K. P54A Müller H.-W. I-21
P84A Mummery P. P58B
P86B P60A
Merlo G. P91A Munoz A. P60B
Merola M. I-05 P62A
Mertens Ph. I-06 P93A
P40B P93B
P95A
Messoloras S. P54A
Muroga T. P24B
Meyer E. P20B
P90A Muzichenko A.D. P72A
Miettunen J. P78A Muzyk M. P53A
Miklaszewski R.A. P71A
Milc S. P65B
Missirlian M. I-04
P59B
P66A
P92A
Mitteau R. I-05
Miyahara Y. P11A
Miyata K. P04A
Möller S. P90B
Moeslang A. P13B
Monge M.A. P60B
P62A
P93A
P95A
Montanari R. P77A
Morono A. P57A
Moshkunov K. P47A
Moulton D. P15A
Mozetič M. P01A

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Naderer P. P14B Oberkofler M. P12A

P22B P13A
Nagasaka T. I-09 Oda T. O-06
Nagata M. P71B P50B
P75B Ogorodnikova O.V. P51A
Naiim-Habi M. P39A P52B

Nakamura Y. O-07 Ohmori M. P44B

Nakamura H. P21B Ohno N. I-09

P29A O-07
P34B
Nakano T. P32A
Ohtsuka Y. P04A
Nakatsuka M. P75B
P44B
Naujoks D. P01B
Ohya K. P05A
Nemanič V. P48A P52A
P42B
Okuno K. O-06
Neu R. I-01 P11A
P16B
Omar M. P68B
P17A
P25B Oncioiu Gh. P18A
P79A Opschoor J. P81A
P80A Ordás N. P23A
Nguyen-Manh D. P53A Orlovskiya I. P89A
Nieto M. P49A Ortiz C.J. P41B
Nikolaev G. I-18 Ostrovsky Z. P94A
Nikolaev G.N. P73B Osuo J. P11A
Nishijima D. P12A Otsuka T. P37B
P19A P42A
P75B
Oya Y. O-06
Nishimura K. O-07 P11A
Nogami S. P56A P49B
Nordlund K. P28B P50B
P30B
Novokhatsky A.N. P24A
Nunes D. P82B

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Philipps V. I-20
Paduh M. P71A
O-03
O-10
Palacios T. P95A
P05A
Palmer J. P26B
P05B
Pan Y. P38A P08A
Pan C.J P43B P39A
Pardanaud C. P10A P39B
P35A P40B
P36A P66B
P90B
Pareja R. P62A
P93A Piechoczek R. P13A
P93B Pieritz R. P13B
P95A Pigarov A. P33B
Park J.-Y. P59A Pimenov V.N. P71A
Passoni M. P48A Pintsuk G. I-20
P91A O-12
Pastor J.Y. P95A P68B
Pavei M. P85A P69A
P69B
Pegourié B. P87A
Pippan R. P64A
P26A
P35A P95B
P36A Pisarek M. P17A
Pelicon P. P02A P79A
P51B Pisarev A. P20A
Penalva I. P41B P33B

Peng H.Y. P44B Pitts R.A. I-05

O-10
Penkalla H.J. P65B
P38A
Pestchanyi S.E. O-11 P74A
P74A
Plocinski T. I-11
Pestchanyi S. P75A
Podkovirov V.L. P73B
Petersson P. O-03 O-11
P08A P72A
P18B
Polsky V. P58A
Petrov V. P54B
Porosnicu C. P18A
Phan T.-V. P19B

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still P
Pospieszczyk A. P05A
P22A
Possnert G. P18B
Povstyanko A. P94A
Priniski C. P86A
Prior P. I-01
Pugachev A.T. P70B

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Roberts S.G. O-05

Radulescu A. P62A
P55B
Raffray R. I-05 Roche H. P26A
Rais B. I-03 Roedig M. I-18
P27A P73B
Ramos G. P49A Rohde V. P16B
P25B
Rampp M. P25B
Rolli R. P13B
Rapp J. P50A
Romaner L. P64A
Rasinski M. I-10
I-11 Roquemore A.L. P27A
P17A Rosanvallon S. P26B
P25B Roth J. I-16
P79A P45B
P80B P51A
Razdobarin A.G. P89B Roubin P. P07B
Redolfi M. P10B P10A
Reinelt M. O-09 P35A
P13A P36A
P16A Rozniatowski K. P17A
Reinhold C.O. P28A P79A
Reiter D. P88B Rubel M. I-01
I-02
Riccardi B. I-04
O-01
O-11
O-08
P84B
P08A
Riccardo V. I-01 P35B
P70A
Rudakov D.L. O-02
Richou M. I-04
P74B
P66A
Ruffe R. P35A
P92A
P36A
Riddle N. P60B
Ruset C. P42B
Ridolfini V.P. P76B P80B
Riesch J. I-10 Ruseta C. P87A
P19B
Ryazanov A. P54B
P82A
Ryzhkov I.V. P87B
Rieth M. P62B
Rimini F. I-01

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Schmidt S. I-12
Sadovskiy Ya. P09A
Schmitz O. P05A
P03A Schneider H.-C. P13B
Sadowski M.J. P04B P94B
P70B P96A
P71A Schöbel M. P83A
Sagara A. P11A Scholz M. P71A
Sagarac A. O-07 Schulz Ch. P90B
Saito S. P29A Schut H. P50A
Sakuma I. P71B Schuurmans J. P47B
Samm U. I-20 Schwarz-Selinger Th. I-19
O-10 P10A
P05A P12A
P22A P12B
P39A P14B
P39B
Schweer B. P05B
P40B
P39A
P90B
P39B
Sanyasi A.K. O-03 P40B
Sarbu C. P81A Sefta F. P31B
Sauter P.A. P17B P31A
Savchenko A.A. P87B Semenov E. P54B
Savoini B. P62A Semenov V.V. P89B
Scheel M. I-10 Semerok A. P40A
P82A Seraydarian R. P19A
Scheier P. P06A Serret D. P66A
Scherer T. P62B Sevryukov O. P58A
Schillinger B. O-04 Sherlock P. P58B
Schmid K. I-16 Shigin P.A. O-11
O-09 P09A
P16A P03A
P17A
Shimada M. O-06
P46A
P38A
P47A
P49B
Schmidt A. O-01 P50B
P08A
Shoda K. P71B
P69A
P70A Shohoji N. P82B

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Sugihara M. I-05
still S Sugiyama K. P16B
Shu W. P26B P17A
P20A
Siketić Z. P02A
P37A
P51B
P52B
Silva C. P82B
Sun Z.C P43B
Sima A. P87A
Suraja K.S. P21A
Sips G. I-01
Suzuki M. P11A
Skinner C.H. I-03
Svechnikov N.Yu. P02B
P26A
P03B
P27A
Skladnik-Sadowska E. P04B
P70B
P71A
Skorik O.A. P87B
Slatin K.A. P87B
Smirnov D. P36B
Sogawa T. P34B
Somenkov V.A. P02B
Sonato P. P85A
Spätig P. P92B
Spitsyn A.V. P36B
Spuig P. P26A
Stamp M. I-02
O-08
Stangeby P. I-05
O-10
Stankevich V.G. P02B
Steiner R. P20B
P90A
Stevenson T. P86A
Stolyarova V. P54B
Stoschus H. P90B
Strachan J.D. O-08
P77B
Suchkov A. P58A

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Tuniz C. P71A
t‘ Hoen M.H.J. P50A
Tyburska B. P45B
Tabarés F.L. P12A P48B
P34A P50A
Takagi M. O-07 Tynan G.R. P12B
Takagi I. P56B
Takayama A. P29A
Tan J. P67A
Tanabe T. I-20
P32A
P37B
Tanaka Y. P72B
Tanno T. P56A
Taranchenkoa A. P89A
Taylor C.N. I-03
P09B
Thomser C. P69A
P70A
Thro P.-Y. P40A
Tichmann K. P14B
Ticos C. P18A
Tiseanu I. P84A
P87A
Tokitani M. O-07
P34B
Tokunaga T. P21B
Tokunaga K. P37B
Tolstyakov S.Y. P89B
Traxler H. P84B
Tresemer K. P85B
P86A
Trifonov N. P88A
Tsitrone E. P35A
P36A
Tsuchida H. P56B
Tsvetkov I. P33B

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Ubaldi M.C. P91A van der Vegt L.B. P25A

Ucciardello N. P77A P78B

Ueda Y. I-09 van Diepen S.J. I-22

I-20 Van Hoey O. P05A
P04A P33A
P42A Van Oost G. P33A
P44B P47B
P66B
Van Renterghem W. P63A
P75B
van Swaaij G.A. P25A
Uesugi Y. P72B
P78B
Umstadter K.R. O-02
Vartanian S. P26A
P12B
P12A Vasechko V. P70A

Unezhev V. P54B Vassallo E. P48A

Uytdenhouwen I. P33A Veligzhanin A.A. P02B

P47B Vesel A. P01A
P63A Victor A. P18A
P67B
Vignal N. P92A
P69B
Vila R. P41B
Villedieu E. I-01
Vincent B. P26A
Viola B. P76B
Vladimirov P. P13B
Voitsenya V.S. P87B
Vollmer A. P19B
von Toussaint U. P25B
P29B
P32B
P46A
Vorbrugg S. P80A
Vörtler K. P28B
P30B
Vsolak R. P73A
Vukolova K. P89A

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Wong C.P.C. O-02

Wada T. P04A
P74B
Wahlberg S. P68B Wróbel J. P53A
Wampler W.R. O-02 Wu J. P08B
P12B Wurster S. I-10
P38B P95B
Wang Zhanhong I-18
Wang P. P17B
Wang M. P38A
Wang S. P43B
Warrier M. P32B
Watkins M.L. I-01
Weix P.J. P11B
Werkstetter M. P43A
Westerhout J. P78B
Widdowson A. I-02
O-01
O-08
P15B
P35B
Wieggers R.C. P78B
Wienhold P. P05A
P05B
P90B
Wiesen S. P15A
P77B
Wilkinson A.J. O-05
Willaime F. I-15
Wimpory RC. P83A
Wirth B.D. P31A
P31B
P55A
Wirtz M. P69B
Wisse M. P90A
Wołowski J. P41A

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Xiang C.S. P65A Yakushin V. P58A

Xu Q. P30A Yamagiwa M. O-07

Xu D. P55A Yamaguchi Y. P72B
Xu Z.Y. P65A Yamanishi T. P45B
P87B
Yang Z. P30A
Yang Y. P38A
Yao D.M. I-07
Yao W. P94B
P96A
Yar M.A. P68B
Yi X. P55B
Yoon J.-S. P59A
Yoshida N. P21B
Yoshida M. P32A
Yoshida K. P72B
Yoshiie T. P56B
You J.-H. I-10
P81B
P82A
P94B
P96A
Yu J. P12B

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Zaccaria P. P85A

Zagórski R. P76B
Zajec B. P42B
P48A
Zakharov A.M. P09A
Zakharov A.P. P24A
Zalavutdinov R.Kh. P24A
Zappa F. P06A
Zatekin V. P54B
Zayachuk Y. P47B
Zebrowski J. P04B
Zeijlmans van Emmichoven P.A.
P50A
Zhang K. I-17
Zhitlukhin A.M. O-11
P72A
Zhong M. P67A
Zhou Z. P67A
Zhu X. P67A
Zibrov M. P20A
Zielińska E. P71A
Zielinski J.J. I-22
Ziminb A. P89A
Zivelonghi A. P82A
Zlamal O. P73A
Żłobiński M. O-03
P18B
P39B
P40B
P08A
Zöttl S. P06A
Zubavichus Y.V. P02B
Zvonkova S. P89A

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