Rate of Reaction

Rate of chemical reaction

(0.0125  0.800) mol

1. (a) Average rate = = 0.00219 mol s1 1
(6  0)  60 s
(The negative sign indicates that the amount of A is decreasing.)
(b)
Amount of A

Time (min)
Correct plot of graph 1
Correct labelling of axes 1
(c)
Amount of A (mol)

Time 1
(0.80  0.23) mol
Initial rate = = 0.019 mol s1 1
(0  0.5)  60 s
2. (a) Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq)  ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g) 1
(b)

hydrogen

zinc strip hydrochloric acid

Correct diagram 1
Correct labels 1
(c) The progress of the reaction can be monitored continuously / it causes little disturbance to
the reaction. 1
(d)
Volume of H2(g)

Time

Correct sketching of graph 1

Correct labelling of axes 1

3. (a) (5.0 cm3) pipette 1

(b) Cool the reaction rapidly in ice / dilute the reaction mixture with a large amount of cold water.
1
(c) HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)  NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
7.55
Number of moles of HCl = 0.05 mol dm3 × dm3 = 3.78 × 104 mol
1000
∴ number of moles of NaOH = 3.78 × 104 mol 1
3.78  10 4 mol
Concentration of NaOH in the portion = = 0.076 M 1
5.0 3
dm
1000
(d) The statement is incorrect. Dividing the concentration of NaOH(aq) by 15 minutes gives the
average rate of the reaction between 015 minutes. 1
The instantaneous rate at the 15th minute can be determined by finding the slope of the
tangent to the concentration-time graph at that instant. 1
Factors affecting rate of reaction

4. (a) CaCO3(s) + 2H+(aq)  Ca2+(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) 1

(b) (i) The rate of reaction decreases with time. 1
The concentration of the reactants decreases with time and so the number of effective
collisions decreases. 1
(ii) The instantaneous rate can be found by finding the slope of tangent to the curve at that
instant. 1
(c)
Volume of CO2

(ii)

(i)

Time

Correct sketching of curve (i) 1

Correct sketching of curve (ii) 1

5. (a) (i) The reaction rate keeps on decreasing with time. 1

The concentrations of the reactants decrease with time. The number of effective
collisions per unit time decreases. 1
(ii) The reactant was used up / the reaction is complete. 1
(iii) 90 cm3 1
(b)
Volume of N2(g)

Time (s)
1
An increase in temperature increases the reaction rate. 1
6. (a) CaCO3(s) + 2CH3COOH(aq)  (CH3COO)2Ca(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) 1
(b)

1
Mass of reaction

2
mixture

3
Time
Correct sketching of graph 1
Correct labelling of axes 1
(c) (i) The initial rate of experiment 2 is higher than that of experiment 1. 1
The powder provides a larger surface area than the fragments. 1
The number of effective collisions per unit time increases and hence the reaction rate
increases. 1
(ii) The initial rate of experiment 3 is higher than that of experiment 2. 1
An increase in temperature raises the average kinetic energy of the reactant particles.
They move faster and collide with each other more frequently. 1
The number of effective collisions per unit time increases and hence the reaction rate
increases. 1

7. (a) Measure the change in volume of carbon dioxide evolved with time. 1
(b) (i)
Concentration of MnO4(M)

Time (min)
1
(0.245  0.270 ) M
Instantaneous rate = = 0.0833 M min1 1
(2.3  2.0) min
( 0.180  0.275) M
(ii) Average rate = = 0.0317 M min1 1
(3  0) min
(c) Repeat the experiment by adding Mn2+ to the reaction mixture initially. 1
If it is a catalyst, the initial rate for the consumption of permanganate ions would be higher. 1
Molar volume of gases at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.)
8. (a) Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq)  MgCl2(aq) + H2(g) 1
0.08 g
(b) Number of moles of Mg used = = 0.00329 mol
24.3 g mol 1
50.0
Number of moles of HCl used = 2.0 mol dm3 × dm3 = 0.10 mol
1000
From the equation, mole ratio of Mg : HCl = 1 : 2,
∴ 0.00329 mol of Mg requires 0.00658 mol of HCl for complete reaction. 1
Mg is the limiting reactant. 1
(c) From the equation, mole ratio of Mg : H2 = 1:1,
∴ number of moles of H2 produced = 0.00329 mol 1
0.078 dm 3
Molar volume of H2 = = 23.7 dm3 mol1 1
0.00329 mol
(d) The magnesium used may not be pure. Magnesium oxide may have formed on the surface
of the metal. 1
The gas syringe may not be air-tight. 1
(Accept other reasonable answers.)

9. (a) (i) Since all the C in CO2 and H in H2O came from the fuel,
12.0
mass of C in the fuel = 6.09 g × = 1.66 g
12.0  16.0  2
2.0
mass of H in the fuel = 3.11 g × = 0.35 g
1.0  2  16.0
mass of O in the fuel = (2.56  1.66  0.35) g = 0.55 g 1

C H O
Mass (g) 1.66 0.35 0.55
Number of moles of 1.66 0.35 0.55
= 0.138 = 0.35 = 0.034
atoms (mol) 12.0 1. 0 16.0
0.138 0.35 0.034
Mole ratio of atoms =4 = 10 =1
0.034 0.034 0.034
2
∴ the empirical formula of the fuel is C4H10O. 1

830 cm 3
(ii) Number of moles of the fuel = = 0.0346 mol
24 000 cm 3 mol 1

2.56 g
Molar mass of the fuel = = 74.0 1
0.0346 mol 1
Let the molecular formula of the fuel be (C4H10O)n.
(12.0 × 4 + 1.0 × 10 + 16.0) × n = 74.0
n=1
∴ the molecular formula of the fuel is C4H10O. 1
(b) The fuel is obtained from the cellulose in waste paper, which is a renewable resource. 1
(c) (i) C6H12O6(s)  2C2H5OH(l) + 2CO2(g) 1
(ii) Ethanol is produced from starch. The production of ethanol leads to a waste of food.
(Accept other reasonable answers) 1

10. (a) 2C8H18(l) + 25O2(g)  16CO2(g) + 18H2O(l) 1

C2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g)  2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l) 1
100 g  75%
(b) Number of moles of octane = = 0.658 mol
(12.0  8  1.0  18) g mol 1
From the equation, mole ratio of C8H18 : O2 = 2 : 25.
Number of moles of O2 required to burn C8H18
25
= 0.658 mol × = 8.23 mol 1
2
100 g  25%
Number of moles of ethanol = = 0.543 mol
(12.0  2  1.0  6  16.0) g mol 1
From the equation, mole ratio of C2H5OH : O2 = 1 : 3.
Number of moles of O2 required to burn C2H5OH
= 0.543 mol × 3= 1.63 mol 1
Total number of moles of O2 required to completely burn 100 g of the fuel = (8.23 + 1.63)
mol = 9.86 mol 1
Volume of O2 needed to completely burn 100 g of the fuel
= 9.86 mol × 24.0 dm3 mol1 = 237 dm3 1
(c) The carbon content of ethanol is lower than that of octane. The mass of carbon dioxide
produced would be lower when using fuels with a higher percentage by mass of ethanol.
(Accept other reasonable answers) 1